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Exp 3 GROUP 3

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6 views12 pages

Exp 3 GROUP 3

..

Uploaded by

Skye Gnosis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT THREE

Series and Parallel Circuits

I. OBJECTIVES:

1. To calculate and measure the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in


series and in parallel.
2. To verify experimentally the characteristics of series and parallel circuits.

II. THEORY:

In any electrical or electronics circuit, we often encounter one or more elements


connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel arrangement or in a more complex
combination.

Two or more elements are considered to be in series when they are connected end-
to-end as shown in Figure 3.1. The following characteristics apply to series circuits:

Figure 3.1 SERIES CIRCUIT

1. The current flowing through a series circuit is always the same at every
point in the circuit.

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𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = ⋯ 𝐼𝑛

2. The total resistance is always equal to the sum of the individual values of
resistance in the circuit.
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑛

3. The voltage applied across the circuit is always equal to the sum of the
voltage drops across the individual elements.
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ 𝑉𝑛

Two or more elements are considered to be in parallel when they are connected
between the same two junction points or nodes as shown in Figure 3.2. The following
characteristics apply to parallel circuits.

Figure 3.2 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

1. The voltage across any element is the same and is equal to the applied
voltage source.
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = ⋯ 𝑉𝑛

2. The circuit current divides to flow through each branch or the total current
is equal to the sum of the current in each element.

𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 … 𝐼𝑛

3. The formula for finding the effective resistance is given by:

1 1 1 1 1
= + + …
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4 𝑅𝑛
13
III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

1 Regulated DC Power Supply


1 Digital Multimeter / VOM
1 Breadboard
3 Carbon Resistors (1W)
1 100Ω
1 150Ω
1 220Ω
Connecting Wires

IV. PROCEDURES:

SERIES CIRCUIT

1. Connect the resistor is series as shown in Figure 3.3. Set the DC power
supply to 30V.
2. Turn ON the power supply. Measure the current I and the voltage across
each resistor. Record the results in Table 3.1.
3. Turn OFF the power supply. Using your multimeter, measure the total
resistance of the circuit.
4. Using thee measured value of the total resistance, calculate the total current,
𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑇 . Use this current to calculate the voltage drop in each resistor.
𝑅𝑇
Record the results in Table 3.1.
5. Compute the percent difference between the measured and the computed
values of current and voltages. Use the measured values as the true values.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

6. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 3.4. Set the DC power supply to 10V
7. Turn ON the power supply and measure the total voltage and the current in
each resistor. Record the results in Table 3.2.
8. Turn OFF the power supply. Using your multimeter, measure the total
resistance of the circuit.
9. Using the measured value of the total resistance, calculate the voltage, 𝑉𝑇 =
𝐼𝑇𝑅𝑇. Use this voltage to calculate the current in each resistor. Record the
results in Table 3.2.
10. Compute the percent difference between the measured and computed values
of voltage and currents. Use the measured values as the true values. Record
the results in Table 3.2.
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Figure 3. 3

Figure 3.4

V. DATA AND RESULTS:


SERIES

V1 V2 V3 VT
Measured
3.91 7.82 18.377 30.11
Values
Computed
3.9 7.8 18.9 30.6
Values
% Difference 0.26% 0.26% 2.83% 0.016%

TABLE 3.1

R1 R2 R3 RT
Measured
10K 20K 47K 77000
Values
Computed
9840 19470 76000 73600
Values
% Difference 2.56% 1.6% 4.42% 4.42%

TABLE 3.2

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PARALLEL

R1 R2 R3 RT
Measured
213 484 977 132.8
Values
Computed
220 500 1000 132.53
Values
% Difference 3.18% 3.2% 3.2% 0.20%

TABLE 3.3

I1 I2 I3 IT
Measured
39.7mA 19.8mA 10.1mA 71.2mA
Values
Computed 0.045A/
0.02A/ 20mA 0.01A/ 10mA 75.45mA
Values 45.45mA
% Difference 12.65% 1% 1% 5.63%

TABLE 3.4

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VI. COMPUTATIONS:
SERIES: TABLE 3.1
Calculated Value:
VTOTAL= 3.91 + 7.8 +18.9
VTOTAL= 30.6

30.6
ITOTAL=73600
ITOTAL = 0.391
Calculated Value:
V1
V =? V1 = 391mA x 10k
I = 391 mA V1 = 0.000391 x 10,000
R = 10000 Ω V1 = 3.91V

V2
V=? V1 = 391mA x 20k
I=391mA V1 = 0.000391 x 20,000
R= 20000 Ω V2 = 7.82V
V3
V=? V1 = 391mA x 20k
I=391mA V1 = 0.000391 x 20,000
R= 47000 Ω V3 = 18.377V
Vtotal
V1 =3.91 VTOTAL= V1 + V2 + V3
V2 = 7.82 VTOTAL= 3.91+7.82+18.37
V3 =18.37 VTOTAL = 30.11V

I1
7.82
I=? I1=20,000
V = 7.82V
I1 = 0.000391 or 0.391A
R = 10000Ω

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I2
3.91
I=? I2=10,000
V = 3.91V I1 = 0.000391 or 0.391A
R = 20000Ω
I3
3.91
I=? I2=
10,000
V = 18.377V I1 = 0.000391 or 0.391A
R = 47000Ω
ITOTAL
30.11
Vt =30.11 ITOTAL=
77,000
Rt =77000 Ω ITOTAL = 0.000391 or 0.391A

