Aalborg Universitet

A Comprehensive Review on Wireless Capacitive Power Transfer Technology

Fundamentals and Applications
Erel, Mehmet Zahid; Bayindir, Kamil Cagatay; Aydemir, Mehmet Timur; Chaudhary, Sanjay
K.; Guerrero, Josep M.
Published in:
IEEE Access

DOI (link to publication from Publisher):

10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3139761

Creative Commons License

CC BY 4.0

Publication date:
2022

Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link to publication from Aalborg University

Citation for published version (APA):

Erel, M. Z., Bayindir, K. C., Aydemir, M. T., Chaudhary, S. K., & Guerrero, J. M. (2022). A Comprehensive
Review on Wireless Capacitive Power Transfer Technology: Fundamentals and Applications. IEEE Access, 10,
3116-3143. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3139761

General rights
Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners
and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.

- Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.
- You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain
- You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal -
Take down policy
If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to
the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: Desember 05, 2024

Received December 10, 2021, accepted December 26, 2021, date of publication December 30, 2021,
date of current version January 10, 2022.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3139761

A Comprehensive Review on Wireless Capacitive

Power Transfer Technology: Fundamentals and
Applications
MEHMET ZAHID EREL 1 , KAMIL CAGATAY BAYINDIR2 ,
MEHMET TIMUR AYDEMIR 3 , (Member, IEEE),
SANJAY K. CHAUDHARY4 , (Senior Member, IEEE), AND JOSEP M. GUERRERO4 , (Fellow, IEEE)
1 Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kadir Has University, 34083 İstanbul, Turkey
4 Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark

Corresponding author: Mehmet Zahid Erel ([email protected])

ABSTRACT Capacitive power transfer (CPT) technology is becoming increasingly popular in various
application areas. Due to its limitations, such as low frequency, low coupling capacitance, and the high
voltage stress on metal plates, the studies on high power CPT applications fell behind previously. Therefore,
the wideband gap (WBG) semiconductor devices and the compensation topologies are further adopted to
tackle these limitations. The main purpose of the paper is to review CPT applications in terms of performance
parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and also challenges. Initially, the basic principles of CPT technology
are examined, which cover compensation topologies, coupler structures, transfer distance, power electronic
components, and system control methods. Then, CPT applications are evaluated for performance parameters
(i.e., power level, operation frequency, system efficiency, transfer distance) along with compensation types,
inverter types, and coupler types. The applications are categorized into six main groups according to
industrial topics as safety, consumer electronics, transport, electric machines, biomedical, and miscellaneous.
Herein, power level changes from µW to kW ranges, the operation frequency varies from 100s of kHz to 10s
of MHz ranges as well. The maximum system efficiency is recorded as 97.1 %. The transfer distance varies
from µm range to 100s of mm ranges. The full-bridge inverter topology and four-plate coupler structure are
noticeable in CPT applications. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of CPT applications are
evaluated in detail. This review is expected to serve as a reference for researchers who study on CPT systems
and their applications.

INDEX TERMS Capacitive power transfer, capacitive coupling, wireless power transfer.

I. INTRODUCTION (laser) power transfer applications [5] and microwave (radio)

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology was put for- power transfer applications [6]. On the other hand, near-field
ward to transmit electrical energy using coils by Tesla [1]. WPT is based on non-radiative energy. The non-radiative
In 1961, Schuder contributed to WPT technology in biomed- energy can be transferred depending on the coupling tech-
ical applications [2]. Brown and Glaser are the pioneers niques that are magnetic resonant coupling [7], inductive
of contactless microwave power transfer [3], [4]. WPT can coupling [8], capacitive coupling [9], and magneto-dynamic
be categorized into two scenarios: far-field and near-field coupling [10]. Furthermore, near-field and far-field cate-
wireless power transfer technologies depending on the trans- gories are comprehensively reviewed in WPT [11]. Among
fer distance. Far-field WPT is based on electromagnetic the coupling techniques, inductive and capacitive coupling
radiation. It can be classified into two types as optical techniques become prominent. The foremost technique uses
an alternating magnetic field to transfer power wirelessly
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and and is hereafter called inductive power transfer (IPT). The
approving it for publication was Nagesh Prabhu . basic inductive power transfer scheme is formed with a

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
3116 VOLUME 10, 2022
M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

high frequency inverter on the primary side, a high fre- device. The authors point out that CPT is more robust against
quency rectifier with a load on the secondary side, and exposure to EMI.
an inductive coupling interface as well. The latter tech- This paper presents a different perspective on CPT appli-
nique utilizes an alternating electric field to transfer power cations. Hence, CPT applications are categorized into six
wirelessly and is hereafter called capacitive power transfer main groups as safety applications, consumer electronics
(CPT). A basic scheme of the CPT system includes a high applications, transport applications, electric machines appli-
frequency inverter on the primary side, a high frequency cations, biomedical applications, and miscellaneous appli-
rectifier with a load on the secondary side, and a capaci- cations. Then, sub-applications for each main application
tive coupling interface. Compared to IPT technology, CPT are determined in this paper. Firstly, we have safety appli-
has many advantages: lower cost, lightweight, lower eddy- cations that involve foreign object and voltage stress. The
current loss, higher reliability, and lower EMI [12]. Consid- second is consumer electronics applications that embody
ering review articles regarding IPT and CPT techniques, IPT LED lighting, portable device charging, and integrated cir-
has many alternatives. For instance, electric vehicles (EVs) cuits (ICs). The third one is that transport applications
charging in static and dynamic charging concepts [13], include electric vehicle charging, drone (UAV) charging, and
in terms of state-of-the-art research [14], [15], and compen- underwater charging. Additionally, electric vehicle charging
sation topologies [16], [17]. Jiang et al. reviewed resonant applications are classified as static, dynamic, bidirectional,
and non-resonant inverter structures in terms of their key and robotics. The fourth one is electric machines applica-
features and characteristics [18]. The authors concluded that tions which cover synchronous machines, three-phase, and
class EF2 resonant inverter is a good option to obtain high rotary. The fifth one is biomedical applications, and the last
efficiency power transfer, and the direct single-stage AC- one is miscellaneous applications that contain hybrid and
AC non-resonant converter is a good candidate to reach the multiple transmitters/receivers. Furthermore, applications are
desired high frequency operation. The typical applications reviewed with performance parameters (i.e., power level,
and future trends are also presented in a review concept operation frequency, system efficiency, and transfer distance)
for IPT [19]. Herein, typical applications are represented by along with compensation types, inverter types, and coupler
Electric Vehicles (EVs), biomedical implants, and portable types. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, and also challenges
electronics. of CPT applications are reviewed in detail.
Considering CPT applications, Dai and Ludois [20] pre- Following the introductory section, this paper is organized
sented a comparative study of inductive and capacitive as follows. Section II introduces the basic principles and
couplings based on small air-gap applications. Herein, perfor- operation of CPT. Section III elaborates the applications in
mance parameters (i.e., power level, transfer efficiency, oper- detail. Finally, conclusions and suggestions are drawn in
ating frequency, transfer distance, transmitter, and receiver section IV.
areas, etc.) are reviewed in detail. Furthermore, challenges
and limitations are mentioned in both techniques with rec- II. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND OPERATION OF CAPACITIVE
ommendations. Low coupling capacitance and high voltage POWER TRANSFER
stress on capacitive coupler are referred as the most criti- A typical scheme of a CPT system is represented in Fig. 1.
cal ones. In a review by Rozario et al. [21], compensation Herein, a CPT system consists of the primary side and the
networks in small air-gap and large air-gap applications are secondary side. The primary side is represented by a high
investigated to find the best compensator for the designer. frequency inverter and the primary compensation network.
Moreover, comparative studies on compensation networks The secondary side is represented by the secondary compen-
are carried out according to the performance metrics (i.e., sen- sation network, rectifier, and load. The capacitive coupler
sitivity to distance, tolerance on frequency, power level, and is a medium, which provides a power flow loop. A high
control capability). The authors concluded that while the LLC frequency inverter is used to provide AC excitation for the
resonant network is the best compensator for small air-gap primary and secondary resonant components with the help of
CPT applications as they provide a flexible design, double- displacement current in the coupling interface. A rectifier is
sided LCLC, and double-sided LC compensation networks ultimately used to supply DC for the load. The compensation
should be used in large air-gap CPT applications as they pro- networks enable a minimum impedance to flow the current
vide reduced voltage stress. Lu et al. [22] reviewed compen- via resonance condition with improved system efficiency.
sation topologies, capacitive coupler structures, and recent Among the compensation networks, filter-based topologies
developments in CPT technology. In addition, a comparative are drawn attention in CPT systems, such as LC, LCL, LCLC,
study is conducted for CPT and IPT technologies in terms etc. The coupling interface plays an essential role for both
of their advantages and disadvantages. The authors identified primary and secondary sides. Although two-plate, four-plate,
that CPT has better large misalignment performance for EVs six-plate, and electric field repeater are available for the con-
charging applications. The conventional coupler structures ventional capacitive coupler structures, four-plate structures
are also reviewed as two-plate, four-plate, six-plate, and elec- are generally preferred in CPT applications. In a typical four-
tric field repeater. Mustapa et al. [23] presented a litera- plate coupler structure, two plates form a forward path, and
ture review on CPT technology in a biomedical implantable the other two plates generate a return path for the resonant

VOLUME 10, 2022 3117

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

FIGURE 1. A typical scheme of a CPT system.

current. Different materials are used for the capacitive plates, higher power transfer capability, higher efficiency, and mini-
such as aluminum, zinc, copper, etc. Among the materials, mized power rating of the converter.
aluminum metal plates are usually utilized due to the low
cost. In contrast to IPT technology, alternating electric fields 2) PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS IN LITERATURE
are used to transfer power wirelessly. Moreover, the system Double-sided L compensation is a filter-based topology,
weight and cost are reduced due to the metal plates compared which provides a simplified circuit structure. Herein, the
to Litz wire coils in IPT. There is no necessity for the plate capacitive coupler acts as a resonant capacitor to compensate
thickness and shape. However, the shape of the metal plates the series inductor [26]–[30] present in multi-cell applica-
can provide a flexible design for different applications. The tions [31], multi-phase applications [32], and also mutual
electric field emission can be reduced via circular-shaped capacitance effect [33]–[35]. Furthermore, one pulse switch-
metal plates as well. Coupling capacitance depends on plate ing active capacitor (OPSAC) is used instead of a resonant
area, transfer distance, and the dielectric material between the inductor to resist parameter variations [36]–[38]. Double-
metal plates [24]. sided LCL compensation is proposed by Theodoridis to
As the transfer distance increases, the value of cou- increase power transfer for portable device charging appli-
pling capacitance decreases, and hence the switching fre- cations [39]. Zhang et al. presented double-sided LCL com-
quency needs to be increased to obtain a sufficient power pensation for EV charging applications [40]. In addition,
level. However, the system efficiency will drop due to an optimization study is carried out to improve the parameters
increase in the switching losses. Furthermore, higher reso- in double-sided LCL compensation [41]. Lu et al. proposed
nant inductors are required to satisfy low coupling capaci- double-sided LCLC compensation [42]. Herein, the number
tances. Higher resonant inductors lead to higher conduction of passive components is a disadvantage of the compen-
losses and also lower system efficiency. Therefore, com- sator, where the output power and system efficiency are well
pensation networks affect system efficiency and hence they proportioned. Afterwards, double-sided CLLC compensation
should be designed properly for high power large air-gap is put forward to reduce the required resonant inductance
applications. value [43]. A comparative study is carried out between
LCLC and CLLC topologies considering output power and
efficiency under the variations [44]. Although efficiency
A. COMPENSATION TOPOLOGIES and output power linearly increase with the load resistance
1) THE BASIC STRUCTURE for CLLC compensation, the efficiency of LCLC compen-
Compensation topologies are an essential part of the CPT sation does not linearly increase with the load resistance.
system as given in Table 1. Due to the limited size of metal In addition, LCLC and CLLC compensation topologies have
plates and low permittivity of air, the coupling capacitances higher coupling capacitances and output power capability
tend to have very low value, and it leads to a large coupling compared to L and LCL compensation topologies. A com-
impedance. Thus, coupling impedance is generally much parative study is carried out for LCL, LCLC, and CLLC
larger than the load impedance [25]. Compensation topolo- compensation topologies in terms of voltage gain consider-
gies are designed to increase the voltage across the capacitive ing load, frequency, and coupling variations [45]. Thus, the
coupler for the primary side and to reduce the voltage on the CLLC compensator is the best one for system performance
secondary side. Therefore, compensation topologies provide variation. A double-sided LC compensation is suggested for

3118 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

large air-gap applications [46], [47]. Herein, output power

and coupling coefficient terms are inversely proportional to
each other [47]. Hence, optimization studies are carried out to
improve system efficiency [48]–[53]. The steady output volt-
ages and higher system efficiencies are obtained due to the
optimization studies. Then, a comparative study is performed
to realize the characteristics of the LC, LCL and, LCLC
topologies [54]. Herein, the output current, current gain, and
output power terms are compared for different operating
frequencies. Thus, the LCLC compensation is more robust
when the operation frequency changes. Hybrid compensation
networks are also reviewed, such as LC-CLC compensation
to enhance the coupler misalignment performance [55] and
LCL-L compensation to improve the system performance
reducing the number of components [56], [57]. Multi-stage
networks are proposed to provide higher voltage and current
gain for high power applications [58].
Impedance-based compensation networks are proposed in
CPT systems. For instance, Z impedance compensation has
a symmetrical Z shape structure, which includes two identi-
cal inductors and two identical capacitors. Moreover, it has
advantages encountered in short circuit and open circuit con-
ditions [63]. F type compensation topology acquires an F
shape structure, which comprises a resonant capacitor along
with two resonant inductors. It has benefits in case of a
sudden change in pick up [64]. Lastly, analysis and compara-
tive works on compensation topologies are comprehensively
discussed [21], [25], [61], [65]–[70]. The results show that
conventional compensation topologies are typically used in
CPT applications. Among them, L compensation has a sim-
plified structure, typically used in small air-gap applications.
However, higher resonant inductance and more sensitive to
misalignments are its drawbacks. LCLC and CLLC topolo-
gies are typically used in large air-gap and high power appli-
cations since system power is proportional with the coupling
coefficient value. CLLC compensation is the best one during
system performance variations.

B. CAPACITIVE COUPLER STRUCTURES

1) THE AIM
Fig. 2 represents the classification of conventional capacitive
coupler structures. The main purpose of the coupler that con-
sists of metal plates is to provide power transfer generating
electric fields.

2) PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS IN LITERATURE

Initially, two-plate structures are reviewed in detail. Herein,
one metal plate serves as a power transmitter and the other
metal plate serves as a power receiver. Furthermore, two-plate
structures are categorized into three types according to appli-
FIGURE 2. Classification of coupler structures: (a) two plate [75], [78], [86]
cation areas in this review. Firstly, the quasi-wireless applica- (b) four-plate [40], [47] (c) six-plate [104] (d) electric field repeater [110].
tion consists of a power transmitter and a power receiver with
a returning path [71]–[74]. In this concept, only two metal
plates are required, and the other two metal plates are replaced path. Zhang and Lu propose an air-gap distance of 2m quasi-
by the earth ground, which provides the current-returning wireless application [75]. According to that, it can be applied

VOLUME 10, 2022 3119

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 1. Conventional compensation topologies.

in both indoor and outdoor CPT applications. Neste et al. ing application can be mentioned in the two-plate concept.
suggest a large surface quasi-wireless application [76], [77]. Using parasitic capacitances between the vehicle chassis
Thus, the system cost is reduced using inexpensive sur- and earth ground to provide the current-returning path is
faces to transfer power. Secondly, electric vehicle charg- the special feature for this concept. In addition, the stray

