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CH 3 humidification EPC ENG

MASS TRANSFER GTU

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RAVI SONI
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9 views

CH 3 humidification EPC ENG

MASS TRANSFER GTU

Uploaded by

RAVI SONI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH 3

HUMIDIFICATION

Basic concept

 Humidification is the process of constituting the water-vapour content in a gas. The


reverse of the operation is called dehumidification.
 Both are important for many industrial operations such as air conditioning, gas cooling,
controlled drying of wet solids, comfort heating etc. When a gas is brought in contact
with a pure liquid in which it is essentially insoluble, interphase mass and heat transfer
takes place.
 Four major applications of humidification operations are as follows: a) Humidification
of gases for controlled drying of wet solids b) Dehumidification and cooling of gas in
air conditioning c) Gas cooling with the help of water d) Cooling of liquid (e.g. water)
before reuse.

3.1 Vapour pressure curve

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CH: 03 Humidification

 Every liquid exerts an equilibrium pressure, the vapour pressure, to an extent depending
upon the temperature.
 When the vapour pressure of a liquid are plotted against the corresponding
temperatures, a curve like TBDC in fig-3.1 results.
 The vapour-pressure curve for each substance is unique, but each exhibits characteristic
generally similar to that in the figure.
 The curve separates two areas of the plot, representing respectively, conditions where
the substance exists wholly in the liquid state and wholly in the vapour state.
 If the conditions imposed upon the substance are in the liquid – state area, such as point
A, the substance will be entirely liquid. Under all conditions in lower area, such as those
point E, the substance is entirely a vapour.
 At all conditions corresponding to points on the curve TBDC, however, liquid and
vapour may coexists in any proportions indefinitely.
 Liquid and vapour represented by points on the vapour pressure curve are called
saturated liquid and saturated vapour, respectively.
 Vapour or gas at a temperature above that corresponding to saturation is termed
superheated.
 Point T, from which originated curves LT and ST separating the conditions for the solid
state from those for the liquid and vapour, is the triple point, at which all the three states
of aggregations may coexists.
 Point C, is the critical point, or state, whose coordinates are the critical pressure and
critical temperature.
 The substance at a temperature above the critical is called a gas, and it will then not be
liquefied regardless of how high a pressure may be imposed.

3.2 Saturated and Unsaturated vapour gas mixture

i. Saturated Vapour-Gas mixture


 If an insoluble dry gas B is brought into contact with sufficient liquid A, the liquid will
evaporate into the gas until ultimately, at equilibrium, the partial pressure of A in the
vapour-gas mixture reaches its saturation value, the vapour pressure PA at the prevailing
temperature.
ii. Unsaturated Vapour-Gas mixture

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Prepared By: Mr. Ravi M Soni (ME chemical)(8905804506)
CH: 03 Humidification

 If the partial pressure of the vapour in a vapour-gas mixture is for any reasons less than
the equilibrium vapour pressure of the liquid at the same temperature, the mixture is
unsaturated.

3.3 Definitions

1) Dry Bulb temperature


 It is true temperature of air measured (or, any non-condensable and condensable
mixture) by a thermometer whose bulb is dry.
2) Wet bulb temperature
 It is the steady-state temperature attained by a small amount of evaporating water in a
manner such that the sensible heat transferred from the air to the liquid is equal to the
latent heat required for evaporation.
3) Relative humidity (relative Saturations)
 It is the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour (PA) in air at a given temperature to the
vapour pressure of water (PA0 ) at the same temperature.
𝑃𝐴
% relative humidity = 𝑃𝐴0 ∗ 100

“Relative humidity does not ‘explicitly’ give the moisture content of a gas, but gives
the ‘degree of saturation’ of the gas at a given temperature.
4) Absolute humidity
 It is the direct measurement of moisture content in a gas. The mass of water vapour per
unit mass of dry gas is called absolute humidity, Y/.
𝑃𝐴 18.02
Y/ = 𝑃 − ∗
𝑃𝐴 28.97

It is occasionally called ‘Grosvenor humidity’ after the name of the inventor.


5) Percentage Saturation or Percentage Humidity
 It is the relation between absolute humidity to that of saturation humidity at the same
temperature and pressure.
𝑌/
% humidity = 𝑌 /𝑠 ∗ 100

Where, Y/ is absolute humidity of sample of air and Y/S is humidity at same temperature
and pressure if saturated with water vapour.
6) Dew point
 Dew point is a temperature at which a vapour-gas mixture must be cooled (at constant
humidity) to become saturated. The dew point of a saturated gas equals the gas

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Prepared By: Mr. Ravi M Soni (ME chemical)(8905804506)
CH: 03 Humidification

temperature. If a vapour-gas mixture is gradually cooled at a constant pressure, the


temperature at which it just becomes saturated is also called its dew point.
7) Humid volume
 The humid volume, VH, is defined as the volume of unit mass of dry air with
accompanying water vapour at a given temperature and pressure.
1 𝑌/ 𝑇𝐺 + 273 𝑚3
VH = (28.97 + ) 22.04 ( ) 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
18.02 273 𝑘𝑔

8) Humid heat
 The humid heat, CH, is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of
dry air with the accompanying water vapour by one (1) degree. CH 1.0051.88Y/
kJ/(kg dry air)(K); first part of right hand side is heat capacity of dry air in kJ/kg.K and
second part is heat capacity of water vapour in kJ/kg.K.
9) Enthalpy
 The enthalpy of a vapour-gas mixture is the sum of the relative enthalpies of gas and
vapour content.
H/ = 𝑌 / . 𝜆0 + CH.(TG - T)
Where λ0 is latent heat of vaporization of water, 2500 kJ/Kg.
10) Adiabatic saturation temperature
 It is defined as that temperature at which water, by evaporating into air, can bring the
air to saturation at the same temperature adiabatically.

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Prepared By: Mr. Ravi M Soni (ME chemical)(8905804506)

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