E-Learning-Based_Cloud_Computing_Environment_A_Systematic_Review_Challenges_and_Opportunities
E-Learning-Based_Cloud_Computing_Environment_A_Systematic_Review_Challenges_and_Opportunities
Received 28 October 2023, accepted 27 November 2023, date of publication 4 December 2023,
date of current version 18 January 2024.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3339250
88400, Malaysia
4 Computing and Digital Design, University of Roehampton, SW15 5PJ London, U.K.
5 Faculty of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
6 Department of Information Systems, King Khalid University, Muhayil, Asir 61421, Saudi Arabia
7 Department of Information Systems, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
8 Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan 26600, Malaysia
9 Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT New technologies drive educational shifts, transforming offline to online learning. This
study investigates e-learning and cloud computing integration to understand synergies and their potential
impact. The study addresses two primary research questions: the influence of e-learning on factors like
architecture, software, performance, security, hardware, network, and virtual aspects, and the examination
of cloud computing services and models such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, and S.O.A. The research aims to provide
insights into how e-learning is incorporated in a cloud computing environment. The motivation behind this
study is to investigate the intricate relationship between e-learning and cloud computing. By analyzing
154 scientific papers, the study delves into the specifics of this integration, highlighting trends and areas
that have received more attention. The study examines e-learning in a cloud computing environment,
focusing on architecture (27%), general topics (21%), software (19%), and performance (18%). Virtual
environments have fewer security issues, while storage and network focus are more prevalent. Cloud
computing services are mainly all services, with software as a service (18%), infrastructure as a service
(17%), and platforms as a service (10%). Most studies are based on public clouds (74%), all other models
(11%), and hybrid clouds (3%). The study examines e-learning integration in cloud computing, highlighting
limitations in hybrid and private clouds, specialized infrastructure, and a gap in platforms and infrastructure
offerings.
INDEX TERMS Cloud computing, e-learning, environment, educational, e-learning based cloud computing,
systematic.
I. INTRODUCTION
COVID-19 made us realize the importance of e-learning in
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and filling the gap in the education process during lockdown.
approving it for publication was Rebecca Strachan . This resulted in the introduction of numerous e-learning
2023 The Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
VOLUME 12, 2024 For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 7329
H. Eljak et al.: E-Learning-Based Cloud Computing Environment
platforms that assist students and institutions in accessing A. AREAS OF INTEREST OF THE STUDIES
and managing educational resources and real-time virtual The web-based e-learning environment has become inap-
classrooms. Simultaneously, the cloud computing environ- propriate to the requirements of society, as there are many
ment has improved and is the standard for such applications. problems, such as cost, maintenance, management, and oth-
Cloud computing has changed the traditional web-based ers in e-learning systems, which have prompted educational
e-learning environment by providing internal or external pro- institutions to search for practical solutions. The rapid growth
grams that organize academic performance in a cloud-based of cloud computing and the provision of appropriate ser-
environment and providing full software support and sub- vices such as word processing programs, presentations, and
stantial computing resources implemented anywhere and databases force educational institutions to turn to cloud
anytime as the educational institution desires. Cloud com- computing companies for the right solutions in terms of
puting improves e-learning performance. It is for higher Hardware, software, and cost so that applications, programs,
institutions such as institutes and universities, and it is called and services can be run online with the option of expanding
Cloud Campus, as it reduces the infrastructure and is more on demand [2].
flexible in technology [1].
