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Other documents randomly have
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 Monroe Egg 1, 6. Monroe Egg 2, 7, 8. Monroe Gage 1, 2, 5, 7, 8.
Monroe Gage 4. Reine-Claude de Monroe 5.

The fruit of Monroe is small and the trees produce well only in
alternate years, defects that its high quality cannot overcome.
Monroe originated with a Miss Durham, Penfield, Monroe County,
New York, about the middle of the last century. At one time it was
quoted by nearly all nurserymen but the variety is fast disappearing.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; branchlets

covered with fine pubescence; leaves oval, one and three-quarters inches
wide, three and one-half inches long, thick, rugose; margin finely serrate;
petiole tinged red, pubescent, with from one to three small glands.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one and three-eighths inches by one and
one-quarter inches in size, oval, sometimes necked, golden-yellow, often
mottled on the sunny side with red, overspread with thin bloom; stem
adhering poorly to the fruit; flesh golden-yellow, tender, sweet, mild; of
very good quality; stone semi-free or free, three-quarters inch by one-half
inch in size, long and slightly irregular-oval, acute at the base and apex,
with nearly smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent, blunt.

MOREMAN
Prunus hortulana

1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 91. 1885. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:49, 86.
1892. 3. Mich. Sta. Bul. 123:20. 1895. 4. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:285. 1898. 5.
Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 177, 206. 1898. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 40. 1899. 7.
Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:280. 1900. 8. Kan. Sta. Bul. 101:135, 137. 1901, 9. Ohio
Sta. Bul. 162:256, 257. 1905.
Mooreman 1.

Moreman is the hardiest of the Hortulana plums and possibly

worthy of keeping before plum-growers for this reason. Its fruit-
characters are not as satisfactory as those of several other varieties
of its species. Dr. Wayland of Cadiz, Kentucky, according to T. V.
Munson, grew a lot of seedlings from pits of wild plums found in his
vicinity and either from this lot or from a seedling from them, came
the Moreman. The variety was introduced by W. F. Heikes in 1881. It
was listed in the catalog of the American Pomological Society in
1899. The following description is compiled.

Tree vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; leaves of medium size,

coarsely serrate; petiole usually glandless. Fruit late; small, roundish,
bright red, bloomless; stem long, slender; dots numerous, yellow; flesh
firm, yellow, pleasant in flavor; quality fair; stone small, roundish, clinging.

MOROCCO
Prunus domestica

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 207. 1676. 3. Ray Hist.
Plant. 2:1528. 1688. 4. Langley Pomona 91, Pl. XX fig. III. 1729. 5. Miller
Gard. Dict. 3:1754. 6. Knoop Fructologie 56. 1771. 7. Abercrombie Gard.
Ass’t 13. 1786. 8. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 19. 1803. 9. Pom. Mag. 3:103.
1830. 10. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 145, 146, 150. 1831. 11. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:82. 1832. 12. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 306. 1845. 13. Floy-Lindley
Guide Orch. Gard. 282, 382. 1846. 14. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 338. 1849.
15. Loudon Enc. Gard. 921. 1834. 16. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 28. 1876. 17.
Hogg Fruit Man. 714. 1884. 18. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 430. 1889.
Black Morocco 7. Black Morocco 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18. Black
Damask 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18. Black Damascus 13. Damas Noir 5.
Damas Noir Hâtif 6, 10. Damas Hâtif 10. Damas noir hâtif 11. Early
Damask 5, 8. Early Black Damask 9, 10, 13. Early Damson 10. Early
Morocco 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18. Early Damask 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
17, 18. Early Black Damask 11. Early Black Morocco 12, 18. Frühe
Schwarze Pflaume 18. Frühe Platte Damascene 18. Italian Damask 12
incor., 14. Mogul 16. Morocco 16, 18. Marokko Pflaume 18. Morocco
Plumb 4. Morocco 5, 8, 9. Noire Hâtif 18. Saint Cyr 11.

This variety is not popular in New York nor does it deserve to be,
as there are many better plums of its season. Its faults are small
size, an insipid flavor and poor keeping qualities. Morocco is one of
the oldest of the cultivated plums. It has been known in Europe for
three centuries at least and is undoubtedly much older, its early
history not having been written. It is not known when the variety was
introduced into this country but it has been grown in the Southern
States for many years under the name Mogul. About 1894, it was
reintroduced from England by the W. & T. Smith Nursery Company of
Geneva, New York, under the name Mogul.

