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Lecture44 EMFT Ashish Gupta

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Lecture44 EMFT Ashish Gupta

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Antenna Parameters and Terminology

Lecture 44_ Electromagnetic Field Theory (18B11EC312)

Presented By:
Dr. Ashish Gupta
Asst. Prof. (Sr. Grade)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology 1
Continues…
Isotropic, Directional, and Omnidirectional Patterns:
Anisotropic radiator is defined as “a hypothetical lossless antenna having equal radiation in
all directions.” Although it is ideal and not physically realizable, it is often taken as a
reference for expressing the directive properties of actual antennas.

A directional antenna is one “having the property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic


waves more effectively in some directions than in others. This term is usually applied to an
antenna whose maximum directivity is significantly greater than that of a half-wave dipole.

An omnidirectional pattern is the type of directional


pattern and one which is non-directional in one
plane and directional in another plane.

[2]
Plane and Solid Angle
• The measure of a plane angle is a radian. One radian is defined as the plane angle with
its vertex at the center of a circle of radius r that is subtended by an arc whose length is r.
A graphical illustration is shown in Figure (a). Since the circumference of a circle of
radius r is C = 2πr, there are 2π rad (2πr/r) in a full circle.
• The measure of a solid angle is a steradian. One steradian is defined as the solid angle
with its vertex at the center of a sphere of radius r that is subtended by a spherical
surface area equal to that of a square with each side of length r. A graphical illustration is
shown in Figure (b). Since the area of a sphere of radius r is A = 4πr2, there are 4π sr
(4πr2/r2) in a closed sphere.
• The infinitesimal area dA on the surface of a sphere of radius r, shownin Figure 2.1,
is given by
dA = r2 sinθ dθ dφ (m2)
• Therefore, the element of solid angle dΩ of a sphere can be
written as
dΩ = dA/ r2
= sinθ dθ dφ (sr)
Antenna Parameters
• Radiation Power Density :
Electromagnetic waves are used to transport information through a wireless medium or a guiding
structure, from one point to the other. It is then natural to assume that power and energy are
associated with electromagnetic fields. The quantity used to describe the power associated with an
electromagnetic wave is the instantaneous Poynting vector defined as:
Continues…
• Anisotropic radiator is an ideal source that radiates equally in all directions. Although it
does not exist in practice, it provides a convenient isotropic reference with which to
compare other antennas. Because of its symmetric radiation, its Poynting vector will not
be a function of the spherical coordinate angles θ and φ. In addition , it will have only a
radial component. Thus the total power radiated by it is given by:

and the power density by

which is uniformly distributed over the surface of a sphere of radius r.


Radiation Intensity:
Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “the power radiated from an
antenna per unit solid angle.” The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter, and it can
be obtained by simply multiplying the radiation density by the square of the distance.
In mathematical form it is expressed as
References
1. A. R. Harish, M.Sachidananda, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Oxford
University Press, 2015.
2. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Hoboken, New Jersey, 3rd Edition, 2005.

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