ENGLISH OPENBOOK NOTES

Survey Report
Prepare survey report on behalf of your corporation on the quality of water supplied
in xxxyyzz (your place)

Report on the quality of water supplied in zzzz

Submitted by (xxxx)
Zzzzzz corporation

Submitted to.
Water works department
Chennai
November 2024

Time of submission -30 days

INTRODUCTION:
As per the requirements of the corporation project has been
Undertaken to check the quality of water supplied to zzzzz corporation .

NEED FOR THE STUDY:

• The groundwater in zzzzz contains metal ,so there is a need to
supply proper linking water to the residence.
•Zzz receives the water from the lake , the lake should be monitored .

METHODOLOGY:
•Door to door opinions of local people were taken.
•the means source of water was inspected to see if any industries was
releasing chemical into it
•the people living around the lake are also questioned about to
maintenances

FiNDINGS: The people using the lake were letting out pollution into it .
•garbage was found in the lake
• laboratory reports showed bacteria
•the disinfectant that are used had dangerous chemical in them

Compiled by ,S.Mohammed Nazim

 ENGLISH OPENBOOK NOTES

RECOMMENDATION:
•the people using kolavai lake should be educated against polluting
the water
•Regular inspection and cleaning should be done .
•safe disinfectant should be used to remove bacteria and maintain
hygiene of the water

SINGLE LINE SUMMARY:

Since the lake was been polluted by the residence , they should be
informed against it and safe chemical must be used to disinfect the water

Signature

INSTRUCTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

DIRECTIONS SUGGESTION

Don't It is recommended to
It is suggested to

Never Should

Always Have it

Avoid Can
May
Must

WRITE A SET OF TEN INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED WHILE USING A STEAM BOX

IRON

•Always put the iron on a steady heat resistance surface .

•keep the iron out of reach of children .
•Do not leave the iron unattended when in use.
•Avoid relocating the iron while it is operating.
•Never use the iron if the power cord is damaged
•If the cord is damaged ,Always replace it through a trusted agent .
• do not let the power cord hangover sharp edges or come in contact with water
•avoid using iron outdoors
•Always switch off the power before unplugging the cord .
•never use the iron if it is damaged in any ways

Compiled by ,S.Mohammed Nazim

 ENGLISH OPENBOOK NOTES

Write a set of ten recommendations to followed to secure your smartphone:

•It is recommended to set a strong password .

•the password should be changed often
•the password must not saved anywhere on device
•app lock can be used.
•security software should be installed.
•Bluetooth should be disabled when not in use.
•the phone should be charged only on trusted Usb ports
•Autologin must be avoided when not in login
•It is suggested not to share information in social media
•Suspicious email must not be opened.

Compiled by ,S.Mohammed Nazim

Technical English
Acronyms NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
DARE - Drug Abuse Resistance Education
FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
RADAR - Radio Detection And Ranging
SONAR - Sound Navigation And Ranging
SWOT - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
SMART Goals - Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time-
bound Goals
TED (Talk) - Tell me, Explain to me, Describe to me (Talk)
FISH - First In, Still Here
KISS - Keep It Simple, Stupid
LOL - Laughing Out Loud
POS - Parents Over Shoulder
TTYL - Talk To You Later
CAD - Computer-aided design
Onomatopoeia Cuckoo, Splash, plop, whoop'
and 'honky-tonk', 'wishy-washy', 'mish-mash', 'ping-pong'.
reduplicatives 'analysis-paralysis', 'chick-flick'
Compounding Formation of words by joining two or more words:
words: Examples: Adobe Acrobat Reader, Back-end, Bandwidth,
Bluetooth, Bookmark, Cloud computing, Hard disk, Search engine

abbreviations A – ampere(s)
A/C – air conditioning
AC – alternating current
AI – artificial intelligence
AIM – amplitude intensity modulation
Al – aluminium
ALU – arithmetic logic unit
AM (radio) – amplitude modulation