Tree large, vigorous, round-topped, rather tender to cold, productive;

branchlets covered with heavy pubescence; leaves oval, one and three-
quarters inches wide, three inches long; margin finely serrate or crenate;
petiole short, thick, with one or two globose glands usually at the base of
the leaf; blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers
appearing after the leaves, one and one-eighth inches across, white or
creamy as the buds unfold; borne on lateral buds and spurs, singly or in
pairs.
Fruit late, ripening period short; below medium in size, round to oval or
obovate, purplish-black, covered with thick bloom; dots conspicuous; flesh
light golden-yellow, rather dry, moderately firm, sweet next to the skin, but
rather acid near the center; poor; stone clinging, medium to small, oval or
ovate, flattened, with rough surfaces.

MOTTLED PRUNE
Prunus domestica
This plum is placed among the leading varieties only that a full
description of it may be put on record. The fruit is attractive in color
but is inferior in quality. These defects are so prominent that the
variety can hardly become popular. The Mottled Prune originated in
Waterloo, New York, as a chance seedling in 1887; it was introduced
by E. Smith & Sons, Geneva, New York.

Tree large, round and open-topped, very productive; branches stocky;

branchlets heavily pubescent; leaves folded backward or flattened, oval or
obovate, one and three-quarters inches wide, three and one-half inches
long, thick and leathery, rugose; margin crenate, with few, small, dark
glands; petiole thickly pubescent, dull dark red, glandless or with from one
to three smallish glands usually on the stalk; blooming season
intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing after the leaves, one
inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters on lateral buds and spurs,
singly or in pairs; pedicels very pubescent.
 Fruit mid-season, ripening period short; one and three-quarters inches
by one and one-half inches in size, ovate, dark purplish-red, somewhat
mottled, covered with thick bloom; dots numerous, conspicuous; flesh pale
yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, mild; of fair quality; stone free, one inch by three-
quarters inch in size, oval, flattened, strongly roughened; ventral suture
deeply furrowed, often with a short wing; dorsal suture with a narrow,
shallow groove.

MYROBALAN
Prunus cerasifera

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576, 578. 1629. 2. Gerard Herball 1498, 1500.
1636. 3. Rea Flora 209. 1676. 4. Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1528. 1688. 5.
Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:111, Pl. XX fig. 15. 1768. 6. Knoop Fructologie
55, 56. 1771. 7. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 20. 1803. 8. Miller Gard. Dict.
3:1807. 9. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 232. 1817. 10. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144,
150. 1831. 11. Prince Pom. Man. 2:80. 1832. 12. Hoffy Orch. Comp.
2:1842. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 294. 1845. 14. Floy-Lindley Guide
Orch. Gard. 285. 1846. 15. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 1. 1846. 16. Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soc. N. S. 15:360. 1868. 17. Hogg Fruit Man. 690. 1884. 18. Gard. &
For. 1:178. 1888. 19. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 448. 1889. 20. Cal. State Board
Hort. 112, 113. 1891. 21. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:66. 1892. 22. Rev. Hort. 204.
1894. 23. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 177. 1895. 24. Guide Prat. 157, 353. 1895.
25. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 190 fig. 27, 209. 1898. 26. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt.
12:211, 212, 215. 1899. 27. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:66. 1905.
Arabische Kirsche 19. Asiatische Kirsche 19. American Cherry Plum 11.
Cerisette 11, 18, 19. Cerizette 11. Ciriselle 6. Cerisette 6, 11. Cerisette
Blanche 6. Cerise 19. Cherry 1, 11. Cherry Plum 7, 8, 11, 16, 19, 20.
Cherry 13, 14, 17. Cherry Plum 9, 10, 18. De Virginie 10, 13, 14.
Damasine 24. D’Amerique Rouge 10, 13, 14. Early Scarlet 10, 11, 13, 17,
19. European Cherry Plum 11. Muscadine ?1. Kirschpflaume 18, 19.
Kleine Kirschpflaume 24. Mirobalan 2. Mirabilon 3. Mirabolan 5.
Myrobolan 13. Mirabolanenpflaume 19. Myrobalans 7. Mirabolane 19.
Mirobalan 9, 11. Myrobalane 19. Mirabolan 14. Myrobalan 10, 11, 14, 17,
18, 19. Mirabelle Rouge 24. Mirabelle Rouge 10. Miser Plum 19. Miser 12,
13, 14, 17. Prune d’Amerique Rouge 19. Prune Cerise 11. Prune Cerizette
8. Prunus Myrobalana 11, 14, 19, 23. Prunus Cerasifera 10, 11, 13, 14, 19.
Prune Ceriset 11. Prune de Virginie 19. Prunier Myrobolan 15, 22. Prune
Cerisette 15. Prunus Cerasifera fructu majore 19. Prunus Myrobolana 13.
Queene Mother ?1. Red Mirobalane 1. Rote Kirschpflaume 19. Red
 Mirabelle 12. Rothe Mirabelle 24. Stambul Erik oder Irek 19. Türkische
Kirsche 19. Virginian Cherry 10, 13, 14, 17, 19. White Mirobalane 1. The
Myrobalane Plum 4.

