UNIT I BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND HOUSE WIRING

PART A
Two mark Questions
Sl.No Question and Answer
1. State ohm’s law and mention their limitations.
Ohm's Law states that the current (I) passing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to
the voltage (V) across the two points, provided the temperature and physical conditions remain constant.
Mathematically, it is expressed as:
Limitations:
Does not apply to non-linear devices like diodes and transistors.
Fails under varying temperature or high-frequency conditions, and for non-ohmic materials.
2. State and explain the Kirchhoff’s laws.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving the
junction. This is based on the conservation of charge.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. This is
based on the conservation of energy.
3. An Electric iron is rated 1000W, 240V. Find the current drawn & resistance of the heating element.
= ×

1000
= = = 4.17
240
240
= = = 57.6
4.17

4. Enlist the types of wiring.

• Cleat Wiring
• Batten Wiring
• Casing and Capping Wiring
• Conduit Wiring (Surface and Concealed)
• Lead Sheathed Wiring
5. What is need for Earthing?
Earthing ensures the safety of electrical systems by providing a path for fault current to flow into the ground,
preventing electric shocks, reducing the risk of fire, and protecting appliances from damage due to voltage
surges.
6. Give the formula of effective resistances for series and parallel resistive circuit.
Series Circuit = +

×
Parallel Circuit =

7. A resistor with a current of 3 A through it converts 500 Joules of electrical energy in 12 seconds. What is
the voltage across the resistor?
First, calculate the power (P) using the formula:
= = = .
.
Now, use the power formula = × = = = .

8. Find the equivalent resistance between A and B in figure.

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 Step 1
× ×
Parallel Circuit = = = = .
Step 2
Series Circuit = + = . + . =
Step 3
× ×
Parallel Circuit = = = = . Ans

9. What is meant by Electrical Hazard?

Electrical Hazard refers to any risk of harm or injury caused by electricity, including electric shock, burns,
fires, or explosions. These hazards can result from faulty wiring, exposed live wires, short circuits, or
equipment failure.
10. What is the purpose of insulating materials?
Insulating materials prevent the flow of electric current, providing safety by protecting against electric shocks,
reducing energy loss, and preventing short circuits in electrical systems.
PART B&C
13 & 15 mark Questions
11. Describe the safety measures to be followed to save the person from
electric shock in industries.
To ensure safety from electric shock in industrial environments, it is critical to follow strict safety
protocols and standards. Below are some key safety measures:

1. Proper Insulation and Grounding

 Insulation: Electrical wires, cables, and equipment should have adequate insulation to prevent
accidental contact with live components.
 Grounding: All electrical systems and equipment must be grounded to safely direct electrical
faults or leakage currents into the ground, reducing the risk of shock.

2. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 Insulated Gloves and Boots: Workers handling electrical equipment should wear insulated
gloves and boots to minimize contact with conductive surfaces.
 Arc Flash Suits: For high-voltage work, arc flash suits provide protection against electrical
arcs that can cause burns or shock.
 Safety Goggles: Protects the eyes from electrical arcs or sparks.

3. Lockout-Tagout (LOTO) Procedures

 This involves disconnecting and locking electrical circuits or equipment from the power
source before performing maintenance or repairs.
 Use of warning tags and locks ensures that equipment cannot be accidentally re-energized
while someone is working on it.

4. Regular Equipment Maintenance

 Routine inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment, cables, and outlets to identify any
wear, tear, or damage that could lead to shock.
 Ensuring that electrical equipment is used as per the manufacturer’s specifications and keeping

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 all equipment in good working condition.