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Technical English
amp – ampere(s)/ amplifier
app – (smartphone) application
approx. – approximately (= around/ about/ more or less)
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASDL – asymmetric digital subscriber line
aux – auxiliary
AV – audio-visual
BCC – blind carbon copy
biotech – biotechnology
bot – robot
BSI – British Standards Institution
C – carbon
c – centi- (as in “cm” for “centimetres” and “cl” for “centilitres”)
Ca – calcium
CAD (CAM) – computer aided design (computer aided manufacture)
(K)cal – (kilo)calorie(s)
CC – carbon copy (also a verb, meaning to copy someone in)
cc – cubic centimetres
CCTV – closed circuit television
CD – compact disc (player)
CDU – central display unit
cell(phone) – cellular phone
CGI – computer generated imagery
CIO – chief information officer/ chief investment officer
CO2 – carbon dioxide
coax - coaxial (cable)
comms – communications
CPU – central processing unit
CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation (of Australia)
CTO – chief technology officer
H&S – health and safety
ha – hectare
HD(TV/ recorder) – high definition (television/ recorder)
HDD – hard disk drive
HDMI – high definition multimedia interface
He – helium

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Technical English

A. angry
B. resigned
C. confused
D. hopeful
E. depressed

1. Black & Decker Simple Start allows you to start your car without getting
wet. It plugs into the 12-volt socket in your car, and it’s designed to restart
your car in ten minutes.

2. This is designed to jump, drive, roll and move over and under water at 30
mph using a 175-hp engine. Innerspace Sea Breacher is a two0seat, 5-metre
long, underwater vehicle, shaped like a dolphin. Its acts as a jetski and as a
fast submarine.

CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. In other words,
when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do
not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me. This is the
sense of causative verbs. Causative verbs in English:
Make, Let,Have and Get.

Causative # 1– HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE

This means that someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do
it, but you don’t say who this person is.
Examples
HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
He had / got his hair cut
She didn’t have / get her teeth checked.
I had / got the leak in the roof fixed
Did you have / get the TV repaired?
Causative # 2– HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING
This means that someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do

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Technical English
it, but you also say who this person is.
Examples

HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING

The teacher had the students write a test.
I’ll have my assistant call you with the details.
I had the handyman fix the leak.
Did you have the electrician repair the TV

Causative # 3– GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING

This means someone does something for you because you persuade (= encourage, tell
them that you’d like them to do something) them to do it. So this construction feels
less neutral than the previous ones.
Examples
GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING
I (finally) got my kids to go to bed.
I can never get my wife to cook dinner
Can you ever get your sisters to stop fighting?
Kevin got his brothers to take him on an adventure

Causative # 4 – MAKE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING

This means that you force someone/something to do something for you.
Examples

MAKE SOMEONE/SOMETHING DO SOMETHING

You make your hips sway.
Don’t make her (Sarah) cry.
The teacher made him (Peter) work hard.
Why do you make them (your parents) worry so much about you?

Causative # 5 – LET SOMEONE/SOMETHING DO SOMETHING

This means that you allow (= let, give permission to do something) someone to do

14
Technical English
something or you allow something to happen.

Examples

LET SOMEONE/SOMETHING DO SOMETHING

She let the kids stay up past midnight
I let the chicken burn in the oven
Why did he let this happen?
Let me go!
Exercise

Have / Get Something Done

Change these examples into the structure:

‘have + object+ past participle’ or ‘get + object + past participle’

For example:
I cleaned my kitchen (have)→ I had my kitchen cleaned.
1. I washed my car. (have)
2. I cut my hair. (get)
3. I typed the documents. (have)
4. I fixed my washing machine. (get)
5. I edited the article. (have)
6. I printed the photo. (have)
7. I delivered the furniture. (have)
8. I wrote the report. (have)
9. I sent the money. (have)
10. I cleaned the carpets. (get)

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Technical English

REPORTED SPEECH

Direct speech is a report of the exact words used by a speaker or writer. It is also called
as reporting speech. It is usually placed in between quotation marks and accompanied
by a reporting verbs, phrases and other punctuation marks.