3120 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

capacitance provides current-returning path [78], [79]. Metal TABLE 2. Comparison of conventional capacitive coupler structures.
wheels also play an essential role to provide current-returning
path [80], [81]. The third one is a single-wire application
that includes a power transmitter, power receiver, and load
[82]–[86]. In this concept, a physical current-returning path
is not used. Moreover, the working principle of single-wire
applications is depending on the voltage difference between
the terminals, and hence displacement current flows through.
For this condition, large misalignment tolerance is provided
between the coupled plates [86]. Electric field and magnetic
field distributions between two coupled circular plates are
also investigated in a single-wire concept. [87]. Hence, the
electric field is uniformly distributed in the middle of two
coupled plates whereas the magnetic field is unevenly dis-
tributed because of the lead wires. Four-plate coupler struc-
ture can be classified into two types as two pairs of metal
plates in a parallel position [88] focusing on its different
grounding conditions [89] and a vertical position reducing on sleeves. A hybrid coupler, which consists of inductive and
system size and improving coupling capacitance [40], [90] capacitive couplers is proposed to provide space-saving in
along with its input and output ports configurations [91]. WPT applications [115]. One of the advantages of the coupler
Moreover, misalignment conditions are discussed in four- is to provide compact and flexible structure. Nevertheless, the
plate structures [92]–[94]. Thus, the horizontal structure is system model becomes complex with the integration of two-
more sensitive to misalignments. Besides, the port capaci- parallel frame. The role of dielectric materials is discussed
tance term is proposed to derive the cross-coupling capacitors for capacitive coupler structures [24], [116]–[118]. There-
in modeling of the coupler [56], [95]. The modeling of the fore, the effective coupling capacitance can be considerably
coupling interface is presented based on the coupling coef- enhanced with the integration of dielectric materials, which
ficient term [96]–[98]. Herein, the reduced cross-coupling have higher relative permittivity than air.
effect provides higher power transfer. Both [47], [48] men- The features of conventional capacitive coupler structures
tion the π type and two-port equivalent models to simplify are given in Table 2. Misalignment is also a crucial issue to
the complicated coupler structure. A current source-based consider in capacitive coupler structures. There are four pos-
two-port model is typically used in CPT systems. However, sible misalignment types called vertical, horizontal, angular,
Wang et al. propose an induced voltage source model to cope and rotational discussed in Table 3.
with coupling variations [99], [100]. The T-type model is also
proposed to easily realize optimal load conditions in contrast
to the π type model [101], [102]. Abramov et al. present a 3) COUPLER METHODOLOGY
model to realize cross-coupling relationships between input Calculation or estimation methods of coupling capacitance
and output ports of the CPT system [103]. The six-plate play a significant role to keep the resonance better in pri-
coupling structure includes active four plates inside and mary and secondary resonant circuits, then the compensation
larger passive two plates behind to reduce electric field emis- components are tuned accordingly [74]. Basic capacitance
sions [104]–[109]. The electric field repeater is proposed to formula does not consider the fringing field effect, specifi-
increase the transfer distance [110]. In addition, the electric cally large air-gap applications. Hence, finite element anal-
field repeater enables the utilization of multiple transmit- ysis (FEA) and response surface analysis (RSA) are used to
ters/receivers in the WPT system [22]. analyze the coupler and estimate the coupling capacitance.
Besides the conventional coupler structures, different cou- An analytical approach is also proposed to evaluate the cou-
pler designs have been proposed. Dai and Ludois propose pling capacitance matrix as an alternative to FEA [121].
a conformal bumper structure for EV charging applica- The compatibility becomes unavoidable for the capacitive
tions [111]. Herein, the coupling capacitance increases with coupler structures in interoperability conditions, specifically
reduced air-gap during charging process. A sandwich shaped for multiple transmitters and multiple receivers applications,
coupler is proposed to improve the system misalignment abil- which have different coupler areas or coupler configurations.
ity [112]. However, the angular misalignment is the drawback For this reason, a compatibility test is carried out between
side of the coupler. A separated circular coupler is suggested different coupler configurations in terms of coupling capac-
for drone (UAV) applications [113]. The coupler provides itance and coupling coefficient terms [79]. Thus, the ring
enhanced mutual capacitance. The sleeve-type coupler is sug- shaped coupler shows a good compatibility feature with the
gested for rotary applications to enhance the system perfor- ring shaped coupler, on the other hand, the square shaped
mance [114]. The sleeve-type coupler also provides smaller coupler shows a good compatibility feature with the square
coupler size, lower resonant inductance, and lower voltage and disc shaped couplers.

VOLUME 10, 2022 3121

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 3. Misalignment types in capacitive coupler structures.

FIGURE 3. Inverters: (a) class E (b) full-bridge.

tems [118]. Transfer distance is typically selected as 150 mm,

indicating the ground clearance of the vehicle chassis in
large airgap-based electric vehicle charging applications [51].
Lu et al. [42] achieved a maximum system efficiency with
90.8% for 150 mm transfer distance using double-sided
LCLC compensation. Thus, the limitations and challenges are
discussed based upon the increased transfer distance [122].
These are determined as human safety, system efficiency, the
required power level, air breakdown, and allowable fringing
In summary, the two-plate structure has advantages in field levels. In summary, transfer distance drastically affects
terms of the reduced number of metal plates. Among the the system performance in WPT applications.
four-plate coupler structures, the four-plate vertical structure
provides a compact solution, rotational misalignment toler- D. POWER ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND SYSTEM
ance, and higher self-capacitances. However, the four-plate CONTROL STRUCTURES
horizontal structure is typically preferred in CPT applica- In this section, power electronic components and system
tions due to the easily-realized equivalent circuit. Among control structures are thoroughly reviewed. According to that,
the conventional coupler structures, the six-plate coupler is power electronic components can be categorized into two
prominent in the safety concept. Nevertheless, the increased groups as inverters and rectifiers in a general CPT system.
number of coupling capacitors is the drawback in real-
izing such couplers. The electric field repeater provides 1) INVERTERS
long-distance wireless power transfer. However, increased Inverter structures occupy an essential place to excite res-
number of plates is the negative side of the coupler. onant components for primary and secondary circuits in
CPT systems. Considering inverter structures, half-bridge,
C. TRANSFER DISTANCE full-bridge, class E, class D, class ϕ2 , push-pull, and
Transfer distance or air-gaps classified as a small air-gap and quasi-resonant topologies are available in CPT systems.
a large air-gap play a significant role in determining output Among them, full-bridge and class E inverters become promi-
voltage and also output power in IPT and CPT applications. nent in CPT applications, as represented in Fig. 3. The
According to application areas, transfer distance changes half-bridge inverters, typically use WBG devices in CPT
crucially. For instance, the small air-gap applications are applications [123]–[126]. A grid integrated structure is pre-
regarded as less than 10 mm, and the large air-gap applica- sented along with a boost PFC [127]. Both [128], [129] intro-
tions are regarded as between 100 and 200 mm in CPT sys- duce the ZVS technique in low power CPT applications with

3122 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

half-bridge structure and asymmetric half-bridge structure,

respectively. On the other hand, full-bridge inverter structures
are typically used in medium power and high power CPT
applications using WBG devices [78], [130], [131].
Kumar et al. [132] propose a full-bridge-based inverter
structure to provide variable compensation in WPT systems.
It is possible to provide low cost, low resonant inductance,
and higher switching frequency via power amplifier topolo-
gies. However, class E, class D, and class ϕ2 inverter struc-
tures have figured in CPT applications among other power
amplifier-based inverters. Firstly, design methods are pre-
sented in a basic class E inverter structure [133], [134].
Herein, the system consists of an ideal active switch with
a shunt capacitance, a resonant inductor, and a capacitive
coupler structure with a load side, as shown in Fig. 3 (a).
Saat et al. carry out analysis and design studies on the
side of CPT technology, specifically low power applications
[135]–[140]. Resulting from one active switch and low cou-
pling capacitance, class E inverter is typically preferred in
low power CPT applications [141]–[143]. To improve the
power level and the transfer distance, studies are carried FIGURE 4. Rectifiers: (a) full-bridge (b) class E.
out using class E inverter structure [144]–[148]. Moreover,
studies are conducted to enhance the power transfer capabil-
ity and minimize the system size [149]–[152]. Considering tures are typically used in both small air-gap and large air-
class D inverter, both half-bridge and full-bridge structures gap CPT applications. A passive rectification is presented
are put forward [153]–[156]. Class D structures have lower to evaluate the capacitive effect of diode rectifiers [165].
voltage stress on the switching devices than class E structures; On the other hand, full-bridge active rectifier structures are
however, a complicated gate driver circuit and increased THD utilized in bidirectional CPT applications. Class E half-bridge
of the output voltage are the disadvantages [153]. Addition- rectifier structures are generally used in class E2 DC-DC
ally, soft-switching methods are discussed in class D inverter converter applications that consist of class E inverter and
structures to provide peak efficiency [157]–[159]. Among the class E rectifier. Class E full-bridge rectifier has lower diode
CPT applications, the class D inverter is utilized in consumer conduction loss, higher power density, and higher frequency
electronics [60], [160]. Kim and Choi propose a class ϕ2 rectification than class E half-bridge rectifier [166]. Thus,
inverter structure for CPT systems [161]. Although the class Domingos et al. propose a class E full-bridge rectifier for CPT
ϕ2 inverter is resemble to class E inverter, it has an additional applications [167]. Active variable reactance (AVR) rectifier
circuit formed by an inductor and a capacitor in parallel structure is suggested in wireless capacitive power transfer
with the switch. It provides low voltage stress compared applications to compensate for large misalignment conditions
with the class E inverter structure. The push-pull converter is and distance variations among couplers [168], [169]. In sum-
involved in autonomous structure for comparison with class mary, class E rectifier topology is suitable for multi-MHz
E converter in terms of performance characteristics [162] and CPT applications due to its soft-switching capability.
the purpose of underground data transmission [163]. A single On the other hand, the full-bridge passive rectifier topology
switch quasi-resonant converter is then proposed to reduce becomes challenging for multi-MHz applications. Due to the
the losses and cost [164]. In summary, the full-bridge inverter capacitive effect of the diodes, there are changes in resonant
structure is typically used in high power CPT applications. frequency in high frequency operation. Although it has dis-
Power amplifier-based inverter structures are mainly utilized advantages also, it is typically used in medium power and
in low power CPT applications. high power CPT applications as it does not include complex
structure. Class E rectifier structure is mainly used in low
2) RECTIFIERS power CPT applications.
Rectifiers are of great importance in wireless power transfer
applications to supply regulated output voltage for a load. 3) SYSTEM CONTROL STRUCTURES
Half-bridge, full-bridge, and class E structures are available System control structures are of great importance in properly
in CPT rectifier topologies. Among them, full-bridge passive operate CPT systems and are typically put forward for load
rectifier and class E structures become prominent, shown and coupling capacitance variations.
in Fig. 4. Initially, a half-bridge rectifier is preferred in Considering load variations, power flow control method
dynamic charging railway applications as they provide low [170], auto frequency tuning control method [127], [171],
cost and low loss [80]. Full-bridge passive rectifier struc- perturb & observe (P&O)-based tracking control method [129],

VOLUME 10, 2022 3123

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) control method [172] are

proposed in CPT systems. The power flow control provides
automatic regulation of the output voltage against circuit
parameter variations. The auto frequency tuning control pro-
vides automatic control of switching frequency to make it
equal to resonant frequency during load variations. The P&O-
based control method creates optimal equivalent load against
the load variations via maximum power tracking. The LQG
control provides constant output voltage and low switching
loss by automatically adjusting the switching frequency to
the resonant frequency. Additionally, PI control is used to
regulate the output voltage in the case of physically separated
transmitter and receiver sides [173].
Considering coupling capacitance variations, frequency
bifurcation approach in control methods [174], quasi-sliding
mode control [175], hybrid control [176] are suggested in
CPT systems. The frequency bifurcation approach provides
coupling-independent operation, and hence relatively con-
stant efficiency and power transfer. The quasi-sliding mode
control provides system robustness during parameter varia-
tions. The hybrid control method is used to provide constant
output voltage and soft-switching operation. Herein, the out-
put current of the inverter is first detected, and the mode of FIGURE 5. CPT applications.
the inverter is determined by the controller.
Considering both coupling capacitance and load variations,
adaptive multi-loop control [177], the on-off keying modula-
1) FOREIGN OBJECT
tion control [28], [178], and output feedback control called
robust H∞ method [179] are proposed in CPT systems. The The foreign objects affect the system performance and absorb
adaptive multi-loop control includes frequency tracking and the energy through heat formation in WPT applications [180].
matching network tuning for the primary and secondary sides. Therefore, foreign objects can lead to the proper shutting
It provides power transfer regulation via variable matching down of the operating system. Foreign objects can be classi-
networks. The on-off keying modulation control senses the fied as living objects [181], metal objects [182], and dielectric
average value of the supply current, and it is compared with materials [183] in wireless capacitive charging applications.
a reference value to drive the circuit. It enables optimum The foreign objects are typically modeled as an equivalent
frequency and maximum efficiency operation during the vari- circuit to observe their effects on system performance. The
ations. The robust H∞ control is an output feedback control equivalent circuit models of a living object and a metal
method. It provides a regulated output voltage during the load object are presented for EVs charging applications [184].
variations. According to that, the robust H∞ control shows a Additionally, their detection methods are also presented.
better performance as compared with the PI control. An algorithm is proposed in low power CPT applications
based on target detection [185]. Herein, the value of trans-
mitter side capacitance is observed depending on whether
III. APPLICATIONS ON CAPACITIVE POWER TRANSFER foreign objects enter the system or not. The effects of foreign
In this section, applications of CPT are considered. The objects are evaluated in capacitive wireless electric vehicle
safety, consumer electronics, transport, electric machines, charging applications [186]. It is concluded that the foreign
biomedical, and miscellaneous applications indicate the main objects significantly impact the system’s performance when
CPT applications as shown in Fig. 5. Advantages and dis- the object gets close to the capacitive coupler. All in all,
advantages of CPT applications are thoroughly examined in foreign object detection is a critical issue in CPT systems
Table 12. At last, challenges of CPT applications that are that should be meet the safety requirements. Otherwise, per-
variable load, transfer medium, and safety issues mentioned formance degradation emerges due to the detuning of system
in detail. operating frequency and resonant frequency.

A. SAFETY APPLICATIONS 2) VOLTAGE STRESS

Safety applications are classified as the foreign object and Voltage stress applications take part in both low power and
voltage stress. The most important features of safety applica- high power CPT systems for safety concept. The main prin-
tions are given in Table 4. Based on this, it is aimed to show ciples of the voltage stress applications are to decrease elec-
which application type is more suitable. tric field emissions on capacitive metal plates. For instance,

3124 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

the effects of electric field emissions are considered in liv- capacitance and decrease the quality factor [60]. A cell-
ing tissues for biomedical applications [187]–[189], and the shaped capacitive coupler design is suggested for position-
human safety concept for electric vehicle charging applica- independent [209].
tions [190]. Mostafa et al. aimed at reducing voltage stress on The frequency and duty cycle control method is applied
metal plates in secondary side of the CPT system using CL to provide stable operation during coupling and load varia-
network [191], using step-down transformer [192], and uti- tions [28]. Both [210], [211] are proposed to achieve CPT
lizing buck converter [193] to provide less system sensitivity through metal barriers. Hence, the eddy current loss is
in low power applications. Luo et al. suggest an optimization reduced with a safety operation. The constant output volt-
method to improve the component values [194], [195] and age is intended for output independence between receivers
investigate network design to obtain maximum power transfer in mobile phone charging [212]. On the other hand, CPT
in high power CPT applications [196]. Both [197], [198] laptop charging application is considered by Theodoridis
present a predesigned voltage stress approach on capacitive with a design algorithm [39]. It provides minimum size
couplers to decrease the electric field emissions. Choi et al. and decreases voltage stress on the capacitive interface. The
propose a method, which comprises transformer usage in authors of [213], [214] discuss design methods for resonant
CPT systems. The authors proposed a double-sided trans- inductors in high frequency laptop charging applications.
former usage to reduce the system sensitivity and voltage The air-core inductor structure becomes prominent with the
stress [35], and one transformer usage to decrease the volume reduced cost. In conclusion, multi-MHz wireless charging is
of the system [199]. Lastly, a multi-objective optimization required to provide space-saving for portable device charging
method is also evaluated to improve the parameter val- applications. The WBG semiconductor devices are drawn
ues [41]. In the method, the power and signal channels are attention in converter topologies to enable higher efficiency.
modeled in a mathematical form, and objective functions Considering compensation topologies, L compensation is
are given based on the models. In summary, voltage stress widespread in portable device charging applications.
applications are mainly considered for human safety reducing
electric field emissions. 3) INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
The capacitive coupling enables electrical insulation between
B. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS
the ICs inside a chip. This condition makes CPT spe-
Consumer electronics applications are categorized as LED cial for the projected sensitive instruments, which need
lighting, portable device charging, and integrated circuits to be decoupled from the noise [218]. Wireless capaci-
(ICs). The most important features of consumer electronics tive power and data transfer are considered using bidirec-
applications are given in Table 5. Based on this, it is aimed to tional communication [217], using a subharmonic resonant
show which application type is more suitable. system [216], and using multiple receivers [215]. In sum-
mary, capacitive coupling provides reliable and efficient
1) LED LIGHTING
energy transmission in the ICs. The reduction of power
Due to the development of LED lighting technology in terms consumption is another critical issue. Additionally, transfer
of lower energy consumption, lower cost, and enhanced distance typically varies µm ranges for integrated circuits
life span operation, LED lighting applications have gained applications.
more importance for WPT applications in recent years [200].
Shmilovitz et al. propose a topology, which provides both
C. TRANSPORT APPLICATIONS
power transfer and galvanic isolation. The authors concluded
that lower cost, higher efficiency, and a straightforward Transport applications are categorized as electric vehicle
structure are obtained [201]–[203], and further lower cur- charging, drone charging, and underwater charging, as rep-
rent distortion for the CPT system [204]. Considering CPT resented in Fig. 6. CPT for EV charging is represented
applications, LED lighting applications are used along with in Fig. 6 (a). CPT for underwater charging is depicted in
unipolar CPT applications [205], rotary [206], and multiple Fig. 6 (b). CPT for drone charging is shown in Fig. 6. (c). EVs
transmitters [207]. Lastly, a design structure is proposed for charging applications are also grouped as static, dynamic,
decorative purposes in LED lighting CPT applications [208]. bidirectional, and robotics. The most important features of
In summary, LED lighting applications are mainly used in transport applications are given in Table 6. Based on this, it is
low power CPT systems. Among the converter topologies, the aimed to show which application type is more suitable.
resonant converter is prominent in LED lighting applications.
1) ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING
2) PORTABLE DEVICE CHARGING a: STATIC CHARGING
Portable device charging applications are classified as mobile Electric vehicle charging applications can be classified
phone charging and laptop charging. Initially, wireless mobile into two types as static wireless charging and dynamic
phone charging applications are evaluated in this section. wireless charging. Static wireless charging is a station-
Herein, a power amplifier structure with a step-up and ary charging type that overcomes hazardous cable charg-
step-down transformer is proposed to enhance the coupling ing problems. Major design principles of stationary wireless

VOLUME 10, 2022 3125

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 4. Safety applications.

