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migration data

Uploaded by

Andrew Lunguzi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEM 111: Introduction to

Population Studies

Migration and Urbanization


Migration
Definition of Migration
• UN Multilingual Demographic
Dictionary defines migration as a form of
geographical mobility or spatial mobility
between one geographical unit and
another, generally involving a change in
residence from place of origin or place of
departure to the place of destination or
arrival.

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Concepts of Migration
• A decisive factor, is the intention of
people to settle permanently in a new area
and become part of the community
• It involves an attitude of mind – the
concept of intention
– Being a migrant involves, among other things,
future intentions about whether to stay

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Sources of Migration
Data
Sources of Data on Migration
• Limited, incomplete and non-uniform
• Different sources may be:
– Censuses (birthplace, residence at some
earlier time)
– Administrative data: Arrival and departure
statistics, visa statistics
– Special surveys: Population based surveys,
surveys of passengers
– International organizations that publish
migration data
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Sources of Data Migration
Administrative data (arrival and
departure statistics of cross-border
movements)
• Is the primary data source for international
migration
• Limitations –
– Not all countries register such movements , neither is
the registered information error-free because
migrants do not necessarily declare their real intent.

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Sources of Data Migration-
Administrative data (arrival and
departure statistics of cross-border
movements)
• Another problem experienced in this regard is
that international migrants do not always leave
the country at controlled border points.
• Countries with, unpatrolled land or sea borders
have little control over illegal cross-border
movements

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Sources of Data Migration-
Based on census/survey questions
• In census and sample survey questionnaires
retrospective questions on previous and current
place of residence are included
• A less direct method of gathering information on
migration

9
Sources of Data Migration-
Estimates of population growth between
censuses
• When country conducts censuses regularly and
have a registration system for births and deaths,
net migration can be calculated with the help of
the balancing formula

10
International organizations;
that publish migration data

• UN: Publishes estimates of most of the


foreigners living in most countries based on the
data from national governments
• UNHCR : publishes annual reports on the # and
location of refugees and displaced persons
• ILO: Estimates the # of foreign workers in many
countries
• IOM:

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Causes of Migration

Why does Migration happen?


Causes of Migration
• Motivational forces in migration take into
account the following two factors:
– Push factors (that drive people to leave home),
– Pull factors (that attract migrants to a new
location)
• Push factors occur within sending states, that
is, those that send migrants abroad
• Pull factors occur within receiving states, that
is, states that receive immigrants from
sending states abroad.
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Causes of Migration
Push Factors
• Push factors are negative aspects of the
sending country
• Push factors come in many forms
• Examples of push factors driving people to
emigrate from their home country
– Lack of Jobs/Poverty
– Civil Strife/War/Political and Religious
Persecution
– Environmental Problems
14
Causes of Migration
Pull Factors
• Pull factors are positive aspects of the
receiving country
• Examples of the pull factors attracting
migrants to receiving countries
– Higher standards of living/Higher wages
– Labor Demand
– Political and Religious Freedom
– Facilities for higher education

15
Propensity to migrate
• Propensity to migrate differ by
– age
– sex
– educational qualifications and
– occupation.

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Propensity to migrate –
Age
 Younger (15-35) people find it easier to
migrate than older people.
 In reality migration increases during all the
transition phases in the life cycle of the
individual, people are more prone to migrate
◦ when they marry,
◦ when they enter professional life,
◦ when their children leave home,
◦ when they divorce,
◦ when they lose a spouse through death, and
◦ when they retire

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Propensity to migrate
Sex
• Sex has an important selective influence
on migration, but the nature of this
influence depends on the type of migration
– When migration occurs over short distances,
females are usually in the majority while when
it occurs over relatively long distance, the
migrants are predominantly men.

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Propensity to migrate
Educational Qualification
• In most modern countries the migration
rate is considerably higher among people
with high educational qualification than
among those with low education
qualifications
• Highly qualified persons are inclined to
migrate over greater distances than with
lower qualifications.

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Propensity to migrate
Occupation
 Professional people migrate more than
non-professional people.
 Unemployed people on the other hand
are more inclined to migrate than those
who are employed
 Persons who do not participate in paid
labour are least inclined to migrate.

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