5. Use of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs)

 GFCIs quickly detect faults and cut off power to prevent electric shock in high-risk areas such
as wet environments or where temporary electrical connections are used.
6. Proper Training and Awareness
 Employees should undergo regular training on the risks of electric shock, how to avoid it,
and how to respond in the event of an electrical emergency.
 Awareness of the danger zones and live electrical panels should be promoted through clear
signage and markings.
7. Safe Work Practices
 De-energizing electrical equipment before working on it is critical.
 Using insulated tools specifically designed for electrical work helps to prevent unintentional
contact with live circuits.
 Dry Hands: Workers should always ensure their hands are dry before handling electrical
components, as water conducts electricity.
8. Emergency Response Procedures
 Ensure that first aid kits, particularly those equipped for treating electrical burns, are readily
available.
 Training workers on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) can help save lives in the event
of electrical shock.
 Emergency shutdown buttons should be easily accessible to quickly cut off power in case of
an emergency.
9. Safe Distance from Electrical Hazards
 Establish safe work distances from high-voltage electrical components and maintain clear
boundaries with appropriate signage.
 Only qualified personnel should be allowed to work in areas with exposed electrical
conductors.
10. Minimizing Use of Extension Cords
 Where possible, avoid the use of extension cords and temporary wiring. If necessary, ensure
that they are properly rated for the electrical load and inspect them regularly for damage.
11. Use of Non-Conductive Platforms
 Workers should stand on insulating rubber mats or platforms when working near high-
voltage equipment to prevent grounding through the body.

By following these safety measures, industries can significantly reduce the risk of electrical shock and
enhance workplace safety for employees working with or around electrical systems.
12. Illustrate the types of wiring in detail.
1. Cleat Wiring

 Description: This is a temporary type of wiring that uses PVC insulated wires or ordinary VIR
(Vulcanized India Rubber) cables. The wires are secured on the walls or ceilings using porcelain
cleats with grooved sides to hold the wires.
 Components: The system consists of wires, cleats, and screws.

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  Advantages:
o Low cost and simple installation.
o Easy to repair or modify.
 Disadvantages:
o Suitable only for temporary installations.
o Exposed wires make it unsafe for residential or permanent use.
 Applications: Used in temporary installations, like construction sites or event spaces.

2. Casing and Capping Wiring

 Description: This wiring system uses PVC-insulated wires that run through a wooden or plastic
casing with a matching cover (capping) to enclose the wires.
 Components: Wooden or plastic casing, capping, and insulated cables.
 Advantages:
o Provides protection to the wires from external damage.
o Neat appearance with wires fully enclosed.
 Disadvantages:
o Prone to fire hazards (especially with wooden casing).
o Not suitable for moist or humid environments.
 Applications: This system is often used in older buildings, but it is now considered obsolete due to
safety concerns.

3. Batten Wiring

 Description: This system involves PVC-insulated wires or TRS (Tough Rubber Sheathed) cables
mounted on wooden battens and secured using copper clips or tape.
 Components: Wooden battens, insulated cables, clips.
 Advantages:
o Cheap and easy to install.
o Wires are exposed, making fault detection and repair easier.
 Disadvantages:
o Exposed wiring is more vulnerable to damage.
o Not aesthetically pleasing.
 Applications: Used in industrial or low-budget residential areas.
4. Conduit Wiring
This is the most common and safest wiring system used today. It involves running electrical cables
through pipes (conduits) made of PVC or metal for better protection and insulation.

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a) Surface Conduit Wiring

 Description: In this system, PVC or metallic conduits are fixed on the surface of walls and ceilings,
and wires are drawn through the conduits.
 Components: Conduits (PVC or metal), wiring cables, and clamps.
 Advantages:
o Highly durable and offers good protection against mechanical damage.
o Easy to inspect and maintain.
 Disadvantages:
o Not aesthetically pleasing due to visible conduits.
o Installation can be expensive and time-consuming.
 Applications: Suitable for industrial settings, garages, workshops, or exposed wiring requirements.

b) Concealed Conduit Wiring

 Description: The conduits are concealed inside walls, floors, or ceilings. This is a very common
method in modern construction.
 Components: PVC or metal conduits embedded in walls, ceilings, or floors; insulated cables.
 Advantages:
o Provides the best protection to the wires and has a neat, clean appearance.
o Reduces the risk of mechanical or environmental damage.
 Disadvantages:
o Expensive and requires skilled labor.
o Difficult to modify or repair after installation.
 Applications: Commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings for permanent
installations.