In recent years, e-learning and cloud computing have B. MOVING TO CLOUD BASE E-LEARNING
become increasingly prevalent in educational environments, Cloud computing is a standard that provides easy-to-request
offering new opportunities for online learning and collabora- network contact for shared networking resources and is a type
tion [2], [3]. E-learning, which refers to the use of electronic of service—platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a
technologies to deliver educational content, has been shown Service (SaaS). In addition to the N.I.S.T. definition, four
to offer flexibility and accessibility to learners. In contrast, types of clouds can access all services, including Hardware
cloud computing, which involves using remote servers to as a Service (HaaS), Database as a Service (DaaS), and
store, manage, and process data, can provide scalability and Business Process as a Service (BPaas) [3]. Data as a Service
cost-effectiveness for educational institutions [4]. However, (DaaS) container for several services for learning organi-
there is still much to be understood about the interaction of zations within the use of cloud computing for it drives far
these technologies and the potential benefits and limitations away additional services supplied via the cloud, approaches
they offer in educational settings. a wide range of external data sources, and is capable of
To address this knowledge gap, this study analyzed transporting positive impacts for organizations, particularly
the impact of e-learning in a cloud computing envi- for developing countries that suffer from a variety of prob-
ronment by reviewing 154 related scientific papers. The lems getting information and assistance among organizations
study focused on research questions about the effects for similar or related data and information—software as a
of e-learning and cloud computing services and models, Service (SaaS) on-demand prepared software according to
including architecture, software, performance, security, hard- their needs. Learning software could be involved as well. Cus-
ware, network, and virtualization. By examining existing tomers are provided additional free or paid software delivered
research in this area, this study provides insights into the via the cloud that is not installed on the device. The PaaS
current state of e-learning in a cloud computing environ- (Platform as a Service) stores the data for testing, estab-
ment. It highlights potential areas for future research and lishing, developing, hosting, and maintenance. On request,
development. the software industry engineers in PHP or Java can use the
Therefore, it focuses on detecting the dimension of software environment, such as the integrated development
the empirical use of cloud computing environments to environment (IDE), or application software development
build E-learning platforms. This systematic study method stage, such as the software development kit (SDK). IaaS
was used to answer the research questions. The results (Infrastructure as a Service) refers to infrastructure managed
show that most selected studies focus on architecture, fol- and delivered to users on demand, such as storage, memory,
lowed by general topics such as software, performance, and networking. It must be allowed to manage the infrastruc-
security, storage, network, hardware, control, manage- ture through different types of consumer communication with
ment, and virtualization. The objectives of this study are the cloud domain [4].
as follows:
• To present a comprehensive and systematic review of C. MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY
e-learning based on cloud computing The motivation behind this study arises from the transforma-
simultaneously with their advantages and challenges. tive influence of emerging technologies on the educational
• To review most methods in e-learning cloud-based and landscape, particularly the shift from traditional offline learn-
associated characteristics and drawbacks. ing to online platforms. This transition has been driven by
• To specify the supplementary services and models cloud the rapid advancements in new technologies, which have cre-
computing can provide to e-learning. ated innovative learning environments. As e-learning gains
• To discuss the challenges of integrating e-learning into prominence, a natural curiosity arises about the potential syn-
cloud technologies. ergies that could be harnessed by integrating it with another
mechanism through paying for service or relying on resources cloud computing tools have the potential to enhance collabo-
within the institution, creating a cloud computing infras- rative learning in education and offer insights for educators
tructure, and adapting the e-learning structure based on the and researchers seeking to integrate technology into their
cloud [9]. The study [10] highlights the growing interest in teaching practices.