Myrobalan is a group name rather than a varietal one. Plums of

this group are grown from seeds and many varieties have appeared
during the last three centuries, differing in color, shape, stone and in
many minor characters. The red and reddish-purple plums and the
round ones are apparently the most numerous though there are
frequent references to the White Myrobalan and to heart-shaped
fruits in this group. For a further discussion of these plums see
Prunus cerasifera. The Myrobalan plums are used largely as stocks
in the propagation of plums and closely allied plants; occasionally
they are used for culinary purposes though with rather poor results.

NECTARINE
Prunus domestica

1. Pom. Mag. 3:148. 1830. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 150. 1831. 3.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 264. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 306. 1845. 5.
Horticulturist 1:115. 1846. 6. Cole Am. Fr. Book 215. 1849. 7. Thompson
Gard. Ass’t 518. 1859. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 448. 1889. 9. Guide Prat.
162, 365. 1895.
Bradshaw 6. Caledonian 1, 2, 3. Calvel’s Pfirschenpflaume 8. Goliath of
some 8. Howel’s 3. Howell’s Large 1, 2, 4, 7, 8. Jenkin’s Imperial 2, 4, 7, 8,
9. Louis Phillipe 4. Louis Philippe 6, 7, 8, 9. Large Early Black 6. Nectarine
1, 8, 9. Nectarine Plum 3, 7. Peach Plum 4, 7, 9. Peach 2, 8. Prune Pêche
1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8. Pêche de Calvel 8. Prune d’Abricot 8. Pêche of some 9.
Rothe Nectarine 9. Rote Nectarine 8. The Nectarine Plum 1.

Much confusion has existed regarding the identity of the

Nectarine, Peach and Goliath plums. These names have been
interchanged indiscriminately for the three plums and it is now
difficult to separate the varieties, especially as they are very similar.
The Goliath, however, may be separated from the other two by its
pubescent shoots, which the others do not have. The Peach plum is
the largest of the three and has a reddish cast whereas the
Nectarine and Goliath are dark purple. The earlier writers knew a
Nectarine as a synonym of Peach but it was not until 1830 that the
Nectarine was finally described as a separate variety. Nectarine is of
unknown origin. The following description is compiled.

Tree vigorous, round-topped, productive; leaves large, oval; branches

glabrous. Fruit early; large, roundish, flattened at the ends, dark purple
with thin bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, tinged red at maturity, rather
coarse, sprightly; fair to good; stone of medium size, compressed, oval,
semi-clinging.

NEWARK
Prunus domestica
This fruit has little to recommend it to the commercial plum-grower;
it is small in size and unattractive in color; the quality, however, is
very good and the variety is worth planting for home use. Newark
originated in Newark, New York, and in 1895 was bought by E. Smith
& Sons of Geneva, New York, who disseminated it two years later.

Tree medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading, rather open, very

productive; branches rough; branchlets marked by scarf-skin, leaf-scars
prominent; leaves flattened, somewhat drooping, oval or obovate, one and
three-quarters inches wide, three and one-half inches long, thick, rugose;
margin coarsely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole thick, pubescent,
glandless or with one or two smallish glands usually on the stalk; blooming
season intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing after the
leaves, one inch or more across, white with yellowish tinge at the apex of
the petals; borne singly or in pairs; anthers yellow with a trace of red.
Fruit early, season short; one and one-half inches by one and three-
eighths inches in size, oval, dull yellow mottled with red at full maturity,
covered with thin bloom; dots numerous, conspicuous; flesh light
greenish-yellow, rather dry, firm, sweet, mild; good to very good; stone
free, three-quarters inch by one-half inch in size, irregular-oval, flat, with
finely pitted surfaces; ventral suture usually winged; dorsal suture with a
shallow, narrow, indistinct groove.

NEWMAN
 NEWMAN

Prunus munsoniana

1. Horticulturist 22:271. 1867. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 934. 1869. 3.

Am. Jour. Hort. 5:142. 1869. 4. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1874. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1875. 6. Barry Fr. Garden 418. 1883. 7. Ia. Hort. Soc.
 Rpt. 286. 1887. 8. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:63, 86. 1892. 9. Mich. Sta. Bul.
123:20. 1895. 10. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:49. 1897. 11. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:66.
1896. 12. Bailey Ev. Nat. Fruits 200 fig., 201. 1898. 13. Rural N. Y. 59:450.
1900. 14. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:282. 1900. 15. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:256, 257.
1905.
Warren? 8.