4. Lead Sheathed Wiring

 Description: In this system, the wires are covered with a lead-aluminum alloy sheath to protect them
from mechanical damage and moisture. This sheath also acts as a protective barrier against corrosion.
 Components: Lead-sheathed cables and support clips.
 Advantages:
o Highly resistant to chemical effects and moisture.
o Provides good protection from physical damage.
 Disadvantages:
o Expensive and heavy.
o Difficult to install and repair.
 Applications: Used in locations exposed to chemicals or moisture, such as factories and chemical
plants.

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 6. PVC Insulated Wiring

 Description: This type of wiring uses PVC-insulated cables that are installed directly into the walls or
ceilings, without the use of conduits.
 Components: PVC insulated wires, clips, and fasteners.
 Advantages:
o Economical and easy to install.
o Offers insulation against electrical leakage.
 Disadvantages:
o Less durable than conduit systems.
o Wires may be more susceptible to damage from external factors.
 Applications: Used in modern buildings, both residential and commercial.

13. What do you mean by Earthing? Explain the types of Earthing in detail.
Earthing refers to the process of connecting the non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment or
the neutral point of the supply system to the ground (earth). This provides a direct physical connection
to the earth, ensuring that in case of a fault (like a short circuit or insulation failure), any excess
electrical current is safely discharged into the ground. Earthing helps to prevent electric shock to
individuals and protects electrical appliances from damage due to high voltage.
Importance of Earthing:

 Safety: Prevents electric shock by discharging fault currents safely into the ground.
 Equipment Protection: Protects electrical appliances and systems from excessive voltage
during a fault.
 Voltage Stabilization: Helps maintain a consistent voltage level in the system.
 Prevention of Fires: Reduces the risk of fire caused by electrical faults.

Types of Earthing:

There are several types of earthing systems, classified based on the type of installation and the method
used to connect to the earth.

1. Plate Earthing

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 Description: In this system, a metal plate (either made of copper or galvanized iron) is buried
vertically or horizontally into the ground at a depth of around 2 to 3 meters from the surface.
The plate is connected to the electrical installation using a conductor.
 Components:
o Copper or galvanized iron plate (600 mm x 600 mm x 3.15 mm for copper and 600 mm
x 600 mm x 6.3 mm for GI plate).
o Copper strip or GI wire for connection to the installation.
 Installation Process: The plate is placed in a pit, which is filled with layers of charcoal and
salt to maintain moisture around the plate, ensuring a better earth connection.
 Applications: Used in places where soil conductivity is poor or where high fault currents are
expected.
 Advantages:
o Effective in providing a good earth connection.
o Provides low resistance path for fault current.
 Disadvantages:
o Requires regular maintenance (watering) to keep the soil conductive.
o Expensive compared to other methods.

2. Pipe Earthing

 Description: This is the most common method of earthing, where a GI (Galvanized Iron)
pipe is buried vertically into the ground. The size of the pipe varies based on the current-
carrying capacity of the installation.
 Components:
o GI pipe (typically 38 mm diameter, 2 meters long).
o Earthing lead (GI strip or copper wire) connected to the top of the pipe.
 Installation Process: The pipe is placed into a pit with surrounding soil mixed with charcoal
and salt. Water is periodically added to keep the soil moist and maintain conductivity.
 Applications: Used in both residential and industrial electrical systems.
 Advantages:
o Economical and widely used.
o Suitable for areas with high soil resistivity.
 Disadvantages:
o Performance depends on soil moisture, requiring regular maintenance.

