CHE 111

QUESTIONS FOR TUTORIAL 3

1. Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ) is prepared by reaction of methane (CH 4 ) with chlorine (Cl 2 ) giving
hydrogen chloride as a by-product. How many grams of dichloromethane result from the reaction
of 1.85 kg of methane if the yield is 43.1%? Show that mass is conserved at 100% yield.

Solution

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation: CH 4 + 2Cl 2 → CH 2 Cl 2 + 2HCl

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of CH 4
m mCH
n= ⇒ nCH = =
1.85 kg x1000 g/kg
4
= 115 mol CH 4
M M CH [12.01 + (4 x 1.01)] g/mol
4
4

Step 3: Calculate the theoretical yield (use stoichiometric ratios)

n
From stoichiometry, CH 4 = 1 ⇒ 115 mols CH 4 will produce 115 mols CH 2 Cl 2
nCH 2Cl2 1

n=
m ⇒ m = nM ∴mCH 2Cl2 = 115 mol x [12.01 + 2(1.01) + 2(35.45] g/mol = 9770 g
M

Step 4: Calculate the actual yield

%yield =
Actual yield
x100% ∴ Actual yield = 0.431 x 9770g = 4.24 kg
Theoretical yield

Step 5: at 100% yield

Reactants Products
CH 4 Cl 2 CH 2 Cl 2 HCl
Stoichiometric coefficient 1 2 1 2
n (mol) 115 230 115 230
M (g/mol) 16.04 70.9 84.93 36.46
m (g) 1850 16307 9770 8386
Total mass (kg) 18.2 18.2

2. Solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to remove exhaled carbon dioxide. The lithium
hydroxide reacts with gaseous carbon dioxide to form solid lithium carbonate and liquid water.
How many grams of carbon dioxide can be absorbed by 1.00 g of lithium hydroxide?

Solution
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation: 2LiOH (s) + CO 2 (g) → Li 2 CO 3 (s) + H 2 O (l)
Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of LiOH
m m 1.00 g
n= ⇒ nLiOH = LiOH = = 0.042 mol LiOH
M M LiOH (6.94 + 16.00 + 1.01) g/mol

Step 3: Calculate the amount (mol) of CO 2 absorbed (use stoichiometric ratios)

From stoichiometry, nLiOH = 2 ⇒ 0.042 mol LiOH will require 1 x 0.042 = 0.021 mol CO 2
nCO 2 1 2

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 Step 4: Calculate the amount (mass) of CO 2 absorbed

∴mCO2 = 0.021 mol x [12.01 + 2(16.00)] g/mol = 0.919 g

m
n= ⇒ m = nM
M

3. Ammonia is produced by the following reaction N 2 (g) + H 2 (g) →NH 3 (g)

What mass of ammonia can be produced from a mixture of 100 g N 2 and 500 g H 2 ? How much
unreacted material remains?

Solution
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) → 2NH 3 (g)
Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of H 2 and N 2
m mH 2 500 g
n= ⇒ n H2 = = = 250.0 mol H 2
M M H2 2.0 g/mol
mN 2 100 g
⇒ n N2 = = = 3.57 mol N 2
M N2 28.02 g/mol
Step 3: Find the limiting reagent (using a method of your choice)

nH 2 250
= = 70 . This is >> 3, so N 2 is limiting
nN 2 3.57

Step 4: Find the amount (mol) of ammonia produced if the entire limiting reagent reacted
nNH 3 2
From stoichiometry, = ⇒ 3.57 mols N 2 will produce 2 x 3.57 = 7.14 mols NH 3
nN 2 1
Step 5: Find the mass (g) of ammonia produced
⇒ m = nM ∴mNH 3 = 7.14 mol x [14.01 + 3(1.01)] g/mol = 121.7 g
m
n=
M

Step 6: Calculate the amount (g) of unreacted H 2

nH 2 3
From stoichiometry, = ⇒ 3.57 mols N 2 requires 3 x 3.57 = 10.71mols H 2
nN 2 1
Mass of H 2 reacted = nM ∴mH 2 = 10.71 mol x 2(1.01) g/mol = 21.6 g
⇒ mExcess H 2 = minitial − mreacted = 500 − 21.6 = 478.4 g

(b) What mass of Al 2 Cl 6 can form if we react 8.10 g of Cl 2 with 163% excess Al.