Newman is one of the oldest but still one of the standard varieties
of its species. Its fruits are characterized by a firm, meaty flesh,
which fits it well for shipping and storing; the plums are also
attractive in shape and color but are too small and too low in quality
to make the variety a first-rate one. The trees are large and vigorous
and in all respects very satisfactory orchard plants. Both fruits and
trees are usually reported as fairly free from diseases and insects.
While the variety is gradually going out it still has some value for its
crops and ought to make a good parent from which to breed a race
of vigorous, firm-fleshed Munsonianas.
The origin of this plum is uncertain. In 1867 a Mr. Elliott of
Cleveland, Ohio, reported in the Horticulturist that he had received
samples of the “Newman Plum” from D. L. Adair, Esq., of Hawesville,
Kentucky, and gave a brief description of the fruit which seems to
tally with that of the variety under discussion. The American
Pomological Society added this plum to its fruit catalog list in 1875
and removed it in 1891.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, low and flat, dense-topped, hardy at

Geneva, productive, subject to attacks of shot-hole fungus, the trunk
shaggy; branches dark ash-gray, rough and shaggy, thorny, zigzag, with
numerous, rather inconspicuous, large, elongated lenticels; branchlets
very slender, twiggy, with internodes of average length, greenish-red,
changing to dark brown, glabrous, with few, conspicuous, large, raised
lenticels; leaf-buds small, short, obtuse, plump, nearly free.
Leaves lanceolate, peach-like, one and one-quarter inches wide, four
inches long, thin; upper surface smooth, glabrous, with a grooved midrib;
lower surface glabrous except along the midrib and larger veins; apex
taper-pointed, base acute, margin finely crenate, with small, amber
glands; petiole slender, seven-eighths inch long, lightly pubescent along
one side, reddish, glandless or with from one to four very small, globose,
yellowish-red glands on the stalk.
Blooming season late and long; flowers appearing after the leaves,
three-quarters inch across, in the buds tinged yellow, changing to white on
expanding, odor disagreeable; borne in clusters on lateral spurs and buds,
in twos or in threes; pedicels eleven-sixteenths inch long, slender,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
small, narrow, slightly obtuse, pubescent on the inner surface, glandular-
serrate and with marginal hairs, erect; petals ovate or oval, crenate,
tapering at the base into long, narrow claws; anthers yellow, tinged with
red; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil slender, glabrous, equal to
the stamens in length.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period very long; one inch by seven-eighths
inch in size, strongly oval, not compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow,
narrow, flaring; suture a distinct dark red line; apex depressed; color bright
currant-red, with thin bloom; dots grayish, rather conspicuous, clustered
near the apex; stem very slender, seven-eighths inch long, glabrous,
adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, very tough, astringent, separating
readily; flesh deep yellow, juicy, tender and melting, sweetish next to the
skin, but tart at the center; fair in quality; stone clinging, five-eighths inch
by three-eighths inch in size, long-oval, turgid, necked at the base, blunt-
pointed at the apex, with finely pitted surfaces; ventral suture narrow,
inconspicuous; dorsal suture with a narrow, shallow groove.

NEW ULM
 NEW ULM

Prunus americana

1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 126. 1890. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:49 fig., 50. 1897.
3. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 111. 1899. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1899. 5. Ia.
Sta. Bul. 46:282 fig. 1900. 6. Waugh Plum Cult. 158. 1901. 7. Ont. Fr. Gr.
 Assoc. 143. 1901. 8. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:26. 1905. 9. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
422. 1905. 10. Ia. Sta. Bul. 114:141. 1910.
Snooks 10.

New Ulm is worthy of attention because of its large, handsome,

well-formed fruits. The plums are further distinguished by a peculiar
flavor, somewhat suggesting that of the mandrake, pleasant to some
but disagreeable to others. The flesh is a little too juicy for pleasant
eating but the fruits ship well, the tough, thick skin firmly holding its
contents. The fruits, however, do not keep well, for, despite the thick
skin, the spores of the brown-rot find entrance and thrive so that the
variety rots badly. The trees are hardy and productive but ill-shaped
and hard to manage in either the orchard or the nursery for which
reason the culture of the variety is discouraged by nurserymen and it
is now almost impossible to buy New Ulm trees. The illustration of
this variety shows well the characters of the western type of Prunus
americana in leaf, fruit and stone.
New Ulm was raised from seed of a wild variety that grew in the
neighborhood of the originator and introducer, C. W. H. Heideman,
New Ulm, Minnesota. The fruit was exhibited at the Minnesota State
Fair in 1890 where it attracted much attention, being the largest plum
of fifty varieties exhibited. In 1899 the American Pomological Society
placed the variety on its fruit catalog list. The Minnesota State
Horticultural Society, in spite of the fact that this plum has gained a
good reputation for its size and productiveness, removed it from its
recommended fruit list in 1904 because of the difficulty of growing
the trees in the nursery.

