Alexandria Higher Institute of

Engineering & Technology

(AIET)
Numerical Methods
MAT 361
EME-3- ECE-3- CE-3

Dr. Omnia A. Gawdt

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 1

 Numerical Methods
MAT 361
EME-3- ECE-3- CE-3

Lecture (10)

Solution of non-linear equation

Newton-Raphson method

Dr. Omnia A. Gawdt

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 2

 3. Newton- Raphson Method
This technique is called “Open” method
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉
Newton-Raphson method based on 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
Taylor expansion, the general iteration formula:
𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎 𝟐 ሖ
𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎 𝒇ሖ 𝒙𝟎 + ሖ 𝟎) + ⋯
𝒇(𝒙
𝟐!

𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒙𝟏 is the root

Hence, the value of 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟎 𝟐 becomes very small and we can
neglect it. And the expression will have the following form:
𝒇 𝒙𝟎
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟎 −
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝟎 )
𝒇 𝒙𝒏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
And the general form will be: 𝒇ሖ 𝒙𝒏
Dr. Omnia Gawdt 3
 3. Newton- Raphson Method
Newton-Raphson method based on the Taylor expansion, the
general iteration formula:
𝒇 𝒙𝒏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 − 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒙𝟎
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 )
𝒀 𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝟎 )
𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) 𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝟏 )

𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝟐 )
𝒇(𝒙𝟐 )
𝒇(𝒙𝟑 )
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 ) = 𝟎
𝑿
𝒙𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝟎
𝟑
𝒇 𝒙

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 4

Example (1): Use Newton Raphson method to find the root
of the function:
Solution
𝒇 𝒙𝒏 For trigonometric
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 ) functions work with
radian mode

𝒏 𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒙𝒏+𝟏

0 𝒙𝟎 = 3.0 8.4355 9.95997 𝒙𝟏 =2.153058

1 2.153058 1.29477 6.50577 1.95404
2 1.95404 0.108438 5.403795 1.93397
3 1.93397 0.001152 5.288919 1.933754
4 1.933754 0.00000012 5.287670 1.933754

Dr. Omnia Gawdt The root 5

Example (2): Use Newton Raphson method to find the root
For trigonometric
of the function: functions work with
Solution 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒆𝒙 = 𝟎 radian mode

𝒇ሖ 𝒙 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒆𝒙
𝒇 𝒙𝒏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 )
𝒏 𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒙𝒏+𝟏

0 𝒙𝟎 = 0 1 -1 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
1 1 -2.17798 -6.27803 0.65308
2 0.65308 -0.4606 -3.7839 0.53135
3 0.53135 -0.0418 -3.11187 0.5179
4 0.5179 -4.948× 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 -3.043 0.5177

The root
Dr. Omnia Gawdt 6
Problem (1 ): Use Newton Raphson method to find the
root of the function: 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟓 Take 𝒙𝟎 = −𝟐

Solution:
The root = - 2.5232

Problem (2): Use Newton Raphson method to find the

root of the function: Take 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟑

𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎

Solution:
The root = 2.3029

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 7

Some Deduction from Newton-Raphson method.
Evaluate the following by Newton’s iteration method

▪ 𝟐𝟖
Let 𝒙= 𝟐𝟖 , Now we need to find the value of 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎 𝟐𝟓 < 𝟐𝟖 < 𝟑𝟔
𝒇ሖ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙
𝒇 𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝟎 = 5 or 𝒙𝟎 = 6
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 )
𝒏 𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
0 𝒙𝟎 = 5 -3 10 𝒙𝟏 = 5.3
1 5.3 0.09 10.6 5.29151
2 5.29151 0.00008 10.583 5.29150
Then 𝟐𝟖 ≅ 𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟎 P.R.E = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
Dr. Omnia Gawdt 8
Some Deduction from Newton-Raphson method.
Evaluate the following by Newton’s iteration method
𝟑
▪ 𝟐𝟒
𝟑
Let 𝒙= 𝟐𝟒, Now we need to find the value of 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎 𝟖 < 𝟐𝟒 < 𝟐𝟕
𝒇ሖ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝟎 = 2 or 𝒙𝟎 = 3
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 )
𝒏 𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
0 𝒙𝟎 = 3 3 27 𝒙𝟏 = 2.8889
1 2.8889 0.11002 25.037 2.8845
2 2.8845 0.00002 24.9610 2.88449
Then
𝟑
𝟐𝟒 ≅ 2.88449 P.R.E = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 9