leveraging technology, especially the Internet, for learning [15] Presents a systematic literature review and classifi-
purposes. However, they show that e-learning systems often cation of research related to applying multi-criteria decision-
require significant hardware and software resources, which making (MCDM) methods in evaluating the effectiveness of
may require more work for some institutions to afford. Cloud E-learning. The review includes 42 papers published between
computing is a potential solution for these institutions as it 2001 and 2015 in 33 academic journals and international
offers a cost-effective way to access necessary resources. The conferences. The studies were classified according to the
study emphasizes that cloud computing is the future plat- year of publication, MCDM techniques used, and the journals
form for e-learning, and the paper focuses on the application and conferences in which they appeared. The study identi-
of cloud computing in the e-learning environment. Another fies significant criteria for evaluating E-learning. It provides
study [11] discusses the impact of COVID-19 on education insights into the state-of-the-art MCDM application for E-
and the need for educational institutions to become more learning evaluation, which could be helpful for researchers
efficient in the virtual delivery of quality teaching services. and practitioners in the field. The study [16] explores the
Cloud computing can be a valuable platform for educators adoption of cloud computing in e-learning within universi-
to improve their teaching practices and productivity. The ties and institutes of higher education. Using a systematic
study explores the applicability of cloud computing in edu- literature review, the paper identifies critical success factors
cational settings and describes various applications such as for implementing cloud-based e-learning, categorized into
cloud rendering, gamification, and collaborative e-learning four dimensions: cloud service resilience, university tech-
technologies. The study also highlights some challenges asso- nological maturity, university organizational readiness, and
ciated with using cloud computing in education. The study cloud-based e-learning imperatives. The findings aim to be
[12] aims to understand the significance of adopting cloud helpful for policymakers and practitioners of e-learning in
computing (CC) in higher education institutions (HEIs). The implementing cloud-based e-learning platforms. Study [17]
paper discusses the benefits of CC adoption in HEIs and evaluates the development of research on cloud computing
analyzes the challenges that may arise due to its adoption. for education (CCE) and analyzes the empirical valida-
The study proposes early steps toward adopting CC while tion of the literature. The study finds that the empirical
mitigating the associated risks. The study is based on a investigations in CCE are weak. The necessary scientific
systematic review of various sources from different back- development of CCE requires extending its scope of interest
grounds and contexts. The study identifies several factors that and involving scholars synergistically to create and maintain
impact CC adoption in HEIs, including administrative bod- a ‘‘common research agenda.’’ The systematic mapping study
ies and governments, internal stakeholders, cloud suppliers, review identifies research gaps. It suggests more effective
firm attributes, socio-political changes, and IT infrastructure. research on the production and use of content in CCE to
The study suggests opportunities for future research and support better pedagogical developments and processes for
offers insights for cloud suppliers, advisors, governments, better-quality studies. The study [18] conducts a systematic
and academics to improve their services in HEIs. [13] Focuses literature review to explore the current level of adoption of
on the usability and effectiveness of e-learning systems in cloud computing in the education systems of universities and
education. The authors used a systematic review of 99 arti- higher education institutions. The review identified seven
cles from 2010 to 2018. The results were analyzed using empirical studies, which found that many universities are
qualitative software, identifying four dominant themes: edu- interested in using different cloud computing service mod-
cation systems, learning issues, student behaviors, and online els. However, there needs to be more empirical research
learning tools. The study provides research propositions that on using cloud computing within educational institutions.
can be used in a theoretical framework and proposes a new The paper highlights the need for more empirical studies in
definition of e-learning. The findings suggest that e-learning this research area. [19] It aims to review and analyze the
has the potential to bring new opportunities for learning and literature on cloud-based learning adoption in educational
teaching. Still, more research is needed to address interoper- institutions and identify the most frequent factors affecting its
ability issues and assess the usability of e-learning systems. adoption. The study found 32 suitable articles from sources
[14] This study discusses using cloud computing tools for such as Science Direct, Emerald, and IEEE and identified
collaborative learning in a blended classroom. A review of ease of use, usefulness, and security as the most frequent
29 relevant studies categorized the tools into synchronized, factors. TAM, TOE, and UTAUT were the most commonly
LMS, and social networking tools and identified specific used theories for adoption, and students were the majority of
activities supported by each type of tool. The review also respondents. The study recommends future research to inves-
highlighted the opportunities and challenges of using these tigate adoption using UTAUT and to incorporate security and
tools in a blended learning context. The findings suggest that trust.