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 3. Rod Earthing

 Description: In this type, a copper or galvanized iron rod is driven directly into the earth.
The rod length is typically around 2 to 3 meters, and multiple rods can be used to achieve
better earthing.
 Components:
o Copper rod or galvanized iron rod.
o Connection lead for linking to the electrical installation.
 Installation Process: The rod is driven into the ground, and moisture-enhancing materials like
salt and charcoal can be used around the rod for better conductivity.
 Applications: Used for smaller installations or where low fault currents are expected.

 Advantages:
o Simple installation.
o Economical compared to plate and pipe earthing.
 Disadvantages:
o Suitable only for areas where the ground can accommodate deep rods.
o May not be effective in rocky areas or regions with poor soil conductivity.

14. Explain in detail about basic house wiring tools and components.
1. House Wiring Tools

These tools are crucial for electricians or homeowners when working with electrical systems. They
help in installing, repairing, and maintaining wiring.

a. Pliers

 Purpose: Used for gripping, twisting, bending, and cutting wires.

 Types:
o Linesman Pliers: Ideal for cutting and twisting wires.
o Needle-nose Pliers: Useful for working in tight spaces and bending small wires.

b. Wire Strippers

 Purpose: Used to remove the insulation from electrical wires without damaging the conductive metal
inside.
 Features: These tools have notches that correspond to different wire gauges, allowing for easy
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 stripping of wire insulation.

c. Voltage Tester

 Purpose: Used to check for the presence of voltage in a wire or electrical device.
 Types:
o Non-contact Voltage Tester: Detects voltage without having to touch the wires.
o Multimeter: Can measure voltage, current, and resistance in electrical circuits.

d. Screwdrivers

 Purpose: Used to tighten or loosen screws in outlets, switches, and junction boxes.
 Types:
o Flat-head Screwdriver: Used for standard slotted screws.
o Phillips Screwdriver: Used for screws with a cross-shaped indentation.

e. Fish Tape

 Purpose: A tool used to pull electrical wires through walls, conduits, or electrical tubing. It helps in
routing wires through hard-to-reach spaces.
 Features: Made of flexible steel or fiberglass, allowing it to bend around corners.

f. Electrical Tape

 Purpose: Used for insulating electrical wires and connections to prevent short circuits or shocks. It is
applied after making a connection to ensure safety.
 Types: Vinyl electrical tape is the most common.

g. Utility Knife

 Purpose: Used to cut insulation, strip wires, or open boxes. A sharp, retractable blade ensures precise
cutting.
 Safety: Always retract the blade after use to avoid accidents.

h. Cable Cutters

 Purpose: Used to cut through electrical wires and cables. They provide a clean cut without fraying the
wire.
 Types: Available in different sizes to handle wires of various thicknesses.

i. Circuit Tester

 Purpose: Ensures that circuits are properly grounded and connected before use.
 Types: Plug-in testers can check the wiring in outlets to ensure they are correctly connected.

2. House Wiring Components

These components are the building blocks of an electrical system and are essential for setting up a safe
and functional house wiring system.

a. Electrical Wires

 Purpose: Carry electrical current from the power source to various outlets, switches, and devices.
 Types:
o Non-metallic Sheathed Wire (NM Cable): Commonly used in residential wiring, composed
of two or more conductors.
o Armored Cable (AC): Contains insulated wires enclosed in a metal sheath, providing
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 protection.
o Single-core Wire: A single conductor wire used in low-voltage applications.

b. Circuit Breaker

 Purpose: A safety device that automatically shuts off the electrical circuit if there is an overload or
short circuit. It prevents overheating and reduces the risk of fire.
 Types:
o Standard Circuit Breaker: Trips when the current exceeds a safe level.
o Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI): Protects against electrical shock in wet areas like
kitchens and bathrooms.

c. Electrical Box

 Purpose: Encases electrical connections to protect them from damage, moisture, and accidental
contact. They are also used to mount outlets, switches, and light fixtures.
 Types:
o Junction Box: For joining multiple wires.
o Outlet Box: Used for installing electrical outlets or switches.
o Ceiling Box: Used to mount ceiling fans or light fixtures.

d. Switches

 Purpose: Used to control the flow of electricity to lights or appliances.

