E3S Web of Conferences 497, 02013 (2024) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202449702013
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Advanced Strengthening of Steel Structures: Investigating

GFRP Reinforcement for Floor Beams with Trapezoidal Web
Openings

Mohammed Benzerara1*, Hamda Guedaoura2, S. M. Anas3, Mashalbek Yolchiyev4, and Barno Daminova5

1
Materials Geomaterials and Environment Laboratory (LMGE), Faculty of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Badji
Mokhtar—Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
2
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Chadli Bendjedid – El Tarf University, P. O. Box 73,
36000 El Tarf, Algeria
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), 110025 New Delhi, India
4
Andijan Machine Building Institute, Bobur Shox Ave 56, 170119 Andizhan, Uzbekistan
5
Department of Algorithms and Programming Technologies, Karshi State University

Abstract. Enhancing existing steel structures becomes imperative upon alterations in usage or geometric
configurations, such as introducing web openings in floor beams to accommodate various services. The
utilization of welded steel plate and conventional strengthening methods often presents challenges, which
may be mitigated through the adoption of composite materials like Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP).
However, research on the application of FRP to steel beams with web openings remains limited,
predominantly focusing on beams with rectangular openings of modest dimensions. This study delves into
the application of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) to strengthen reinforced steel floor beams
featuring trapezoidal openings. Leveraging a rigorously validated numerical model derived from previously
published findings by a contributing researcher, the investigation showcases that the proposed GFRP
reinforcement scheme exhibits performance comparable to conventional steel plate welding techniques,
while preserving the inherent strength of the original solid beams.

1. Introduction
To streamline the integration of utilities through the depths of a building's flooring during modifications, it is customary
to fashion fresh apertures within the preexisting steel floor beams. Nevertheless, this modification can substantially
undermine the structural integrity and rigidity of the beams, owing to the reduction in sectional area resulting from the
apertures. Conventionally, the method of reinforcing involves the application of additional steel plates through welding,
which often induces residual stresses that may detrimentally affect the beam's fatigue performance.
To enhance the stiffness of the webs in steel plate-girders and mitigate the risk of web buckling, Okeil et al. [2]
investigated the use of FRP composites, specifically GFRP reinforcement, in the end web panels of plate-girders.
Through experimental and FE simulation analyses, it was determined that incorporating vertical and diagonal GFRP
stiffeners led to a significant increase in the ultimate load capacity, with enhancements of 40% and 56%, respectively.
The feasibility of using CFRP to strengthen steel beams with rectangular openings was demonstrated in the pioneering
work by M. Altaee et al. [3]. Their study revealed that the application of CFRP effectively restored the strength of the
beams. Moreover, to prevent premature debonding, it was found necessary for the length of CFRP plates to be four times
the dimension of the opening.
An initial computational investigation into the use of GFRP to reinforce large single rectangular web openings was
conducted by one of the authors of this study, Guedaoura et al. [4]. Four proposed strengthening methods employing

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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various pultruded GFRP laminates of different thicknesses were examined. Among these methods, the R4 technique
(Figure 1), which involved the combination of GFRP T sections and plates, exhibited the most promising results in terms
of increasing both force and stiffness of the beam, with strength enhancements ranging from 34% to 46%.

Fig. 1. The Guedaoura et al. strengthening method.

This research is currently in its preliminary stages, necessitating further inquiry into numerous factors that could
influence the efficacy of the recommended approach. Given the absence of regulatory codes governing the use of FRP
reinforcement in web openings, an inquiry will be undertaken to furnish comprehensive insights into beam behavior.
This investigation aims to demonstrate the versatility of the technique across various beam span and section dimensions,
as well as different opening shapes and sizes. Utilizing a validated model alongside the GFRP reinforcement technique,
recognized for its superior efficacy in previous research, this investigation will center on fortifying steel beams with
trapezoidal apertures of diverse dimensions.

Table 1. Dimensions and steel characteristics of the tested specimens.

WebE
𝒕𝒘 𝒕𝒇 𝒃𝒇 H L Web𝒇𝒚 Flange𝒇𝒚 FlangeE
(GPa)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa) (𝐌𝐏𝐚) (GPa)
5.8 7 101.6 305.1 3000 435 412 210 206

Table 2. CFRP mechanical properties.