III. SYSTEMATICAL REVIEW METHODOLOGY comprehensive plan for the review process. The planning
For a broader understanding of the interaction of e-learning of the review stage contains basics and activities for sum-
with cloud computing and to clarify the gap in this field, marizing the subject of study, defining objectives, selecting
we have provided the literature survey to be a guide for appropriate search terms and databases to search for pri-
researchers in this field to offer new additions and give a mary information, inclusion/exclusion criteria, screening and
larger picture to educational institutions, including the advan- selecting studies, extracting data, and analyzing and synthe-
tages that cloud computing technology provides. Therefore, sizing the data.
the systematic review study was used to define, analyze, and
synthesize the evidence related to explicit research questions. 1) IDENTIFYING THE NEED FOR A REVIEW
It is divided into three phases: planning, conducting, and Identifying the need for a review is the first step in the system-
reporting the review [10]. Fig. 2 describes the general phases. atic review methodology. It involves assessing the existing
The activities in the planning phase are to collect the nec- literature to determine if a review is necessary, defining the
essary documentation for the study, develop a study protocol, research question, and conducting a preliminary search to
define study questions, and evaluate the review protocol. The determine the feasibility of the evaluation. This step explores
review phase activities include primary research, data extrac- the importance of education and the search for ways to spread
tion, quality assessment and monitoring, and data synthesis. it. Cloud computing offers additional benefits for e-learning
Finally, the reporting phase involves identifying dissemina- and systematic review publications in the field to examine the
tion mechanisms, structuring the main report, and assessing limitations of this track. This step is essential in the systematic
the information. review methodology.
criteria, data extraction and analysis, and dissemination Description: The services and development models are
of results. It ensures the review’s transparency, rigor, and mainly used and reflect their effects on e-learning.
reliability, beginning with defining the research question, • RQ 6: What are the present study’s potential future
developing a search strategy, establishing inclusion and research directions and limitations?
exclusion criteria, and creating a data extraction and analysis Description: Identification of research gaps, areas of
plan. Ultimately, the review protocol ensures a thorough and future research, and limitations of this study.
transparent systematic review, which others can replicate.
Therefore, we need to understand current cloud computing 4) STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA
in e-learning environments and define a classification for all We prioritize quality assessment and precise article selection
research in this field to analyze, compare, and discuss the criteria. Our selection process involves carefully examining
results. titles, keywords, and abstracts to identify relevant articles in
e-learning-based cloud computing. We apply various publi-
cation types for comprehensive coverage and tailor search
3) RESEARCH QUESTIONS queries to digital libraries’ guidelines. Inclusion criteria
Formulating research questions is crucial to a research study’s demand reliability, focus on e-learning elements, and rele-
success as it provides direction and focus. Research ques- vance to e-learning and cloud computing. Exclusion criteria
tions create a structure for the study and help the researcher filter out unrelated, non-English, and short papers. These
develop the research design and methodology. Poorly crafted rigorous criteria ensure our review relies on credible, per-
research questions can lead to a lack of focus and unclear tinent, and methodologically sound sources, enhancing the
objectives in the study. Moreover, research questions are credibility and validity of our findings in e-learning-based
essential for assessing the study’s success, serving as the basis based-cloud computing. Table 2 presents the origins and
for the research hypothesis, which is the initial explanation of search strings for primary studies. A broad query is created by
the research question. The researcher can determine whether joining the terms. We have developed unique strings for each
the survey accomplished its goals by answering the research digital library as the string formation guidelines of different
question and testing the hypothesis. This research gives the libraries vary. In this process, we followed the recent study
ability to set the edge for aims review, allowing for the [19], which aimed to analyze software development practices
reference inclusion and exclusion measures to be followed in cloud computing systematically. This research explores
in this research. The research questions of this study are as perceptions and insights about the software development pro-
follows: cess within cloud computing environments.
- INCLUSION CRITERIA
• RQ 1: What is the distribution of the selected stud- • Papers must be reliable in the field.
ies regarding the year of publications, publication • Papers must be based on e-learning environment
source, type of papers, deployment, service type, and elements.
e-learning elements? • Papers must be in e-learning and cloud computing.
Description: Definition of publication distribution for
- EXCLUSION CRITERIA
the papers included in this study regarding years, pub-
lication source, cloud environment, and the impact on • Papers must not relate to ‘‘cloud’’ and ‘‘e-learning.’’
e-learning. • Papers that must not be in English are excluded.