 Types:
o Single-Pole Switch: Controls one fixture or outlet from a single location.
o Three-Way Switch: Allows control of a fixture from two different locations (e.g., a staircase).
o Dimmer Switch: Allows you to adjust the brightness of a light.

e. Electrical Outlets (Sockets)

 Purpose: Provide power to electrical devices by allowing them to be plugged into the circuit.
 Types:
o Standard Outlets: Used for general electrical appliances.
o GFCI Outlets: Used in kitchens, bathrooms, and outdoor areas where moisture is present,
preventing shocks.
o USB Outlets: Incorporates USB ports for charging electronic devices.

f. Wire Connectors (Wire Nuts)

 Purpose: Used to join two or more electrical wires together, providing insulation and securing the
connection.
 Types:
o Twist-on Wire Connectors: The most common type that screws onto the wire ends to connect
them securely.

g. Conduits

 Purpose: Protective tubes that enclose electrical wires. They provide additional protection from
physical damage or moisture.
 Types:
o PVC Conduit: Lightweight, non-metallic, and resistant to corrosion.
o Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC): Allows for flexibility when routing wires in tight spaces.
o Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC): A thick-walled conduit used for heavy-duty applications.

h. Grounding Rod

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  Purpose: A metal rod that is driven into the ground to establish an electrical connection between the
building’s electrical system and the earth (grounding). This prevents electric shock by providing a safe
path for stray currents.
 Connection: Attached to the electrical panel and neutral wires.

i. Electrical Panel (Fuse Box)

 Purpose: The main distribution point where the electricity enters the house and is divided into circuits.
It houses the circuit breakers and fuses.
 Function: Distributes electrical power to various parts of the house and provides circuit protection
through breakers.

3. Safety Equipment
a. Insulated Gloves

 Purpose: Protect hands from electrical shocks when working on live circuits.
 Types: Rated based on the level of voltage they can withstand.

b. Safety Goggles

 Purpose: Protects eyes from debris, sparks, and harmful substances that may be encountered during
electrical work.

c. Fire Extinguisher

 Purpose: Should be readily available to extinguish electrical fires. A Class C fire extinguisher is
specifically designed for electrical fires.

4. Cables and Wires in House Wiring

 Single-core Cable: A single solid or stranded conductor insulated by a protective layer.

 Twin and Earth Cable: Contains two insulated conductors (live and neutral) and an earth wire.
Commonly used for residential lighting and socket wiring.
 Coaxial Cable: Used for TV and internet connections.
 Ethernet Cable: Used for networking in smart homes.

15. Explain the staircase and ceiling fan wiring.

Staircase wiring

Staircase wiring allows you to control a light (or multiple lights) from two different locations,
typically one at the bottom of the stairs and another at the top. This is achieved using two-way
switches, which allow the same light fixture to be turned on or off from both positions. This type of
wiring is commonly used in multi-level homes or buildings for convenience and safety.

Components:

1. Two-way switches (2 switches)

2. Light bulb or fixture
3. Wires (live, neutral, earth)
4. Conduit or protection for the wires

How It Works:

 When the switch at the bottom of the stairs is flipped, the current can either flow to the light fixture or
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 be interrupted.
 The second switch at the top of the stairs will either continue the circuit (turning the light on) or break it
(turning the light off), depending on its position.

Ceiling fan wiring

The ceiling fan is a very essential electrical appliance in our home, office, or living places. In this wiring
diagram of ceiling fan, connecting a capacitor with a fan motor and the fan regulator is shown. A ceiling fan is a
squirrel cage single-phase induction motor, a single-phase induction motor is not self-starting. So, a capacitor is
required to start the motor. The ceiling fan is a capacitor start and capacitor run motor. It means that the
capacitor used with a ceiling fan not only helps to start the motor but it also helps to gain more torque during
running.

