‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻣﺸﻖ‬

‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫\‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫‪( Composite Structures of‬‬
‫) ‪Steel and Concrete‬‬

‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟراﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘدﻣﺔ اﻟطﺎﻟب ‪:‬‬

‫‪2024-2023‬‬ ‫ﻋﻣﺎر ﺑﺳﺎم ﻗوﻟﻲ‬
Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete
• Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete:
Streamlining Construction Efficiency
• Composite Columns and Frames: Rethinking
Structural Design
• Profiled Steel Sheeting: Structural
Advancements and Challenges
• Continuous Beams and Slabs, and Beams in
Frames: Harmonizing Structural Integration
• Seamless Structural Fusion: The Art of Beam-to-
Column Connection

KeyWords :
Steel & concrete
Columns and Frames
Steel Sheeting
Beams and Slabs
Structural Fusion

Abstract:
This abstract delves into key aspects of composite
structures involving steel and concrete, encompassing
considerations in construction time, fire protection,
composite columns, and beam-to-column connections.
The construction time of a building is notably impacted by
the duration required to construct a typical floor, with
structural steel demonstrating advantages over in situ
concrete.
Enhanced time savings can be achieved by casting floor
slabs on permanent steel formwork, known as profiled
steel sheeting, which serves as both a working platform
and bottom reinforcement.
Composite slabs and composite plates, utilizing steel
profiled sheeting, exhibit efficiency in various applications.
The choice between concrete, composite, and steel
structures is influenced by factors such as fire protection
requirements.
The evolution of steel-framed structures, specifically the
encasement of columns in concrete for fire protection,
challenges traditional design assumptions.
Empirical methods in some steelwork design codes are
deemed simplistic, leading to a shift toward more rational
methods validated by tests.
Composite columns, constructed by filling a steel tube
with concrete, offer a versatile alternative.
Recent research efforts aim to establish comprehensive
design rules for joints in steel and composite frames,
paving the way for potential advancements in semi-rigid
connections.
In building structures, continuous beams encounter
interruptions from internal columns within framed
structures.
The choice of beam-to-column joints, categorized by
stiffness and strength, plays a pivotal role in shaping
structural behavior.
Continuous beams and beams in frames offer advantages
such as higher span/depth ratios and increased
robustness.
Design challenges arise from varying stiffness and
resistance along the length, addressed through evolving
design methodologies prioritizing ultimate strength
prediction and substantiated testing.The mastery of
beam-to-column connections in structural steel
integration serves as a linchpin for project efficiency.
Nominally simple joints, when considered for their actual
continuity in design, reveal pathways to elevate the cost-
effectiveness of composite structures. The deliberate
placement of reinforcing bars and orchestration of joints'
‫‪behavior align with construction sequences, minimizing‬‬
‫‪bending moment redistribution.‬‬
‫‪The designer's role, akin to a conductor, involves‬‬
‫‪decisions on shims and considerations for hinge-like‬‬
‫‪behavior, stiffness, and resilience against plastic‬‬
‫‪moments.‬‬
‫‪This comprehensive abstract touches on crucial elements‬‬
‫‪of composite structures, offering insights into efficient‬‬
‫‪construction practices, evolving design perspectives,‬‬
‫‪structural advancements, and the artistry of seamless‬‬
‫‪structural integration.‬‬

