MISC Topics

GLASS
Properties of glass

obtained by fusing a mixture of a number of silicates or

borates of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Lead.

• Amorphous
• Brittle
• Transparent
• Good electrical insulator
• Unaffected by air, water, acid or chemical reagents
• high Compressive strength
• Can absorb, transmit and reflect light
❑ Melting

❑ Forming and Shaping

❑ Annealing

❑ Finishing
 Forming, shaping, and annealing

• Forming and Shaping.

The viscous mass obtained from melting is poured into

moulds to get different types of articles of desired shape by
either blowing or pressing between the rollers.

• Annealing.

Glass articles are then allowed to cool gradually at room

temperature by passing through different chambers with
descending temperatures. This reduces the internal Strain in
the glass.
Varieties of glass
Soda lime or Potash lime or Lead glass or Borosilicate or
soft glass hard glass flint glass Pyrex glass

Alumino- 96% Silica 99.5% Silica Safety glass

Silicate glass glass glass(Vitreosil)
Optical or Poly-crystalline Toughened Colored glass
Crook’s glass glass glass

Wired Glass Glass Wool Fiber glass Photosensitive

glass
Photo- Neutral glass Laminated Insulating glass
chromic glass glass
Soda lime or soft glass
About 90% of all glass is soda-lime glass made with silica (sand), Calcium
carbonate and soda ash.
The approximate composition is Na2CO3.CaO.6SiO2.
They are low cost, resistant to water but not to acids.
They can melt easily and hence can be hot worked.

Uses:
Window glass, Electric bulbs, Plate glass,
Bottles, Jars, cheaper table wares, test tubes,
reagent bottles etc

8
Lead glass or flint glass
• It is made up of lead oxide fluxed with silica and
K2CO3 is used instead of sodium oxide.

• Its approximate composition is K2Co3.PbO.SiO2.

• Uses:
High quality table wares, optical lenses, neon
sign tubing, cathode ray tubes, electrical
insulators, crystal art objects or cut glass,
Windows and Shields for protection against X-
rays and Gamma rays in medical and atomic
energy fields etc.
Borosilicate

• It contains SiO2(80.5%),
B2O3(13%), Al2O3(03%),
K2O(3%) and Na2O(0.5%).
These glass have low thermal
coefficient of expansion, and
high chemical resistance
i.e..shock proof.

• It is common hard glass

containing silica and boron
with small amount of alumina
and less alkaline solids.
 Wired glass
• Wired glass does not fall apart into splinters when it
breaks and is fire resistant. It is made by fusing wire
in between the two glass layers.

Uses:
For making fire resistant doors, roofs, skylights and
windows
 Fiber glass

• It is transformed into a fine thread of filament and has got a high

tensile strength.

Uses:
Found extensive use for the manufacture of fabric, reinforcing
plastics and production of thermal insulation materials etc
 Insulating glass

• Two or more plates of glass are filled with

dehydrated air and the edges are sealed air-tightly.