Tree of medium size, spreading and drooping, irregular, low and dense-
topped, undesirable in habit of growth, hardy, usually productive, subject
to attacks of shot-hole fungus; branches very rough and shaggy, zigzag,
thorny, dark ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets thick, long, willowy,
with long internodes, green, with a faint yellow tinge, changing to light and
dark, dull reddish-brown, glabrous, with numerous, conspicuous, large,
raised lenticels; leaf-buds small, pointed, strongly appressed.
Leaves drooping, folded upward, oval or ovate, two inches wide, four
and three-eighths inches long, thin; upper surface dark green, changing to
 reddish-yellow late in the season, glabrous, with a grooved midrib; lower
surface silvery green, lightly pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt,
margin coarsely and doubly serrate, eglandular; petiole slender, five-
eighths inch long, pubescent, tinged with red which deepens in color at the
base, glandless or with from one to three globose, greenish-brown glands
usually on the stalk.
Flowers intermediate in time and length of blooming season, appearing
after the leaves, showy on account of the numerous pure white petals, one
and one-sixteenth inches across, white; borne in dense clusters on lateral
spurs and buds, usually in threes; pedicels seven-sixteenths inch long,
thick, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-
lobes long, narrowly obtuse, lightly pubescent on the inner surface, thickly
pubescent along the glandular-serrate margin, erect; petals oval, entire or
incised, tapering below to narrow claws of medium length and with reddish
base; anthers yellow; filaments seven-sixteenths inch in length; pistil
glabrous, much shorter than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season, intermediate in length of ripening period; about one
and three-eighths inches in diameter, roundish-ovate, halves equal; cavity
markedly shallow, very narrow; suture a line; apex roundish or slightly
pointed; color carmine over a yellow ground, overspread with thin bloom;
dots very numerous, russet; stem five-eighths inch long, glabrous,
adhering somewhat to the fruit; skin thick and tough, astringent, adhering
strongly; flesh golden-yellow, very juicy and fibrous, granular, tender and
melting, sweet with a strong aromatic flavor; good; stone adhering, seven-
eighths inch by nine-sixteenths inch in size, oval, slightly flattened, blunt at
the base, pointed at the apex, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture
distinctly winged; dorsal suture narrow, shallow, grooved.

NICHOLAS
Prunus domestica

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1887. 2. Kan. Sta. Bul. 101:121, 124 fig.
1901. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 327. 1903.
Arab No. 2 Bielaya Nicholskaya 1. White Nicolas 1. White Nicholas 2, 3.

Although a fairly good early dessert plum it is doubtful if Nicholas

has any commercial value as it is inferior in most characters of fruit
and tree to standard varieties; in particular it drops badly as it begins
to ripen. “White,” as formerly and usually now put in the name, is a
misnomer, as the fruit is red; how it came to be applied to this fruit
does not appear. Nicholas was imported from Dr. Regel of St.
Petersburg, Russia, by Professor J. L. Budd of the Iowa Experiment
Station in the winter of 1881-82 and in 1888 was sent out for testing
under the name Arab No. 2.

Tree of medium size, round-topped, productive; trunk rough; branches

smooth except for the raised lenticels and longitudinal cracks in the bark;
branchlets slender; leaves falling early, folded upward, obovate or oval,
one and five-eighths inches wide, three and three-eighths inches long,
rugose; margin serrate, with few, small, dark glands; petiole pubescent,
tinged red, sometimes with several small glands; blooming season
intermediate in time, short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one inch or
more across, white, tinged with yellow near the apex of the petals; borne
on lateral buds and spurs, in scattering clusters, singly or in pairs.
Fruit early, one and three-eighths inches by one inch in size, long-oval,
dark red, covered with thick bloom; stem adhering poorly to the fruit; flesh
light yellow, juicy, fibrous, tender, sweet, mild; good; stone free, one inch
by five-eighths inch in size, flattened, oval, somewhat obliquely acute at
the base, with granular surfaces; ventral suture prominent, rather narrow,
blunt; dorsal suture with a narrow, shallow groove.