Ceiling Fan Wiring Process:

1. Connect the live wire from the power supply to the switch's input terminal.
2. From the switch’s output terminal, run the live wire to the live terminal of the fan motor.
3. Connect the neutral wire from the power supply to the fan's neutral terminal.
4. Connect the ground wire to the fan body to ensure proper earthing.
5. If your fan has a built-in light, use a dual switch where one terminal controls the fan, and the other
controls the light. The live wire for the light is connected through the second switch terminal.
6. For fans with a regulator, the live wire from the switch output is first connected to the regulator, and
then from the regulator to the fans live terminal. This allows speed control.

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16. Determine the equivalent resistance between terminals A and B of
figure shown below.

Step 1:
Above Circuit 50 Ω and 12.5Ω Connected in parallel
× × .
Parallel Circuit = = =
.

Now the circuit become

Step 2:
Above Circuit 10 Ω and 10 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 = 10+10 = 20 Ω
Now the circuit become

Step 3:
Above Circuit 10 Ω and 20 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 = 10+20 = 30 Ω
Now the circuit become

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Step 4:
Above Circuit 30 Ω and 20 Ω Connected in parallel
× ×
Parallel Circuit = = =
Now the circuit become

Step 5:
Above Circuit 8 Ω and 12 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 = 8 + 12 = 20 Ω
Now the circuit become

Step 6:
Above Circuit 60 Ω and 20 Ω Connected in parallel
× ×
Parallel Circuit = = =
Now the circuit become

Step 7:
Above Circuit 35 Ω and 15 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 = 35 + 15 = 50 Ω
Answer: the equivalent resistance between terminals A and B is 50 Ω

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15
Step 3:
Above Circuit 2 Ω and 1.2 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 = 2 + 1.2 = 3.2 Ω
Now the circuit become

Step 4:
Above Circuit 3.2 Ω and 2 Ω Connected in parallel
× . ×
Parallel Circuit = = .
= .
Now the circuit become

Step 5:
Above Circuit 1 Ω and 1.23 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 = 1 + 1.23 = 2.23 Ω
Now the circuit become

Step 6:
Above Circuit 2 Ω and 2.23 Ω Connected in parallel
× × .
Parallel Circuit = = .
= .
Now the circuit become

Step 6:
To find Current = = = 28.57
.

Answer : I = 28.57 A

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18. For the circuit shown below, find the loop currents using KVL.
Given

Step 1:

Apply KVL on Loop 1

-10 = 10 I1 + 20 (I1-I2)
10 I1 +20 I1 – 20 I2 = -10
30I1 – 20 I2 = -10 ……(1)

Apply KVL on Loop 2

40 + 10 = 20 (I2 – I1) + 20 I2 + 10 (I2 – I3)
20 I2 – 20 I1 + 20 I2 + 10 I2 – 10 I3 = 50
- 20 I1 + 50 I2 -10 I3 = 50 …….(2)

Apply KVL on Loop 3

50 - 10 = 10 (I3 – I2) + 10 I3
10I3 – 10I2 + 10 I3 = 40
-10 I2 + 20 I3 = 40 ……….(3)

Step 2:

Apply Cramer’s Rule

Forming the Matrix

30 −20 0 −10
−20 50 −10 = 50
0 −10 20 40

30 −20 0
∆ = −20 50 −10 = 19000
0 −10 20

−10 −20 0
∆ = 50 50 −10 = 19000
40 −10 20

30 −10 0
∆ = −20 50 −10 = 38000
0 40 20

30 −20 −10
∆ = −20 50 50 = 57000
0 −10 40

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 ∆
= = =1
∆

∆ 38000
= = =2
∆ 19000

∆ 57000
= = =3
∆ 19000

Answer : I1 = 1A, I2 = 2 A, I3 = 3 A

19. Three loads A, B and C are connected in parallel to a 240V source. Load
A takes 9.6 kW, Load B takes 60 A and Load C has a resistance of 4.8Ω.
Calculate individual load resistances and equivalent resistance. Also
find the total current and power delivered from source.
Given

To Find

Total current and power delivered from source.