• Uses:
Provides thermal insulating and so houses remain
cool in summer and warm in winter.
Fracture / failure of glass
• Glass does not have crystal lattice structure
hence it breaks. Fracture is caused by small
imperfections, flaws and irregularity on the
surface of the glass. Flaws are very fine cracks
cause concentration of stress and the crack
proceeds quickly causing a fracture….
 GEOTEXTILE &
GEOMEMBRANE
WHAT ARE GEOTEXTILE?
• Geotextiles are fabrics (textiles) which have been manufactured
(synthetic) to withstand in-soil (geo) forces with particular function in
mind. It may be of natural materials such as jute,coir,cotton etc.
RAW MATERIALS OF GEOTEXTILE
• The four main polymer families most widely used as the raw material
for geotextiles are:
• Polyester
• Polyamide
• Polypropylene
• Polyethylene
TYPES OF GEOTEXTILE
• Geotextiles are commonly divided into two categories based
on method of construction:
• Woven
• Greater strength
• Less stretch
• Less cost
• Lower permeability (4-50 gal/min / sq.ft)
• Non-woven
• More cost for comparable strength
• High permeability (100+ gal/min / sq.ft)
FUNCTION OF GEOTEXTILE
• Separation - (layers)
• Filtration - (silt fence or drain sock)
• Reinforcement - (wet areas)
• Transmission - (drainage)
• Protection.
SEPARATION
Geotextiles function to prevent mutual mixing between 2 layers of
soil having different particle sizes or different properties.
DRAINAGE
The function of drainage is to gather water, which is not required
functionally by the structure, such as rainwater or surplus water in
the soil, and discharge it .
FILTRATION
• Filtration involves the establishment of a stable interface between the
drain and the surrounding soil.
REINFORCEMENT
• Due to their high soil fabric friction coefficient and high tensile
strength, heavy grades of geotextiles are used to reinforce earth
structures allowing the use of local fill material.
PROTECTION
• Erosion of earth embankments by wave action, currents and repeated
drawdown is a constant problem requiring the use of non-erodable
protection in the form of rock beaching or mattress structures.
Beneath these is placed a layer of geotextile to prevent leaching of
fine material. The geotextile is easily placed, even under water
IMPORTANCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
• Road works
• Railway tracks
• Drainages
• River canals and coastal works
• Sports field construction
GEOMEMBRANE
• Geomembranes are a kind of geosynthetic material made up of
an impermeable membranes. Their uses include solid waste
containment (such as landfill liners), mining, and water
containment applications.
APPLICATION OF GEOMEMBRANE
• As liners for potable water
• As liners for reserve water (e.g., safe shutdown of nuclear facilities)
• As liners for waste liquids (e.g., sewage sludge)
• Liners for radioactive or hazardous waste liquid
• As liners for secondary containment of underground storage tanks
• As liners for solar ponds
• As liners for brine solutions
• As liners for the agriculture industry
• As liners for the aquiculture industry
DIFFERENECE BETWEEN GEOTEXTILE AND
GEOMEMBRANE
• Geotextile is generally a woven material and is used to separate
layers. Used under road building materials to prevent punching
through.

Gomembrane would be an impervious layer used for lining a

retention pond.
GREEN BUILDING

29
 Source of Material
➢Renewable sources: Forests
➢Reuse from waste: old plumbing , doors
etc..

10/15/2023 30
Waste utilization and
sustainable materials
INTRODUCTION
• Construction waste recycling is the separation and
recycling of recoverable waste materials generated
during construction and remodeling.
• Construction by nature is not an eco-friendly activity.
NEED FOR ADOPTION OF PROPER METHODS
OF RECYCLING
a)It reduces the demand up on new resources.
b)Cuts down the cost and effort of transport and
production.
c)Use waste which would otherwise be lost to landfill
sites.
FACTORS THAT ASSESS THE QUALITY OF
RECYCLED AGGREGATE
• Size distribution:- that recycled aggregates either fine or coarse can
be obtained by crushing.
• Absorption :- high in recycled aggregates than in natural aggrigates
• Abrasion resistance :- Use of such aggregates as sub base in flexible
pavements show promising results
 PROPERTIES OF FRESH RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE

• The air content of recycled aggregate concrete is slightly higher ( 4-5

% ) than concrete with natural aggregate.
• Bulk density of recycled concrete is less than fresh concrete,
 VIABLE TECHNOLOGY ON CONSTRUCTION
WASTE RECYCLING

When considering a recyclable material, three major areas need to be

taken in to account are:
• Economy
• Compatibility with other materials
• Material properties
COMMANLY RECOVERED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

• Asphalt Paving
• Land Clearing Residuals
• Wood
• Gypsum Wallboard
• Buildings
• Metals
• Concrete
• Roofing(non-asphalt shingles)
• Brick
Metals
Common metals include steel, aluminum, and copper. Metals are
melted down and reformed into metal products.
Concrete
It is crushed, the
reinforcement bar is
removed, and the
material is screened
for size. Market
outlets for recycled
concrete include road
base, general fill,
pavement aggregate,
and drainage media.
Materials Used In Green
Constructions

42
 Wool brick
➢Obtained by adding
wool and a natural
polymer found in
seaweed to the clay of
the brick,
➢37% More strength than
burnt bricks
➢Resistant for cold and
wet climate

10/15/2023 43
 Sustainable Concrete
➢Crushed glass
➢ Wood chips or
slag - a byproduct
of steel
manufacturing.
➢Reduces the
emission of CO2

10/15/2023 44
Solar Tiles
➢ Exist to simply
protect a building
➢ They spend a
large portion of
the day absorbing
energy from the
sun.