𝑬𝒙 𝑬𝒚 𝑬𝒛 𝝂𝒙𝒚 𝝂𝒙𝒛 𝝂𝒚𝒛 𝑮𝒙𝒚 𝑮𝒙𝒛 𝑮𝒚𝒛
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
200000 14050 14050 0.29 0.29 0.6 5127.5 5127.5 4390.6

Table 3. Adhesive mechanical properties.

Young’s modulus (GPa) Ultimate tensile strength Ultimate shear strength Strain at rupture
(MPa) (MPa) %
1.5 29 26 4.6

2. Description and Validation of the Finite Element Model Using Prior Experimental
Related Research
This study's section on material modelling, solver type, and material failure criteria details the finite element modelling
done using the ABAQUS software package [5, 9-11].
The experimental test consisting of simply supported 305x102x25 UKBs steel section beams with a 3-meter effective
span which was conducted previously by Altaee M and al. [3] was used for the FE model validation. The specimens
designated as B1-R0, reinforced with CFRP, feature distinctive rectangular apertures in the web section, measuring 210

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x 185 mm at the midpoint. In contrast, specimen B0 represents the unaltered original solid configuration lacking such
apertures, as depicted in Figure 2. Furthermore, in conjunction with lateral support along the span of the beam, the
specimens underwent loading via a six-point flexural testing methodology. All material properties, configurations and
measurements are listed in Figure 2 as well as Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. Geometric and material nonlinearities are
taken into account in this analysis, which was conducted using the dynamic Explicit solver [5]. Steel was categorized as
an orthotropic elastic material, whereas FRP was modelled as an isotropic material [6]. In terms of element type, S4R
was chosen for FRP and steel [6]. The cohesive element COH3D8 was employed for adhesive [7]. The mixed mode
cohesive law was utilized to predict the adhesive degradation and elastic range behavior in a FRP-steel bond. In
accordance with earlier recommendations [7], residual stresses are not taken into account, but an initial geometric
imperfection was included with a scale factor of L/1000 [2]. The mesh convergence study's selected 25 mm x 25 mm
quadratic meshes showed good agreement with experimental data and the load and boundary conditions were applied
exactly at the same locations as in the experimental test.
The peak forces of the specimens under study that were generated using the suggested finite element model are displayed
in Table 3 with a comparison to the corresponding experimental findings, the experimental load-deflection curves and
the finite element analysis agreed closely for the tested specimens under examination (Figure 3 and 4). The experimental
test results were consistent with the failure types of the specimens that were examined in FE models. The top flange
yielding of the solid beam B0 resulted in lateral torsional buckling, similary the specimen B1-RO failed due to top flange
yielding and lateral torsional buckling that occurred outside of the mid span. In addition, using the numerical parameter
SDEG provided by ABAQUS, the numerical simulation showed the debonding for specimen B1-RO [8].

Fig. 2. Specimens B0 and B1-R0 used by Altaee et al.

450

400

350

300
LOAD (kN)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40
MID SPAN DEFLECTION(mm)
Fig. 3. Experimental and numerical load deflection curve of specimen BO.

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Table 4. Numerical simulation and expérimental test Peak load results.

Specimen 𝐏𝐮𝐞𝐱𝐩 (𝐤𝐍) 𝐏𝐮 𝐅𝐄(𝐤𝐍) 𝐏𝐮𝐞𝐱𝐩 /𝐏𝐮𝐅𝐄 Failure mode
B0 406 407.14 0.997 TFY+LTB
B1-RO 488 492.04 0.991 TFY+LTB +DEB
Average 0.994 /

600

500

400
LOAD (kN)

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40
MID SPAN DEFLECTION(mm)

Fig. 4. Experimental and numerical load deflection curve of specimen B1-R0.

3. Case Study
The steel I-beam section used in this study is an IPE 400 with an effective span of 4 m (Figure 7). The trapezoidal web
apertures are centered in the mid-span. The crucial measurement is the opening length, or the length of the tee-sections
that cover the gaps above and below. Tested specimens were uniformly loaded. GFRP strengthening will be implemented
using the previous configuration shown in the previous study [4], which consists of a combination of GFRP strips with
four times of the opening length. 3mm ,6mm and 10 mm GFRP laminates thicknesses was used as analysis parameter.
Figure 8 displays the S355 steel stress-strain curve. The GFRP and adhesive material properties used in this work were
the same as those mentioned in the section before. The dimensions of the trapezoidal openings are displayed in Figure
7 and Table 5. The material simulation was the same as the one that was discussed in the preceding section, with element
COH3D8 standing in for the bonding substance and shell element S4R standing in for GFRP and steel. For every
examined specimen, the load was evenly distributed across the top flange. In order to recreate the supporting boundary
conditions and prevent stress localization, vertical constraints were imposed at the beam extremities using ABAQUS's
MPC constraint function, and specimens were consequently horizontally restrained along their length (Figure 5 and
Figure 6).