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation: 2Al (s) + 3Cl 2 (g) → Al 2 Cl 6 (s)
Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of Cl 2
m mCl
n= ⇒ nCl2 = 2
=
8.10 g
= 0.114 mol Cl2
M M Cl 2(35.45) g/mol
2

Step 6: Calculate the amount (g) of Al 2 O 3 produced [chlorine is the limiting reagent]
nAl2O3 1 ⇒ 0.114 mol Cl 2 produces 1 x 0.114 = 0.0380 mol Al O
From stoichiometry, = 2 3
nCl2 3 3

n=
m ⇒ m = nM
= ∴ mAl O 0.0380 =
x 266.4 g/mol 10.1g
2 3
M

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4. (a) A student reacts 40 grams of hydrogen with an excess of oxygen and produces 300 grams of
water. Find the % yield for this reaction.

Solution (a)
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation: 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) → 2H 2 O (l)
Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of H 2

m mH 2 40 g
n= ⇒ n H2 = = = 20.0 mol H 2
M M H 2 2.0 g/mol
nH 2 2 ⇒ 20 mols H will produce 20 mols H O
From stoichiometry, = 2 2
n H 2O 2

∴ mH 2O = 20 mol x [16.00 + 2(1.01)] g/mol = 360 g

m
n= ⇒ m = nM
M

Step 3: Calculate the %yield

Actual yield 300 g

%yield = x100% ⇒ %yield = x100% = 83.3%
Theoretical yield 360 g

(b) If 2.0 grams of hydrogen completely reacted with 16.0 grams of oxygen but only produced
17.5 grams of water, what is the % yield for the reaction?

Solution (b)
Theoretical Yield = 2.0 g + 16.0 g = 18.0 grams

17.5 g
⇒ %yield = x100% = 97.2%
18.0 g

(c) What would you expect to end up with if you started with 6 x 1023 NO 2 molecules and 1x1023
H 2 O molecules? The reaction produces NO and nitric acid

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation: 3NO 2 + H 2 O → NO + 2HNO 3

n H 2O 1 ⇒ 6 x 1023 NO molecules require 2 x 1023 H O molecules. Hence

From stoichiometry: = 2 2
n NO2 3
H 2 O is limiting.

n NO2 3 ⇒ 1 x 1023 H O molecules require 3 x 1023 NO molecules

From stoichiometry: = 2 2
n H 2O 1

n NO 1
= ⇒ 1 x 1023 H 2 O molecules produce 1 x 1023 NO molecules
n H 2O 1

n HNO3 2 ⇒ 1 x 1023 H O molecules produce 2 x 1023 HNO molecules

= 2 3
n H 2O 1

Hence at the end: 3 x 1023 NO 2 molecules; 0 H 2 O molecules; 1 x 1023 NO molecules; 2 x 1023 HNO 3
molecules

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5. “Isotonic saline” is a 0.15 M aqueous solution of NaCl that simulates the total concentration of
ions found in many cellular fluids. Its uses range from a cleaning rinse for contact lenses to a
washing medium for red blood cells. How would you prepare 0.80 L of isotonic saline from a 6.0
M stock solution?

Solution
It is important to realize the number of moles of solute does not change during the dilution but the volume
does. The new volume will be the sum of the two volumes, that is, the total final volume.

Step 1: Find the amount (mol) of solute

n ⇒ n = CV ∴nNaCl = 0.15 M x 0.8 L = 0.12 mol
C=
V

Step 2: Calculate the volume (L) of 6.0 M stock solution

n n 0.12 mol
C= ⇒V = ∴V6.0 M NaCl = = 0.02 L
V C 6.0M

Answer: Dilute 20 mL of the stock solution to 800 mL or add 780 mL of water to 20 mL of the stock
solution
Alternatively, use the dilution formula: CiVi = C f V f

6. An antacid tablet containing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) and weighing 4.00 g is dissolved in
water. The solution is titrated to the equivalence point with 50.0 mL of 0.200 M HCl. Calculate
the mass% of sodium bicarbonate in the tablet.
Solution