Indirect speech is a statement/comment of a third person, who has not involved

in the conversation. It is also called as reported speech. It omits quotation marks and
other punctuation marks but includes conjunctions required.

Changes during conversion from direct to indirect speechTense

Change
S.No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. Simple present Simple past
e.g. write/ writes e.g. wrote
2. Present Continuous Past Continuous
e.g. is/are writing e.g. was/were writing
3. Present Perfect Past Perfect
e.g. has/have written e.g. had written
4. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
e.g. has/have been writing e.g. had been writing
5. Past Tense Past Perfect
e.g. wrote e.g. had written
6. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
e.g. was/were writing e.g. had been writing
7. Past Perfect No Change
e.g. had written e.g. had written
8. Will/shall/can/may/must Would/should/could/might/must

Time Change
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
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Technical English
this that
these those
now then
ago before/earlier
today yesterday/ that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the next day/ the following day
this week that week/last week
last year the day before/ the previous year
next month the month after/the following month
an hour ago an hour before/an hour earlier
Changes in Pronouns

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I He/she
my his/her
myself himself/herself
me him/her
we they
mine his/hers
us them
our their
ourselves themselves
Changes in Verbs

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

am was
is was
are were
has/have had
do/does did
go went
Kinds of Sentences that can be converted into Indirect Speech.
1. Statement
The statement is a sentence which does not need an answer from the listener. It

17
Technical English
is up to the receiver / listener whether to reply or not.
Direct Speech: "I have to talk to you about something," said David.
Indirect Speech: David said that he had to talk to me about something.
2. Interrogatives
a) Verbal Questions/ Yes Or No Questions
Questions that start with verbs such as am, is, was, are, were, has, have, had,
do, did, does, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might etc.
Conjunction if/whether is used as a connective.
Direct Speech: Kathy said to Judy “Have you bought your ticket?”
Indirect Speech: Kathy asked Judy if/whether Judy has bought her ticket.
b) Nonverbal Questions/ WH Questions
Questions that start with “WH” such as what, when, where, why, who, whom,
whose, how, how long, how much etc.
No conjunction is used for nonverbal questions.
Direct Speech: I said to Helen “Where did you have lunch?”
Indirect Speech:I asked Helen where she had lunch.
3. Imperatives
a) Commands/ Orders
Sentences that express a sense of command or order.
Direct Speech: The teacher shouted at the students, “Wait outside”.
Indirect Speech:The teacher ordered the students to wait outside.
b) Requests

Sentences that express a sense of request.

Direct Speech: We asked the strangers, “Please help us to search this
address”
Indirect Speech:We requested the strangers to help us to search that address.

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Technical English
c) Negatives
Sentences that express negative ideas.
Don’t is converted into “not to”
Direct Speech: Don’t worry about the exams” my mother said.
Indirect Speech: My mother comforted me not to worry about the exams.
Exercises
Change the following direct speech into reported speech
1. ‘That’s correct. The new ring road will be built through the wood.’
Ans: The government official confirmed that the new ring road would be built
through the wood.
2. ‘Don’t worry. I’ll repair the back door this weekend.’
Ans: Colin
3. ‘Alright, it’s true. It was me who scratched the car.’
Ans: Karen
4. ‘You must come to Dave’s party with me on Saturday.’
Ans: Hilary
5. ‘If you don’t give me $5000, I’m going to tell the police all about it.’
Ans: Maurice
6. ‘Oh, I’m the best tennis player at the college.’
Ans: Jemima
7. ‘Would you mind repeating the question, Dr. Mc Bianchi?’
Ans: Dr. Jackson

8. ‘The service in this restaurant is incredibly slow.’

