A

Seminar Report
ON
“Artificial Intelligence”

(Under the Guidance of Ms. Richa Gupta)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. Tanvi Mehta Anjali Verma
Assistant Professor 2021BCA058
Department of Computer Application BCA 6th Sem
TIMT, YNR

TILAK RAJ CHADHA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

AND TECHNOLOGY, YAMUNA NAGAR-135001
Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
History
Impact Of AI on the future Jobs
Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Conclusion
References
 Introduction

The Artificial Intelligence tutorial provides an introduction to AI which will help you to
understand the concepts behind Artificial Intelligence. In this tutorial, we have also discussed
various popular topics such as History of AI, applications of AI, deep learning, machine
learning, natural language processing, Reinforcement learning, Q-learning, Intelligent agents,
Various search algorithms, etc.

Our AI tutorial is prepared from an elementary level so you can easily understand the complete
tutorial from basic concepts to the high-level concepts.In today's world, technology is growing
very fast, and we are getting in touch with different new technologies day by day.

Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial Intelligence which is
ready to create a new revolution in the world by making intelligent machines.The Artificial
Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working with a variety of subfields, ranging from
general to specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing music,
Painting, etc.

AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a great scope in
future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.Artificial Intelligence exists
when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems

With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to pre program a machine to do some work, despite
that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own
intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.

Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of
other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we should know that how
intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
 History
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a young discipline of sixty years, which is a set of sciences,
theories and techniques (including mathematical logic, statistics, probabilities, computational
neurobiology, computer science) that aims to imitate the cognitive abilities of a human being.

Initiated in the breath of the Second World War, its developments are intimately linked to those
of computing and have led computers to perform increasingly complex tasks, which could
previously only be delegated to a human.

However, this automation remains far from human intelligence in the strict sense, which makes
the name open to criticism by some experts. The ultimate stage of their research (a "strong" AI,
i.e. the ability to contextualize very different specialized problems in a totally autonomous
way) is absolutely not comparable to current achievements ("weak" or "moderate" AIs,
extremely efficient in their training field).

The "strong" AI, which has only yet materialized in science fiction, would require advances in
basic research (not just performance improvements) to be able to model the world as a whole.

(1940-1960: Birth of AI in the wake of cybernetics)

The period between 1940 and 1960 was strongly marked by the conjunction of technological
developments (of which the Second World War was an accelerator) and the desire to
understand how to bring together the functioning of machines and organic beings. For Norbert
Wiener, a pioneer in cybernetics, the aim was to unify mathematical theory, electronics and
automation as "a whole theory of control and communication, both in animals and machines".
Just before, a first mathematical and computer model of the biological neuron (formal neuron)
had been developed by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts as early as 1943.

At the beginning of 1950, John Von Neumann and Alan Turing did not create the term AI but
were the founding fathers of the technology behind it: they made the transition from computers
to 19th century decimal logic (which thus dealt with values from 0 to 9) and machines to binary
logic (which rely on Boolean algebra, dealing with more or less important chains of 0 or 1).
The two researchers thus formalized the architecture of our contemporary computers and
demonstrated that it was a universal machine, capable of executing what is programmed.
 (1980-1990: Expert systems)

In 1968 Stanley Kubrick directed the film "2001 Space Odyssey" where a computer - HAL
9000 (only one letter away from those of IBM) summarizes in itself the whole sum of ethical
questions posed by AI: will it represent a high level of sophistication, a good for humanity or a
danger? The impact of the film will naturally not be scientific but it will contribute to
popularize the theme, just as the science fiction author Philip K. Dick, who will never cease to
wonder if, one day, the machines will experience emotions.

It was with the advent of the first microprocessors at the end of 1970 that AI took off again and
entered the golden age of expert systems.

The path was actually opened at MIT in 1965 with DENDRAL (expert system specialized in
molecular chemistry) and at Stanford University in 1972 with MYCIN (system specialized in
the diagnosis of blood diseases and prescription drugs). These systems were based on an
"inference engine," which was programmed to be a logical mirror of human reasoning. By
entering data, the engine provided answers of a high level of expertise.