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation: NaHCO 3 (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l)

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of HCl

n
C= ⇒ nHCl = C HCl x VHCl = 0.050 L x 0.200 M = 0.01 mol HCl
V

Step 3: Calculate the amount (mol) of NaHCO 3 titrated (use stoichiometric ratios)
nNaHCO3 1
From stoichiometry, = ⇒ 0.01 mol HCl will require 0.01 mol NaHCO 3
nHCl 1
Step 4: Calculate the amount (mass) of NaHCO 3

∴ mNaHCO 3 = 0.01 mol x [22.99 + 1.01 + 12.01 + 3(16.00)] g/mol = 0.84 g

m
n= ⇒ m = nM
M

Step 5: Calculate the mass% of sodium bicarbonate in the tablet

mNaHCO 3 0.84 g
mass% = x100% ∴ mass % = = 21%
mTablet 4.00 g

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7. When 0.203 g of hydrated magnesium chloride, MgCl m . nH 2 O, was dissolved in water and titrated
with 0.100 M silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) solution, 20 cm3 of the latter were required. A sample of the
hydrated chloride lost 53.2% of its mass when heated in a stream of hydrogen chloride, leaving a
residue of anhydrous magnesium chloride. From these figures, calculate the values of m and n

Solution
First calculate the mass of Mg2+, Cl- and H 2 O in the 0.203 g sample. The mass of Cl- can be calculated from
the titration data, the mass of H 2 O from the %loss on dehydration and finally the mass of Mg2+ by the
difference.

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation for the titration: Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of AgNO 3

n
C= ⇒ nAgNO3 = C AgNO3 x VAgNO3 = 0.0200 L x 0.100 M = 2.00 x 10 -3 mol
V

Step 3: Calculate the amount (mol) and mass of Cl- (use stoichiometric ratios)
nCl - 1 ⇒ 2.00 x 10-3 mol AgNO will require 2.00 x 10-3 mol Cl-
From stoichiometry, = 3
nAg + 1
m ⇒ m = nM ∴mCl - = 2.00 x 10 -3 mol x 35.45 g/mol = 0.0710 g
n=
M

Step 4: Calculate the mass and amount (mol) of H 2 O

Mass of H 2 O = loss in mass sample ∴mH 2 O = 0.532 x 0.203 g = 0.108 g

m 0.108 g
n= ∴nH 2 O = = 6.00 x 10-3 mol
M 18.0 g/mol

Step 5: Calculate the mass and amount (mol) of Mg

Mass of Mg = mass of salt – mass of Cl - mass of H 2 O

∴ mMg 2+ = 0.203 g − 0.071 g − 0.108 g = 0.024 g

m 0.024 g
n= ∴ nMg 2+ = = 1.0 x 10-3 mol
M 24.0 g/mol

Step 6: Deduce the empirical formula, m and n

Mg Cl H2O
Amount (mol) 1.0 x 10-3 2.0 x 10-3 6.0 x 10-3
Relative amounts (ratios) 1.0 x 10 -3 2.0 x 10-3 6.0 x 10-3
= 1.0 = 2.0 = 6.0
1.0 x 10 -3 1.0 x 10-3 1.0 x 10-3
Divide by smallest amount

∴ m = 2; n = 6 and the formula is MgCl 2 . 6H 2 O

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8. The SO 2 present in air is mainly responsible for the acid rain phenomenon. Its concentration can be
determined by titrating against a standard permanganate solution, during which the SO 2 is
oxidized to sulphate ions and the permanganate is reduced to manganese (II) ions. Calculate the
number of grams of SO 2 in a sample of air if 7.37 mL of 0.00800 M KMnO 4 solution are required
for the titration.