Ans: George
9. “Honest to God, I’ve never seen this money before in my life” said Mr.
Penfold.

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Technical English
Ans: Mr. Penfold
10. ‘I think it might be better to wait until the manager gets here.’
Ans: The shop assistant

INSTRUCTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

Giving Instructions

Instructions are important in technical writing. Here, the sentences start with the
verb in present tense and the negatives can be expressed using don’t, avoid, stop, keep
away, stay away etc.

Sample Instructions

Instructions to be followed for Steam Iron box

1. Always place the Steam Iron on a stable, flat, heat-resistant surface. Ensure that
the surface can take the weight of the unit during use and also when the Steam Iron
is resting on its stand.

2. Always keep the Steam Iron out of the reach of children.

3. Do not leave the Steam Iron unattended when in use or when connected to the
mains electrical supply.

4. Do not relocate or store the Steam Iron while it is operating or while it is

connected to the mains electrical supply.

5. Do not operate the Steam Iron if the plug or power cord have been damaged, or
if it is not working properly.

6. Check the Steam Iron power cord regularly for damage. If the power cord is
damaged in any way, it must be replaced by the manufacturer or its service agent
or a similarly qualified person in order to avoid an electrical hazard.

20
Technical English
7. Do not allow the power cord to hang over sharp table edges or come into contact
with hot surfaces.
8. Do not use the Steam Iron outdoors.

9. Always switch the power OFF before removing the plug from the mains
electrical supply.
10. To unplug the Steam Iron, grasp the plug firmly and remove it from the mains
electrical supply. DO NOT PULL ON THE CORD

11. Never use the Steam Iron if it is damaged in any way.

Write a set of 10 Instructions to be followed while using Smart HomeGadgets.

WRITING RECOMMENDATIONS.

The recommendations are suggestions about what should be done. Your

reputation as a professional can be influenced by the quality of your recommendations.
Therefore, the quality of the content must be good. The notes below will help you to
produce recommendations with good content and language.

Some of the Key words to be used while writing recommendations are

Should, should be, must, must be, can, can be, have to,

Have to be, ought to, ought to be, need to, need to be,

Sample Recommendations

Recommendations to secure your android smartphone from being hacked

1. A strong, secure passcode should be given.

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Technical English
12. Choose a few readable fonts
13. Consider the type of binding for the user manual
14. It is necessary to define who your user is.
15. Write to your user’s needs in a way the user can understand.

Prepare a user manual for mobile phones in the proper format.

TITLE PAGE

USER MANUAL

for

Product Description:

The Samsung Galaxy S II is a touchscreen-enabled, slate-format

Androidsmartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It has
additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned physique compared
to its predecessor, the Samsung Galaxy S. The S II was launched with Android 2.3
"Gingerbread", with updates to Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean". It was one of
the slimmest smartphones of the time, mostly 8.49 mm thick, except for two small
bulges which take the maximum thickness of the phone to 9.91 mm. The S2 features
a unique Hyperskin mesh back panel which gives added grip and prevents the phone
from heating up during extended calls.
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Technical English
sentence. Think about how the word affects or relates to the words around it. Some
words may fall into more than one category.

Vocabulary Focus : Classification

Give one word for
1) plates, glasses, cups, saucers, bowls etc
2) knives, forks, spoons, serving spoons, tea spoons
3) bed sheet, bed cover, towels, napkin, table cloth etc
4) pens, pencils, books, paper, crayons, files, etc
5) curtains, blinds, drapes, screens
6) seat covers, sofa covers, sofa backs, sofa material
7) lipstick, nail polish, creams, lotions, etc
8) nuts, bolts, nails, hammer, hinges etc
9) soap, shampoo, tooth paste, tooth brush, shaving cream
10) basin, flush, pot, mug, shower etc
11) tables, chairs, desks, sofas, cabinets etc
12) belts, bags, caps, scarves, cabinets etc
13) chains, rings, earning, necklace, bangles etc
14) dolls, decoration pieces, crystal, vases etc
15) bread, butter, vegetables, and other food items
16) pants, shirts, dresses, sarees, skirts, blouses, etc
17) sweets, toffees, cakes, pastries etc
18) bread, buns, cakes, pies, biscuits etc
19) soaps, washing powder, phenyl, soda, scrubs etc
20) cars, scooters, buses, trucks, cycles, vans etc
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Technical English