‫ﯾﺗﻌﻣﻖ ھذا اﻟﻣﻠﺧص ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟواﻧب اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻣل اﻟﻔوﻻذ‬
‫واﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎرات ﻓﻲ وﻗت اﻟﺑﻧﺎء ‪ ،‬واﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣراﺋﻖ ‪،‬‬
‫واﻷﻋﻣدة اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟوﺻﻼت ﻣن ﺷﻌﺎع إﻟﻰ ﻋﻣود‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗﺄﺛر وﻗت ﺗﺷﯾﯾد اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻠﺣوظ ﺑﺎﻟﻣدة اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎء أرﺿﯾﺔ ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﯾث ﯾظﮭر اﻟﻔوﻻذ اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﻲ ﻣزاﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ وﻓورات ﻣﺣﺳﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻗت ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﺻب أﻟواح اﻷرﺿﯾﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻘواﻟب اﻟﻔوﻻذﯾﺔ اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳم اﻷﻟواح اﻟﻔوﻻذﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﻣﻧﺻﺔ ﻋﻣل وﺗﻘوﯾﺔ ﺳﻔﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗظﮭر اﻷﻟواح اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ واﻷﻟواح اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻷﻟواح اﻟﻔوﻻذﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺎءة‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗﺄﺛر اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﺑﯾن اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ واﻟﻔوﻻذﯾﺔ ﺑﻌواﻣل ﻣﺛل ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣراﺋﻖ‪.‬‬
‫إن ﺗطور اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل ذات اﻹطﺎرات اﻟﻔوﻻذﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺣدﯾدا ﺗﻐﻠﯾف اﻷﻋﻣدة ﺑﺎﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣراﺋﻖ ‪ ،‬ﯾﺗﺣدى اﻓﺗراﺿﺎت اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑر اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب اﻟﺗﺟرﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض رﻣوز ﺗﺻﻣﯾم أﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺻﻠب ﻣﺑﺳطﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﺣول ﻧﺣو طرق أﻛﺛر ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯾﺔ ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣن ﺻﺣﺗﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎرات‪.‬‬
‫ﺗوﻓر اﻷﻋﻣدة اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم إﻧﺷﺎؤھﺎ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﻣلء أﻧﺑوب ﻓوﻻذي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑدﯾﻼ ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻻﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﮭدف اﻟﺟﮭود اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ إﻟﻰ وﺿﻊ ﻗواﻋد ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎﺻل ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻹطﺎرات اﻟﻔوﻻذﯾﺔ واﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﮭد اﻟطرﯾﻖ ﻟﻠﺗطورات اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟوﺻﻼت ﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗواﺟﮫ اﻟﺣزم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة اﻧﻘطﺎﻋﺎت ﻣن اﻷﻋﻣدة اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ داﺧل‬
‫اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻣؤطرة‪.‬‬
 ‫ﯾﻠﻌب اﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﻣﻔﺎﺻل اﻟﺷﻌﺎع إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻣود ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻔﺔ ﺣﺳب اﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ واﻟﻘوة ‪ ،‬دورا‬
‫ﻣﺣورﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺷﻛﯾل اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗوﻓر اﻟﺣزم واﻟﺣزم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ﻓﻲ اﻹطﺎرات ﻣزاﯾﺎ ﻣﺛل ﻧﺳب اﻻﻣﺗداد ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﻣﻖ‬
‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ وزﯾﺎدة اﻟﻣﺗﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻧﺷﺄ ﺗﺣدﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻣن اﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ واﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎوﺗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ طول اﻟطول ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻣﺗطورة‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌطﻲ اﻷوﻟوﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻟﻘوة اﻟﻘﺻوى واﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﻣﺛﺑت‪.‬ﯾﻌﻣل إﺗﻘﺎن وﺻﻼت‬
‫اﻟﺷﻌﺎع إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻣود ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛﺎﻣل اﻟﻔوﻻذ اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﻣﺣور ﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻣﺷروع‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺷف اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺻل اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ اﺳﻣﯾﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧد أﺧذھﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر ﻻﺳﺗﻣرارﯾﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ‪ ،‬ﻋن ﻣﺳﺎرات ﻟرﻓﻊ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺗﻣﺎﺷﻰ اﻟوﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻣد ﻟﻘﺿﺑﺎن اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ وﺗﻧﺳﯾﻖ ﺳﻠوك اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺻل ﻣﻊ ﺗﺳﻠﺳل اﻟﺑﻧﺎء ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻠل ﻣن‬
‫إﻋﺎدة ﺗوزﯾﻊ ﻟﺣظﺔ اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣن دور اﻟﻣﺻﻣم ‪ ،‬اﻷﻗرب إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺋد اﻷورﻛﺳﺗرا ‪ ،‬ﻗرارات ﺑﺷﺄن اﻟﺣﺷوات‬
‫واﻋﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟﺷﺑﯾﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻔﺻﻼت ‪ ،‬واﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻣروﻧﺔ ﺿد اﻟﻠﺣظﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺗطرق ھذا اﻟﻣﻠﺧص اﻟﺷﺎﻣل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺣﺎﺳﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫وﯾﻘدم رؤى ﺣول ﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ووﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻣﺗطورة ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺗطورات اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻓن اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣل اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﻲ اﻟﺳﻠس‪.‬‬

‫‪THE BODY :‬‬

‫‪Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete‬‬

‫‪The construction time of a building is significantly‬‬

‫‪influenced by the duration required to construct a typical‬‬
‫‪floor, with structural steel holding an advantage over in‬‬
‫‪situ concrete.‬‬
‫‪Even more time savings can be achieved by casting floor‬‬
‫‪slabs on permanent steel formwork, serving as both a‬‬
‫‪working platform and bottom reinforcement for the slab.‬‬
‫‪This formwork, known as profiled steel sheeting,‬‬
‫‪originated in North America and is now standard in‬‬
‫‪Europe and other regions. These floors, spanning in one‬‬
‫‪direction only, are referred to as composite slabs. In‬‬
‫‪instances where the steel sheet is flat, resulting in two-‬‬
‫‪way spanning, the structure is termed a composite plate,‬‬
‫‪commonly found in box-girder bridges.‬‬
Steel profiled sheeting and partial-thickness precast
concrete slabs are categorized as structurally
participating formwork. Occasionally, cement or plastic
profiled sheeting reinforced by fibers is used, although its
contribution to the finished slab's strength is typically
disregarded in design.