(Since 2010: a new bloom based on massive data and new computing power)

Two factors explain the new boom in the discipline around 2010.

 First of all, access to massive volumes of data. To be able to use algorithms for image
classification and cat recognition, for example, it was previously necessary to carry out
sampling yourself. Today, a simple search on Google can find millions.

 Then the discovery of the very high efficiency of computer graphics card processors to
accelerate the calculation of learning algorithms. The process being very iterative, it could
take weeks before 2010 to process the entire sample. The computing power of these cards
(capable of more than a thousand billion transactions per second) has enabled considerable
progress at a limited financial cost (less than 1000 euros per card).
 Impact Of AI on the Future Jobs

 Automation of Tasks : The most noticeable effect of AI has been the result of
the digitalization and automation of formerly manual processes across a wide range of
industries. These tasks, which were formerly performed manually, are now performed
digitally. Currently, tasks or occupations that involve some degree of repetition or the use
and interpretation of large amounts of data are communicated to and administered by a
computer, and in certain cases, the intervention of humans is not required in order to
complete these tasks or jobs.

 New Opportunities : Artificial intelligence is creating new opportunities for the workforce
by automating formerly human-intensive tasks. The rapid development of technology has
resulted in the emergence of new fields of study and work, such as digital engineering.
Therefore, although traditional manual labor jobs may go extinct, new opportunities and
careers will emerge.

 Economic Growth Model : When it's put to good use, rather than just for the sake of
progress, AI has the potential to increase productivity and collaboration inside a company by
opening up vast new avenues for growth. As a result, it may spur an increase in demand for
goods and services, and power an economic growth model that spreads prosperity and raises
standards of living.

 Role of Work : In the era of AI, recognizing the potential of employment beyond just
maintaining a standard of living is much more important. It conveys an understanding of the
essential human need for involvement, co-creation, dedication, and a sense of being needed,
and should therefore not be overlooked. So, sometimes, even mundane tasks at work become
meaningful and advantageous, and if the task is eliminated or automated, it should be
replaced with something that provides a comparable opportunity for human expression and
disclosure.

 Growth of Creativity and Innovation : Experts now have more time to focus on analyzing,
delivering new and original solutions, and other operations that are firmly in the area of the
human intellect, while robotics, AI, and industrial automation handle some of the mundane
and physical duties formerly performed by humans.
 Applications of Artificial Intellegence

 Expert System-An expert system is a computer program that is designed to solve complex
problems and to provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It performs this by
extracting knowledge from its knowledge base using the reasoning and inference rules
according to the user queries.

The expert system is a part of AI, and the first ES was developed in the year 1970, which was
the first successful approach of artificial intelligence. It solves the most complex issue as an
expert by extracting the knowledge stored in its knowledge base. The system helps in
decision making for compsex problems using both facts and heuristics like a human
expert. It is called so because it contains the expert knowledge of a specific domain and can
solve any complex problem of that particular domain. These systems are designed for a
specific domain, such as medicine, science, etc.

The performance of an expert system is based on the expert's knowledge stored in its
knowledge base. The more knowledge stored in the KB, the more that system improves its
performance.

 Speech recognition -
Load balancing is one of the most pressing issues in sensor networks where CHs are picked
from the available sensors. The member sensor nodes needs to be evenly distributed among
the different CHs available which if fails will overload a particular CH leading to the failure
of that head. So in suchcases it is necessary to design equal sized clusters for a fair balancing.
 Natural Language Processing-

Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables
computers to comprehend, generate, and manipulate human language. Natural language
processing has the ability to interrogate the data with natural language text or voice. This is
also called “language in.” Most consumers have probably interacted with NLP without
realizing it. For instance, NLP is the core technology behind virtual assistants, such as the
Oracle Digital Assistant (ODA), Siri, Cortana, or Alexa.
When we ask questions of these virtual assistants, NLP is what enables them to not only
understand the user’s request, but to also respond in natural language. NLP applies both to
written text and speech, and can be applied to all human languages. Other examples of tools
powered by NLP include web search, email spam filtering, automatic translation of text or
speech, document summarization, sentiment analysis, and grammar/spell checking.