Some Deduction from Newton-Raphson method.
Evaluate the following by Newton’s iteration method
−𝟏ൗ𝟓
▪ 𝟑𝟎
Let 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎 −𝟏ൗ𝟓 , Now we need to find the value of 𝒙

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟑𝟎 −𝟏
=𝟎
−𝟏ൗ𝟓
𝒇ሖ 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟒 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟏ൗ𝟐

𝒇 𝒙𝒏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 )
𝒏 𝒙𝒏 𝒇(𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 ) 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
0 𝒙𝟎 = 0.5 -0.0021 0.3125 𝒙𝟏 = 0.5067
1 0.5067 0.000074 0.3296 0.506449
2 0.506449 0.000001
−𝟏ൗ𝟓
Then 𝟑𝟎 ≅ 0.506449 Dr. Omnia Gawdt 10
Some Deduction from Newton-Raphson method.
Deduce the iterative formula to find the value of 𝑵, where
𝑵 is a positive integer
Let 𝒙 = 𝑵, Now we need to find the value of 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 = 𝑵 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝑵 = 𝟎 𝒇ሖ 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏 − 𝑵
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 − 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇ሖ (𝒙𝒏 ) 𝟐 𝒙𝒏

𝟏 𝑵
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒙𝒏 + )
𝟐 𝒙𝒏

▪ 𝟐𝟖 𝒙𝟎 = 5 𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒙𝟎 = 5 𝒙𝟏 = 5.3
𝟏 28 5.3 5.29151
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒙𝒏 + )
𝟐 𝒙𝒏 5.29151 5.29150
Then 𝟐𝟖 ≅ 𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟎 Dr. Omnia Gawdt 11
Example (3): Use Newton Raphson method to Deduce the iterative
𝟏
formula to find the value of , where 𝑵 is a positive integer. And hence
𝑵
𝟏
evaluate the approx. value of and compute the P.R.E.
𝟏𝟒
𝟏
Solution Let 𝒙=
𝑵
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙 − =𝟎 𝟐 𝒇ሖ 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙
𝑵 𝑵
𝒇 𝒙𝒏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 − 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒙𝒏 + )
ሖ𝒇 (𝒙𝒏 ) 𝟐 𝑵 𝒙𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
▪ 𝒙𝟎 =
𝟏𝟔
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒙𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝟏𝟒
𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟔
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟔 0.26726
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = (𝒙𝒏 + ) 0.26726 0.26726
𝟐 𝟏𝟒 𝒙𝒏
𝟏
Then ≅ 0.26726
𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕−𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙. 𝟏𝟒
P.R.E. 𝜺𝒓 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎%
𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕
Dr. Omnia Gawdt 12
 Failure of the Newton-Raphson Method

1- For the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟏 , 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟓

then 𝒇ሖ 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎 and therefore the formula
𝒇 𝒙𝒏
𝒙𝒏+1 = 𝒙𝒏 − will be undefined.
𝒇ሖ 𝒙𝒏
2- If our first guess (or any guesses thereafter) is a point at
which there is a horizontal tangent line, 𝒇ሖ 𝒙 = 𝑪
then this line will never hit the x-axis, and Newton's Method will
fail to locate a root.

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 13

3- The function of the following figure

Newton's method doesn't converge to the root.

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 14

Problem (3):Develop an algorithm using Newton-Raphson
method to find the fourth root of a positive number 𝑵,
𝟒
and hence compute the approximated value of 𝟑𝟐. And
compute the P.R.E.

Solution:
The root = 2.3784
P.R.E = 0 %

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 15

The End of Lecture (10)

Thank you

Dr. Omnia Gawdt 16