The required level of fire protection is another factor

influencing the choice between concrete, composite, and
steel structures, with concrete having an advantage.
Minimal or no fire protection is needed for open
multistorey car parks, a moderate amount for office
blocks, and a more substantial amount for public buildings
and warehouses. Various methods exist for providing fire
protection to steelwork.

Designing against fire and predicting fire resistance fall

under the umbrella of fire engineering. Some Eurocodes
have a dedicated Part 1.2 addressing this aspect. Full or
partial encasement in concrete proves to be an
economical method for steel columns, significantly
enhancing their strength. While full encasement of steel
beams, once common, is now costlier than using
lightweight non-structural materials, concrete
encasement of the web only is more prevalent in
continental Europe than in the UK. This practice, covered
in EN 1994-1-1, enhances the buckling resistance of the
member (Section 4.2.4) and provides fire protection.

The choice between steel, concrete, and composite

construction for a specific structure depends on numerous
factors beyond the scope of this book. Composite
construction is particularly competitive for medium- or
long-span structures where a concrete slab or deck is
required for other reasons, where rapid construction is
essential, and where a low or medium level of fire
protection for steelwork suffices.

Composite Columns and Frames: Evolving

Design Perspectives
In the evolution of steel-framed structures, the initial
encasement of columns in concrete for fire protection
introduced a shift in design assumptions. Originally, the
applied load was considered as if the columns remained
uncased.
However, it was later revealed that encasement not only
provided fire resistance but also altered the effective
slenderness of the column, subsequently enhancing its
buckling load.
Despite empirical methods persisting in some steelwork
design codes, this simplistic approach lacks rationality as
encasement accommodates both axial loads and bending
moments. In response, more rational methods, validated
by tests, have been introduced.
Composite columns offer a versatile alternative, allowing
construction without traditional formwork by filling a steel
tube with concrete. An early application of filled tubes in a
pioneering four-level motorway interchange (1966) is
comprehensively detailed.
In the realm of framed structures, various configurations
may arise, including steel members, composite beams,
composite columns, or a combination thereof. These
structural elements are interconnected by diverse beam-
to-column connections, exhibiting behavior ranging from
'nominally pinned' to 'rigid,' significantly influencing
bending moments throughout the frame.
While early 1960s buildings in England showcased rigid-
jointed composite frames in Cambridge and London,
contemporary practice tends to favor nominally pinned
joints due to cost considerations. Creating joints with the
stiffness required for 'rigid' behavior proves economically
challenging. As a result, joints are typically treated as
pins, even when possessing ample stiffness to mitigate
beam deflections.
Recent in-depth research efforts have paved the way for
comprehensive design rules for joints in steel and
composite frames. While certain rules necessitate
intricate calculations, they lay the groundwork for design
aids that, upon availability, have the potential to
popularize semi-rigid connections.
This evolving perspective reflects a commitment to
advancing structural design methodologies in pursuit of
efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Profiled Steel Sheeting