TABLE 5. Consumer electronics applications.

charging can be stated as the selection of switching fre- effect [33], [71] are evaluated in CPT systems to increase the
quency, coupler design, compensation circuit design, and power level. Resonant inductances are also investigated in EV
converter design considering safety, efficiency, volume, and charging applications for CPT systems [221], [227], [228].
cost. When it is necessary to increase the transfer distance When the voltages on metal plates are increased to kV
between the plates, low coupling capacitance becomes the level, electric field emission rises that should otherwise be
most challenging problem, especially in high power CPT compatible with the standards. Hence, the design of capac-
systems. To tackle this problem, higher resonant induc- itive coupler structures is considered to reduce the electric
tances, higher switching frequency, and kV level voltages on field strength in EV charging applications [78], [79], [104],
metal plates are required [90]. Thus, different compensation [229]–[231]. Finally, EV charging applications need to sat-
topologies are proposed to increase the voltages on metal isfy power transfer requirements. These are related to the
plates, such as double-sided LCLC compensation [42], [219], switching frequency, coupling coefficient value, and voltages
double-sided CLLC compensation [43], double-sided LC on the coupler. In addition, full-bridge inverter topology and
compensation [78], [105], [220]–[223], double-sided LCL high-order compensation topologies become prominent in
compensation [40] and LCL-L compensation [57]. To adapt this application concept.
EV charging applications in CPT systems, switching fre-
quency is also increased to MHz ranges using WBG b: DYNAMIC CHARGING
semiconductors [220], [224]. Furthermore, multi-modular The structure of a dynamic CPT system includes the road-
inverter structures [131], [225], [226] and mutual capacitance way side and vehicle side. The roadway side comprises

3126 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

EV charging applications in recent years. A phase-shifted

control method is proposed in a bidirectional CPT system
with a compact coupler structure [240]. The control method
provides the maximum power transfer efficiency by con-
trolling the output voltage of the inverter in the secondary
side. A bidirectional converter is proposed to provide both
inductive and capacitive power transfer [241]. Herein, the
bidirectional converter is a DC-DC converter, which enables
the modularity of the system. A parameter design method
is suggested for maintaining constant output voltage in cou-
pling capacitance and load variations [242]. Both [243], [244]
utilize a phase-shifted control method for bidirectional elec-
tric vehicle charging and underwater charging applications,
respectively. The method enables to control the power flow
direction and magnitude. As a result, the power flow is con-
trolled in a bidirectional CPT system, and hence effective
power transfer is achieved in these applications. In addi-
tion, full-bridge inverter topology with WBG semiconduc-
tor devices is mainly used to enhance the power transfer
capability.

d: ROBOTICS CHARGING
As robot technology advances, the demand for it has
increased accordingly, and also our life has become easier.
However, when it comes to wireless robots charging technol-
ogy, there are a couple of studies in CPT applications. This is
because of its limitations and challenges that are thoroughly
reviewed [245]. The challenges are expressed as the required
FIGURE 6. Transport applications: (a) electric vehicle charging
(b) underwater charging (c) drone charging.
power transfer, system efficiency, human safety, transfer dis-
tance, and transmission medium. A shielded design is pro-
posed to reduce electric field emissions along with analysis
the power transmitter plate inside the roadway connected and design studies in wireless EV robotics charging applica-
with the inverter and primary compensation network. tions [246]. A bidirectional structure is proposed to provide
The vehicle side includes the power receiver plate con- energy stability in different robots [247]. Furthermore, energy
nected with the compensation network and rectifier with sharing and balancing are considered in robotics charging
a battery. Dynamic wireless charging applications can applications [248]. In conclusion, robotics applications are
be categorized as capacitive coupler-based studies [77], regarded as mini EVs charging applications. For this appli-
[232]–[234] and roadway investigation-based studies [80], cation concept, the high frequency operation and L compen-
[81], [235]–[237] in CPT systems. The reduction of electric sation topology become prominent.
field emissions is emphasized on coupler-based studies. The
design of roadway-powered CPT system is highlighted in 2) DRONE (UAV)
roadway investigation-based studies. The benefits and the Considering drone applications, many techniques are put for-
drawbacks of the dynamic wireless charging system are high- ward to increase the flight range, such as battery damping
lighted in [238], [239]. The increased driving range, reduced or the use of high voltage power headlines [249]. Limita-
battery size, decreased traffic congestion and pollution are the tions and challenges are evaluated in drone charging applica-
benefits of the dynamic wireless charging, the high cost of tions [250]. According to that, the main limitations of electric
the system makes up the drawback side. Although, dynamic UAVs are their limited battery capacity and their less robust-
capacitive wireless charging has its unique benefits such as ness. Both inductive and capacitive power transfer technolo-
low cost, high-reliability metal plates in a long-track system, gies are investigated in drone charging applications [251].
good misalignment performance, and no eddy-current loss, Considering CPT applications, the receiver side of the system
but the self-inductance of the transmitter metal plates should is minimized to ensure compatibility [252], [253], and to
be given attention in a high frequency operation. obtain the maximum efficiency [254]. A capacitive coupler
design is proposed to decrease parasitic capacitances with
c: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING a rotational misalignment capability [113], [255]. A mas-
Despite CPT technology mainly used in unidirectional EV ter/slave approach between drones is suggested for increasing
charging applications, it has also been used for bidirectional flight range by using different coupling configurations [256].

VOLUME 10, 2022 3127

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 6. Transport applications.

Herein, the matrix arrangement structure has a higher mutual An improved conductivity of capacitive coupler structure is
capacitance than the horizontal and vertical structures. As a suggested for underwater CPT applications [261]. Zhang and
result, unmanned electric vehicles (UAV) are used in a wide Lu contributed to underwater CPT applications investigating
range of areas from military to farming. Thanks to the CPT high power long-distance electric ship charging [257], [262].
technology, the limited operating time is not a critical point. Thus, MW level power transfer and hundreds of millimeter
ranges for transfer distance can be achieved in wireless capac-
3) UNDERWATER
itive electric ship charging. Electric vessel charging is also
Capacitive WPT technology is a good candidate for underwa- evaluated using equivalent circuit models to realize the CPT
ter charging applications. The reason for this is the low cost system [263]. Herein, CPT provides a cheaper, lighter, and
of metal plates and their endurance to the high pressure of more reliable charging solution compared to IPT technology
the underwater environment. Moreover, the high permittivity for small vessels. In summary, capacitive coupler designs are
of seawater could improve the coupling capacitance, and mainly considered in underwater charging applications to use
hence increased power transfer capability [257]. Taking of a the high conductivity of seawater. Moreover, double-sided
long time at charge/discharge process of underwater devices, LC compensation topology and full-bridge inverter topology
limited range, and higher cost of system maintenance bring have become prominent in this application concept.
out wireless underwater charging approach [258]. Tamura
et al. present a capacitive coupler structure for underwater D. ELECTRIC MACHINES APPLICATIONS
CPT applications considering coupling coefficient and qual- Electric machines applications are classified as synchronous
ity factor terms depending on the frequency [259], [260]. machines, three-phase, and rotary. Among them, rotary

3128 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 7. Electric machines applications.

TABLE 8. Biomedical applications.

given in Table 7. Based on this, it is aimed to show which

application type is more suitable.

1) SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
With the use of CPT technology in synchronous machine
applications, many advantages are offered such as main-
tenance is not required, no arcs, and non-sensitivity to
speed [264]. Ludois et al. [265] suggest a method that cou-
ples power to the rotor in replacement of slip rings. A rotating
FIGURE 7. Electric machines rotary application. rectifier board as a coupler is suggested for wound field
synchronous machines [266]. On the other hand, the syn-
chronous generator field excitation is elaborated using CPT
application has become most popular, depicted in Fig. 7. The technology considering minimized cost [267] and voltage
most important features of electric machines applications are regulation [59]. In summary, CPT technology is preferred in

VOLUME 10, 2022 3129

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 9. Performance comparison of IPT, CPT and HWPT systems [287].

TABLE 10. Comparison of IPT, CPT and HWPT systems.

FIGURE 8. Miscellaneous applications: (a) Multiple receivers (b) multiple

transmitters (c) multiple transmitters and multiple receivers (d) hybrid
application.

synchronous machines to feed the rotor field winding without

using slip rings and rotary transformers.

2) THREE-PHASE
A single-phase structure is typically available in CPT applica-
tions. Conversely, the three-phase structure is not still as suf-
ficient as it should be. Contactless CPT is achieved between
this, it is aimed to show which application is more suitable
stationary and moving parts by utilizing the capacitance of the
for biomedical applications. Capacitive wireless charging
linear bearings [32], [268]. A three-phase structure is applied
method is used in deeply implanted biomedical applica-
to rotary applications using e-GaN FETs [269]. The three-leg
tions [274], [275]. Deeply implanted biomedical devices
inverter with a four-wire model is proposed to enhance the
that become a challenging application for WPT technolo-
system misalignment ability [270]. As a result, higher cou-
gies because it required minimum implant size and low
pling capacitance and improved power transfer capability are
tissue heating. Herein, CPT technology provides safe charg-
provided via three-phase coupler structure.
ing with reduced EMI and low tissue heating. Erfani et al.
present rectifier structures [276], [277], and capacitive net-
3) ROTARY work effect in CPT biomedical applications [189]. Herein,
Rotary applications are formed by using stationary primary the capacitive link is formed with two pairs of parallel
plates and rotating secondary plates [179]. Capacitive coupler plates using tissue as a dielectric material for the external
structures are evaluated in rotary applications [114], [206]. side (transmitter) and implant side (receiver). A circuit model
The capacitive coupler structure provides freedom of move- is proposed to investigate the effects of different parame-
ment between the primary and secondary metal plates. ters on self-capacitance (SC)-based power transfer approach
Aerodynamic fluid bearings are proposed to increase the using a mouse cadaver [278]. An analog front-end structure
coupling capacitance by decreasing the distance between the is designed in wireless capacitive pressure sensors [279].
stationary and moving parts [271]. To improve the system Electrocardiogram (ECG) is considered in terms of signal
efficiency and robustness, an auto-tuning circuit using PI con- isolation [280] and power consumption [281]. Capacitive
trol method [272], the output feedback control method [179], wireless power and data telemetry are suggested for biomed-
and a cascaded boost-class E converter structure [273] are ical implants [178], [282]. Capacitive wireless power and
suggested for rotary applications. A three-phase CPT system data transmissions decrease the risk of infection, complex-
is suggested for rotary applications to provide balanced and ity, and frequent intervention [283]. A comparative study
good coupling between the electrodes during rotations [269]. is carried out for neurostimulation regarding performance
In summary, CPT technology provides 360 degrees free rota- analysis of inductive, capacitive and ultra-sound coupling
tion in this application concept eliminating power cables. techniques [284]. According to that, the most suitable tech-
nique varies depending on the application type due to its
E. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS unique benefits. A coil shape design is presented to improve
CPT technology has distinguishing features such as low eddy- the coupling capacitance between the transmitter and receiver
current loss and lightweight in biomedical applications, and, antennas for biomedical implant devices [285]. An opti-
therefore, there is a growing interest. CPT technology in mization study for class E inverter topology is presented in
biomedical applications is evaluated in Table 8. Based on biomedical implants [286]. Herein, the optimization study

3130 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 11. Miscellaneous applications.

provides good performance during load and coupling varia- a two-plate coupler structure is used in the primary side
tions. In summary, CPT technology provides reduced EMI to provide a current flow in the metal barrier, and a coil
and more robust performance nearby metallic objects for structure is utilized to generate a magnetic field for the power
biomedical applications compared to IPT technology. Capac- transfer. A method is suggested for capacitive power and
itive coupling mainly uses two pairs of parallel plates with data transmissions [290]. While the data is transferred via
tissue as a dielectric material. The multi-MHz frequency electric fields, the power is transferred via magnetic fields.
operation is typically selected to minimize the size for wire- A conjugate image theory is evaluated to obtain maximum
less capacitive biomedical applications. transfer efficiency considering series and parallel compensa-
tion topologies [291], [292]. Luo et al. present a hybrid WPT
F. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS system for railway applications [293], [294] and high power
Miscellaneous applications are classified as hybrid and mul- applications [295]. The authors improve the misalignment
tiple transmitters/receivers in Fig. 8. Fig. 8 (a) represents ability of the system. A hybrid WPT system is considered
multiple transmitters, Fig. 8 (b) depicts multiple receivers, in wireless EV charging applications [296], [297]. Thus,
Fig. 8 (c) shows multiple transmitters and multiple receivers, it provides increased power level, improved efficiency, and
and Fig. 8 (d) shows a hybrid application. The most important reduced system cost. A converter called MagCap is pro-
features of miscellaneous applications are given in Table 11. posed to provide bidirectional power transfer in hybrid WPT
Based on this, it is aimed to show which application type is system [298]. Table 9 presents the performance comparison
more suitable. and Table 10 lists out the features of IPT, CPT and HWPT
systems.
1) HYBRID In summary, the hybrid coupler has the merits of IPT and
CPT technologies. It combines both the good features by
Hybrid WPT technology is put forward to combine higher
means of inductive coils and capacitive metal plates resonate
efficiency characteristics of IPT technology and specifically
together along with compensation components. Meanwhile,
lower cost of CPT technology [22]. Power is transferred
power transfer is provided. The hybrid system also utilizes
via electric and magnetic fields, simultaneously. The out-
specific advantages of electric and magnetic fields in resonant
put power is equivalent to the sum of the IPT and CPT
circuits to improve the power transfer.
systems. Firstly, Lu et al. suggested a hybrid WPT system
using double-sided LC compensation for high power appli-
cations [287] and double-sided LCL compensation for low 2) MULTIPLE TRANSMITTERS/RECEIVERS
power applications [62]. A hybrid coupler is proposed to Multiple transmitters/receivers applications can be catego-
utilize the full advantages of the resonant components [288]. rized as multiple transmitters with a single receiver, multiple
Herein, the hybrid coupler provides unity current gain against receivers with a single transmitter, and multiple transmit-
the variation of impedance. A WPT system design is pro- ters and multiple receivers in CPT systems. The CPT with
posed to transfer power across the metal barrier by using multiple transmitters is proposed to improve the system effi-
capacitive and inductive couplings [289]. For the design, ciency [300]. According to that, the system efficiency can

VOLUME 10, 2022 3131

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 12. Advantages and disadvantages of CPT applications.