COMPOUND NOUN
A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most
compound nouns in English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or
adjectives.
For example:

The words tooth and paste are each nouns in their own right, but if you join
them together they form a new word - toothpaste.

The word black is an adjective and board is a noun, but if you join them
together they form a new word - blackboard.

In both these example the first word modifies or describes the second word,
telling us what kind of object or person it is, or what its purpose is. And the second
part identifies the object or person in question.

 Compound nouns can also be formed using the following combinations of

words:

+ bus stop
Noun noun
fire-fly
football
+ full moon
Adjective noun
blackboard
software
+ breakfast
erb(-ing) noun
washing machine
swimming pool
+ sunrise
Noun verb(-ing)
haircut

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Technical English
train-spotting
Verb + preposition check-out
Noun + prepositional phrase mother-in-law
Preposition + noun underworld
Noun + adjective truckful

The two parts may be written in a number of ways:-

1. Sometimes the two words are joined together.
Example: tooth + paste = toothpaste | bed + room = bedroom
2. Sometimes they are joined using a hyphen.
Example: check-in
3. Sometimes they appear as two separate words.
Example: full moon
How to Expand the Compound Nouns
Make the last word as the first word and then expand it. Use appropriate
prepositions for expanding or use appropriate verb to expand the compound noun.
Options: If the last word is singular, start with ‘a/an’. If the last word is plural,
start with ‘the’.
Sl. No. Compound Noun Expansion
1. Animal Behavior e behavior of an animal
2. Aluminum Extraction e extraction of aluminum
3. Boat House at used as a house
4. Cable television levision signals transmitted through cables
5. Calculator memory emory of a calculator
6. Carbon dioxide oxide of carbon
7. Concrete Structure: ucture made of concrete

26
Technical English

Sl. No. Compound Noun Expansion

8. Control Centre ntre from where control is exerted
9. Copper wire ire made of copper
10. Diesel Engine engine that runs on diesel
11. Dish Antenna tenna in the shape of a dish
12. Food source e source of food
13. Disk drive ive of a disk
14. Friction losses sses caused by friction
15. Gear Mechanism: echanism for operating the gear
16. Generator Power output tput of power from the generator
17. Grease gun n used for injecting grease
18. Heat treatment ansmit with or by heat
19. Hot water ater that is hot in condition
20. Inflation rate e rate of inflation
21. Cooling Tower wer for the purpose of Cooling
22. Battery Car Car that runs on battery
23. Battery Valve lve of a battery
24. Coal gas s obtained from coal
25. Computer diagnosis agnosis made by computer
26. Mass Production oduction in Mass
27. Data Input put of Data
28. Flood Damage mage caused by flood
29. Air supply pply of air
30. Information Centre ntre for giving information

27
Technical English

Methodology: In the survey the following method was used:

 Door to door opinion of people in selected areas was taken
 The source of water- Porur Lake was checked to see if any industry around
the area is releasing any pollutants into it.
 The residents living around the lake were also approached to get their
opinion on the maintenance of the lake.
Findings:
The following findings are reported:
 The encroachers on the bank of the lake were letting polluted water into the
lake.
 Garbage was found floating in the water.
 The laboratory reports showed bacteria in the water resource.
 Disinfectants that are used to maintain the water found to be used in
dangerous preparations.
Recommendations:
The following recommendations should be immediately implemented:
 The encroachments around the Porur Lake should immediately be removed
as they are causing major pollution to the water.
 Regular inspection and cleaning of the area around the lake should be done
by the authorities.
 Proper disinfectants should be used to maintain the hygiene of the water,
there by avoid bacteria in the water.