The sheeting, typically between 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm thin for
economic reasons, is galvanized to resist corrosion, adding
about 0.04 mm to the overall thickness. Specifications state
that, when design is based on the nominal thickness, the sheet
must have at least 95% of that thickness, posing a challenge for
users to verify. The sheets, pressed or cold-rolled, are
approximately 1 m wide and up to 6 m long, designed for
longitudinal spanning. While earlier sheets were 50 mm deep
with a limiting span of about 3 m, the cost of propping during
concreting led to the development of deeper profiles, although
deflection limits often govern composite slab design.
Ideally, the local buckling stress of a flat panel within sheeting
should exceed its yield strength, necessitating
breadth/thickness ratios of less than about 35.
Modern profiles, despite having local stiffening ribs, often
achieve slenderness of about 50, placing them in Class 4 for
flexure, where the buckling stress is below the yield stress,
making the calculation of bending resistance complex and
iterative.
The specified or nominal yield strength is that of the flat sheet,
with the finished product having a higher yield strength at
bends and corners due to work hardening.
To serve its role as reinforcement for the concrete slab,
dimples are pressed into the sheeting's surface to act as shear
connectors.
However, these dimpled areas and local buckling reduce the
second moment of area (I) below the calculated value for the
gross steel section.
Manufacturers conduct tests on prototype sheets, providing
designers with either test-based values of resistance and
stiffness or 'safe load' tables calculated from those values.
For the construction phase, the cross-sectional area of steel
sheeting often provides more than enough bottom
reinforcement for composite slabs, allowing for the design of
slabs as simply-supported. 'Simply-supported' slabs may
require top longitudinal reinforcement at their supports to
control crack widths. Long-span slabs may be designed as
continuous over their supports.
The resistance of composite slabs to sagging bending is
calculated based on a width of one meter, and the overall
thickness h is required to be not less than 80 mm, with
concrete thickness above the ribs of the sheeting not less than
40 mm. Local buckling is considered using effective widths for
flat regions of sheeting, allowing for calculations based on
simple plastic theory. Effective areas and heights are usually
based on tests, accommodating differences between the
plastic neutral axis and the center of area height.
Continuous Beams and Slabs, and Beams in
Frames: Navigating Structural Integration
In building structures, the smooth continuity of a continuous
beam encounters interruptions from internal columns within
framed structures. The choice of beam-to-column joints holds
pivotal importance, shaping the overall analysis of
interconnected members. Key terms and definitions provide a
foundational understanding:
** -Connection: The juncture where two members
interconnect, involving connection elements and load
introduction into the column web panel for major axis joints.
** -Joint: An assembly facilitating member connection,
ensuring the smooth transfer of relevant internal forces and
moments.
A joint, exemplified in the interaction between a beam and an
interior column, consists of two connections, each comprising
a beam end plate, column flange, bolts, and a share of the
column web panel. Beam-to-column joints are categorized by
stiffness and strength into classifications like rigid, semi-rigid,
and nominally pinned.
Prevalent joint models include 'continuous' for bridges and
'simple' for buildings, focusing on 'nominally pinned' or 'rigid
and full strength.' Key requirements are summarized.
Nominally-pinned joints simplify structural analysis by
eliminating bending moments at assumed pin locations. Rigid
joints transmit bending moments and shear forces, with actual
bending moments contingent on member stiffness. Stiffness
and strength play crucial roles, ensuring minimal influence on
internal forces and resisting rotations under design loads.

Continuous Beams and Beams in Frames:

Navigating Design Challenges and Embracing
Advantages
Continuous beams, inclusive of beams in frames, offer benefits
like higher span/depth ratios, crack control, increased
fundamental frequency, and enhanced robustness. However,
challenges emerge in complex design due to varying stiffness
and resistance along the length, influenced by factors such as
concrete cracking and changes in reinforcement.
Design intricacies arise from phenomena like concrete
shrinkage, creep, and cracking, posing challenges for accurate
predictions. Design efforts prioritize ultimate strength
prediction, evolving from simplified models to substantiated
testing. The scope of these models is adapted based on
available research data, addressing real-world constraints.
Seamless Structural Fusion: The Art of Beam-to-
Column Connection

In the domain of structural steel integration, the mastery of

beam-to-column connections stands as a pinnacle. The
economic prowess of these joints, weaving through fabrication
intricacies and on-site installation challenges, serves as a
linchpin for the holistic efficiency of a project. Delving into the
nuanced realm of nominally simple joints and their actual
continuity in design unveils a pathway to significantly elevate
the cost-effectiveness of composite structures, a revelation
bolstered by empirical studies.

Within composite steel-concrete structures, the deliberate

placement of continuous reinforcing bars encircling columns
becomes a strategic dance of adding substantial stiffness and
resistance.

The orchestration of joints' behavior is predominantly

conducted by the rhythm of slab action, fine-tuned through a
meticulous construction and concreting choreography:

1.As concrete takes form, the steel section steps into the
spotlight, performing as a singular-span beam.

2.The connection unfurls as the beam seamlessly aligns with

the steel column, employing the precision of double web
angles or the elegance of flange cleats, perhaps even
embracing the minimalist allure of omitting web angles.
3.Once the concrete attains its hardened grace (free from
joints), the structure metamorphoses into a continuous beam
gracefully cradling additional applied loads.
This construction symphony orchestrates a harmonious
reduction in the need for moment redistribution and gracefully
curtails plastic rotation. The designer, akin to a conductor,
holds the creative baton, deciding the necessity of shims
between the steel compression flange and the column, a
decision swayed by the plastic end moment of the joint.

-Joints, in their pre-concreting overture, should pirouette with

hinge-like grace - Stiffness should be ingrained, orchestrating
an elastic ballet up to a predetermined moment value
-In the grand finale, joints must stand resilient against the
plastic moment's governing sway, performing an encore with
ample plastic rotation

References :
• European Convention for constructional steelwork .Composite structures,

• formulae for the design of rcctanglar composite columns .Proc.Instn Clvil Engross,
Supp, Vol 233

• Profiled steel sheeting The structural Engineer Vol.2

• R.T.Vertical Shear in continuous composite beams, Proe Instn Civil Engrs, 53, 205

• Leon R.T. and Zandonini R Composite connections, In Consstructional Sleel

Kesign