Solution

Step 1: Write the balanced net ionic equation: 5SO 2 + 2 MnO 4 - + 2H 2 O → 5SO 4 2- + 2Mn2+ + 4 H+

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of KMnO 4

n ⇒ n = CV ∴nKMnO4 = 7.37 x 10 -3 L x 0.008800 M = 6.486 x 10 -5 mol
C=
V

Step 3: Calculate the amount (mol) of SO 2 (use stoichiometric ratios)

nMnO - 2
From stoichiometry, 4
=
nSO 2 5

⇒ 6.486 x 10-5 mol MnO 4 - will require

5
x 6.486 x 10 −5 = 1.62 x10 −4 mol SO 2
2

Step 4: Calculate the mass (g) of SO 2 required

n=
m ⇒ m = nM ∴mSO 2 = 1.62 x 10 -4 mol x (32.07 + 2(16.00) g/mol = 0.01 g
M

9. Calcium ion (Ca2+) is required for blood to clot and for many other cell processes. An abnormal
Ca2+ concentration is indicative of disease. To measure the Ca2+ concentration, 1.00mL of human
blood was treated with Na 2 C 2 O 4 solution. The resulting CaC 2 O 4 precipitate was filtered and
dissolved in dilute H 2 SO 4 . This solution required 2.05mL of 4.88x10-4M KMnO 4 to reach the end
point. The unbalanced equation is

KMnO 4 (aq) + CaC 2 O 4 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) →

MnSO 4 (aq) + K 2 SO 4 (aq) + CaSO 4 (s) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)

(a) Calculate the amount (mol) of Ca2+.

(b) Calculate the amount (mol) of Ca2+ ion concentration expressed in units of mg Ca2+/100mL
blood.

Solution
Step 1: Write the balanced net ionic equation: 2MnO 4 - + 16 H+ + 5C 2 O 4 2- → 2Mn2+ + 10 CO 2 + 8 H 2 O

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of KMnO 4

C=
n ⇒ n = CV ∴nKMnO4 = 2.05 x 10 -3 L x 4.88 x 10 -4 M = 1.00 x 10 -6 mol
V

Step 3: Calculate the amount (mol) of CaC 2 O 4 (use stoichiometric ratios)

From stoichiometry, nKMnO4 = 2
nCaC2O4 5

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 ∴ nCa 2+ = 2.50 x 10 −6 mol
⇒ 1.00 x 10-6 mol KMnO 4 will require 5 x 1.00x10 −6 = 2.5 x10 −6 mol CaC 2 O 4
2

Step 4: Calculate the amount (mol) of Ca2+ produced for 100 mL of blood
nCa 2+ (100 mL) = nCa 2+ (1 mL) x 100 mL = 2.5 x 10 -6 mol x100 mL = 2.5 x10 −4
mol
100 mL

Step 5: Calculate the mass (mg) of Ca2+ produced for 100 mL of blood
m ⇒ m = nM mol mg 10.0 mg
n= ∴ mCa 2+ = 2.5 x 10 -4 x 40.08 x 10 3 =
M 100 mL mol 100 mL

10. A 0.5895-g sample of impure magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2 , was dissolved in 100.0 mL of
0.2050 M HCl solution. The excess acid then needed 19.85 mL of 0.1020 M NaOH for
neutralization

(a) How many moles of the acid were in excess?

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2 O

n NaOH = M NaOH VNaOH = 0.01985 x 0.1020 = 2.025 x 10 -3 mol .

The amount (mol) of HCl reacted:
nNaOH 1
From stoichiometry, = ⇒ 2.025 x 10-3 mol HCl was in excess
nHCl 1

(b) How many moles of the acid actually reacted with the magnesium hydroxide?

Mg(OH) 2 + 2HCl → MgCl 2 + 2H 2 O

nHCl = M HClVHCl = 0.1 x 0.2050 = 0.0205 mol

Moles reacting with Mg(OH) 2 = initial moles – moles reacted with NaOH

= 0.0205-2.025 x 10-3 = 0.0185 mol

(c) What mass of the magnesium hydroxide reacted with the acid?
nMg (OH )2 1
From stoichiometry, =
nHCl 2
⇒ 0.0185 mol HCl reacted with 0.5x0.0185 = 9.25 x 10-3 mol Mg(OH) 2

mMg (OH )2 = nMg (OH )2 M Mg (OH ) 2

Mass of Mg(OH) 2 reacted = 9.25 x 10 −3 mol x (24 + 32 + 2) g/mol = 0.5365 g

(d) Calculate the mass percent of magnesium hydroxide in the sample.

m Mg (OH )2 0.537
% mass = x 100 = x 100 = 91%
m sample 0.5895

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