written

Discourse Analysis
in Written
communication

Language
Presented by Group 9

Dini Kamalunnisa (212)

Context
Nextarinda Anora (220)
ArdhiSegara (223)
Damara Carissa M (233)
Definition
Discourse Analysis (DA) is a field of study that examines how language is
used in texts and contexts. It goes beyond the sentence level to understand
the interaction between language and its social and cultural contexts. This
method involves in-depth analysis of written texts to understand how
meaning is constructed and conveyed through language structure, word
choice, and the context in which the text is produced and received.
Aims
The aims is to explore the function of language in broader communication,
beyond the analysis of single words or sentences. This includes an
understanding of how texts function in society and how they can shape
social identities and power relations.
 what is
cohesion? Key Concepts
1. Cohesion and Coherence

Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical linking within a text. It

involves the use of conjunctions, reference words (like pronouns),
substitutions, and ellipses.
~ Substitutions is a key element of cohesion that involves replacing one
element of a text with another. 3`3

“ I need a pen. Have you got one?”

(Here, “one” substitutes for “a pen”)
refers to
grammatical
~ Ellipses is a key element of cohesion that involves omitting part of a sentence
or phrase while still maintaining the overall meaning and coherence of the text.
“ Will you be attending the meeting?"
"I might."
(Here, "attend the meeting" is omitted in the response)
 Coherence?
Key Concepts
Coherence refers to the logical connections and overall sense that a
text makes. A coherent text is one where the ideas flow smoothly and
make sense to the reader. Both cohesion and coherence are crucial for
the text's readability and comprehensibility.

My Dream
3`3
My dream is to travel the world, exploring different cultures and meeting
new people. I imagine visiting iconic landmarks, tasting diverse cuisines,
and immersing myself in the rich histories of various countries. By learning
Make
sense about different ways of life and gaining new perspectives, I hope to grow as
an individual and develop a deeper understanding of the world. Ultimately,
my dream is not just about the destinations, but also about the
experiences and connections I make along the way, enriching my life and
broadening my horizons.
 adj.
Key Concepts
2. Lexical Cohesion

Repetition: Using the same word or phrase multiple

times to reinforce a concept.

Synonyms: Using different words with similar meanings

to add variety without losing the core message.
nouns

Collocations: Words that frequently appear together

and create a familiar context for the reader.
 Genre
Key Concepts
3. Genre and Register

Genre refers to the type of text, such as a narrative,

report, essay, or advertisement. Each genre has
specific conventions and structures.

Register
Register refers to the level of formality and style of
language used, which can vary depending on the
audience, purpose, and context of the
communication.
Analyzing Power Dynamics & Social Construct
It helps students critically engage with texts and understand how language reflects and
reinforces societal norms and hierarchies. Power dynamics in written texts involve how
authority, control, and influence are conveyed, often subtly, through language. Social
constructs, such as gender roles, cultural identities, and class distinctions, are
communicated through choices in vocabulary, grammar, and discourse structure.

This analysis is essential to understanding how language teaching materials such as

textbooks, literary works, or media articles may implicitly favor certain perspectives or
ideologies. It fosters critical thinking and prepares future educators to address biases and
promote inclusive practices in the classroom.
Methods of Discourse Analysis
Peter

Discourse analysis methods focus on examining how language is used in

texts to construct meaning, shape identity, and influence interactions.
Learning these methods is crucial to understanding the implicit messages
in educational materials and improving their ability to design or critique
teaching content.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): Helps students identify and challenge

power imbalances and ideologies in texts.
Him
Example: "This product makes you beautiful.", Implies societal pressure to
conform to beauty standards.
 Peter
Genre Analysis: Examines the structure and purpose of specific types
of texts (e.g., academic essays, advertisements).
Example: "Hi Mrs. Rina, we have a meeting tomorrow at 9 a.m. in Room A."
This is an informal message typically seen in chats. It uses short sentences,
omits formal greetings, and communicates information quickly.

Pragmatic Analysis: Focuses on language use in context, such as

analyzing politeness strategies in dialogues to teach sociolinguistic
competence.
Example: A: "Have you washed the dishes?" Him

B: "I'm busy right now."

Indirect refusal interpreted through context.
Parker

Thematic Analysis: Identifies patterns and recurring themes in texts,

such as examining themes of inclusion or exclusion in classroom
reading materials.
Example: "Lino saved her pocket money for months to buy the book she
dreamed of."
The theme here is hard work and sacrifice to achieve goals, emphasizing
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the importance of persistence and patience.
 Application of
Discourse Analysis in
Written Language

Understanding Enhancing Educational

Academic Texts Practices

Improving Analyzing
Writing Skills Literary Texts
Understanding Academic Texts
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Discourse Analysis in academic texts involves

systematically examining how scholarly works (such
as research articles, essays, or textbooks) are
constructed to convey knowledge. It focuses on the
organization of Understanding
ideas, the relationships
Academic Texts between
Understanding Academic Texts
sections (such Understanding
as introduction,
Academic Texts
body, and
conclusion), the use of academic conventions (e.g.,
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citations, evidence, formal tone), and the logical flow UAS

that helps readers navigate complex arguments. DA

in this context analyzes how authors use language
to build and support their thesis, engage with prior
research, and communicate conclusions effectively.
Understanding Academic Texts Login?