45
 Paper Insulation
➢Made from
recycled
newspapers and
cardboard
➢Then filled with
chemical foam
➢Insect resistant
&fire retardant

10/15/2023 46
 Triple-Glazed Windows
➢Super-efficient
windows
➢Stops heat to enter
the building & from
direct sunlight

10/15/2023 47
THERMAL INSULATING
MATERIALS
Building Insulation
• A material to improve energy efficiency and comfort in a building
• Thermal insulation
• To reduce the rate of heat transfer
• Acoustic insulation
• To reduce the intensity of sound
Thermal insulation
• Heat flows out of the building in the winter and into the building in
the summer
• Building envelop partially resist this heat loss or gain
• Insulation is used to further reduce this unwanted heat loss or gain
• Insulation provides comfort for its occupants and decreases the
energy requirements of heating and cooling systems
• Examples: Cellulose, fiberglass, rock wool, etc.
HIGH PERFORMANCE
CONCRETE (HPC)
 High-Value Concrete

• High value generally associated with High-

Performance
• What is High-Performance?
• High-Early Strength Concrete
• High-Strength Concrete
• High-Durability Concrete
• Self-Consolidating Concrete
• Reactive Powder Concrete

High-Value Concrete
Characteristics of HPC

• High early strength

• High strength
• High modulus of elasticity
• High abrasion resistance
• High durability and long life in severe environments
• Low permeability and diffusion
• Resistance to chemical attack`
Advantages
• Reduction in size of the columns
• Speed of construction
• More economical than steel concrete composite
columns
• Workability and pumpability
• Most economical material in terms of time and
money
• Reduced depth of floor system and decrease in overall
building height
• Higher seismic resistance, lower wind sway and drift
• Improved durability in aggressive environment
• Wearing resistance, abrasion resistance
• Durability against chloride attack
• Increased durability in marine environment
• Low shrinkage and high strength
• Service life more than 100 years
• High tensile strength
• Reduced maintenance cost
When to use HPC ??
➢ SEVERE EXPOSURE CONDITION

➢ INCREASE DURABILITY

➢ PREVENT DETERIORATION
APPLICATION
➢ BRIDGES

➢ HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

➢ TUNNELS

➢ PAVEMENTS

➢ NUCLEAR STUCTURES
LIMITATION
• HPC has to be manufactured and placed much
more carefully than normal concrete.

• An extended quality control is required

• In concrete plant and at delivery site, additional

tests are required. This increases the cost

• Some special constituents are required which

may not be available in the ready mix
Self-Consolidating Concrete
Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) also
known as self-compacting concrete —
flows and consolidates on its own
• developed in 1980s — Japan
• Increased amount of
• Fine material
(i.e. fly ash or limestone filler)
• HRWR/Superplasticizers
• Strength and durability same as
conventional concrete
High-Value Concrete
Self-Consolidating Concrete

High-Value Concrete
Definition-
According to ACI 544.1R-82, fibre
reinforced concrete is defined as
concrete made with hydraulic cement,
containing fine or fine and coarse
aggregate, and discontinuous discrete
fibres.
•.
It may also contain pozzolans and other admixtures
commonly used in conventional concrete.
• for most structural and non-structural
purpose,steel fiber is the most commonly used of
all the fibers.

• It is known to reinforce concrete using steel cages

of welded rods, or indeed individual rods tied
together which may present some problems,
Where concrete is required to be locally tough, or
the geometrical shape to be reinforced is complex,
such reinforcement is not very effective
Why FRC???!!!!
1.Concrete is relatively brittle, and its tensile strength is
typically only about one tenths of its compressive strength.
2. Regular concrete is therefore normally reinforced with
steel reinforcing bars.

3. Increase the energy absorption capacity and toughness

of the material, but also increase tensile and flexural
strength of concrete.

✓Addition of fibers to concrete makes it a homogeneous

and isotropic material. When concrete cracks, the
randomly oriented fibers start functioning, arrest crack
formation and propagation, and thus improve strength &
ductility.
4 . Fibers addition increase-
➢the flexure strength by 67 percent,
➢ the splitting tensile strength by 57 percent
➢the impact strength 25 times.

5 . Disperse fibers offer various advantages of steel bars and

wiremesh to reduce shrinkage cracks:
(a) the fibers are uniformly distributed in
three-dimensions making an efficient load
distribution;
(b) the fibers are less sensitive to corrosion
than the reinforcing steel bars,
(c) the fibers can reduce the labor cost of
placing the bars and wiremesh.
•High modulus of elasticity for effective long-term
reinforcement, even in the hardened concrete.