Solution

Step 1: Hence Parallel Connection Voltage is same

240
= × = × = , = = =6
9.6 × 10

RA = 6Ω

Step 2: Hence Parallel Connection Voltage is same

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 240
= = =4
60

RB = 4 Ω

RC = 4.8 Ω

Step 3: To find Total Resistance

Above Circuit 6 Ω and 4 Ω Connected in parallel

× ×
Parallel Circuit = = = .
Now the circuit become

Above Circuit 2.4 Ω and 4.8 Ω Connected in parallel

× . × .
Parallel Circuit = = . .
= .

Total Resistance = 1.6 Ω

Total Power

240
= × = × = = = 36
1.6

PA = 9.6 Kw

240
= × = × = = = 14.4
4

240
= × = × = = = 12
4.8

P = PA + PB + PC = (9.6 + 14.4 + 12)Kw = 36 Kw

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20. Evaluate (i)equivalent resistance across the terminal of the supply
(ii)total current supplied by the source (iii)power delivered to 16Ω
resistor in the circuit shown below

Step 1:
Above Circuit 4 Ω , 4 Ω and 16 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 + R3 = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24 Ω
Now the circuit become

Step 2:
Above Circuit 12 Ω and 24 Ω Connected in parallel
× ×
Parallel Circuit = = =
Now the circuit become

Step 3:
Above Circuit 4 Ω , 4 Ω and 16 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 + R3 = 6 + 6 + 8 = 20 Ω
Now the circuit become

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Step 4:
Above Circuit 12 Ω and 20 Ω Connected in parallel
× ×
Parallel Circuit = = = .
Now the circuit become

Step 5:
Above Circuit 8 Ω , 8 Ω and 7.5 Ω Connected in Series
Series Circuit Reff = R1 + R2 + R3 = 8 + 8 + 7.5 = 23.5 Ω
Total Resistance = 23.5 Ω

Step 6:
To Find the total Current = = 4.26
.
Step 7: To find power delivered to the 16 Ω resistor in the given circuit

Apply KVL on Loop 1

100 = 8I1 + 8 I2 + 12 (I1 - I2)
8I1 + 8 I2 + 12I1 – 12I2 =100
28I1 – 12I2 =100……….(1)
Apply KVL on Loop 2
0 = 6 I2 + 6 I2 + 12 (I2 – I1) + 12 (I2 – I3)
6 I2 + 6 I2 + 12 I2 – 12 I1 + 12 I2 – 12 I3 = 0
-12 I1 + 36 I2 – 12 I3 = 0……….(2)
Apply KVL on Loop 2
0 = 4 I3 + 4 I3 + 16 I3 + 12 (I3 – I2)
4 I3 + 4 I3 + 16 I3 + 12 I3 – 12 I2 = 0
-12 I2 + 36 I3 = 0……….(3)

Apply Cramer’s Rule

Forming the Matrix

28 −12 0 100
−12 36 −12 = 0
0 −12 36 0

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 28 −12 0
∆ = −12 36 −12 = 27072
0 −12 36
28 −12
∆ = −12 36 = 14400
0 −12
∆ 14400
= = = 0.532
∆ 27072

power delivered to the 16 Ω resistor

= × = ( × )× = × = 0.532 × 16 = 4.52
Answer
(i)equivalent resistance across the terminal of the supply Reqt = 23.5 Ω
(ii)total current supplied by the source IT = 4.26 A
(iii)power delivered to 16Ω, P = 4.52 w

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