 Speech recognition -
Load balancing is one of the most pressing issues in sensor networks where CHs are picked
from the available sensors. The member sensor nodes needs to be evenly distributed among
the different CHs available which if fails will overload a particular CH leading to the failure
of that head. So in suchcases it is necessary to design equal sized clusters for a fair balancing.

 Fault Tolerance -
Fault tolerance is the ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any
interruption due to sensor node failures. Some sensor nodes may fail or be blocked due to
lack of power, have physical damage or environmental interference. The failed node might
be a CH or a member of the cluster. Such failures should not affect the overall task and
performance of the sensor network. So it is therefore necessary to have a mechanism
which all adapt to these type of failure.

 Number of Clusters -
Total number of clusters or cluster count is another important design issue to be considered.
It is necessary that the cluster count should be very optimal, which if fails leads to network
complexity and management overhead. Formation of optimal number of clusters will make
the network energy efficient.
 Robotics-

Robotics and artificial intelligence have both been era-defining technologies, and the fusion of
both was nothing short of a revolution.

AI in robotics has seen vast success across multiple industries and gained a significant market
over the last few years. The AI robotics market stood at US $6.9 Billion in 2021 and is
forecasted to reach US $35.5 Billion by 2026 at a CAGR of 38.6%.

The global pandemic forced workers to find ways to work remotely, paving the way for
intelligent robots that can be programmed and controlled from anywhere.

Many organizations integrate AI robots into their routine procedures for increased
productivity, efficiency, and better customer experience. Dominating both tech and non-tech
industries, robots can be seen greeting customers at stores, waiting tables at restaurants,
harvesting crops, or lifting heavy loads at manufacturing plants. In industrial settings, AI-enabled
robots keep workers safe by operating in shared spaces. They also perform complex tasks such
as cutting, grinding, welding, and inspection autonomously.

 Automatic Programming-

Automatic programming, automatic scheduling, decision making, robotic action planning

and the like can be regarded as the following general task. Given a goal and a set of
constraints, find a sequence of operators (or actions) to achieve the goal satisfying all given
constraints.

All the problems above can be regarded as intelligent problem-solving tasks. In order to
enable computers to have the ability of finding the solution of these problems automatically,
AI researchers made every effort to find a suitable formal description of problem-solving
process. It is one of the central topics in the study of problem solving.

In the early stage of AI, symbolists play a dominant role. They believe that all human
cognitive behaviors, including problem solving, can be modeled by symbols and symbolic
reasoning. The most general approach to tackle problem solving is generation and test.
Applying an action to an initial state, a new state is generated. Whether the state is the goal
state is tested; if it is not, repeat the procedure, otherwise stop and the goal is reached. This
principle imitates human trial-and-error behaviors in problem solving sufficiently. The
principle has widely been used to build AI systems. The problem-solving process is generally
represented by a graphical (tree) search or an AND/OR graphical (tree) search.
 Telecommunication-
In recent years, the Telecommunication industry has experienced significant changes and a
shift in focus towards innovation, with artificial intelligence (AI) playing a central role,
which is crucial for staying competitive and meeting the evolving needs of mobile operators
and their customers.

Previously, Telcos primarily offered basic telephone, internet, and mobile network services.
However, today’s Telcos are tasked with providing and managing a wide range of services,
products, and solutions while targeting specific consumer segments and delivering
exceptional customer service. In an increasingly competitive market, Telcos must exert great
effort to meet customer expectations, as numerous alternative service providers are available
for consumers.

To ensure that Telcos are meeting customers’ service delivery and experience needs, Telcos
have turned to AI technologies. These technologies are being used to gain critical insights
into every aspect of the Telco business, from operations to network quality
to customer behaviour, and the list goes on
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Diminishes Human Errors - Humans can make mistakes, but computers, if programmed
properly, will make fewer mistakes in certain areas.

Since AI decisions come from compiled data with designed algorithms, errors are reduced,
accuracy is increased, and precision is possible.