3132 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

TABLE 12. (Continued.) Advantages and disadvantages of CPT applications.

be enhanced by adding more transmitters. On the other side, G. CHALLENGES OF CPT APPLICATIONS
CPT with multiple receivers are carried out with an optimum 1) VARIABLE LOADS
load determination [301]–[303], electric vehicle charging The fundamental challenge of CPT technology is the low cou-
applications [304], conveyors [305], using mixed resonant pling capacitance, specifically transport applications. This
topology [306], integrated circuits applications [215], and makes it hard enough to work efficiently at high power.
also portable device charging applications [170]. The main Hence, compensation topologies are adopted to address the
purpose is to charge multiple receivers at once with max- low coupling capacitance, mainly at a fixed load. However,
imum efficiency using a single transmitter. The multiple the variable loads create crucial problems such as low effi-
transmitters and multiple receivers are used to increase the ciency and variable coupling capacitance. For this reason,
power transfer in CPT systems [307], [308]. In this concept, Su et al. [306] proposed a hybrid compensation topology
the optimum loads are determined to maximize the power formed of a π-CLC on the primary side to increase the
transfer. In summary, it is expected that the focus will lie on voltage of the coupling and T-CLC on the secondary side
charging multiple receivers simultaneously at once in CPT to provide constant output current against load variations for
applications. The reasons for that can be stated as follows: multiple receiver applications. Kline et al. [28] suggested an
reduced cost as it requires only an inverter, suitable to limited automatic frequency and duty cycle control method to keep
space applications, and shortened charging time for several maximum efficiency during load and coupling variations for
outputs. portable device charging applications. In summary, variable

VOLUME 10, 2022 3133

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

loads adversely affect the performance of the system and, with compensation types, inverter types, and coupler types.
therefore, they should be controlled properly to operate CPT It is concluded that CPT technology is preferred from low
system in efficient manner. power biomedical applications to high power transport appli-
cations, low transfer distance integrated circuits applications
2) TRANSFER MEDIUM to large transfer distance transport applications. In addition,
Transfer medium plays a significant role in forming power compensation topologies vary from L compensation topol-
transfer mechanism in WPT systems. Air is typically used ogy to high-order compensation topologies. Besides con-
as a medium in CPT applications. However, underwater ventional coupler structures, different coupler designs are
charging applications utilize water as a medium [257]. The figured in CPT applications. It has been established that the
biggest challenge of underwater charging applications is the coupler designs are mainly proposed to either reduce electric
dynamic nature of the seawater or ocean, which varies the field emissions or increase coupling capacitances. Finally,
coupling [258]. Moreover, misalignment become a critical the benefits, drawbacks and challenges of CPT applications
issue because of this reason. Thus, power transfer efficiency are reviewed in detail. The benefits typically observed are
is significantly affected. In summary, transfer medium affects cost effective, reduced size, high tolerance to misalignments,
the behaviour of power transfer mechanism, especially in the high tolerance to parameter variations, reduced electric field
feature of high power, high frequency and high electric field emission. The drawbacks mainly listed out are high occupied
strength. space, increased cost, requires extra circuitry, control com-
plexity, and design complexity. The challenges are variable
3) SAFETY ISSUES loads, adverse effect of transfer medium, and safety issues
Safety is a significant concern in capacitive power transfer with high voltage stress, high electric field emissions, and
technology. The safety issue is evaluated in CPT applications foreign object impact. With the further development of CPT
in terms of high voltage stress on metal plates, electric field technology, it will become preferred in many application
emissions, and foreign object impact. Due to the integration areas. For this reason, it is predicted that CPT applications
of compensation topologies, the plate voltage can rise to kV will play an important role not only in academic research but
level to success high power transfer. This kV level is much also in industrial areas.
more dangerous for all living creatures. Thus, the capacitive
coupler structure should be insulated properly based on the REFERENCES
application type. [1] N. Tesla, ‘‘Apparatus for transmission of electrical energy,’’
Electric field emissions should be compatible with the U.S. Patent 649 621, May 15, 1900.
international standards, for instance electric field strength [2] J. Schuler, ‘‘High-level electromagnetic energy transfer through a closed
chest wall,’’ IRE Int. Conv. Rec., vol. 9, pp. 119–126, 1961.
may be lower than 614 V/m at 1 MHz for human safety [3] W. C. Brown, ‘‘Experimental airborne microwave supported platform,’’
according to IEEE C95.1 standard [310]. The effects of elec- Raytheon Company, Burlington, MA, USA, Tech. Rep. AD0474925,
tric field emissions are evaluated in terms of human safety 1965. [Online]. Available: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0474925
[4] P. E. Glaser, ‘‘Power from the sun: Its future,’’ Science, vol. 162, no. 3856,
for biomedical [189] and electric vehicle charging applica- pp. 857–861, Nov. 1968.
tions [190]. Furthermore, a six-plate capacitive coupler is [5] S. D. Jarvis, J. Mukherjee, M. Perren, and S. J. Sweeney, ‘‘Development
proposed to reduce electric field emissions for EV charging and characterisation of laser power converters for optical power transfer
applications [104]. Herein, the external two plates serve as applications,’’ IET Optoelectron., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 64–70, Apr. 2014.
[6] B. Hu, H. Li, T. Li, H. Wang, Y. Zhou, X. Zhao, X. Hu, X. Du, Y. Zhao,
shielding plates to keep the electric field in the safety range. X. Li, T. Qi, M. Helaoui, W. Chen, and F. Ghannouchi, ‘‘A long-distance
The effects of foreign objects, that is, living and non-living high-power microwave wireless power transmission system based on
objects, can detrimentally affect the power transfer when they asymmetrical resonant magnetron and cyclotron-wave rectifier,’’ Energy
Rep., vol. 7, pp. 1154–1161, Nov. 2021.
are near the transfer medium [186]. In summary, safety issues [7] Z.-J. Liao, S. Ma, Q.-K. Feng, C. Xia, and D. Yu, ‘‘Frequency splitting
are an inevitable factor to design an appropriately operating elimination and utilization in magnetic coupling wireless power transfer
CPT system. systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 68, no. 2,
pp. 929–939, Feb. 2021.
[8] V. Z. Barsari, D. J. Thrimawithana, and G. A. Covic, ‘‘An inductive
IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS coupler array for in-motion wireless charging of electric vehicles,’’ IEEE
The CPT technology has been a significant candidate among Trans. Power Electron., vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 9854–9863, Sep. 2021.
WPT technologies in recent years. In this paper, basic princi- [9] J. Kim and F. Bien, ‘‘Electric field coupling technique of wireless power
transfer for electric vehicles,’’ in Proc. IEEE Tencon-Spring, Sydney,
ples of CPT technology are reviewed in terms of compensa- NSW, Australia, Apr. 2013, pp. 267–271.
tion topologies, coupler structures, transfer distance, power [10] A. Desmoort, Z. De Grève, P. Dular, C. Geuzaine, and O. Deblecker,
electronic components and control methods. Then, CPT ‘‘Surface impedance boundary condition with circuit coupling for the 3D
finite element modeling of wireless power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE Conf.
applications are classified according to different industrial Electromagn. Field Comput. (CEFC), Miami, FL, USA, Nov. 2016, p. 1.
topics such as safety, consumer electronics, transport, electric [11] Z. Popovic, ‘‘Near- and far-field wireless power transfer,’’ in Proc. 13th
machines, biomedical and miscellaneous applications. These Int. Conf. Adv. Technol., Syst. Services Telecommun. (TELSIKS), Nis,
Serbia, Oct. 2017, pp. 3–6.
topics are categorized within themselves and evaluated con-
[12] C. Liu and A. P. Hu, ‘‘Steady state analysis of a capacitively coupled con-
sidering their performance parameters (i.e., power level, oper- tactless power transfer system,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr.
ation frequency, system efficiency, transfer distance) along Expo. (ECCE), San Jose, CA, USA, Sep. 2009, pp. 3233–3238.

3134 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

[13] C. Panchal, S. Stegen, and J. Lu, ‘‘Review of static and dynamic wireless [34] D. Rozario, N. A. Azeez, and S. S. Williamson, ‘‘A modified resonant
electric vehicle charging system,’’ Eng. Sci. Technol., Int. J., vol. 21, no. 5, converter for wireless capacitive power transfer systems used in battery
pp. 922–937, 2018. charging applications,’’ in Proc. IEEE Transp. Electrific. Conf. Expo
[14] S. Niu, H. Xu, Z. Sun, Z. Y. Shao, and L. Jian, ‘‘The state-of-the-arts (ITEC), Jun. 2016, pp. 1–6.
of wireless electric vehicle charging via magnetic resonance: Principles, [35] S.-J. Choi and H.-S. Choi, ‘‘Capacitive wireless power transfer system
standards and core technologies,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 114, with double matching transformers for reduced stress and extended ZVS
Oct. 2019, Art. no. 109302. range,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. Telecommun. Energy Conf. (INTELEC), Osaka,
[15] Z. Bi, T. Kan, C. C. Mi, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhao, and G. A. Keoleian, ‘‘A review Japan, Oct. 2015, pp. 1–6.
of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles: Prospects to enhance [36] H. Fnato, Y. Chiku, and K. Harakawa, ‘‘Wireless power distribution with
sustainable mobility,’’ Appl. Energy, vol. 179, pp. 413–425, Oct. 2016. capacitive coupling excited by switched mode active negative capacitor,’’
[16] P. Machura and Q. Li, ‘‘A critical review on wireless charging for electric in Proc. Int. Conf. Electr. Mach. Syst (ICEMS), Incheon, South Korea,
vehicles,’’ Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 104, pp. 209–234, Apr. 2019. 2010, pp. 117–122.
[17] V. Shevchenko, O. Husev, R. Strzelecki, B. Pakhaliuk, N. Poliakov, and [37] H. Funato, H. Kobayashi, and T. Kitabayashi, ‘‘Analysis of transfer
N. Strzelecka, ‘‘Compensation topologies in IPT systems: Standards, power of capacitive power transfer system,’’ in Proc. IEEE 10th Int.
requirements, classification, analysis, comparison and application,’’ IEEE Conf. Power Electron. Drive Syst. (PEDS), Kitakyushu, Japan, Apr. 2013,
Access, vol. 7, pp. 120559–120580, 2019. pp. 1015–1020.
[18] C. Jiang, K. T. Chau, C. Liu, and C. H. T. Lee, ‘‘An overview of resonant [38] H. Kobayashi, H. Funato, and Y. Chiku, ‘‘Enhancement of transfer power
circuits for wireless power transfer,’’ Energies, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 894, of capacitive power transfer system using cascaded one pulse switching
Jun. 2017. active capacitor (C-OPSAC) with three-level operation,’’ in Proc. 7th Int.
[19] Z. Zhang, H. Pang, A. Georgiadis, and C. Cecati, ‘‘Wireless power Power Electron. Motion Control Conf., Harbin, China, vol. 2, Jun. 2012,
transfer—An overview,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 884–888.
pp. 1044–1058, Feb. 2019. [39] M. P. Theodoridis, ‘‘Effective capacitive power transfer,’’ IEEE Trans.
[20] J. Dai and D. C. Ludois, ‘‘A survey of wireless power transfer and a critical Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 4906–4913, Dec. 2012.
comparison of inductive and capacitive coupling for small gap applica- [40] H. Zhang, F. Lu, H. Hofmann, W. Liu, and C. C. Mi, ‘‘A four-plate
tions,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 6017–6029, compact capacitive coupler design and LCL-compensated topology for
Nov. 2015. capacitive power transfer in electric vehicle charging application,’’ IEEE
[21] D. Rozario, N. A. Azeez, and S. S. Williamson, ‘‘Comprehensive review Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 8541–8551, Dec. 2016.
and comparative analysis of compensation networks for capacitive power [41] Y. Su, W. Zhou, Z. Wang, X. Wu, and X. Qing, ‘‘Parameter design
transfer systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE 25th Int. Symp. Ind. Electron. (ISIE), method for capacitive power and signal transfer system based on multi-
Santa Clara, CA, USA, Jun. 2016, pp. 823–829. objective optimisation algorithm,’’ IET Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 10,
[22] F. Lu, H. Zhang, and C. Mi, ‘‘A review on the recent development of pp. 2650–2659, Aug. 2019.
capacitive wireless power transfer technology,’’ Energies, vol. 10, no. 11,
[42] F. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Hofmann, and C. Mi, ‘‘A double-sided LCLC-
p. 1752, Nov. 2017.
compensated capacitive power transfer system for electric vehicle charg-
[23] M. Z. bin Mustapa, S. Saat, Y. Yusof, and M. M. Shaari, ‘‘Capacitive
ing,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 6011–6014,
power transfer in biomedical implantable device: A review,’’ Int. J. Power
Nov. 2015.
Electron. Drive Syst., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 935–942, Jun. 2019.
[43] F. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Hofmann, and C. Mi, ‘‘A CLLC-compensated high
[24] A. Z. Amanci, F. P. Dawson, and H. E. Ruda, ‘‘Galvanic isolation for
power and large air-gap capacitive power transfer system for electric
high frequency applications using an integrated dielectric structure,’’ in
vehicle charging applications,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron.
Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Denver, CO, USA,
Conf. Expo. (APEC), Long Beach, CA, USA, Mar. 2016, pp. 1721–1725.
Sep. 2013, pp. 3726–3732.
[44] A. Reatti, S. Musumeci, and F. Corti, ‘‘Frequency analysis and compar-
[25] Z. Hu, M. Goodall, L. Zhao, Q. Zhu, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘A comparative study
ison of LCCL and CLLC compensations for capacitive wireless power
of different compensation topologies for capacitive power transfer,’’ in
transfer,’’ in Proc. AEIT Int. Conf. Electr. Electron. Technol. Automot.
Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf.
(AEIT AUTOMOTIVE), Nov. 2020, pp. 1–6.
(WoW), Seoul, South Korea, Nov. 2020, pp. 389–394.
[26] L. Chao, A. P. Hu, G. A. Covic, and N.-K. C. Nair, ‘‘Comparative study of [45] S. Ning, J. Yang, Q. Zhu, M. Su, R. Tan, and Y. Liu, ‘‘Comparative
CCPT systems with two different inductor tuning positions,’’ IEEE Trans. analysis of LCL, LCLC, CLLC compensation networks for capacitive
Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 294–306, Jan. 2012. power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE 4th Southern Power Electron. Conf.
[27] B. Minnaert and N. Stevens, ‘‘Conjugate image theory applied on capac- (SPEC), Singapore, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–6.
itive wireless power transfer,’’ Energies, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 46, Jan. 2017. [46] M. Kusunoki, D. Obara, and M. Masuda, ‘‘Wireless power transfer via
[28] M. Kline, I. Izyumin, B. Boser, and S. Sanders, ‘‘Capacitive power electric field resonance coupling,’’ in Proc. Asia–Pacific Microw. Conf.,
transfer for contactless charging,’’ in Proc. 26th Annu. IEEE Appl. Sendai, Japan, 2014, pp. 1360–1362.
Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), Fort Worth, TX, USA, Mar. 2011, [47] H. Zhang, F. Lu, H. Hofmann, and C. Mi, ‘‘A loosely coupled capacitive
pp. 1398–1404. power transfer system with LC compensation circuit topology,’’ in Proc.
[29] S. K. Mishra, R. Adda, S. Sekhar, A. Joshi, and A. K. Rathore, ‘‘Power IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Milwaukee, WI, USA,
transfer using portable surfaces in capacitively coupled power transfer Sep. 2016, pp. 1–5.
technology,’’ IET Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 997–1008, Apr. 2016. [48] F. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Hofmann, and C. C. Mi, ‘‘A double-sided
[30] W. Zhou, Y.-G. Su, S.-Y. Xie, L. Chen, X. Dai, and Y.-M. Zhao, ‘‘An inter- LC-compensation circuit for loosely coupled capacitive power trans-
ference isolation method for wireless power and signal parallel transmis- fer,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 1633–1643,
sions on CPT systems,’’ J. Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 305–313, Feb. 2018.
Jan. 2017. [49] S.-Y. Xie, Y.-G. Su, W. Zhou, Y.-M. Zhao, and X. Dai, ‘‘An electric-
[31] M. Antivachis, M. Kasper, D. Bortis, and J. W. Kolar, ‘‘Analysis of field coupled power transfer system with a double-sided LC network,’’
capacitive power transfer GaN ISOP multi-cell DC/DC converter systems J. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 289–299, Jan. 2018.
for single-phase telecom power supply modules,’’ in Proc. 42nd Annu. [50] H. Zhang and F. Lu, ‘‘An improved design methodology of the double-
Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. (IECON), Florence, Italy, Oct. 2016, sided LC-compensated CPT system considering the inductance detun-
pp. 1280–1287. ing,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 11396–11406,
[32] J. Dai, S. S. Hagen, and D. C. Ludois, ‘‘Linear motion system cable elim- Nov. 2019.
ination via multiphase capacitive power transfer through sliding journal [51] H. Zhang, C. Zhu, and F. Lu, ‘‘Long-distance and high-power capacitive
bearings,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), power transfer based on the double-sided LC compensation: Analysis and
Tampa, FL, USA, Mar. 2017, pp. 2157–2164. design,’’ in Proc. IEEE Transp. Electrific. Conf. Expo (ITEC), Detroit,
[33] D. Rozario, V. K. Pathipati, A. Ram, N. A. Azeez, and S. S. Williamson, MI, USA, Jun. 2019, pp. 1–5.
‘‘Modified resonant converters for contactless capacitive power trans- [52] Y. Yao, T. Zhuang, J. Mai, Y. Wang, X. Liu, and D. Xu, ‘‘A particle
fer systems used in EV charging applications,’’ in Proc. 42nd Annu. swarm optimization (PSO)-based tuning method for LC/CL-compensated
Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. (IECON), Florence, Italy, Oct. 2016, capacitive power transfer systems,’’ in Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. Electr. Mach.
pp. 4510–4517. Syst. (ICEMS), Hamamatsu, Japan, Nov. 2020, pp. 395–400.