Table 5. The size of the trapezoidal openings at mid-span.

Specimen name Dimensions
U1-Trap-1 C1= 0.6H C2=H C3=0.6H
Trapezoidal U1-Trap-2 C1= 0.75H C2=1.2H C3=0.6H
U1-Trap-3 C1= H C2=1.5H C3=0.6H
U2-Traprv-1 C1= H C2=0.6H C3=0.6H
Trapezoidal reversed U2-Traprv-2 C1= 1.2H C2=0.75H C3=0.6H
U2-Traprv-3 C1= 1.5H C2=H C3=0.6H

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Fig. 5. Experimental and numerical failure type of specimen B0.

Fig. 6. Experimental and numerical failure type of specimen B1-R0.

Fig. 7. (a) Specifications of the specimen under test, and (b) The dimensions of the trapezoidal web opening forms utilized in this
study.

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400

350

300
Stress (MPa)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Strain
Fig. 8. Steel stress –strain curve.

Fig. 9. Boundary conditions.

900

800

700

600
LOAD (KN)

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MID SPAN DEFLECTION (MM)
Fig. 10. Un-strengthened specimens having trapezoidal openings.

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900

800

700

600
LOAD (KN)

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
MID SPAN DEFLECTION (MM)
Fig. 11. Un-strengthened specimens having reversed trapezoidal openings.

Fig. 12. Mode of failure for specimens that have not been reinforced and have mid-span trapezoidal web opening.

4. Results
4.1 Impact of trapezoidal web opening size on the strength and capacity of un-strengthened steel
beams
The comparative analysis depicted in Figure 10 illustrates the load-deflection behavior of specimens featuring
asymmetric tee-sections under both compression and tension. It is discernible from the data that the load-bearing capacity
of the specimen escalates as the width of the compressive tee-section diminishes. Notwithstanding, the structural
integrity of the steel beam, concerning load-bearing capabilities, remained largely unaffected by the specific dimensions
of the trapezoidal web aperture positioned at the mid-span.
Specimens labeled U1-Trap-3 exhibited a reduction in force by approximately 15%, while specimens U1-Trap-1 and
U1-Trap-2 experienced a marginally lower reduction, around 14%. Moreover, it becomes evident that the length of the
compression tee-section exerts a more pronounced influence on the behavior at the mid-span location than the presence
of the trapezoidal opening, particularly when juxtaposed with rectangular apertures in terms of strength degradation.
The observed failure modes further underscore this point. Specimens U1-Trap-3 succumbed to flexural failure in
conjunction with yielding of the top flange, whereas specimens U1-Trap-1 and U1-Trap-2 collapsed primarily due to

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flexural failure. This discrepancy suggests that the compression T section reaches yield conditions when its length aligns
with the height of the beam, denoted as H.
On the other hand, Figure 11 plots the specimen's load-bearing capacity with a smaller tensile tee-section of reversed
trapezoidal opening. As the compressive T section grew, the strength significantly decreased. Specimens U2-Traprv-1,
U2-Traprv-2, and U2-Traprv-3 showed equivalent strength drops of 15%, 17%, and 20%.This demonstrated the
significance of the compressive T section at the mid-span position since it was nearly identical to the force decrease
found by Guedaoura et al [4] with the rectangular opening . The specimens failed by yielding of the top flange T section
in conjunction with flexural failure (Figure 12 and Figure 13).

Fig. 13. Mode of failure for specimens that have not been reinforced and have mid-span reversed trapezoidal web opening.

900
800
700
600
LOAD (KN)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
MID SPAN DEFLECTION (MM)
Fig. 14. Curves of load-mid span deflection for reinforced specimen U1-Trap-1.