• RQ 2: What is the current research on e-learning-based • Papers with less than five pages.
cloud computing environments?
Description: Focus on previously published studies on B. CONDUCTING THE REVIEW
e-learning in the cloud computing environment. First, define a set of keywords to be retrieved and begin the
• RQ 3: Which areas of e-learning are most commonly search in the IEEE, Scopus, Springer, A.C.M., and Science
used in cloud computing environments? Direct databases. All papers related to cloud computing and
Description: Defining the impact of cloud computing e-learning environments are retrieved. For full query, we use
in terms of services and development models and which ‘‘e-learning environment’’ or ‘‘framework’’ AND ‘‘cloud
one is more appropriate or used in e-learning. computing.’’
• RQ 4: Which cloud computing models (deployment,
service type, e-learning element) are suitable for use in 1) SELECTION OF PRIMARY RESEARCH
e-learning areas? After the initial search that collects a set of papers, an auto-
Description: More clarification of the interaction of matic search from four sources, and a manual search of the
the cloud environment in terms of services and devel- mentioned sources, we stop giving 50 unrelated results.
opment models with e-learning and the suitability of To improve the quality of the study, a set of tools is used to
the cloud environment for e-learning. analyze the survey according to a standard method. It consists
• RQ 5: What cloud computing service models (IaaS, of three stages: the first is the definition and extraction of
PaaS, and SaaS) are most regularly used in e-learning? articles; the articles are explored; and the last stage is the
extraction of reports. Fig. 3 describes the phases of conduct- conduct a systematic study to supply answers to a stated study
ing the methodology. question Fig. 5 illustrates the classification scheme for data
The tools include EndNote, NVIVO, and Microsoft Excel. synthesis.
These tools were pivotal in facilitating the research process, The paper selection process represented in Fig.5 follows
notably enhancing our ability to manage, organize, and ana- a systematic approach to curate a relevant and representative
lyze data effectively. By leveraging these tools, we aimed to collection of papers for analysis in this study. The main objec-
elevate the overall quality of our study, ensuring that it met tive is to identify scholarly publications offering insights into
rigorous academic standards. integrating cloud computing and e-learning environments.
For the subject of the study, as shown in Table 3, after This selection process is critical for ensuring the quality and
the manual search, the studies are sorted based on the title validity of the data used for analysis.
and abstract. The investigation is conducted according to The process begins with the central focus on the main
the criteria previously clarified in Fig.3 and Fig.4, showing item, ‘‘Cloud Computing E-Learning Environment.’’ This
the Study selection process. The number of studies is then represents the overarching theme of the study, emphasizing
defined based on the three stages. In Table 4, we explain the the intersection of cloud computing and e-learning.
types of studies that were included. The primary item branches into two sub-items (level two),
‘‘Cloud Computing’’ and ‘‘E-Learning Environment,’’ which
2) STUDY QUALITY ASSESSMENT serve as the primary categories for paper selection.
The study relies on reliable sources to collect scientific Under the ‘‘Cloud Computing’’ sub-item (level three),
papers, such as Springer, IEEE, A.C.M., and Science Direct. papers are sought that provide information and insights into
And filter the documents to ensure their relevance to the different aspects of cloud computing relevant to e-learning.
subject of the study and read the full text. This includes (Level four) cloud models (such as public,
private, hybrid, and all related models) and cloud service
3) DATA EXTRACTION AND MONITORING (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, SOA, and all services) that impact the
We selected one paper after determining the relevant scien- delivery and management of e-learning content.