VOLUME 10, 2022 3135

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

[53] S. Sinha, A. Kumar, B. Regensburger, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Design of [74] M. Al-Saadi, S. Al-Chlaihawi, M. Al-Qaisi, and A. Craciunescu, ‘‘A new
high-efficiency matching networks for capacitive wireless power transfer analytical formula for coupling capacitance of unipolar capacitive coupler
systems,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., early access, in wireless power transfer system,’’ in Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Adv. Topics
Sep. 10, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3023121. Electr. Eng. (ATEE), Bucharest, Romania, Mar. 2019, pp. 1–6.
[54] F. Gao, Z. Wang, J. Deng, S. Wang, and Y. Wang, ‘‘A comparison study [75] H. Zhang and F. Lu, ‘‘A 2m quasi-wireless capacitive power transfer
of compensation topologies for capacitive power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE (CPT) system using earth ground as the current-returning path,’’ in Proc.
28th Int. Symp. Ind. Electron. (ISIE), Vancouver, BC, Canada, Jun. 2019, IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Baltimore, MD, USA,
pp. 691–696. Sep. 2019, pp. 5740–5743.
[55] B. Luo, R. Mai, L. Guo, D. Wu, and Z. He, ‘‘LC–CLC compensation [76] C. W. Van Neste, J. E. Hawk, A. Phani, J. A. J. Backs, R. Hull,
topology for capacitive power transfer system to improve misalignment T. Abraham, S. J. Glassford, A. K. Pickering, and T. Thundat, ‘‘Single-
performance,’’ IET Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2626–2633, contact transmission for the quasi-wireless delivery of power over large
Aug. 2019. surfaces,’’ Wireless Power Transf., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 75–82, Sep. 2014.
[56] X. Wu, Y. Su, X. Hou, X. Qing, and X. Dai, ‘‘Study on load adap- [77] C. W. Van Neste, A. Phani, R. Hull, J. E. Hawk, and T. Thundat, ‘‘Quasi-
tation of capacitive power transfer system with a four-plate com- wireless capacitive energy transfer for the dynamic charging of personal
pact capacitive coupler,’’ Electr. Eng., vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 733–742, mobility vehicles,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wire-
Aug. 2019. less Power Transf. (WoW), Knoxville, TN, USA, Oct. 2016, pp. 196–199.
[57] V.-B. Vu, M. Dahidah, V. Pickert, and V.-T. Phan, ‘‘An improved LCL-L [78] F. Lu, H. Zhang, and C. Mi, ‘‘A two-plate capacitive wireless power
compensation topology for capacitive power transfer in electric vehicle transfer system for electric vehicle charging applications,’’ IEEE Trans.
charging,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 27757–27768, 2020. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 964–969, Feb. 2018.
[58] S. Sinha, A. Kumar, S. Pervaiz, B. Regensburger, and K. K. Afridi, [79] M. Al-Saadi, A. Al-Gizi, S. Ahmed, S. Al-Chlaihawi, and
‘‘Design of efficient matching networks for capacitive wireless power A. Craciunescu, ‘‘Analysis of charge plate configurations in unipolar
transfer systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE 17th Workshop Control Modeling Power capacitive power transfer system for the electric vehicles batteries
Electron. (COMPEL), Trondheim, Norway, Jun. 2016, pp. 1–7. charging,’’ Proc. Manuf., vol. 32, pp. 418–425, Jan. 2019.
[59] J. Dai, S. Hagen, D. C. Ludois, and I. P. Brown, ‘‘Synchronous gen- [80] S. Li, Z. Liu, H. Zhao, L. Zhu, C. Shuai, and Z. Chen, ‘‘Wireless
erator brushless field excitation and voltage regulation via capacitive power transfer by electric field resonance and its application in dynamic
coupling through journal bearings,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 53, no. 4, charging,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 6602–6612,
pp. 3317–3326, Jul. 2017. Oct. 2016.
[60] K. H. Yi, ‘‘6.78 MHz capacitive coupling wireless power transfer sys- [81] N. Sakai, D. Itokazu, Y. Suzuki, S. Sakihara, and T. Ohira, ‘‘One-kilowatt
tem,’’ J. Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 987–993, Jul. 2015. capacitive power transfer via wheels of a compact electric vehicle,’’ in
[61] M. Al-Saadi, E. A. Hussien, S. Ahmed, and A. Craciunescu, ‘‘Compara- Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Aveiro, Portugal,
tive study of compensation circuit topologies in 6.6 kW capacitive power May 2016, pp. 1–3.
transfer system,’’ in Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Adv. Topics Electr. Eng. (ATEE), [82] S. V. de Campos de Freitas, F. C. Domingos, R. Mirzavand, and
Bucharest, Romania, Mar. 2019, pp. 1–6. P. Mousavi, ‘‘Contactless power transfer using capacitive resonant single-
conductor structure,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf.
[62] F. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Hofmann, and C. Mi, ‘‘An inductive and capacitive
(WPTC), Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2018, pp. 1–4.
integrated coupler and its LCL compensation circuit design for wireless
[83] S. V. de Campos de Freitas, ‘‘Capacitive resonant single-conductor sys-
power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE),
tem for wireless power transfer to devices with metallic embodiments,’’
Milwaukee, WI, USA, Sep. 2016, pp. 1–5.
M.S. thesis, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 2019.
[63] L. Huang, A. P. Hu, A. K. Swain, and Y. G. Su, ‘‘Z-impedance compen-
[84] X. Shu and B. Zhang, ‘‘Single-wire electric-field coupling power trans-
sation for wireless power transfer based on electric field,’’ IEEE Trans.
mission using nonlinear parity-time-symmetric model with coupled-
Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 7556–7563, Nov. 2016.
mode theory,’’ Energies, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 532, Mar. 2018.
[64] Y.-G. Su, Y.-M. Zhao, A. P. Hu, Z.-H. Wang, C.-S. Tang, and Y. Sun,
[85] L. J. Zou, Q. Zhu, C. W. Van Neste, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘Modeling single-
‘‘An F-type compensated capacitive power transfer system allowing for
wire capacitive power transfer system with strong coupling to ground,’’
sudden change of pickup,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron.,
IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 2295–2302,
vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1084–1093, Jun. 2019.
Apr. 2021.
[65] W. Zhang and C. C. Mi, ‘‘Compensation topologies of high-power wire- [86] L. J. Zou, A. P. Hu, and Y.-G. Su, ‘‘A single-wire capacitive power transfer
less power transfer systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 6, system with large coupling alignment tolerance,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS
pp. 4768–4778, Jun. 2016. Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), Chongqing,
[66] M. N. I. Siddique, S. M. Abdullah, and Q. N. U. Islam, ‘‘A compre- China, May 2017, pp. 93–98.
hensive overview on the development of compensation topologies for [87] L. J. Zou, A. P. Hu, G. Wang, and Y. Su, ‘‘Study of electric and
capacitive power transfer system,’’ Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 9, pp. 9–16, magnetic field distributions between two coupled plates for capacitive
Oct. 2019. power transfer by simulation and practical measurements,’’ in Proc. IEEE
[67] L. Li, Z. Wang, F. Gao, S. Wang, and J. Deng, ‘‘A family of compensation PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), Seoul,
topologies for capacitive power transfer converters for wireless electric South Korea, Nov. 2020, pp. 395–399.
vehicle charger,’’ Appl. Energy, vol. 260, Feb. 2020, Art. no. 114156. [88] D. Rozario, N. A. Azeez, and S. S. Williamson, ‘‘Analysis and design of
[68] K. Suzuki, K. Hata, T. Imura, and Y. Hori, ‘‘SS and SP topology analysis coupling capacitors for contactless capacitive power transfer systems,’’ in
for capacitive power transfer with resonance coupling based on power Proc. IEEE Transp. Electrific. Conf. Expo (ITEC), Dearborn, MI, USA,
factor consideration,’’ in Proc. 44th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. Jun. 2016, pp. 1–7.
(IECON), Washington, DC, USA, Oct. 2018, pp. 4846–4851. [89] Q. Zhu, L. J. Zou, M. Su, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘Four-plate capacitive power
[69] A. C. M. D. Queiroz, ‘‘Capacitively coupled multiple resonance net- transfer system with different grounding connections,’’ Int. J. Electr.
works,’’ in Proc. Symp. Circuits Syst. (ISCAS), Bangkok, Thailand, 2003, Power Energy Syst., vol. 115, Feb. 2020, Art. no. 105494.
p. 1. [90] C. Mi, ‘‘High power capacitive power transfer for electric vehicle charg-
[70] D. Bui, ‘‘Study on impedance matching techniques for capacitive power ing applications,’’ in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Power Electron. Syst. Appl.
transfer,’’ M.S. thesis, Univ. Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 2018. (PESA), Hong Kong, Dec. 2015, pp. 1–4.
[71] K. Yi, ‘‘Capacitive coupling wireless power transfer with quasi-LLC [91] Q. Zhu, S. Zang, L. J. Zou, G. Zhang, M. Su, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘Study of cou-
resonant converter using electric vehicles’ windows,’’ Electronics, vol. 9, pling configurations of capacitive power transfer system with four metal
no. 4, p. 676, Apr. 2020. plates,’’ Wireless Power Transf., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 97–112, Nov. 2019.
[72] A. Pickering, R. Hull, J. Hawk, A. Phani, C. Van Neste, and T. Thundat, [92] Y.-T. Liu, C.-L. Li, Y.-J. Chi, Y.-H. Lee, Q. Yuan, and Q. Chen, ‘‘Novel
‘‘Quasi-wireless surface power and control for battery-free robotics,’’ design of pixelated charging electrodes for capacitive power transfer,’’
Wireless Power Transf., vol. 2, no. 2, p. 134, Oct. 2015. in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Taipei, Taiwan,
[73] M. R. Coultis, J. Dean, C. Murray, and C. W. Van Neste, ‘‘Capacitive May 2017, pp. 1–4.
powered sensor network using a series transmission line,’’ in Proc. IEEE [93] T. Komaru and H. Akita, ‘‘Positional characteristics of capacitive power
PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), Seoul, transfer as a resonance coupling system,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power
South Korea, Nov. 2020, pp. 84–87. Transf. (WPT), Perugia, Italy, May 2013, pp. 218–221.

3136 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

[94] A. Reatti, L. Pugi, F. Corti, and F. Grasso, ‘‘Effect of misalignment in [113] C. Park, J. Park, Y. Shin, J. Kim, S. Huh, D. Kim, S. Park, and S. Ahn,
a four plates capacitive wireless power transfer system,’’ in Proc. IEEE ‘‘Separated circular capacitive coupler for reducing cross-coupling capac-
Int. Conf. Environ. Electr. Eng., IEEE Ind. Commercial Power Syst. Eur. itance in drone wireless power transfer system,’’ IEEE Trans. Microw.
(EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), Madrid, Spain, Jun. 2020, pp. 1–4. Theory Techn., vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 3978–3985, Sep. 2020.
[95] X. Wu, Y. Su, A. P. Hu, X. Qing, and X. Hou, ‘‘Multiobjective parameter [114] X.-Y. Wu, Y.-G. Su, A. P. Hu, L. J. Zou, and Z. Liu, ‘‘A sleeve-
optimization of a four-plate capacitive power transfer system,’’ IEEE type capacitive power transfer system with different coupling arrange-
J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 2328–2342, ments for rotary application,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 69148–69159,
Apr. 2021. 2020.
[96] C. Liu, A. P. Hu, and M. Budhia, ‘‘A generalized coupling model for [115] X. Gao, C. Liu, H. Zhou, W. Hu, Y. Huang, Y. Xiao, Z. Lei, and J. Chen,
capacitive power transfer systems,’’ in Proc. 36th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. ‘‘Design and analysis of a new hybrid wireless power transfer system with
Electron. Soc. (IECON), Glendale, AZ, USA, Nov. 2010, pp. 274–279. a space-saving coupler structure,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 36,
[97] L. Huang and A. P. Hu, ‘‘Defining the mutual coupling of capacitive no. 5, pp. 5069–5081, May 2021.
power transfer for wireless power transfer,’’ Electron. Lett., vol. 51, [116] B. Ge, D. C. Ludois, and R. Perez, ‘‘The use of dielectric coat-
no. 22, pp. 1806–1807, Oct. 2015. ings in capacitive power transfer systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy
[98] L. Huang, A. P. Hu, A. K. Swain, and Y. Su, ‘‘Accurate steady-state Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Pittsburg, PA, USA, Sep. 2014,
modeling of capacitive-coupling interface of capacitive power transfer pp. 2193–2199.
systems with cross-coupling,’’ Wireless Power Transf., vol. 3, no. 1, [117] K. Yi, J. Jung, B.-H. Lee, and Y. You, ‘‘Study on a capacitive coupling
pp. 53–62, Mar. 2016. wireless power transfer with electric vehicle’s dielectric substrates for
[99] S. Wang, J. Liang, and M. Fu, ‘‘Analysis and design of capacitive power charging an electric vehicle,’’ in Proc. 19th Eur. Conf. Power Electron.
transfer systems based on induced voltage source model,’’ IEEE Trans. Appl. (EPE ECCE Europe), Warsaw, Poland, 2017, p. 1-P.7.
Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 10532–10541, Oct. 2020. [118] D. Vincent and S. S. Williamson, ‘‘Role of dielectrics in the
[100] S. Wang, J. Liang, H. Wang, and M. Fu, ‘‘An induced voltage source capacitive wireless power transfer system,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int.
model for capacitive power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Conf. Ind. Technol. (ICIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Feb. 2020,
Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), New Orleans, LA, USA, Mar. 2020, pp. 1217–1222.
pp. 846–851. [119] L. J. Zou and A. P. Hu, ‘‘A contactless single-wire CPT (capacitive power
[101] Y. Wu, Q. Chen, X. Ren, and Z. Zhang, ‘‘Efficiency optimization based Transfer) power supply for driving a variable message sign,’’ in Proc.
parameter design method for the capacitive power transfer system,’’ IEEE IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol. Wireless Power Transf. (WOW),
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 8774–8785, Aug. 2021. Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2018, pp. 1–5.
[102] B. Liu, R. Ren, F. Wang, D. Costinett, and Z. Zhang, ‘‘Capacitive cou- [120] M. Al-Saadi, M. Al-Qaisi, L. Al-Bahrani, A. Al-Omari, and
pling in EMI filters containing T-shaped joint: Mechanism, effects, and A. Craciunescu, ‘‘A comparative study of capacitive couplers in
mitigation,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 2534–2547, wireless power transfer,’’ in Proc. Int. Symp. Fundam. Electr. Eng.
Mar. 2020. (ISFEE), Bucharest, Romania, Nov. 2018, pp. 1–6.
[103] E. Abramov, I. Zeltser, and M. M. Peretz, ‘‘A network-based approach
[121] B. Ge and D. C. Ludois, ‘‘Analytical determination of capaci-
for modeling resonant capacitive wireless power transfer systems,’’
tance and conductance coupling matrices for assisting the design of
IEEE CPSS Trans. Power Electron. Appl., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19–29,
capacitively coupled planar power conversion apparatuses,’’ IEEE J.
Apr. 2019.
Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., early access, Aug. 24, 2020, doi:
[104] H. Zhang, F. Lu, H. Hofmann, W. Liu, and C. C. Mi, ‘‘Six-plate capacitive
10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3018996.
coupler to reduce electric field emission in large air-gap capacitive power
[122] S. Maji, S. Sinha, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Theoretical limits of power transfer
transfer,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 665–675,
in capacitive wireless charging systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE 21st Work-
Jan. 2018.
shop Control Modeling Power Electron. (COMPEL), Aalborg, Denmark,
[105] K. Doubleday, A. Kumar, B. Regensburger, S. Pervaiz, S. Sinha,
Nov. 2020, pp. 1–6.
Z. Popovic, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Multi-objective optimization of capacitive
wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle charging,’’ in Proc. [123] D. Vincent and S. S. Williamson, ‘‘Modeling, analysis, design, and ver-
IEEE 18th Workshop Control Modeling Power Electron. (COMPEL), ification of a reduced model capacitive power transfer based wireless
Stanford, CA, USA, Jul. 2017, pp. 1–8. charging system,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE),
Detroit, MI, USA, Oct. 2020, pp. 4118–4123.
[106] A. Muharam, S. Ahmad, R. Hattori, D. Obara, M. Masuda, K. Ismail, and
A. Hapid, ‘‘An improved ground stability in shielded capacitive wireless [124] K. Amano, H. Funato, and J. Haruna, ‘‘Proposal of isolated outlet socket
power transfer,’’ in Proc. Int. Conf. Sustain. Energy Eng. Appl. (ICSEEA), and plug using capacitive power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE 3rd Int. Future
Tangerang, Indonesia, Oct. 2019, pp. 1–5. Energy Electron. Conf. ECCE Asia (IFEEC-ECCE Asia), Kaohsiung,
[107] A. Muharam, M. Masuda, R. Hattori, and A. Hapid, ‘‘Compactly assem- Taiwan, Jun. 2017, pp. 648–653.
bled transmitting and receiving modules with shield for capacitive cou- [125] H. Funato, K. Amano, T. Hatsumi, and J. Haruna, ‘‘Transfer power
pling power transfer system,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. analysis of capacitively isolated outlet and plug (CapIsOP) using series
Technol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), London, U.K., Jun. 2019, resonance,’’ in Proc. Int. Power Electron. Conf. (IPEC-Niigata-ECCE
pp. 257–262. Asia), Niigata, Japan, May 2018, pp. 94–99.
[108] A. Muharam, S. Ahmad, and R. Hattori, ‘‘Scaling-factor and design [126] A. Muharam, T. M. Mostafa, A. Nugroho, and R. Hattori, ‘‘Power loss
guidelines for shielded-capacitive power transfer,’’ Energies, vol. 13, analysis of inverter with and without transformer for capacitive power
no. 16, p. 4240, Aug. 2020. transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Montreal,
[109] A. Clements, R. McDonald, M. Ahmadi, and T. Johnson, ‘‘Design method QC, Canada, Jun. 2018, pp. 1–4.
for differentially-driven capacitive wireless power transfer systems,’’ in [127] S. Shekhar, S. Mishra, and A. Joshi, ‘‘A utility interfaced half-bridge
Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Seoul, South Korea, based capacitively coupled power transfer circuit with automatic fre-
Nov. 2020, pp. 292–295. quency control,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE),
[110] H. Zhang, F. Lu, H. Hofmann, and C. Mi, ‘‘An LC compensated electric Denver, CO, USA, Sep. 2013, pp. 1598–1602.
field repeater for long distance capacitive power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE [128] T. C. Tin, P.-H. La, and S.-J. Choi, ‘‘A novel asymmetric half-bridge
Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Milwaukee, WI, USA, Sep. 2016, inverter for capacitive wireless power transfer,’’ in Proc. Int. Symp.
pp. 1–5. Electr. Electron. Eng. (ISEE), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Oct. 2019,
[111] J. Dai and D. C. Ludois, ‘‘Wireless electric vehicle charging via capac- pp. 194–198.
itive power transfer through a conformal bumper,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. [129] T. M. Mostafa, D. Bui, A. Muharam, A. P. Hu, and R. Hattori, ‘‘Load
Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), Charlotte, NC, USA, Mar. 2015, effect analysis and maximum power transfer tracking of CPT system,’’
pp. 3307–3313. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 2836–2848,
[112] M. Miyazaki, S. Abe, Y. Suzuki, N. Sakai, T. Ohira, and M. Sugino, Aug. 2020.
‘‘Sandwiched parallel plate capacitive coupler for wireless power trans- [130] K. Kroics, J. Voitkans, and B. Pakhaliuk, ‘‘Design considerations of
fer tolerant of electrode displacement,’’ in Proc. IEEE MTT-S Int. GaN transistor based capacitive wireless power transfer system,’’ in Proc.
Conf. Microw. Intell. Mobility (ICMIM), Nagoya, Japan, Mar. 2017, IEEE 18th Int. Power Electron. Motion Control Conf. (PEMC), Budapest,
pp. 29–32. Hungary, Aug. 2018, pp. 66–71.