OCCIDENT
Prunus triflora

1. Rural N. Y. 57:653. 1898. 2. Am. Gard. 19:826. 1898. 3. Burbank Cat.

1899. 4. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:229. 1899. 5. Rural N. Y. 60:658 fig., 662.
1901. 6. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 320. 1903. 7. Ga. Sta. Bul. 68:11,
37. 1905. 8. Rural N. Y. 65:730. 1906.
Burbank’s Sultan 6. Garnet 1. Garnet 2. Occident 8. Oval Blood
(unpublished). Sultan 2, 3, 5, 8. Sultan 4, 7.

Occident differs little from Apple in horticultural characters and

need not be discussed at length as the reader can readily turn to the
color-plate and description of the last named variety. At best this sort
can hardly be called more than a curiosity, though an interesting one,
of use, if at all, only for cooking and as a long-keeping, rot-resistant
plum. It will add novelty to any amateur’s collection because of the
size, shape, color, flavor and red flesh of the fruits.
This variety was grown by Burbank and introduced by him in 1899
under the name Sultan. H. E. Van Deman, in the Rural New Yorker
(References, 1), says that Occident is a cross between Wickson and
Satsuma and that the name Garnet which he suggested, owing to
the color of its flesh and skin, had been accepted by Mr. Burbank.
About two months later the Division of Pomology of the United
States Department of Agriculture called attention to the fact that
“Garnet” had been previously given to another variety and the name
was changed to Sultan. Waugh in 1899 substituted “Occident” for
Sultan as the latter is the name of a European plum; Waugh’s name
has been accepted by all recent writers. Occident undoubtedly
contains Satsuma blood but it has but few characters that suggest
Wickson, and if a cross, which is likely, the other parent is
undeterminable. The following description is compiled:

Tree vigorous, slow of growth, straggling, somewhat variable in habit,

late in coming into bearing, productive; leaves numerous, large.
Fruit ripens with Burbank, keeps and ships unusually well, resistant to
rot; large, roundish; cavity of medium depth; suture shallow, distinct; color
dark red over a greenish ground; dots many, yellowish; stem thick, short,
adhering to the fruit; skin somewhat thin, tough, slightly astringent; flesh
dark red, firm, sweet, rather acid, changing to subacid as maturity
advances, sprightly; good to very good; stone free or semi-clinging, of
medium size, roundish, turgid, winged, rough.

OCHEEDA
Prunus americana

1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:41. 1892. 2. Wis. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:344. 1894. 3.
Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 34:112. 1899. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1899. 5.
Waugh Plum Cult. 159. 1901. 6. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:31. 1903. 7. Ill.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 420. 1905. 8. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:28. 1905.
Ocheda 7.
 This variety is generally regarded as one of the valuable native
plums but in New York it is surpassed by a number of other plums of
its species in size of fruit and color though the quality is very good.
We must rank it in this State as second rate among Americanas.
Ocheeda was found by P. L. Hardow in 1872 growing wild on the
banks of Ocheeda Lake, Minnesota, and in 1892 was introduced by
H. J. Ludlow of Worthington, Minnesota.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, unproductive; branches

shaggy, thorny, with large lenticels; branchlets willowy, pubescent; leaves
folded upward, oval, nearly two inches wide, three and one quarter inches
long; margin coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole densely covered with
short hairs; blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers
appearing after the leaves, seven-eighths inch across, dull white; borne in
scattering clusters almost entirely on one-year-old wood, many lateral
buds remaining undeveloped, the bare limbs carrying tufts or clusters of
blossoms, in threes or fours; petals long-obovate, nearly three times as
long as wide, tapering to long claws, reddish at the base; stigma distinctly
reddish when the flowers first open.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period long; one inch by seven-eighths inch
in size, ovate or roundish-ovate, slightly oblique, dull light to dark carmine
over a yellow ground, somewhat mottled, overspread with thick bloom;
skin slightly astringent; flesh dark golden-yellow, tender, melting, sweet,
aromatic, pleasant in flavor; fair to good; stone dark colored, nearly free,
three quarters inch by one-half inch in size, roundish-oval, turgid with
smooth surfaces; ventral suture markedly winged.