4.2 Strengthened specimen’s reactions

In reference to the trapezoidal aperture situated at the midpoint of the span, various degrees of reinforcement efficacy
were observed contingent upon the dimensions of the aperture and the thicknesses of the GFRP laminates utilized.
Although the yielding load of the solid beam remained unrecovered, instances U1-Trap-1 and U1-Trap-2 exhibited a
notable enhancement in strength, nearing restoration. The utilization of a 3 mm thickness in GFRP laminate proved to
be effective in reinstating their initial strength levels, as depicted in Figures 14 and 15. The laminate thicknesses were
increased to 6 mm in addition to the 3 mm GFRP thickness that was assessed. The evaluated specimens demonstrated

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an improvement in strength over the basic beam and a return of the yielding load with the help of this thickness change
(Figures 14 and Figure 15). After that, the thickness was increased to 10 mm. Table 7 demonstrates that the force of the
cases under examination increased significantly, with specimen U1-Trap-1 experiencing smaller increases.It is also
evident that, similar to the previous rectangular opening, specimens with wide web apertures benefited most from the
increase in GFRP laminate thickness to 10 mm. Table 7 presents a comprehensive overview of the enhanced strength
attained in reinforced specimens featuring a reversed trapezoidal web opening at the midpoint. The inclusion of this
structural modification notably diminished the load-bearing capacity of the solid beam when compared to specimens
with a standard trapezoidal opening, underscoring the criticality of fortifying the compressive T-section. Although
specimens U2-Traprv-2 and U2-Traprv-3 failed to realize the requisite strength enhancement, the incorporation of 3mm
GFRP laminates augmented the strength of beam U2-Traprv-1 by 13%, exhibiting performance on par with the
unmodified solid beam U0 (refer to Figures 16 through 19).

Table 6. Strengthening percentage for reinforced specimens having trapezoidal opening.

U1-Trap-3 U1-Trap-2 U1-Trap-1 GFRP thickness
17% 18% 16% 3 mm
30% 22% 21% 6 mm
38% 26% 21% 10 mm

900

800

700

600
LOAD (KN)

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
MID SPAN DEFLECTION (MM)

Fig. 15. Curves of load-mid span deflection for reinforced specimen U1-Trap-2.

900
800
700
600
LOAD (KN)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
MID SPAN DEFLECTION (MM)
Fig. 16. Curves of load-mid span deflection for reinforced specimen U1-Trap-3.

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Table 7. Strengthening percentage for reinforcced specimens having reversed trapezoidal opening.
U2-Traprv-3 U2-Traprv-2 U2-Traprv-1 GFRP thickness
7% 9% 13% 3 mm
18% 23% 21% 6 mm
36% 30% 23% 10 mm

Henceforth, despite the absence of restitution of the yielding load in the cases of U2-Traprv-3-6, augmenting the
thickness of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) laminates to 6 mm facilitated the reinstatement of the beam's
initial efficacy (See Figure 19). Moreover, elevating the thickness of the GFRP laminates to 10 mm yielded
enhancements in strength ranging from 23% to 36%, as delineated in Table 7. The trialed prototypes demonstrated the
capacity to regain their original strength, surpassing the solid beam in terms of strength performance.

900

800

700

600
LOAD (KN)

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
MID SPAN DEFLECTION (MM)
Fig. 17. Graphs illustrating load-induced mid-span deflection for the reinforced specimen U1-Traprv-1.

Specimens lacking reinforcement and featuring trapezoidal apertures along with varying lengths of tee-sections exhibited
diverse failure modes. Notably, specimens U1-Trap-1 and U1-Trap-2 manifested indications of flexural failure, whereas
specimen U1-Trap-3 displayed evidence of top T section buckling (Refer to Figures 12 and 13). This underscores the
pronounced influence of the compressive tee-section, relative to other design parameters of web openings, on the
structural integrity of aperture-incorporated components.

900
800
700
600
LOAD (KN)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
MID SPAN DEFLECTION (MM)

Fig. 18. Graphs illustrating load-induced mid-span deflection for the reinforced specimen U1-Traprv-2.

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900

800

700

600
LOAD (KN)

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MID SPAN DEFLECTION (MM)
Fig. 19. Graphs illustrating load-induced mid-span deflection for the reinforced specimen U1-Traprv-3.

Fig. 20. The mechanism of failure of reinforced samples with trapezoidal openings in the middle span.