Purpose:
To help readers and writers analyze the logical
structure and argumentation in scholarly works.
Example:
Task: Analyze an introduction of a research article to
Understanding Academic Texts
locate the thesis statement
Understanding Academic Texts and supporting
Understanding Academic Texts
background information.
Activity: Have students identify cohesive devices and *Sinau
UAS
discuss how they guide the flow of ideas.
Benefit:
Enhances students' ability to critically evaluate and
replicate well-structured academic writing.
 Qris
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Cash? Improving Writing Skill

Discourse Analysis can significantly improve writing skills by

teaching writers to pay attention to the linguistic features that
make writing cohesive and coherent. It involves understanding
how words, phrases, and ideas are connected within and between
sentences and paragraphs. Writers use DA techniques to identify
problems in their own writing, such as lack of logical flow,
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repetitive phrasing, or unclear transitions. By analyzing how
others write, students can learn to refine their own writing style
for better clarity, impact, and readability.
 Improving Writing Skill
Qris
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Purpose:
To equip writers with tools to create clear, coherent, and engaging
written communication.
Example:
Task: Rewrite a paragraph with missing cohesive devices to make it
more cohesive.
Activity: Analyze poorly written texts for issues like repetition,
unclear transitions, or abrupt topic shifts.
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Benefit:
Strengthens skills for writing in diverse genres, such as academic,
professional, and creative writing, enhancing versatility in written
communication
 Halo
Chat. Enhancing Educational Practices

In an educational context, Discourse Analysis involves applying its

methods to help students better understand and engage with
written materials. Teachers use DA to analyze both students'
writing and the educational texts they interact with. This helps
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identify patterns in students' understanding and writing, such as
recurring errors in cohesion, inadequate argumentation, or lack of
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clarity. By examining these patterns, teachers can create more
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targeted lessons and activities that foster improved reading
comprehension and writing skills.
 Halo
Chat.
Enhancing Educational Practices

Purpose:
To develop teaching strategies that use discourse analysis to
improve comprehension and writing.
Example:
Task: Have students analyze3`3a sample essay to highlight
cohesive markers and logical transitions.
Activity: Assign group work to reconstruct scrambled
Ora paragraphs into a coherent essay.
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Benefit:
Encourages active learning and provides students with tools
to improve their reading and writing autonomously.
 Belum
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Analyzing Literary Texts

Discourse Analysis applied to literary texts involves

analyzing the language and structure of literary works
to understand how they construct meaning, emotion,
and theme. It focuses on how authors use narrative
techniques, stylistic choices, and discourse strategies
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to engage readers and convey deeper meanings. DA in
literary texts looks at elements such as metaphors,
symbolism, narrative voice, and how language shapes
the experience and interpretation of a story.
 Belum
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Analyzing Literary Texts
Purpose:
To deepen understanding and appreciation of how language
creates meaning and emotion in literature.

Example:
Task: Analyze a short story for recurring motifs or themes and
how they are expressed through diction.
Bismillah
Activity: Compare the use of repetition or imagery in two poems
to identify contrasting tones or themes.
Benefit:
Enhances interpretive skills and encourages students to think
critically about language use in literature.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Discourse Analysis in written language provides an essential framework for understanding how
language functions within texts and how meaning is constructed. By analyzing not just the words themselves
but also their context, structure, and the power dynamics they reflect, Discourse Analysis allows us to gain
deeper insights into both the form and function of written communication.
The key concepts of DA, including its focus on power relations, social constructs, and context, are pivotal in
exploring how language shapes and is shaped by society. Through various methods, such as structural and
functional analysis, DA helps us decode the underlying structures that govern language use. The application of
Discourse Analysis in written language extends across several domains. It aids in understanding academic
texts by uncovering their logical flow and argumentation, improves writing skills by promoting clarity and
coherence, enhances educational practices by identifying patterns in student work, and offers profound
insights when analyzing literary texts. Each application contributes to refining both our comprehension of
texts and our ability to communicate effectively in writing.
Ultimately, Discourse Analysis serves as a critical tool for fostering a more nuanced understanding of written
language, promoting better writing practices, and enhancing the way we engage with texts across various
disciplines. By incorporating DA into education and everyday communication, we can become more skilled and
reflective writers, readers, and analysts of language.
Thanks for your attention

Do you have any questions?