VOLUME 10, 2022 3137

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

[131] S. Sinha, B. Regensburger, A. Kumar, and K. Afridi, ‘‘A very-high- [150] A. Muharam, T. M. Mostafa, S. Ahmad, M. Masuda, D. Obara, R. Hattori,
power-transfer-density GaN-based capacitive wireless power transfer sys- and A. Hapid, ‘‘Preliminary study of 50 W class-E GaN FET amplifier
tem,’’ in Proc. IEEE 5th Workshop Wide Bandgap Power Devices Appl. for 6.78 MHz capacitive wireless power transfer,’’ J. Mechtron., Electr.
(WiPDA), Albuquerque, NM, USA, Oct. 2017, pp. 360–365. Power, Veh. Technol., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 22–29, Jul. 2020.
[132] A. Kumar, S. Sinha, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘A high-frequency inverter archi- [151] A. Clements, V. Vishnoi, S. Dehghani, and T. Johnson, ‘‘A comparison of
tecture for providing variable compensation in wireless power transfer GaN class E inverter and synchronous rectifier designs for 13.56 MHz,
systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), 27.12 MHz and 40.68 MHz ISM bands,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power
San Antonio, TX, USA, Mar. 2018, pp. 3154–3159. Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2018, pp. 1–4.
[133] P. Colantonio, F. Giannini, R. Giofre, M. A. Y. Medina, D. Schreurs, and [152] S. Ahmad, A. Muharam, and R. Hattori, ‘‘Rotary capacitive power trans-
B. Nauwelaers, ‘‘High frequency class E design methodologies,’’ in Proc. fer with class-E inverter and balun circuit,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop
Eur. Gallium Arsenide Other Semiconductor Appl. Symp. (GAAS), Paris, Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), Seoul, South Korea,
France, 2005, pp. 329–332. Nov. 2020, pp. 330–333.
[134] D. Rattanarungngam, K. Phaebua, and T. Lertwiriyaprapa, ‘‘Power con- [153] H. Tebianian, Y. Salami, B. Jeyasurya, and J. E. Quaicoe, ‘‘A 13.56-MHz
trol unit for E-class power oscillator of 6.78 MHz wireless power trans- full-bridge class-D ZVS inverter with dynamic dead-time control for
fer,’’ in Proc. Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. (ISAP), Phuket, Thailand, wireless power transfer systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 67,
Oct. 2017, pp. 1–2. no. 2, pp. 1487–1497, Feb. 2020.
[135] Y. Yusop, S. Saat, H. Husin, S. K. Nguang, and I. Hindustan, ‘‘Analysis [154] L. R. Nerone, ‘‘A mathematical model of the class D converter for
of class-E LC capacitive power transfer system,’’ Energy Proc., vol. 100, compact fluorescent ballasts,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 10,
pp. 287–290, Nov. 2016. no. 6, pp. 708–715, Nov. 1995.
[136] K. Kamarudin, S. Saat, and Y. Yusmarnita, ‘‘Analysis and design of [155] L. R. Nerone, ‘‘Analytical solutions of the class d inverter,’’ in Proc. IEEE
wireless power transfer: A capacitive based method,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., Seattle, WA, USA, May 2008, pp. 1268–1271.
Symp. Ind. Electron. Appl. (ISIEA), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Sep. 2014, [156] H. Tebianian, J. Quaicoe, and B. Jeyasurya, ‘‘High frequency full-bridge
pp. 136–141. class-D inverter using eGaN FET with dynamic dead-time control,’’ in
[137] F. K. A. Rahman, S. Saat, Y. Yusop, H. Husin, and Y. Aziz, ‘‘Design Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf.
and analysis of capacitive power transfer system with and without the (WoW), Knoxville, TN, USA, Oct. 2016, pp. 95–99.
impedance matching circuit,’’ Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst., vol. 8, [157] X. Ge, L. Cheng, and W.-H. Ki, ‘‘A DCM ZVS class-D power amplifier
no. 3, p. 1260, Sep. 2017. for wireless power transfer applications,’’ in Proc. IEEE Asian Solid-State
[138] Y. Yusop, S. Saat, S. K. Nguang, H. Husin, and Z. Ghani, ‘‘Design of Circuits Conf. (A-SSCC), Macau, Macao, Nov. 2019, pp. 43–44.
capacitive power transfer using a class-E resonant inverter,’’ J. Power
[158] L. R. Nerone, ‘‘Design of a 2.5-MHz, soft-switching, class-D converter
Electron., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1678–1688, Sep. 2016.
for electrodeless lighting,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 3,
[139] S. Saat, Y. Yusop, Z. Ghani, H. Husin, and F. Rahman, ‘‘A modified class- pp. 507–516, May 1997.
Eπ1b for capacitive power transfer system,’’ J. Telecommun. Electron.
[159] M. A. D. Rooij, ‘‘The ZVS voltage-mode class-D amplifier, an eGaN
Comput. Eng., vol. 9, nos. 2–13, pp. 87–92, 2017.
FET-enabled topology for highly resonant wireless energy transfer,’’ in
[140] Y. Yusop, S. Saat, H. Husin, I. Hindustan, F. K. A. Rahman,
Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Expo. (APEC), Charlotte, NC, USA,
K. H. Kamarudin, and S. K. Nguang, ‘‘A study of capacitive power
Mar. 2015, pp. 1608–1613.
transfer using class-E resonant inverter,’’ Asian J. Sci. Res., vol. 9, no. 5,
[160] K. H. Yi, ‘‘Electric field wireless power transfer with impedance transfor-
pp. 258–265, Aug. 2016.
mation,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Consum. Electron. (ICCE), Las Vegas,
[141] B. H. Choi, D. T. Nguyen, S. J. Yoo, J. H. Kim, and C. T. Rim, ‘‘A novel
NV, USA, Jan. 2016, pp. 365–366.
source-side monitored capacitive power transfer system for contactless
mobile charger using class-E converter,’’ in Proc. IEEE 79th Veh. Technol. [161] M. Kim and J. Choi, ‘‘Design of high-frequency resonant inverter for
Conf. (VTC Spring), Seoul, South Korea, May 2014, pp. 1–5. capacitive wireless power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE 21st Workshop Control
Modeling Power Electron. (COMPEL), Aalborg, Denmark, Nov. 2020,
[142] X. Wang and B. Li, ‘‘Design of a wireless capacitive power transfer
pp. 1–7.
system,’’ Int. J. Smart Sens. Intell. Syst., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 69–87,
Mar. 2017. [162] L. Huang, A. P. Hu, A. Swain, and X. Dai, ‘‘Comparison of two
[143] Z. Mustapa, S. Saat, and Y. Yusof, ‘‘A new design of capacitive power high frequency converters for capacitive power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE
transfer based on hybrid approach for biomedical implantable device,’’ Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Sep. 2014,
Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., vol. 9, no. 4, p. 2365, Aug. 2019. pp. 5437–5443.
[144] L. Huang, A. P. Hu, and A. Swain, ‘‘A resonant compensation method for [163] S. Zang, K. Hou, and S. K. Nguang, ‘‘Underground communications
improving the performance of capacitively coupled power transfer sys- using capacitive data transfer devices,’’ J. Sensors, vol. 2020, pp. 1–11,
tem,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Pittsburgh, Sep. 2020.
PA, USA, Sep. 2014, pp. 870–875. [164] I.-O. Lee, J. Kim, and W. Lee, ‘‘A high-efficient low-cost converter for
[145] U.-G. Choi and J.-R. Yang, ‘‘A 6.78-MHz 100-W class e power ampli- capacitive wireless power transfer systems,’’ Energies, vol. 10, no. 9,
fier module with an adaptive power combiner,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. p. 1437, Sep. 2017.
Symp. Radio-Freq. Integr. Technol. (RFIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia, [165] B. Regensburger and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Challenges and solutions to passive
Aug. 2018, pp. 1–3. rectification in multi-MHz frequency capacitive wireless power transfer
[146] U.-G. Choi and J.-R. Yang, ‘‘A 120 W class-E power module with systems for electric vehicle charging,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers.
an adaptive power combiner for a 6.78 MHz wireless power transfer Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA, Oct. 2020, pp. 5482–5486.
system,’’ Energies, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 2083, Aug. 2018. [166] A. Reatti, M. Kazimierczuk, and R. Redl, ‘‘Class E full-wave low dv/dt
[147] K. K. Hasan, S. Saat, Y. Yusop, H. Husin, M. Z. Hussin, and Z. M. Yusoff, rectifier,’’ IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl., vol. 40,
‘‘Analysis and design capacitive power transfer (CPT) system for no. 2, pp. 73–85, Feb. 1993.
low application using class-E LCCL inverter by investigate distance [167] F. C. Domingos, S. V. de Campos de Freitas, and P. Mousavi, ‘‘Capacitive
between plates capacitive,’’ J. Phys., Conf. Ser., vol. 1529, Apr. 2020, power transfer based on compensation circuit for class E resonant full-
Art. no. 032094. wave rectifier,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC),
[148] Y. Sun, J. Yu, and X. Liu, ‘‘Design of class-E power amplifier for Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2018, pp. 1–4.
capacitive power transfer system,’’ Microelectron. J., vol. 80, pp. 69–74, [168] S. Sinha, A. Kumar, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Active variable reactance
Oct. 2018. rectifier—A new approach to compensating for coupling variations in
[149] C.-H. Yeh, Y.-T. Lin, C.-C. Kuo, C.-J. Huang, C.-Y. Xie, S.-F. Lu, wireless power transfer systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE 18th Workshop Control
W.-H. Yang, K.-H. Chen, K.-C. Liu, and Y.-H. Lin, ‘‘A 70 W and Modeling Power Electron. (COMPEL), Stanford, CA, USA, Jul. 2017,
90% GaN-based class-E wireless-power-transfer system with automatic- pp. 1–8.
matching-point-search control for zero-voltage switching and zero- [169] S. Sinha and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Closed-loop control of a dynamic capac-
voltage-derivative switching,’’ in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. itive wireless power transfer system,’’ in Proc. 20th Workshop Control
(ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, San Francisco, CA, USA, Feb. 2018, Modeling Power Electron. (COMPEL), Toronto, ON, Canada, Jun. 2019,
pp. 138–140. pp. 1–6.

3138 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

[170] C. Liu, A. P. Hu, B. Wang, and N.-K. C. Nair, ‘‘A capacitively coupled [191] T. M. Mostafa, D. Bui, A. Muharam, R. Hattori, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘A capac-
contactless matrix charging platform with soft switched transformer con- itive power transfer system with a CL network for improved system
trol,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 249–260, Jan. 2013. performance,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC),
[171] K. Lu, S. K. Nguang, S. Ji, and L. Wei, ‘‘Design of auto frequency tuning Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2018, pp. 1–4.
capacitive power transfer system based on class-E2 DC/DC converter,’’ [192] T. M. Mostafa, A. Muharam, A. P. Hu, and R. Hattori, ‘‘Improved
IET Power Electron., vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1588–1595, Oct. 2017. CPT system with less voltage stress and sensitivity using a step-down
[172] K. Lu and S. K. Nguang, ‘‘LQG control of capacitive power transfer transformer on receiving side,’’ IET Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 10,
system,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power pp. 2634–2641, Jun. 2019.
Transf. (WoW), Chongqing, China, May 2017, pp. 128–132. [193] T. Mostafa, D. Bui, A. Muharam, R. Hattori, and A. Hu, ‘‘Capacitive
[173] H.-S. Choi, J.-Y. Park, and S.-J. Choi, ‘‘Analysis and control of capacitive- power transfer system with reduced voltage stress and sensitivity,’’ Appl.
coupled wireless power transmission system,’’ in Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Sci., vol. 8, no. 7, p. 1131, Jul. 2018.
Control, Automat. Syst. (ICCAS), Busan, South Korea, Oct. 2015, [194] B. Luo, R. Mai, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, and Z. He, ‘‘A voltage stress optimiza-
pp. 1005–1009. tion method of capacitive power transfer charging system,’’ in Proc. IEEE
[174] B. Minnaert, F. Mastri, N. Stevens, A. Costanzo, and M. Mongiardo, Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), Tampa, FL, USA, Mar. 2017,
‘‘Coupling-independent capacitive wireless power transfer using fre- pp. 1456–1461.
quency bifurcation,’’ Energies, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1912, Jul. 2018. [195] R. Mai, B. Luo, Y. Chen, and Z. He, ‘‘Double-sided CL compensation
[175] R. Yang, X. Hu, and X. Dai, ‘‘Quasi sliding mode control law to improve topology based component voltage stress optimisation method for capac-
robustness of the 5-S resonant type ECPT system,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS itive power transfer charging system,’’ IET Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 7,
Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), Chongqing, pp. 1153–1160, Apr. 2018.
China, May 2017, pp. 1–3. [196] B. Luo, A. P. Hu, H. Munir, Q. Zhu, R. Mai, and Z. He, ‘‘Com-
[176] Y. Su, Z. Wang, Y. Zhao, X. Wu, Z. Liu, and X. Qing, ‘‘Hybrid control pensation network design of CPT systems for achieving maxi-
of capacitive power transfer system for coupling capacitance variation,’’ mum power transfer under coupling voltage constraints,’’ IEEE J.
Electr. Eng., vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 2245–2253, Jun. 2020. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., early access, Sep. 28, 2020, doi:
[177] E. Abramov and M. M. Peretz, ‘‘Multi-loop control for power transfer 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3027348.
regulation in capacitive wireless systems by means of variable matching [197] J. Lian and X. Qu, ‘‘Design of a double-sided LC compensated capacitive
networks,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 3, power transfer system with capacitor voltage stress optimization,’’ IEEE
pp. 2095–2110, Sep. 2020. Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 715–719, Apr. 2020.
[178] A. M. Sodagar and P. Amiri, ‘‘Capacitive coupling for power and [198] J. Lian, X. Qu, X. Chen, and C. C. Mi, ‘‘Design of a double-sided LCLC
data telemetry to implantable biomedical microsystems,’’ in Proc. compensated capacitive power transfer system with predesigned coupler
4th Int. IEEE/EMBS Conf. Neural Eng., Antalya, Turkey, Apr. 2009, plate voltage stresses,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., early
pp. 411–414. access, Oct. 13, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3030657.
[179] S. Zang, K. Lu, S. K. Nguang, and W. Sun, ‘‘Robust H∞ output feedback [199] H.-S. Choi and S.-J. Choi, ‘‘Compact drive circuit for capacitive wireless
control of a rotary capacitive power transfer system,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, power transfer system utilizing leakage-enhanced transformer,’’ J. Electr.
pp. 113452–113462, 2019. Eng. Technol., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 191–199, Jan. 2019.
[180] N. Kuyvenhoven, C. Dean, J. Melton, J. Schwannecke, and A. E. Umenei, [200] P. S. Almeida, J. M. Jorge, D. Botelho, D. P. Pinto, and H. A. C. Braga,
‘‘Development of a foreign object detection and analysis method for ‘‘Proposal of a low-cost LED driver for a multistring street lighting
wireless power systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE Symp. Product Compliance Eng., luminaire,’’ in Proc. 38th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. (IECON),
San Diego, CA, USA, Oct. 2011, pp. 1–6. Montreal, QC, Canada, Oct. 2012, pp. 4586–4590.
[181] Y.-G. Su, J.-H. Ma, S.-Y. Xie, Y.-M. Zhao, and X. Dai, ‘‘Analysis on safety [201] D. Shmilovitz, S. Ozeri, and M. M. Ehsani, ‘‘A resonant LED driver with
issues of capacitive power transfer system,’’ Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. capacitive power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf.
Mech., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 673–684, Apr. 2017. Expo. (APEC), Fort Worth, TX, USA, Mar. 2014, pp. 1384–1387.
[182] Q. Zhu, L. J. Zou, S. Zang, M. Su, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘Effect of surrounding [202] D. Shmilovitz, A. Abramovitz, and I. Reichman, ‘‘Quasi-resonant LED
conductive object on four-plate capacitive power transfer system,’’ 2019, driver with capacitive isolation and high PF,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics
arXiv:1907.11138. Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 633–641, Sep. 2015.
[183] L. Pamungkas, M. Tampubolon, Y.-C. Chang, and H.-J. Chiu, ‘‘Resonant [203] A. Abramovitz, I. Reichman, M. Ehsani, and D. Shmilovitz, ‘‘Off-line
network transformation and implementation of a compacted four-plate capacitively-isolated quasi resonant LED driver,’’ in Proc. 17th Eur.
capacitive power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE 4th Int. Future Energy Electron. Conf. Power Electron. Appl. (EPE ECCE-Europe), Geneva, Switzerland,
Conf. (IFEEC), Singapore, Nov. 2019, pp. 1–6. Sep. 2015, pp. 1–8.
[184] J. Xia, X. Yuan, J. Li, S. Lu, X. Cui, S. Li, and L. M. Fernández-Ramírez, [204] A. Bazarov, A. Abramovitz, and D. Shmilovitz, ‘‘Multi-string capaci-
‘‘Foreign object detection for electric vehicle wireless charging,’’ Elec- tively isolated quasi-resonant LED driver,’’ in Proc. Int. Conf. Optim.
tronics, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 805, May 2020. Electr. Electron. Equip. (OPTIM), Int. Aegean Conf. Electr. Mach. Power
[185] C.-H. Jeong, P.-H. La, S.-J. Choi, and H.-S. Choi, ‘‘A novel target detec- Electron. (ACEMP), Brasov, Romania, May 2017, pp. 711–716.
tion algorithm for capacitive power transfer systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. [205] D. Chaney, C. A. Robinson, and C. W. V. Neste, ‘‘Quarter wavelength
Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), San Antonio, TX, USA, Mar. 2018, surface structures for improved operation in unipolar capacitive power
pp. 3174–3177. transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol. Wireless Power
[186] B. Regensburger, A. Kumar, S. Sinha, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Impact of Transf. (WoW), London, U.K., Jun. 2019, pp. 234–237.
foreign objects on the performance of capacitive wireless charging sys- [206] C. Liu, A. P. Hu, and N.-K.-C. Nair, ‘‘Coupling study of a rotary capacitive
tems for electric vehicles,’’ in Proc. IEEE Transp. Electrific. Conf. Expo. power transfer system,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ind. Technol., Churchill,
(ITEC), Long Beach, CA, USA, Jun. 2018, pp. 892–897. VIC, Australia, Feb. 2009, pp. 1–6.
[187] A. I. Al-Kalbani, M. R. Yuce, and J.-M. Redouté, ‘‘A biosafety compari- [207] Q. Zhu, L. J. Zou, M. Su, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘E-field analysis of a 3D
son between capacitive and inductive coupling in biomedical implants,’’ capacitive power transfer configuration with single source excitation,’’
IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 1168–1171, 2014. in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf.
[188] D. Ahn and M. Ghovanloo, ‘‘Optimal design of wireless power trans- (WoW), London, U.K., Jun. 2019, pp. 253–256.
mission links for millimeter-sized biomedical implants,’’ IEEE Trans. [208] H. W. R. Liang, C.-K. Lee, and S. Y. R. Hui, ‘‘Design, analysis, and
Biomed. Circuits Syst., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 125–137, Feb. 2016. experimental verification of a ball-joint structure with constant coupling
[189] R. Erfani, F. Marefat, A. M. Sodagar, and P. Mohseni, ‘‘Modeling and for capacitive wireless power transfer,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power
experimental validation of a capacitive link for wireless power transfer to Electron., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 3582–3591, Dec. 2020.
biomedical implants,’’ IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 65, [209] J. Dai and D. C. Ludois, ‘‘Biologically inspired coupling pixilation for
no. 7, pp. 923–927, Jul. 2018. position independence in capacitive power transfer surfaces,’’ in Proc.
[190] A. Bartlett and P. Arsenault, ‘‘Wireless power for vehicle lightweighting, IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), Charlotte, NC, USA,
reducing costs, and improving manufacturing efficiencies: An analysis of Mar. 2015, pp. 3276–3282.
resonant capacitive coupling and its ability to reduce vehicle weight and [210] G. G. da Silva and C. A. Petry, ‘‘Capacitive wireless power transfer system
the cost of vehicle manufacturing and maintenance,’’ in Proc. IEEE 82nd applied to low power mobile device charging,’’ Int. J. Electr. Energy,
Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC-Fall), Boston, MA, USA, Sep. 2015, pp. 1–5. vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 230–234, Dec. 2015.