The reinforced sample denoted as U1-Trap-1, featuring three proposed thicknesses of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(GFRP), experienced failure attributed to buckling of the top flange at the extremities of the composite laminate.
Subsequently, the maximum stresses were transferred to the half-third length extremities of the beam when the entire
depth of the structural element was displaced, culminating in the formation of a plastic hinge (See Figure 7 and Figure
8). In contrast, specimens U1-Trap-2-6 and U1-Trap-2-10 failed due to flexural failure, accompanied by minor buckling
of the top flange at the ends of the GFRP composites. Meanwhile, specimen U1-Trap-2-3 failed as a consequence of top
flange buckling above the aperture.

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Moreover, Figure 20 illustrates the damage scenarios for U1-Trap-3-3 and U1-Trap-3-6, revealing that the failure
mechanism of the large trapezoidal aperture remained unaltered by the 3 mm and 6 mm GFRP composites.
Consequently, a 10 mm increase in GFRP thickness was necessitated to induce a flexural mechanism for specimen U1-
Trap-3-10. This augmentation in local stress relief is intricately linked with the enhancement in stiffness resulting from
the additional thickness of GFRP at the T-section.

Fig. 21. The mechanism of failure of reinforced samples with reversed trapezoidal openings in the middle span.

Fig. 22. Behavior of bonds for specimen U0-Trap-1-3.

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Examining Figure 21, the initial specimen, U2-Traprv-1, outfitted with 6 mm and 10 mm thicknesses, showcased the
efficacy of the GFRP strengthening technique, with flexural failure supplanting other failure modes for specimens U2-
Traprv-1-6 and U2-Traprv-10. Notably, in the case of U2-Traprv-2-10, only the application of GFRP laminates with a
10 mm thickness succeeded in altering the failure mode to flexural failure and modifying the stress distribution of the
beam (Figure 21).
Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that all specimens experienced failure due to top flange buckling over the hole, akin to
the scenario observed with rectangular openings. This underscores the substantial influence of the compressive tee-
section on the structural reliability of perforated sections, despite achieving the original load requirements for specimen
U2-Traprv-3 through the utilization of 10 mm thickness GFRP.

Fig. 23. Behavior of bonds for specimen U0-Trap-1-6.

The assessment of adhesive integrity was conducted utilizing the stress degradation parameter denoted as SDEG,
elucidating the efficacy of the bond between steel and GFRP. Notably, no instances of debonding were observed in
specimens U1-Trap-1-3, U1-Trap-1-6, U1-Trap-2-10, or U1-Trap-3-10 despite the proximity of SDEG values to unity
(as depicted in Figure 22). However, the occurrence of top T-section buckling in instances U1-Trap-3-3 and U1-Trap-
3-6 resulted in bond failure within the substantial trapezoidal web apertures. Further investigation revealed that
trapezoidal web openings, specifically under U1-Trap-1 designation, exhibited enhanced bond efficiency compared to
rectangular apertures, albeit at the expense of strength reduction. This phenomenon is visually depicted in Figure 23.
Notably, only specimens U2-Traprv-1-6 and U2-Traprv-1-10 exhibited reinforcement without experiencing bond failure
when subjected to the inverted trapezoidal opening configuration.

5. Conclusions
The validated FE model was employed to explore the optimal arrangement of GFRP for reinforcing steel beams featuring
various sizes and shapes of openings. This investigation aimed to determine the most effective GFRP thickness while
enhancing comprehension of the potential applications of the suggested reinforcement technique. The primary
revelations of this research are outlined as follows:
6. The devised GFRP-reinforcement methodology proves viable for restoring the structural integrity of specimens
exhibiting trapezoidal opening geometries within reasonable dimensions.
7. Noteworthy stress concentration is observed at the edges of GFRP laminates due to substantial stiffness differentials
between GFRP and steel components.
8. Incorporating composite materials with lower elastic modulus, exemplified by glass fiber reinforced polymer
(GFRP), diminishes the ductility of specimens.
9. Previously established results delineate appropriate GFRP laminate thicknesses for respective locations alongside
trapezoidal opening dimensions.

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10. In instances of trapezoidal openings, GFRP composites manifest a bond distance four times greater than the opening
length, with the selected thickness specifications adequately engaging the section and facilitating effective force
transmission.
11. The proposed strengthening technique offers a pragmatic approach for engineers in various structural applications.

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