OCTOBER
Prunus triflora

1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 106:58. 1896. 2. Cal. State Bd. Hort. 52. 1897-98. 3.
Am. Gard. 20:162 fig. 1899. 4. Rural N. Y. 59:104, 690. 1900. 5. Am.
Gard. 21:36, 660. 1900. 6. Nat. Nur. 8:109, 123. 1900. 7. Waugh Plum
Cult. 139. 1901. 8. Rural N. Y. 62:756. 1903. 9. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:250
fig., 256, 257. 1905. 10. Mass. Sta. An. Rp. 17:160. 1905.
October Purple 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10. October Purple 7.
 There are but few late plums in Prunus triflora worth cultivating
and one of the needs of horticulture is a late plum of superior quality
in this species. At present October is the nearest approach to the
plum desired but because of several faults it falls considerably short
of filling the need. The fruits are large, attractive-looking, fairly
suitable for dessert, very good for culinary purposes, hang well to the
tree and keep and ship much better than the average Triflora variety;
but still they are not far enough from mediocrity to make the variety
especially desirable. The trees are well shaped, usually robust and
healthy and the fruit is well borne on lateral spurs distributed over the
old wood; but in New York, at least, the trees are very tardy in
coming in bearing and cannot be depended upon to bear satisfactory
crops regularly—a fatal fault in a Triflora plum. October might be
sparingly planted in New York to the pleasure of the amateur and
possibly to the profit of the commercial fruit-grower who has a good
local market.
October is said to be a cross of Satsuma and a seedling Triflora
plum; it was first fruited by Luther Burbank in 1892 and was
introduced by Stephen Hoyt’s Sons, New Canaan, Connecticut, in
1897. The variety was named October Purple by Burbank but
“Purple” has been dropped in accordance with the rules of the
American Pomological Society.

Tree variable in size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy

for a Triflora, not uniform in productiveness, healthy; branches rough,
dark, dull ash-gray, with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets slender,
long, with internodes of average length, greenish-red changing to dull
reddish-brown, often with a green tinge on the winter shoots, glabrous;
lenticels numerous, small; leaf-buds small, short, obtuse, free.
Leaves falling early, sparse, folded upward, oval or obovate, one and
three-eighths inches wide, three and one-quarter inches long, thin and
leathery; upper surface slightly rugose, with a broad groove on the lightly
pubescent midrib; lower surface very thinly pubescent; apex and base
acute, margin glandular, doubly serrate or crenate; petiole one-half inch
long, hairy along the upper side, green, with from one to three small,
globose, yellowish glands variable in position.
Blooming season early to medium, of average length; flowers appearing
before the leaves, thirteen-sixteenths inch across, white; borne in dense
 clusters on lateral spurs and buds, in pairs; pedicels one-half inch long,
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes obtuse, glandular-serrate, with numerous hairs along the
edge, pubescent, somewhat erect; petals broadly ovate, entire, tapering to
short, blunt claws; anthers yellow; filaments three-sixteenths inch long;
pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season or later, ripening period long; one and seven-eighths
inches in diameter, roundish-cordate or slightly oblate, halves unequal;
cavity deep, wide, flaring, with streaks radiating from the cavity; suture
shallow or a line; apex roundish to slightly pointed; color dark red over a
yellowish-green ground, with bloom of medium thickness; dots numerous,
large, russet, conspicuous, clustered about the apex; stem somewhat
slender, five-eighths inch long, glabrous, adhering well to the fruit; skin
thin, tough, sour, separating readily; flesh light yellow frequently tinged
with red, very juicy, slightly fibrous, variable in firmness, sweet, mild,
lacking the strong characteristic Triflora flavor; good; stone clinging,
seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, roundish-oval, blunt but
with a small tip, somewhat rough, ridged along the ventral, grooved on the
dorsal suture.

OGON
Prunus triflora

1. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 29. 1886. 2. Ibid. 35, 58. 1888. 3. Ibid. 53, 99.
1889. 4. Col., O., Hort. Soc. Rpt. 81. 1892. 5. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:27, 28
fig. 1894. 6. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 95. 1895. 7. Cornell Sta. Bul. 106:59.
1896. 8. Ibid. 131:194. 1897. 9. Ibid. 139:45. 1897. 10. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 26. 1897. 11. Rural N. Y. 57:562. 1898. 12. Colo. Sta. Bul. 50:43.
1898. 13. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:242, 249. 1899. 14. Cornell Sta. Bul.
175:138 fig. 1899. 15. Ohio Sta. Bul. 113:157. 1899. 16. Waugh Plum Cult.
139. 1901. 17. Ga. Sta. Bul. 68:6 32. 1905. 18. Miss. Sta. Bul. 93:15.
1905.
Ogan 5. Ogden 1. Ogon 5. Shiro Smomo 6. Yellow Nagate 2.