VOLUME 10, 2022 3139

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

[211] J.-Q. Zhu, Y.-L. Ban, R.-M. Xu, and C. C. Mi, ‘‘An NFC-CPT-combined [228] B. Regensburger, S. Sinha, A. Kumar, S. Maji, and K. K. Afridi,
coupler with series-none compensation for metal-cover smartphone appli- ‘‘High-performance multi-MHz capacitive wireless power transfer sys-
cations,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 3, tem for EV charging utilizing interleaved-foil coupled inductors,’’ IEEE
pp. 3758–3769, Jun. 2021. J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., early access, Oct. 13, 2020, doi:
[212] M. B. Lillholm, Y. Dou, X. Chen, and Z. Zhang, ‘‘Analysis and design of 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3030757.
10 MHz capacitive power transfer with multiple independent outputs for [229] J. Dai and D. C. Ludois, ‘‘Capacitive power transfer through a conformal
low power portable devices,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., bumper for electric vehicle charging,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power
early access, Nov. 3, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3035493. Electron., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1015–1025, Sep. 2016.
[213] J. Lopez-Lopez, C. Salto, P. Zumel, C. Fernández, A. Rodríguez-Lorente, [230] S. Maji, S. Sinha, B. Regensburger, F. Monticone, and K. K. Afridi,
and E. Olías, ‘‘High efficiency capacitive power transfer converter,’’ in ‘‘Reduced-fringing-field multi-MHz capacitive wireless power transfer
Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), San Antonio, TX, system utilizing a metasurface-based coupler,’’ in Proc. IEEE 21st Work-
USA, Mar. 2018, pp. 3149–3153. shop Control Modeling Power Electron. (COMPEL), Aalborg, Denmark,
[214] K. Kroics and J. Voitkans, ‘‘High frequency two-plate capacitive wireless Nov. 2020, pp. 1–6.
power transfer system,’’ in Proc. Int. Sci. Conf. Jelgava, Latvia: Latvijas [231] B. Regensburger, J. Estrada, A. Kumar, S. Sinha, Z. Popovic, and
Lauksaimniecı̄bas Universitāte, 2018, pp. 1–9. K. K. Afridi, ‘‘High-performance capacitive wireless power transfer sys-
[215] G. Blakiewicz, M. Klosowski, W. Jendernalik, J. Jakusz, and S. Szczepan- tem for electric vehicle charging with enhanced coupling plate design,’’ in
ski, ‘‘Low-power receivers for wireless capacitive coupling transmission Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Portland, OR, USA,
in 3-D-integrated massively parallel CMOS imager,’’ IEEE Trans. Cir- Sep. 2018, pp. 2472–2477.
cuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 2556–2565, Aug. 2020. [232] X. Chen, S. Yu, and Z. Zhang, ‘‘A strip-coupler for dynamic capacitive
[216] L. Chen, J. Sankman, R. Mukhopadhyay, M. Morgan, and D. B. Ma, wireless power transfer,’’ in Proc. 45th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron.
‘‘A 50.7% peak efficiency subharmonic resonant isolated capacitive Soc. (IECON), Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. 2019, pp. 4887–4892.
power transfer system with 62 mW output power for low-power industrial [233] M. Behnamfar, H. Javadi, and E. Afjei, ‘‘A dynamic CPT system LC
sensor interfaces,’’ in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. compensated with a six-plate capacitive coupler for wireless charging
Tech. Papers, San Francisco, CA, USA, Feb. 2017, pp. 428–429. of electric vehicle in motion,’’ in Proc. 28th Iranian Conf. Electr. Eng.
[217] E. Culurciello and A. G. Andreou, ‘‘Capacitive inter-chip data and power (ICEE), Tabriz, Iran, Aug. 2020, pp. 1–6.
transfer for 3-D VLSI,’’ IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 53, [234] F. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Hofmann, Y. Mei, and C. Mi, ‘‘A dynamic capac-
no. 12, pp. 1348–1352, Dec. 2006. itive power transfer system with reduced power pulsation,’’ in Proc.
IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW),
[218] E. Culurciello, P. O. Pouliquen, A. G. Andreou, K. Strohbehn, and
Knoxville, TN, USA, Oct. 2016, pp. 60–64.
S. Jaskulek, ‘‘Monolithic digital galvanic isolation buffer fabricated in
[235] S. Y. Choi, B. W. Gu, S. Y. Jeong, and C. T. Rim, ‘‘Advances in
silicon on sapphire CMOS,’’ Electron. Lett., vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 526–528,
wireless power transfer systems for roadway-powered electric vehicles,’’
Apr. 2005.
IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 18–36,
[219] C. Suarez, M. Kalmes, J. Suffeleers, and W. Martinez, ‘‘Frequency split-
Mar. 2015.
ting in an LCLC capacitive wireless power transfer system for electric
[236] S. Hall, ‘‘Capacitive power transfer to car through wheel-is it possi-
vehicle charging,’’ in Proc. 46th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc.
ble?’’ CODEN, LUTEDX/TEIE, Ind. Elect. Eng. Automat., Lund Univ.,
(IECON), Singapore, Oct. 2020, pp. 3622–3627.
Sweden, Tech. Rep. 5305, 2012.
[220] B. Regensburger, A. Kumar, S. Sinha, and K. Afridi, ‘‘High-performance [237] M. M. Arms, K. H. Truman-Jarrell, and C. W. Van Neste, ‘‘Investi-
13.56-MHz large air-gap capacitive wireless power transfer system for gating the interactions between capacitive wireless power transfer tech-
electric vehicle charging,’’ in Proc. IEEE 19th Workshop Control Model- nology and concrete,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Tech-
ing Power Electron. (COMPEL), Padua, Italy, Jun. 2018, pp. 1–4. nol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), Seoul, South Korea, Nov. 2020,
[221] B. Regensburger, A. Kumar, S. Sinha, J. Xu, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘High- pp. 218–222.
efficiency high-power-transfer-density capacitive wireless power transfer [238] H. Zhang, F. Lu, and C. Mi, ‘‘An electric roadway system leveraging
system for electric vehicle charging utilizing semi-toroidal interleaved- dynamic capacitive wireless charging: Furthering the continuous charging
foil coupled inductors,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. of electric vehicles,’’ IEEE Electrific. Mag., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 52–60,
(APEC), Anaheim, CA, USA, Mar. 2019, pp. 1533–1538. Jun. 2020.
[222] S. Sinha, A. Kumar, B. Regensburger, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘A new design [239] K. Song, K. E. Koh, C. Zhu, J. Jiang, C. Wang, and X. Huang, ‘‘A review
approach to mitigating the effect of parasitics in capacitive wireless power of dynamic wireless power transfer for in-motion electric vehicles,’’
transfer systems for electric vehicle charging,’’ IEEE Trans. Transport. in Wireless Power Transfer: Fundamentals and Technologies. Rijeka,
Electrific., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1040–1059, Dec. 2019. Croatia: InTech, 2016, ch. 6, pp. 109–128.
[223] S. Sinha, B. Regensburger, K. Doubleday, A. Kumar, S. Pervaiz, and [240] A. Ma, J. Yang, Q. Zhu, S. Ning, Y. Sun, and M. Dong, ‘‘A power
K. K. Afridi, ‘‘High-power-transfer-density capacitive wireless power electronic transformer based on a 4-plate compact capacitive coupler,’’ in
transfer system for electric vehicle charging,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Proc. IEEE 3rd Int. Future Energy Electron. Conf. ECCE Asia (IFEEC-
Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Cincinnati, OH, USA, Oct. 2017, ECCE Asia), Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Jun. 2017, pp. 304–307.
pp. 967–974. [241] J.-W. Shin, M. Ishigaki, E. M. Dede, and J. S. Lee, ‘‘Bidirectional DC–
[224] A. Kumar, S. Pervaiz, C.-K. Chang, S. Korhummel, Z. Popovic, and DC converter utilizing magnetic and capacitive power transfer—97.1%
K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Investigation of power transfer density enhancement in efficiency at 1.2-MHz switching,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr.
large air-gap capacitive wireless power transfer systems,’’ in Proc. IEEE Expo. (ECCE), Cincinnati, OH, USA, Oct. 2017, pp. 5704–5711.
Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Boulder, CO, USA, May 2015, [242] X.-D. Qing, Z.-H. Wang, Y.-G. Su, Y.-M. Zhao, and X.-Y. Wu, ‘‘Parame-
pp. 1–4. ter design method with constant output voltage characteristic for bilateral
[225] B. Regensburger, S. Sinha, A. Kumar, J. Vance, Z. Popovic, and LC-compensated CPT system,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Elec-
K. K. Afridi, ‘‘Kilowatt-scale large air-gap multi-modular capacitive tron., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 2707–2715, Sep. 2020.
wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle charging,’’ in Proc. [243] P. J. Vishnu and N. R. Tummuru, ‘‘A phase shift control strategy for
IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), San Antonio, TX, USA, bidirectional power flow in capacitive wireless power transfer system
Mar. 2018, pp. 666–671. using LCLC compensation,’’ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electron.,
[226] B. Regensburger, A. Kumar, S. Sinha, K. Doubleday, S. Pervaiz, Smart Grid Renew. Energy (PESGRE), Cochin, India, Jan. 2020, pp. 1–6.
Z. Popovic, and K. Afridi, ‘‘High-performance large air-gap capaci- [244] L. Yang, M. Ju, and B. Zhang, ‘‘Bidirectional undersea capacitive wireless
tive wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle charging,’’ in power transfer system,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 121046–121054, 2019.
Proc. IEEE Transp. Electrific. Conf. Expo. (ITEC), Chicago, IL, USA, [245] W. C. Cheah, S. A. Watson, and B. Lennox, ‘‘Limitations of wireless
Jun. 2017, pp. 638–643. power transfer technologies for mobile robots,’’ Wireless Power Transf.,
[227] B. Regensburger, S. Sinha, A. Kumar, and K. K. Afridi, ‘‘A 3.75-kW vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 175–189, Oct. 2019.
high-power-transfer-density capacitive wireless charging system for EVs [246] A. Muharam, S. Ahmad, R. Hattori, and A. Hapid, ‘‘13.56 MHz scalable
utilizing toro idal-Interleaved-Foil coupled inductors,’’ in Proc. IEEE shielded-capacitive power transfer for electric vehicle wireless charging,’’
Transp. Electrific. Conf. Expo (ITEC), Chicago, IL, USA, Jun. 2020, in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf.
pp. 839–843. (WoW), Seoul, South Korea, Nov. 2020, pp. 298–303.