However, it is important to note that humans are responsible for designing and programming
the algorithms.

While AI can reduce certain types of errors, it is not immune to its own limitations and can
make mistakes or produce biased outcomes based on the data it is trained on.

 Faster Decision Making - Finding ways to save time by making faster decisions is always
valuable. AI can do this for you.
AI works alongside various technologies to aid machines in making those decisions faster
than many human workers.
The more decisions AI makes, the more it has to pull from for future decision-making,
improving the process.

 Offers continual 24/7 Availability - AI (almost) never rests or requires sleep, while the
human body and mind need rest to continue to function at optimal levels.
I said “almost” because, while AI systems can operate continuously, they still require regular
maintenance, updates, and occasional downtime for maintenance and optimization.
However, this almost continual availability can make a huge impact on increases in your
company’s productivity.

 Automates Repetitions - Repetitive work and tasks remain part of many jobs these days,
often not utilizing the highest potential of human workers.
AI can automate repetition in a variety of ways, such as for manufacturing tasks and
responding to emails.
Essentially, by automating repetitive jobs, you can focus on becoming more productive,
freeing you to focus more on creativity or other areas requiring uniquely human skills.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 Reduces Employment - While replacing repetitive jobs and other types of work with AI
is beneficial to a company, it will undoubtedly also affect employment.

Traditional job roles will be phased away, leading to the unemployment of those who do
them.

While this may be seen as a sign of progress, workers will be shut out of many job
opportunities that once existed.

 Lacks Creative Ability - One of the drawbacks of using AI, particularly when playing a
role in your content marketing strategy, is its inability to be creative and innovative.

Current AI systems excel at pattern recognition and generating new content based on
existing data, but they do not possess true creativity or the ability to think outside the
box.

According to many, AI is expected to become more intelligent in the years ahead, far
surpassing human capabilities. But this statement is speculative and not universally
accepted by experts, though.

 Absence of Emotional Range - While AI-enhanced machines can work faster and
continually, they cannot factor emotion into decisions.

AI remains highly rational and practical at all times. And because of this, it cannot
develop bonds with humans or make that true human connection.

Emotions play a key role along the buyer’s journey, so you can see why this can be a
problem when it comes to incorporating AI into your digital marketing strategy.

 Privacy and data Security - AI systems often rely on large amounts of data to function
effectively. This raises concerns about privacy and data security.

With the vast collection and analysis of personal data, there is a risk of unauthorized
access, data breaches, and potential misuse of sensitive information. Safeguarding data
privacy becomes crucial when AI technologies are involved.

 Dependency and Reliability - As AI becomes increasingly integrated into various

systems and processes, there is a growing dependency on its capabilities.

This dependency can pose risks if AI systems experience failures or malfunctions.

Reliability becomes a concern when critical tasks and decision-making processes rely
heavily on AI
 Conclusion

In conclusion, artificial intelligence will become more valuable to humans than it’s
capabilities. It will become a part of our daily lives. Some worry about the development of this
new technology where a robot that can learn and develop skills on it’s own. Artificial
intelligence will surpass humans on an IQ level and become better than humans at many skills
or knowledge.

Artificial intelligences are designed to learn on their own and resemble a human brain and
physical and mental properties. One thing is for sure, is that artificial intelligence will continue
to develop because of humans. Humans will continue to make new discoveries and discover
new things
.
Artificial intelligence has the potential to transform all organizations. The process by which
this transformation happens can vary, but the steps will tend to follow the roadmap we have
listed in this book. Following all the steps outlined in the previous chapters will enable your
organization to implement and excel in the use of AI technology.

AI holds the key to unlocking a magnificent future where, driven by data and computers that
understand our world, we will all make more informed decisions. These computers of the
future will understand not just how to turn on the switches but why the switches need to be
turned on. Even further, they may one day ask us if we need switches at all.
 References
 http://www.123seminarsonly.com /Artificial Intelligence
 https://study.com/ academy/lesson/Artificial Intelligence
 http://billbuxton.com/ Artificial intelligence overview