Ogon, the Japanese for gold, is the name for one of the
comparatively few varieties of Prunus triflora having a yellow color.
This variety is further distinguished by being the only freestone sort
of its species under cultivation in America. Ogon also has a flavor
quite distinct, resembling somewhat that of the apricot, which is
agreeable to some and not so to others; as the variety grows on the
grounds of this Station it cannot be considered of high quality even
for an early plum. The fruits crack rather badly on the tree and seem
to be unusually susceptible to the attacks of curculio. In some of the
references given, it is reported as making a poor tree and as having
a weak constitution, and practically all agree that the variety is
unproductive. These faults preclude its use in commercial
plantations. The variety is distinct and interesting not only in its fruits
but in its flowers which bear comparatively few stamens, many of
which are abortive and show all degrees between perfect stamens
and perfect petals.
Ogon was imported from Japan by H. H. Berger and Company,
San Francisco, California. It was first mentioned as the Ogden in the
Georgia Horticultural Society Report for 1886 and in the 1888 report
of the same Society it was described as a new fruit. In 1897, the
American Pomological Society added Ogon to its fruit catalog list.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, vasiform, dense-topped, hardy at

Geneva, unproductive; branches slender, roughened by numerous spurs,
sparingly thorny, dark gray, with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets
sometimes swollen at the tips, of medium thickness and length, with
internodes of average length, dark brown often with some green, partly
overspread with gray scarf-skin, glossy, glabrous; lenticels medium in
number and size, raised; leaf-buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free.
Leaves few, oblanceolate, peach-like, variable in size, averaging one
and one-eighth inches wide, four inches long, thin; upper surface light
green, shining, glabrous, narrowly grooved along the midrib; lower surface
light yellowish-green, glabrous except at the base of the veins; margin
finely crenate, with small, dark amber glands; petiole one-half inch long,
glandless or with from one to four globose, greenish glands on the stalk.
Blooming season early and of medium length; flowers appearing after
the leaves, thirteen-sixteenths inch across, white; borne in clusters on
lateral spurs and buds, in threes or in fours; pedicels five-sixteenths inch
long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes
narrow, acute, slightly glandular-serrate, faintly pubescent, erect; petals
broadly ovate, entire, tapering below to short claws; anthers yellowish,
with a little pink; filaments three-sixteenths inch long; pistil glabrous, equal
to the stamens in length.
 Fruit early, season short; one and one-quarter inches by one and three-
quarters inches in size, roundish-oblate, oblique, halves equal; cavity
narrow, regular, flaring; suture variable in depth, prominent; apex roundish
or slightly flattened; color lemon-yellow, with thin bloom; dots numerous,
small, whitish, inconspicuous; stem slender, one-half inch long, glabrous,
separating readily; skin thin, tough, astringent, inclined to crack, slightly
adhering; flesh pale or amber-yellow, not as juicy as many of the Trifloras,
firm and meaty, sweet, mild; of fair quality; stone free, five-eighths inch by
one-half inch in size, roundish-oval, turgid, blunt but with a small short tip,
oblique, slightly pitted; ventral suture faintly ridged and furrowed; dorsal
suture not grooved.

ORANGE
Prunus domestica

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 150. 1831. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 282.
1845. 3. Cole Am. Fr. Book 214. 1849. 4. Mas Le Verger 6:25. 1866-73. 5.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 442. 1889. 6. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 320.
1903.
Orange 5. Orange Gage 2, 5, 6. Pomeranzen Zwetsche 5. Wager 5, 6.

Orange belongs to the Reine Claude group. Taking its characters

all in all it cannot compete with even the average varieties of the
plums with which it should be compared. This variety was introduced
by A. J. Downing who secured it from a Mr. Teller of Rhinebeck,
Dutchess County, New York. Although Rhinebeck is probably its
place of origin, it is not likely that Teller first grew the variety since it
was quite generally disseminated in that vicinity at the time of its
introduction. It is fast passing from cultivation.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, productive; branches roughened by the

raised lenticels; branchlets numerous, pubescent; leaves oval or slightly
obovate, two inches wide, four inches long, thick; margin crenate or
serrate, with small grands; petiole tinged red, pubescent, with from two to
three globose glands.
Fruit matures in mid-season; about one and one-half inches in diameter
roundish-truncate, light amber-yellow with a blush, overspread with thin
bloom; stem slender, adhering strongly to the fruit; flesh pale yellow, firm,
sweet; of good quality; stone free or nearly so, one inch by five-eighths
inch in size, obovate, acute at the apex, blunt at the base, with thickly
pitted surfaces; ventral suture wide, usually blunt but sometimes distinctly
winged; dorsal suture with a deep groove.

OREN