Percent Difference
VOLTS
V1
7.82−7.8
CV= 7.82 V1 % error | |𝑥100
7.82
MV= 7.8 V1 % error =0.26%
V2
3.91−3.9
CV= 3.91 V1 % error | |𝑥100
3.91
MV= 3.9 V1 % error =0.26%
V3
18.377−18.9
CV= 18.377 V1 % error | |𝑥100
18.377
MV= 18.9 V1 % error =2.83%

AMPERE
I1
0.391−0.391
CV= 0.391mA I1 % error | |𝑥100
0.391
MV=0.391 I1 % error =0.%

I2
0.391−0.391
CV= 0.391mA I2 % error | |𝑥100
0.391
MV= 0.391 I2 % error =0.%

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I3
0.391−0.391
CV= 0.391mA I3 % error | |𝑥100
0.391
MV= 0.391S I3 % error =0%

RESISTOR
R1
10,000−9840
CV= 10KΩ R1 % error | |𝑥100
10,000
MV= 9840
R1 % error =1.6%
R2
20,000−19470
CV= 20KΩ R2 % error | 10,000
|𝑥100
MV=19470 R2 % error =2.65%
R3
47000−46000.1
CV= 47KΩ R3 % error | |𝑥100
47000
MV=46000.1 R3 % error =2.13%
RTOTAL
77000−73600
CV=77000 RTOTAL % error | |𝑥100
77000
MV=73600
RTOTAL % error =4.42%

PARALLEL: TABLE 3.3


Calculated Value:
1
RTOTAL = 1 1 1
+ +
220 500 1000

RTOTAL = 132.53

ITOTAL =45.45+20+0.01
ITOTAL =75.45mA
Calculated Value:
I1
10
I=? I1 =213
V=10V
R = 213Ω I1= 45.45 mA or 0.045A
I2
10
I=? I2 =484
V=10V
R = 484Ω I2= 20 mA or 0.02A

19
I3
10
I=? I3 =977
V=10V
R = 977Ω I3= 10 mA or 0.01A

Percent Difference:
RESISTOR
R1
220−213
CV=220Ω R1 % error | |𝑥100
220
MV= 213Ω R1 % error = 3.18%
R2
500−484
CV= 500Ω R2 % error | |𝑥100
400
MV= 484Ω
R2 % error = 3.2%
R3
1000−977
CV= 1KΩ R3 % error | |𝑥100
1000
MV=977Ω R3% error = 2.3%
RTOTAL
132.53−132.8
CV= 132.53Ω RTOTAL % error | |𝑥100
132.53
MV=132.8Ω RTOTAL% error = 0.20%

AMPERE
I1
45.45−39.7
CV=45.45mA I1 % error | |𝑥100
45.45
MV=39.7mA I1=12.65%
I2
20−19.8
CV=20mA I2 % error | 20
|𝑥100
MV= 19.8mA I2=1%
I3
10−10.1
CV= 10mA I3 % error | |𝑥100
10
MV= 10.1mA I3=1%
ITOTAL
75.45−71.2
CV= 75.45Ω RTOTAL % error | |𝑥100
75.45
MV=71.2Ω RTOTAL% error =5.63%

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VII. CONCLUSIONS:
In our experiment, we measured the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in
both series and parallel configurations. We found that in a series circuit, the total
resistance increased as more resistors were added, confirming the formula (R TOTAL=
R1 + R2+ R3). In contrast, the equivalent resistance in parallel was lower than the
1
smallest individual resistor, aligning with the formula (RTOTAL= 1 1 1 ). Our
+ +
220 500 1000
experimental results matched these theoretical predictions, demonstrating the distinct
characteristics of each circuit type. Overall, the experiment effectively illustrated
how resistors behave differently in series and parallel arrangements.

VIII. GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the effect of the total resistance of the following:


a. increasing the number of resistors in series.
• Increasing the number of resistors in series The total resistance
increases because the resistances add up directly.

b. decreasing the number of resistors in series.


• Decreasing the number of resistors in series The total
resistance decreases as fewer resistances are summed.

c. increasing the number of resistors in parallel.


• Increasing the number of resistors in parallel The total
resistance decreases, providing more paths for current to flow.

d. decreasing the number if resistors in parallel.


• Decreasing the number of resistors in parallel The total
resistance increases, reducing the available paths for current.

2. A 12V generator has an internal resistance of 0.05Ω. Two loads are connected
in parallel to its terminals, one drawing a 12A current and the other dissipating
energy at the rate of 200W. What is the terminal voltage of the generator at this
load?

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3. Three resistors are connected in series to a 120V generator. The first has a
resistance of 50Ω, the second passes a current of 0.5A and the third has a
voltage drop of 50V across it. Calculate the resistance of the second and the
third resistor.

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4. What disadvantage does the “series string” type of Christmas tree lamp possess
as compared to the 110V parallel type of Christmas tree lamp?

• The main disadvantage of the "series string" type of Christmas tree lamp is
that if one bulb burns out or is removed, the entire string will go out because
the circuit is broken. In contrast, in a 110V parallel type, each bulb operates
independently, so the rest remain lit even if one fails.

5. Explain why the kitchen light becomes a bit dimmer when a toaster is turned
on.
• The kitchen light dims when a toaster is turned on because both devices
share the same electrical circuit. When the toaster is turned on, it draws a
significant amount of current, increasing the overall load on the circuit. This
causes a temporary voltage drop, reducing the power supplied to the light,
which makes it appear dimmer.

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