tific papers relevant to the topic. The chosen studies contain Under the ‘‘E-Learning Environment’’ sub-item, a diverse
information about the articles, such as authors, years, coun- range of elements related to the e-learning landscape are con-
tries, paper type, and publication source, to answer the sidered. These include the architectural design of e-learning
recognized questions. The applicable abstract standard to platforms, software applications used for content delivery and
D. INTERACTION OF CLOUD SERVICES AND THE IMPACT about architecture, which includes all services, followed by
ON E-LEARNING performance, and there needs to be more practical and inter-
The interaction of cloud services and the impact on e-learning active applications of e-learning, recommendation systems,
is shown in Fig. 13, and Table 6 refers to the primary study. artificial intelligence, and business intelligence. Platforms as
The highest percentage of cloud computing services was a Service reported the highest performance among others,
followed by virtual infrastructure, labs, virtual machines, and private and hybrid clouds, as shown in Fig. 14 and Table 5,
programs for development on them, such as programming referring to the primary study. We rely heavily on the public
languages and others, have a dearth of matching software cloud in most studies in order to reduce costs and the ability
that does not run on the cloud, enhancing security, mea- to connect with distributed and remote places, but the pub-
suring quality, and evaluating performance. Infrastructure as lic cloud is less secure than the hybrid and private clouds.
a service has the highest performance percentage, followed The hybrid cloud represents a solution to reduce costs and
by networks, security, and storage. There needs to be a enhance security where the educational institution is linked
more practical experience to measure service stability with from the inside with a private cloud, connects with other
increased demand and migration of virtual machines and institutions, and provides services through the public cloud.
green computing.
V. APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IN CLOUD
E. INTERACTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING MODELS AND COMPUTING BASED ON E-LEARNING
IMPACT ON E-LEARNING In the world of e-learning based on cloud computing, several
In the interaction of cloud computing models and their impact typical applications and systems are widely used to facilitate
on e-learning, the highest percentage was for software and online education and training. These applications and systems
infrastructure in the public cloud. There needs to be more allow institutions and educators to deliver content, engage
FIGURE 12. Distribution of papers discussing the effect of e-learning. FIGURE 14. The interaction of the cloud model with e-learning.
for the procedure plus storage on fog computing, for gener- TABLE 9. Summary of included studies.
ally improved system efficiency a resource is transferred to
the network border. Technological evolution supports several
learning organizations. 2018 University of Parma, Riccardo
Pecori showed a new e-learning structure that joined Cloud
Computing over fog computing plus big data. It develops the
cloud on the e-learning stage by the fog computing competen-
cies over inner APIs wherever the cloud appearance a primary
function in sequential back up with a big storage operator in
adding the mining mechanism requiring broad time.
The fog mechanism emerges light dole out NoSQL storage
services, which are used to realize interim predictions above
the light mining mechanism.
Utilized the outer APIs to compute architecture and give
layout with the learning cloud users such as educators, teach-
ers, and learners to attain the rise interactivity and give
beneficial proposal [33].
Despite the effectiveness of cloud computing in educa-
tion, its application has some challenges. The most important
of these challenges are technical, bandwidth, and security.
And non-technical, such as Charge, user concept, educational
forms and methods, management rules for education, and
resource development [124]. Organizations face some chal-
lenges when converting from a traditional e-learning system
to a system that works in a cloud environment, and the
challenge is how to convert. Is it to go to a payment service
provider or switch through the available resources? Also,
students and users may suffer from problems of delays in
accessing cloud education systems, and therefore, the dimen-
sion of cloud centers and problems of delays in the network.
Among the most critical challenges are some lectures and
laboratory materials unsuitable for the cloud computing envi-
ronment, which is challenging to implement. The cloud is
inappropriate for some programs that need special devices or
tools, such as robots, digital forensics, and other programs.
The presence of packages and programs that do not fit the
cloud environment and the fact that there are no versions of
them suitable for the cloud environment could be improved
in some of the interaction tools in the cloud. Vendor lock-in
problems are a concern for everyone who deals with cloud
computing.
TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies. TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies.
TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies. TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies.
TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies. TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies.
TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies. TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies.
TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies. TABLE 9. (Continued.) Summary of included studies.
processing that support more significant interaction with F. GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS
learning management systems. IoT devices need massive Power for tremendous and effec-
Artificial intelligence techniques can help improve the tive performance to support a sophisticated environment for
online course content design because the course design is e-learning organizations. This primary concern has earned
difficult and time-consuming and does not adapt to every enormous attention in the forthcoming investigation research.
employee’s specific requirements. To overcome the limi- Green computing can help reduce Power and energy, which
tations of educational systems, business intelligence and are the main points in designing and implementing the future
artificial intelligence techniques can be excellent choices to computing system. Green computing solutions can provide
support e-learning systems. the organization’s e-learning system with friendly and less
energy consumption.
B. PRIVATE CLOUD The Green Internet of Things (GIoT) is a solution for the
Here, we discuss cloud computing as a specialization or protection and sustainability of such issues. GIoT represents
subject within the field. Private clouds in educational insti- the framework of connecting smart sensors and devices and
tutions provide students with an environment for applying creating automation by enabling energy conservation meth-
research and projects related to cloud computing as a path ods. Sensors monitor students and control virtual classrooms
in information technology. A private cloud enables the actual and other tasks that help in education. Monitoring energy
application in the infrastructure and prepares containers depletion and energy use variability is one of the priorities for
for platforms as a service. The private cloud can provide the next stage. Integrating green Internet of Things (GIoT),
and attain scalability, persistent storage, distributed access, technologies would be performed in the best potential manner
effective resource utilization and management, and interop- and improve the e-learning system environment to be friendly
erability of the e-learning system. In addition, it can support and less energy-consuming.
maximizing the resource with more efficiency and control by
avoiding bottlenecks and downtime, ensuring the stability of G. BLOCKCHAIN AND METAVERSE
the e-learning system for a long time with reasonable control Blockchain is a distributed, unchanging record that enables
of the system. In addition, using a private cloud can offer a recording transactions and tracking resources. On the other
high-security environment instead of an unsecured internet hand, the metaverse is a massive structure that has many
connection. digital aspects. There are several advantages to the Meta-
verse globe, such as interaction, authenticity, and portability.
C. PERFORMANCE Using blockchain and the metaverse can benefit e-learning’s
Improving performance in cloud computing would enhance future development, such as guaranteeing data security and
the learning services provided through the cloud. Using privacy in the e-learning environment. Another thing can be
machine learning algorithms to schedule tasks and distribute ensuring the quality of the e-learning process and offering
the load balance improves performance, response speed, and data Integrity in different backgrounds. This integration can
processing, whether parallel or multiple processing. This is a promote a new feature to e-learning progress.
fertile field for study, research, and development.
VIII. LIMITATIONS
D. QUALITY SERVICE In this study, we analyzed an e-Learning cloud computing
Service providers compete to provide quality service to keep environment. The study has some limitations, such as the
customers and attract more trust in service level agreements selection of database sources. There are many sources for
(S.L.A.s). Conduct experiments to evaluate trials, service sta- publishing scientific papers. However, this study focused on
bility, and change factors. The quality of e-learning can focus only four reliable sources to collect articles (Springer, IEEE
on several aspects of quality service that lead to the satisfac- Xplore, A.C.M., and Elsevier).
tion of the students, e-learning system quality, and loyalty of Many terms related to e-learning, such as mobile learning,
students to the e-learning system, e-learning instructor, and massive open online courses (MOOC), continuing learning,
course materials. Quality and e-learning were administrative. micro-learning, and types of e-learning, are added to the tech-
These factors can increase and directly affect e-learning ser- niques used with e-learning and are focused on the e-learning
vice quality and student satisfaction. environment. Several factors may impact the findings, such
as whether the contents were only partially analyzed or the Cloud computing’s role in shaping e-learning is recognized,
study’s researchers. yet challenges necessitate ongoing innovation for a compre-
The study’s research questions focused on the impact of hensive educational environment.
