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13 views

math notes

math notes

Uploaded by

marcusuy2021
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class Notes: Quadratic Equations

1. Definition

 A quadratic equation is any equation that can be written in the standard form: ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0 Where:
o aaa, bbb, and ccc are constants
o a≠0a \neq 0a=0 (If a=0a = 0a=0, it is a linear equation)

2. Standard Form and Solutions

 The solutions to a quadratic equation are the values of xxx that satisfy the equation. These solutions are also called the roots of the quadratic
equation.

3. Methods for Solving Quadratic Equations

a. Factoring

 If the quadratic can be factored, express it as the product of two binomials: (px+q)(rx+s)=0(px + q)(rx + s) = 0(px+q)(rx+s)=0 Then, set
each factor equal to zero and solve for xxx.
o Example: x2+5x+6=0x^2 + 5x + 6 = 0x2+5x+6=0 Factoring gives: (x+2)(x+3)=0(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0(x+2)(x+3)=0 So, x=−2x = -
2x=−2 or x=−3x = -3x=−3.

b. Quadratic Formula

 The quadratic formula is used to solve any quadratic equation, and it is derived from completing the square: x=−b±b2−4ac2ax = \frac{-b \
pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}x=2a−b±b2−4ac Where aaa, bbb, and ccc are the coefficients of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx +
c = 0ax2+bx+c=0.

c. Completing the Square

 This method involves manipulating the equation to form a perfect square trinomial, allowing you to solve for xxx.
o Example: Solve x2+6x+5=0x^2 + 6x + 5 = 0x2+6x+5=0 by completing the square.

2. Move the constant to the other side: x2+6x=−5x^2 + 6x = -5x2+6x=−5


3. Add (62)2=9\left( \frac{6}{2} \right)^2 = 9(26)2=9 to both sides: x2+6x+9=4x^2 + 6x + 9 = 4x2+6x+9=4
4. Factor the left side: (x+3)2=4(x + 3)^2 = 4(x+3)2=4
5. Take the square root of both sides: x+3=±2x + 3 = \pm 2x+3=±2
6. Solve for xxx: x=−3+2=−1orx=−3−2=−5x = -3 + 2 = -1 \quad \text{or} \quad x = -3 - 2 = -5x=−3+2=−1orx=−3−2=−5

4. Discriminant

 The discriminant is the part of the quadratic formula under the square root: Δ=b2−4ac\Delta = b^2 - 4acΔ=b2−4ac The value of the
discriminant determines the nature of the roots:
o If Δ>0\Delta > 0Δ>0: Two distinct real roots
o If Δ=0\Delta = 0Δ=0: One real root (repeated root)
o If Δ<0\Delta < 0Δ<0: Two complex roots (no real solutions)

5. Graphing Quadratics

 The graph of a quadratic equation y=ax2+bx+cy = ax^2 + bx + cy=ax2+bx+c is a parabola.


o The direction of the parabola:
 Upward if a>0a > 0a>0
 Downward if a<0a < 0a<0
o The vertex of the parabola is the point where it reaches its maximum or minimum value.
o The axis of symmetry is a vertical line through the vertex: x=−b2ax = \frac{-b}{2a}x=2a−b
o The y-intercept is the point where x=0x = 0x=0, and it can be found by evaluating y=cy = cy=c.

6. Applications of Quadratic Equations

 Quadratic equations are used in real-world problems such as:


o Projectile motion: The path of an object thrown into the air forms a parabolic trajectory.
o Optimization problems: Maximizing or minimizing quantities like area, revenue, or profit.
o Physics: Describing the relationship between velocity, acceleration, and time in certain motion problems.

Additional Notes:

 Important Tips:
o Practice factoring and recognize when the equation is easily factorable.
o Always check the discriminant to quickly determine the nature of the roots.
o For complex roots, remember that they involve imaginary numbers when Δ<0\Delta < 0Δ<0.
 Practice Questions:
1. Solve the quadratic equation 2x2−4x−6=02x^2 - 4x - 6 = 02x2−4x−6=0 using the quadratic formula.
2. Find the vertex and axis of symmetry for the quadratic equation y=x2−4x+3y = x^2 - 4x + 3y=x2−4x+3.

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