•Safe and easy to

handle and does
not protrude
through the finished
surface nor sink .
•Greater retained toughness in
conventional concrete mixes.
•Increased impact strength and abrasion
resistance.
•Higher flexural strength, depending on
addition rate.
Designs of fibres-
Fiber Types
Fibers are produced from different materials in
various shapes and sizes. Typical fiber materials
are-
•Steel Fibers
•Glass Fibers
•Natural Organic and Mineral Fibers
Wood, asbestos, cotton and bamboo.
•Polypropylene Fibers
•Other Synthetic Fibers
Kevlar, nylon, and polyester.
TYPES OF FIBRES AND THEIR USE-
Most commonly used materials are:
1.steel (Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete)
2.glass fibers (Glass Fiber Reinforced
Concrete)

That are acid resisting

 GFRC
it is one of the most popular and innovative building
materials
What is GFRC?
It is a composite of Portland cement, fine aggregate,
water, acrylic co-polymer, glass fiber reinforcement and
additives.
➢It has much higher flexural and tensile strengths
allowing its use in thin-wall casting applications.
➢GFRC is lightweight

✓Specific gravity of glass fibre is 2.55 to 2.6. Hence

requires lesser number of count of fibre in a given area.
Benefits of GFRC
•Highly durable and safe
•Design freedom since GFRC is able to be
molded into almost any shape and color
•Requires very low maintenance
•Installation is quick and cost effective
•Weather and fire resistant
•Economical
•Energy efficient
STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED
CONCRETE
steel fibre reinforcement offers
a solution to the problem of cracking
by making concrete tougher and more
ductile.

The randomly-oriented steel fibres

assist in controlling the propagation
of micro-cracks
present in the matrix, by improving
the overall cracking resistance of
matrix itself.
ADVANTAGES-
➢ failure of a SFRC specimen is due mainly to
fibres reaching their ultimate
strength, and not due to their pull-out.
Steel fibers can:
•Reduce steel reinforcement requirements
•Improve impact– and abrasion–resistance
•Improve freeze-thaw resistance
 Reinforced in column

Reinforced in a concrete
block
Corrosion of Steel Fibers
• A lO-year exposure of steel fibrous mortar to
outdoor weathering in an industrial atmosphere
showed no adverse effect on the strength
properties.
• Corrosion was found to be confined only to fibers
actually exposed on the surface.
• Steel fibrous mortar continuously immerse in
seawater for 10 years exhibited a 15 percent loss
compared to 40 percent strength decrease of plain
mortar.
 Role of fibre size

•short fibers : uniform distribution of short

fibers can increase the strength and ductility of
the composite.
•ƒLong fibers are needed to bridge discrete
macro cracks at higher loads; however the volume
fraction of long fibers can be much smaller than
the volume fraction of short fibers. The presence
of long fibers significantly reduces the workability
of the mix.
Structural Behavior of FRC
The following are some of the structural
behavior:
Flexure
❖The use of fibers in reinforced concrete
flexure members increases ductility, tensile
strength, moment capacity, and stiffness.
❖ The fibers improve crack control and
preserve post cracking structural integrity of
members.
Torsion
•The use of fibers eliminate the
sudden failure characteristic of
plain concrete beams and columns.
• It increases , torsional strength,
rotational capacity.

Shear
•increases shear capacity of
reinforced concrete beams up to
100 percent.
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC)
Typical stress-deformation behaviour of fibre reinforced
concrete and unreinforced concrete in flexure of a beam

Ultimate load (reinforced)

Ultimate load (unreinforced)

Mechanical Properties of FRC
Addition of fibers to concrete influences its
mechanical properties –
Compressive Strength
• only minor improvement.
Modulus of Elasticity
• increases slightly
• for each 1 % increase in fiber content by volume
there is an increase of 3% in the modulus of
elasticity.
Flexure strength
• increased by 2.5 times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness
• 10 to 40 times that of plain concrete.
 Applications of FRC
• Residential: including driveways, sidewalks
• Commercial: exterior and interior floors, slabs, parking areas.

• Warehouse/ Industrial: light to heavy duty loaded floors ,roadways

•Highways/Roadways/Bridges: conventional concrete paving.

•Ports & airports: runways, loading ramps etc
•Waterways: dams, lock structures, ditches etc.
•Elevated decks: elevated formwork at airports
• Precast Concrete and products: architecture panels
• Other applications