3140 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

[247] A. Sarin, D. Abbot, S. Revzen, and A.-T. Avestruz, ‘‘Bidirectional capac- [267] J. Dai, S. Hagen, D. C. Ludois, and I. P. Brown, ‘‘Synchronous generator
itive wireless power transfer for energy balancing in modular robots,’’ in field excitation via capacitive coupling through a journal bearing,’’ in
Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC), New Orleans, Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Milwaukee, WI,
LA, USA, Mar. 2020, pp. 852–859. USA, Sep. 2016, pp. 1–8.
[248] A. Sarin and A.-T. Avestruz, ‘‘Code division multiple access wireless [268] J. Dai, S. S. Hagen, and D. C. Ludois, ‘‘High-efficiency multiphase
power transfer for energy sharing in heterogenous robot swarms,’’ IEEE capacitive power transfer in sliding carriages with closed-loop burst-mode
Access, vol. 8, pp. 132121–132133, 2020. current control,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 2,
[249] M. Lu, M. Bagheri, A. P. James, and T. Phung, ‘‘Wireless charging pp. 1388–1398, Jun. 2019.
techniques for UAVs: A review, reconceptualization, and extension,’’ [269] C. D. Rouse, S. R. Cove, Y. Salami, P. Arsenault, and A. Bartlett, ‘‘Three-
IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 29865–29884, 2018. phase resonant capacitive power transfer for rotary applications,’’ IEEE
[250] M. Simic, C. Bil, and V. Vojisavljevic, ‘‘Investigation in wireless power J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., early access, Jul. 14, 2020, doi:
transmission for UAV charging,’’ Proc. Comput. Sci., vol. 60, no. 1, 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3009316.
pp. 1846–1855, 2015. [270] B. Luo, R. Mai, R. Shi, and Z. He, ‘‘Analysis and designed of three-
[251] A. Le, L. Truong, T. Quyen, C. Nguyen, and M. Nguyen, ‘‘Wireless power phase capacitive coupled wireless power transfer for high power charging
transfer near-field technologies for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): system,’’ in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC),
A review,’’ EAI Endorsed Trans. Ind. Netw. Intell. Syst., vol. 7, no. 22, San Antonio, TX, USA, Mar. 2018, pp. 1369–1374.
Jan. 2020, Art. no. 162831. [271] D. C. Ludois, M. J. Erickson, and J. K. Reed, ‘‘Aerodynamic fluid
[252] A. Muharam, T. M. Mostafa, and R. Hattori, ‘‘Design of power receiving bearings for translational and rotating capacitors in noncontact capac-
side in wireless charging system for UAV application,’’ in Proc. Int. Conf. itive power transfer systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 50, no. 2,
Sustain. Energy Eng. Appl. (ICSEEA), Jakarta, Indonesia, Oct. 2017, pp. 1025–1033, Mar. 2014.
pp. 133–139. [272] N. Nabila, S. Saat, Y. Yusop, M. S. M Isa, and A. A. Basari, ‘‘The design
[253] T. M. Mostafa, A. Muharam, and R. Hattori, ‘‘Wireless battery charging of auto-tuning capacitive power transfer for rotary applications using
system for drones via capacitive power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS phased-locked-loop,’’ Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst., vol. 10, no. 1,
Workshop Emerg. Technol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), Chongqing, p. 307, Mar. 2019.
China, May 2017, pp. 1–6. [273] Y. Yusop, S. Saat, Z. Ghani, H. Husin, M. K. Adie, and S. K. Nguang,
[254] D.-H. Kim and D. Ahn, ‘‘Optimization of capacitive wireless power ‘‘Cascaded boost-class-E for rotary capacitive power transfer system,’’
transfer system for maximum efficiency,’’ J. Electr. Eng. Technol., vol. 15, J. Eng., vol. 2019, no. 17, pp. 3742–3748, Jun. 2019.
no. 1, pp. 343–352, Jan. 2020. [274] R. Sedehi, D. Budgett, J. Jiang, X. Ziyi, X. Dai, A. P. Hu, and
[255] C. Park, J. Park, Y. Shin, S. Huh, J. Kim, and S. Ahn, ‘‘Separated circu- D. McCormick, ‘‘A wireless power method for deeply implanted
lar capacitive couplers for rotational misalignment of drones,’’ in Proc. biomedical devices via capacitively coupled conductive power trans-
IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC), London, U.K., Jun. 2019, fer,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1870–1882,
pp. 635–638. Feb. 2021.
[256] D. Vincent, P. S. Huynh, L. Patnaik, and S. S. Williamson, ‘‘Prospects [275] R. Narayanamoorthi, ‘‘Modeling of capacitive resonant wireless
of capacitive wireless power transfer (C-WPT) for unmanned power and data transfer to deep biomedical implants,’’ IEEE Trans.
aerial vehicles,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Technol., Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol., vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1253–1263,
Wireless Power Transf. (Wow), Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2018, Jul. 2019.
pp. 1–5. [276] R. Erfani, F. Marefat, and P. Mohseni, ‘‘A dual-output single-stage reg-
[257] H. Zhang and F. Lu, ‘‘Feasibility study of the high-power underwater ulating rectifier with PWM and dual-mode PFM control for wireless
capacitive wireless power transfer for the electric ship charging applica- powering of biomedical implants,’’ IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst.,
tion,’’ in Proc. IEEE Electric Ship Technol. Symp. (ESTS), Washington, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1195–1206, Dec. 2020.
DC, USA, Aug. 2019, pp. 231–235. [277] R. Erfani, F. Marefat, S. Nag, and P. Mohseni, ‘‘A 1–10-MHz frequency-
[258] T. Orekan and P. Zhang, Underwater Wireless Power Transfer: aware CMOS active rectifier with dual-loop adaptive delay compensa-
Smart Ocean Energy Converters. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, tion and >230-mW output power for capacitively powered biomedical
2019. implants,’’ IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 756–766,
[259] M. Tamura, Y. Naka, K. Murai, and T. Nakata, ‘‘Design of a capac- Mar. 2020.
itive wireless power transfer system for operation in fresh water,’’ [278] Y. Alazzawi, K. Aono, E. L. Scheller, and S. Chakrabartty, ‘‘Exploiting
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 5873–5884, self-capacitances for wireless power transfer,’’ IEEE Trans. Biomed. Cir-
Dec. 2018. cuits Syst., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 425–434, Apr. 2019.
[260] M. Tamura, Y. Naka, and K. Murai, ‘‘Design of capacitive coupler for [279] C. Zhang, R. Gallichan, D. M. Budgett, and D. McCormick, ‘‘A precision
wireless power transfer under fresh water focusing on kQ product,’’ in low-power analog front end in 180 nm CMOS for wireless implantable
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Philadelphia, PA, USA, Jun. 2018, capacitive pressure sensors,’’ Integration, vol. 70, pp. 151–158,
pp. 1257–1260. Jan. 2020.
[261] M. Tamura, K. Murai, and M. Matsumoto, ‘‘Design of conductive coupler [280] K. V. T. Piipponen, R. Sepponen, and P. Eskelinen, ‘‘A biosignal instru-
for underwater wireless power and data transfer,’’ IEEE Trans. Microw. mentation system using capacitive coupling for power and signal iso-
Theory Techn., vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1161–1175, Jan. 2021. lation,’’ IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 1822–1828,
[262] H. Zhang and F. Lu, ‘‘Insulated coupler structure design for the long- Oct. 2007.
distance freshwater capacitive power transfer,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Infor- [281] D. Lee, Y. Lim, and K. Park, ‘‘Low-power unobtrusive ECG sensor
mat., vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 5191–5201, Aug. 2020. system for wireless power transfer,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf.
[263] H. Mahdi, B. Hoff, and T. Østrem, ‘‘Evaluation of capacitive power Conf. (WPTC), Seoul, South Korea, Nov. 2020, pp. 450–452.
transfer for small vessels charging applications,’’ in Proc. IEEE 29th [282] S. Nag, A. Koruprolu, S. M. Saikh, R. Erfani, and P. Mohseni, ‘‘Auto-
Int. Symp. Ind. Electron. (ISIE), Delft, The Netherlands, Jun. 2020, resonant tuning for capacitive power and data telemetry using flexible
pp. 1605–1610. patches,’’ IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 67, no. 10,
[264] D. C. Ludois, J. K. Reed, and K. Hanson, ‘‘Capacitive power transfer pp. 1804–1808, Oct. 2020.
for rotor field current in synchronous machines,’’ IEEE Trans. Power [283] K. Bazaka and M. Jacob, ‘‘Implantable devices: Issues and challenges,’’
Electron., vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4638–4645, Nov. 2012. Electronics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1–34, Dec. 2012.
[265] D. C. Ludois, K. Hanson, and J. K. Reed, ‘‘Capacitive power transfer [284] G. L. Barbruni, P. M. Ros, D. Demarchi, S. Carrara, and D. Ghezzi,
for slip ring replacement in wound field synchronous machines,’’ in ‘‘Miniaturised wireless power transfer systems for neurostimulation:
Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Phoenix, AZ, USA, A review,’’ IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., vol. 14, no. 6,
Sep. 2011, pp. 1664–1669. pp. 1160–1178, Dec. 2020.
[266] S. Hagen, M. Tisler, J. Dai, I. P. Brown, and D. C. Ludois, ‘‘Use of the [285] W. Y. Po and S. Warisawa, ‘‘Coil shape antenna design to enhance the
rotating rectifier board as a capacitive power coupler for brushless wound performance of 1 pair capacitive coupling for implant medical device
field synchronous machines,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Elec- application,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Seoul,
tron., early access, Nov. 20, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3039497. South Korea, Nov. 2020, pp. 49–52.

VOLUME 10, 2022 3141

 M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

[286] R. Narayanamoorthi, V. Juliet, C. S. Padmanaban, and Z. M. Leonowicz, [305] S. Zang and S. K. Nguang, ‘‘Capactive power transfer design for multiple
‘‘Class E power amplifier design and optimization for the capacitive cou- receivers on conveyors,’’ in Proc. 45th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron.
pled wireless power transfer system in biomedical implants,’’ Energies, Soc. (IECON), Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. 2019, pp. 4183–4188.
vol. 10, no. 9, p. 1409, Sep. 2017. [306] Y. Su, S. Xie, A. P. Hu, C. S. Tang, W. Zhou, and L. Huang, ‘‘Capacitive
[287] F. Lu, H. Zhang, H. Hofmann, and C. C. Mi, ‘‘An inductive and capac- power transfer system with a mixed-resonant topology for constant-
itive combined wireless power transfer system with LC-compensated current multiple-pickup applications,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
topology,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 8471–8482, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 8778–8786, Nov. 2017.
Dec. 2016. [307] W. Zhou, L. Huang, B. Luo, R. Mai, Z. He, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘A general
[288] Y. Wu, Q. Chen, X. Ren, and Z. Zhang, ‘‘A parallel-connected mutual coupling model of MIMO capacitive coupling interface with
hybrid inductive and capacitive coupler with double-sided LCL com- arbitrary number of ports,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 36, no. 6,
pensation topology,’’ in Proc. IEEE PELS Workshop Emerg. Tech- pp. 6163–6167, Jun. 2021.
nol., Wireless Power Transf. (WoW), Seoul, South Korea, Nov. 2020, [308] B. Minnaert, G. Monti, F. Mastri, A. Costanzo, and M. Mongiardo,
pp. 79–83. ‘‘Power maximization for a multiple–input and multiple-output wireless
[289] W. Zhou, Y.-G. Su, L. Huang, X.-D. Qing, and A. P. Hu, ‘‘Wireless power power transfer system described by the admittance matrix,’’ in Proc. 33rd
transfer across a metal barrier by combined capacitive and inductive Gen. Assem. Sci. Symp. Int. Union Radio Sci., Rome, Italy, Aug. 2020,
coupling,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 4031–4041, pp. 1–4.
May 2019. [309] D. C. Ludois and K. Frankforter, ‘‘A rotating double layer capacitive
slip ring concept for power & heat transfer in machines using an ionic
[290] X. Li, C. Tang, X. Dai, P. Deng, and Y. Su, ‘‘An inductive and capac-
conducting working fluid,’’ in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo.
itive combined parallel transmission of power and data for wireless
(ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA, Oct. 2020, pp. 4238–4245.
power transfer systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 6,
[310] IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human
pp. 4980–4991, Jun. 2018.
Exposure to Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to
[291] B. Minnaert and N. Stevens, ‘‘Conjugate image theory for non-symmetric 300 GHz, IEEE Standard PC95.1/D3.5, 2019.
inductive, capacitive and mixed coupling,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power
Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Taipei, Taiwan, May 2017, pp. 1–4.
[292] B. Minnaert and N. Stevens, ‘‘Maximizing the power transfer for a mixed
inductive and capacitive wireless power transfer system,’’ in Proc. IEEE
Wireless Power Transf. Conf. (WPTC), Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2018,
pp. 1–4.
[293] B. Luo, X. Zhou, T. Long, R. Mai, and Z. He, ‘‘Misalignment toler-
ance wireless power transfer system combining inductive and capacitive
coupling,’’ IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1925–1932,
Jul. 2020.
[294] B. Luo, T. Long, L. Guo, R. Dai, R. Mai, and Z. He, ‘‘Analysis and design MEHMET ZAHID EREL was born in Sakarya,
of inductive and capacitive hybrid wireless power transfer system for rail- Turkey. He received the B.S. degree in electri-
way application,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 3034–3042,
cal engineering from Yildiz Technical University,
May 2020.
Istanbul, Turkey, in 2013, and the M.S. degree
[295] B. Luo, T. Long, R. Mai, R. Dai, Z. He, and W. Li, ‘‘Analysis and design
in electronics and communication engineering
of hybrid inductive and capacitive wireless power transfer for high-power
from Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara,
applications,’’ IET Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 14, pp. 2263–2270,
Oct. 2018. Turkey, in 2016, where he is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree with the Department of Electrical and
[296] D. Vincent, P. S. Huynh, N. A. Azeez, L. Patnaik, and S. S. Williamson,
‘‘Evolution of hybrid inductive and capacitive AC links for wireless EV Electronics Engineering.
charging—A comparative overview,’’ IEEE Trans. Transport. Electrific., His research interests include applications of
vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1060–1077, Dec. 2019. power electronics, renewable energy, and wireless power transfer.
[297] D. Vincent, P. S. Huynh, and S. S. Williamson, ‘‘A novel three leg inverter
for high power hybrid inductive and capacitive wireless power transfer
system,’’ in Proc. 45th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc. (IECON),
Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. 2019, pp. 1544–1548.
[298] M. Ishigaki, J. Shin, and E. M. Dede, ‘‘A novel soft switching bidirec-
tional DC–DC converter using magnetic and capacitive hybrid power
transfer,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 6961–6970,
Sep. 2017.
[299] M. Al-Saadi, L. Al-Bahrani, M. Al-Qaisi, and S. Al-Chlaihawi, ‘‘Capac-
itive power transfer for wireless batteries charging,’’ Electrotehn., Elec-
KAMIL CAGATAY BAYINDIR was born in
tron., Automat., vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 40–51, Dec. 2018.
Turkey, in 1973. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
[300] B. Minnaert, A. Costanzo, G. Monti, and M. Mongiardo, ‘‘Capacitive
degrees in electrical-electronics engineering from
wireless power transfer with multiple transmitters: Efficiency optimiza-
tion,’’ Energies, vol. 13, no. 13, p. 3482, Jul. 2020. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey,
in 1995 and 2000, respectively, and the Ph.D.
[301] B. Minnaert, M. Mongiardo, A. Costanzo, and F. Mastri, ‘‘Maximum effi-
ciency solution for capacitive wireless power transfer with N receivers,’’ degree in electrical and electronics engineer-
Wireless Power Transf., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 65–75, Mar. 2020. ing from Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey,
[302] B. Minnaert and N. Stevens, ‘‘Optimal analytical solution for a capacitive in 2006.
wireless power transfer system with one transmitter and two receivers,’’ He was a Research Assistant at Middle
Energies, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 1444, Sep. 2017. East Technical University, from 1997 to 2000.
[303] B. Minnaert, F. Mastri, A. Costanzo, M. Mongiardo, and N. Stevens, He worked as a Chief Engineer in energy sector for ten years and returned
‘‘Optimizing the power output for a capacitive wireless power transfer to university, in 2009. From 2009 to 2014, he worked at the Department
system with N receivers,’’ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Power Transf. Conf. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cukurova
(WPTC), London, U.K., Jun. 2019, pp. 351–354. University. He is currently with Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara.
[304] V.-B. Vu, L. B. M. Kamal, J. Tay, V. Pickert, M. Dahidah, T. Logenthiran, His research interests include power electronics, electrical power quality,
and V.-T. Phan, ‘‘A multi-output capacitive charger for electric vehicles,’’ microgrids, and renewable energy applications.
in Proc. IEEE 26th Int. Symp. Ind. Electron. (ISIE), Edinburgh, U.K., Dr. Bayindir is a member of Turkish TSO Advisory Board and the
Jun. 2017, pp. 565–569. President of the Association of Digitalization in Energy.

3142 VOLUME 10, 2022

M. Z. Erel et al.: Comprehensive Review on Wireless CPT Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

MEHMET TIMUR AYDEMIR (Member, IEEE) JOSEP M. GUERRERO (Fellow, IEEE) received
was born in Turkey, in 1962. He received the the B.S. degree in telecommunications engineer-
B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical-electronics ing, the M.S. degree in electronics engineering,
engineering from Karadeniz Technical University, and the Ph.D. degree in power electronics from
Trabzon, Turkey, in 1983 and 1985, respectively, the Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona,
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer in 1977, 2000, and 2003, respectively.
engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Since 2011, he has been a Full Profes-
Madison, WI, USA, in 1995. sor with the Department of Energy Technol-
He was a Research Assistant at Karad- ogy, Aalborg University, Denmark, where he is
eniz Technical University, from 1984 to 1987. responsible for the Microgrid Research Program
From 1995 to 2020, he worked at the Department of Electrical and Electronic (www.microgrids. et.aau.dk). He was a Chair Professor with Shandong
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. He is University, in 2014; a Distinguished Guest Professor with Hunan University,
currently with Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey. His research inter- in 2015; and a Guest Professor with the Nanjing University of Posts and
ests include power electronics, electrical machines, and renewable energy Telecommunications. In 2019, he became a Villum Investigator by the Villum
applications. Fonden, which supports the Centre for Research on Microgrids, Aalborg
Dr. Aydemir was a recipient of the Fulbright Scholarship, in 2001, University, where he is the Founder and the Director. He has published more
and spent a year at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, as a Visiting than 500 journal articles in the fields of microgrids and renewable energy
Researcher. systems, which are cited more than 40 000 times. His research interests
include different microgrid aspects, including power electronics, distributed
energy-storage systems, hierarchical and cooperative control, energy man-
SANJAY K. CHAUDHARY (Senior Member, agement systems, smart metering, the Internet of Things for AC/DC micro-
IEEE) received the M.Tech. degree in electri- grid clusters, and islanded minigrids. Specially, he has focused on maritime
cal engineering from IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India, microgrids for electrical ships, vessels, ferries, and seaports. In 2015, he was
in 2002, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical elevated as an IEEE Fellow for his contributions on ‘‘distributed power
engineering from Aalborg University, Aalborg, systems and microgrids.’’ He received the Best Paper Award of the IEEE
Denmark, in 2011. TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, from 2014 to 2015, the Best Paper
He was with ABB Ltd., Bengaluru, India, Prize of IEEE PES, in 2015, and the Best Paper Award of the Journal of
from 2002 to 2005, and then he joined Honey- Power Electronics, in 2016. During six consecutive years, from 2014 to 2019,
well Technology Solutions Laboratory, Bengaluru. he was awarded by the Clarivate Analytics (former, Thomson Reuters) as an
Since 2011, he has been an Assistant Professor Highly Cited Researcher. He is an associate editor for a number of IEEE
with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University. His current TRANSACTIONS.
research interests include grid integration of renewable energy, the applica-
tion of power converters in power systems, high voltage dc transmission, and
flexible ac transmission systems.

VOLUME 10, 2022 3143