e-learning and cloud computing services and models in scien- The primary finding of this study underscores the sub-
tific papers related to the subject. This limited scope may have stantial role of cloud computing in enhancing the integration
excluded other potential research questions that provided and effectiveness of e-learning, particularly concerning archi-
additional insights into the topic. tecture, software, performance, and the potential of diverse
The study only analyzed papers written in English, which cloud computing service models. Furthermore, this study
may exclude relevant research published in other languages. offers recommendations for both researchers and readers. For
This could limit the generalizability of the findings or miss researchers, it suggests a shift towards empirical validation
essential insights. While the study analyzed a range of topics to bridge theoretical concepts with practical applications,
related to e-learning and cloud computing, it may have over- emphasizing the comprehensive integration of all e-learning
looked specific topics or issues relevant to particular contexts elements, prioritizing practical implementations, and advanc-
or stakeholders. For example, the study did not mention the ing research in data security. As for readers, the study
role of teachers or instructors in e-learning environments or advises them to seek studies that provide practical relevance
the impact of e-learning on student outcomes. through empirical insights, promote integrated approaches in
We can give some suggestions to address the limitations: e-learning, consider case studies, and maintain awareness of
To enhance the study’s comprehensiveness, consider security measures within cloud-based educational systems.
expanding the selection of database sources beyond the four Author Contribution:
mentioned (Springer, IEEE Xplore, A.C.M., and Elsevier). Conceptualization: Hana Eljak, Ashraf Osman Ibrahim,
Additional reputable databases can help capture more rele- and Fakhreldin Saeed; Methodology: Hana Eljak, Ashraf
vant scientific papers and provide a more holistic view of the Osman Ibrahim, and Fakhreldin Saeed; Validation: Ibrahim
topic. Abaker Targio Hashem, Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud, and Has-
We are incorporating a broader spectrum of e-learning- san Jamil Syed; Formal analysis: Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud,
related terms beyond those analyzed in the study, such as Mohd Arfian Bin Ismail, and Abubakar Elsafi; Visualization:
mobile learning, MOOCs, micro-learning, and continuing Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem, Anas Waleed Abulfaraj, and
education. This expansion can offer a more comprehensive Abubakar Elsafi; Writing-Original Draft: Hana Eljak and
analysis of the subject matter. Ashraf Osman Ibrahim; Writing-Review and editing: Ibrahim
To expand the scope of the study, explore additional Abaker Targio Hashem, Hassan Jamil Syed, Mohd Arfian
research questions beyond the impact of e-learning and Bin Ismail, and Anas Waleed Abulfaraj; Supervision: Ashraf
cloud computing services and models. This can uncover new Osman Ibrahim.
dimensions and perspectives within the field and provide a
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Learn. Teaching Technol., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1–16, May 2021, doi: levels. Additionally, he serves as an external and
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deep learning, digital twins, federated learning, and applications of machine
reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2020 update,’’
learning in healthcare. He holds a Fellowship from the Higher Education
Nucleic Acids Res., vol. 48, no. W1, pp. W395–W402, Jul. 2020, doi:
10.1093/nar/gkaa434. Academy (FHEA), U.K.
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Switzerland: Springer, 2022, pp. 89–99, doi: 10.1007/978-981-33-6893-
4_9.
ABDELZAHIR ABDELMABOUD received the MOHD ARFIAN BIN ISMAIL received the
M.Sc. degree in computer science and informa- B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in computer sci-
tion from Gezira University, Sudan, and the Ph.D. ence from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),
degree in software engineering from Universiti in 2008, 2011, and 2016, respectively. He is
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia. He is cur- currently a Senior Lecturer with the Faculty of
rently an Assistant Professor with the Department Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. His cur-
Information System, College of Science and Arts, rent research interests include machine learning
King Khalid University, Asir, Saudi Arabia. Pre- method and soft-computing algorithms.
viously, he was the IT Manager, the Quality
Manager, and the Database Administrator. His
research interests include the integration of blockchain technology with the
Internet of Things and cloud computing. He is a member of the Software
Engineering Research Group (SERG), UTM.