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PHILOSPHY_ M1

Philosophy is a vital tool for critical thinking and personal development. Covering the basics of Philosophy with the following; Definition, Point of View, Method and tools for Philosophizing, Determine the Truth, and Theories of Truth.

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5 views

PHILOSPHY_ M1

Philosophy is a vital tool for critical thinking and personal development. Covering the basics of Philosophy with the following; Definition, Point of View, Method and tools for Philosophizing, Determine the Truth, and Theories of Truth.

Uploaded by

yeonlokheun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy
- Philosophy is a vital tool for critical thinking and personal development.
- It is the activity of working out the best to think about things.
- Isn't simply about asking questions but a more structured process involved in philosophical
inquiry.

POINT OF VIEW
- Involves an attitude or approach to how one sees or thinks about something.
- Philosophical inquiry requires looking into all available perspectives to arrive at sound,
logical, and valid conclusions.
- Philosophical Reflection can materialize by evaluating previous actions to improve it.
- Both holistic and partial pov provide different but complementary perspectives, enhancing
overall comprehension.

PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW


- Focus: Limited focus on specific aspects or parts of a subject.
- It recognizes the importance of examining specific elements within a broader context.
ex. Examining a single chapter of a book without considering the entire plot

HOLISTIC POINT OF VIEW


- From the Greek word holos meaning “ entire, or totality”
- All aspects are tied in together to form a general overview of the problem or situation.
- It allows for a comprehensive understanding of how different parts relate and influence
each other.
ex. Understanding the entire storyline and character development in a novel.

METHODS AND TOOLS FOR PHILOSOPHIZING

1. Socratic Method
- Dialogue-based teaching strategy, involving asking open-ended questions.
- We arrive at the truth through appropriate and repeated questioning.
- Named after Greek philosopher Socrates who used this method to teach his students.
- Based on the belief that people learn best by questioning assumptions and exploring
perspectives.

2. Dialectic Method
- From the French word 'Dialecte' which means the art of investigating the truth of opinions.
- Based on discourse between people with different views that aims to establish truth
through reasoned arguments.

Dialectic Stages of Development, Hegel


1. Thesis: Initial concept or belief.
2. Antithesis: Opposition to the thesis, introducing contradictions.
3. Synthesis: Resolution of tension between thesis and antithesis, leading to a higher
understanding.
3. Phenomenological Method, Edmund Husserl
- Pure phenomenology focuses on lived experience differentiating natural and
phenomenological attitudes, bracketing, and eidetic reduction.

Natural Attitude:
➢ See themselves as separate from this external world, like an observer watching
things happen.
➢ How we usually see and understand the world without thinking too deeply about it.

Phenomenological Attitudes:
➢ Process of suspending one's beliefs or things learned from the natural attitude.

Bracketing:
➢ Also called Epoché, which means the process of abstaining.
➢ Refers to unpacking a certain reality.
➢ Involves letting go of biases and prejudices to see the thing in itself.

Eidetic reduction:
➢ Move from fact to essence, uncovering the intrinsic nature of a thing, such as
thought, feelings, memories, etc.

4. Hermeneutic Method
➢ Derived from "hermêneuein" and "hermêneia," which mean interpreting or
interpretation.
➢ Subjective interpreter considers historical and cultural context.
➢ Focuses on uncovering inherent truth within a text and grasp the author's intended
meaning.

DETERMINING TRUTH

OPINION VS TRUTH
- According to Corvino, a factual statement possesses objective content with substantial
evidence. (Facts are facts with evidence)
- An opinion reflects an individual's thoughts on a matter but lacks evidentiary backing
(Opinions are only true to you)

FACT
- Considered as true if it is proven and verified.
-Prroven with concrete evidence such as documentations, scientific findings or research,
legal records, etc

OPINION
- Personal view or judgment about something
- Based on personal belief, feelings, perspective, attitude, and understanding.
THEORIES OF TRUTH
1. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
- True if it corresponds to known facts.
- A judgment is said to be true when it conforms to the external reality.
- Thomas Aquinas said, “Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus” (Truth is the equation of
thing and intellect)

2. COHERENCE THEORY
- True if it is logically consistent with other beliefs that are held to be true and false if
opposite.
- Belief is true if and only it is part of a coherent system of beliefs.

3. PRAGMATIC THEORY
- Origins traces to Charles S. Peirce, William James
- Truth is determined by its practicality, usefulness, or effectiveness, especially in the
application to daily life.
- The ability to make accurate predictions and lead to practical applications.

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