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Technical English

Single Line Summary:

The proportion of chemicals used to
disinfect water is harmful to the citizens,
encroachers around the area should be
removed
Signature
................
Activity: Write a survey report on the
condition of roads in Rajiv Gandhi Salai.
Submit the report in the format given
above
Arranging the sentences in the right order
In these types of questions, the student is given a set of six to eight sentences
which are in jumbled order. The given sentences should be arranged properly to form
a meaningful paragraph. The sentences given below are taken from a story, but they
are not arranged in the proper order. Rearrange them in their logical sequence. The
best way is to establish a link between any two (or more) statements. Once a link is
found, you get to know which statements will come together. Then, look in the
options. Select the option with those statements together.
1. Try to find out the topic addressed in the paragraph. This can be done by
looking for the words that are repeated often in the given sentences.
2. If a particular word is repeated in more than one sentence then the sentences
can be placed one by one in the paragraph
3. If a sentence starts with a ‘name’ of a person, then that sentence will
definitely be the 1st sentence in the paragraph to be formed

34
Technical English

4. If a sentence starts with pronouns other than ‘I’ and ‘You’, then that sentence
will not be the 1st sentence of the paragraph
5. The sentences starting with the words ‘That’, ‘These’, ‘Thus’ and ‘Those’ ,
then those sentences will not come 1st in the paragraph
6. If an article namely ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ is present at the starting of a sentence.
Then the chances of that sentence to be the 1st in the arrangement is more
7. If all the articles (a, an, the) are present as the starting words of different
sentences then they are arranged as follows
 The sentence starting with ‘A’ comes first
 The sentences starting with ‘An’ and ‘The’ will follow the sentence
starting with ‘A’ according to their content
8) If there are 3-sentences starting with the words ‘But’, ‘So’ and ‘Now’
respectively. Then those 3-sentences will be arranged in the following order
 sentence starting with ‘But’
 sentence starting with ‘So’
 sentence starting with ‘Now’
9) If the given set of sentences consists of simple, compound and complex
sentences they are arranged in the following order
1. Simple sentence – a sentence that consists of basic elements like a
subject, a verb and a completed thought. For example,
Arun waited for the bus.
2. Compound sentence – a sentence that consists of 2-independent
clauses connected to one another with a conjunction.For example,
Arun waited for the bus, but the bus was late.

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Technical English
3. The film (board / bored) him so he slept through most of it.
4. I need to buy some (flour / flower) before I make that chocolate
cake.
5. ( petrol / patrol ) is needed for vehicles.
6. He cut his (vein / vain ) while doing work.
7. He has to climb the (story / storey) to reach the apartment
8. He is the ( soul / sole ) person who earns in the family.
9. His smile had a strange (effect / affect) on me.

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Technical English

10. I (advice / advise) everybody to be nice to their fellow men.

11. I always (accept / except) good advice."
12. I asked him to come to the cinema but he'd (all ready / already) seen the film.
13. I need a ( quiet / quite ) atmosphere .
14. It is a beautiful (seen / scene )
15. J.F. Kennedy was a man of (principle / principal)
16. She teaches every day (accept / except) Sunday(s).
17. The (route / root) was not correct
18. The bus (fair / fare) is not high in Chennai
19. The colours blue and green (complement / Compliment) each other.
20. The dove is a of peace (symbol / cymbal)
21. The driver applied (break / brake) in time
22. The minister was the Speaker (Principal / principle)
23. The sun (rises / raises ) in the east.
24. The U.N. aims to establish (peace / piece) throughout the
world
25. The waiter asked if we were (all together / altogether).
26. They made me feel like I was (a part / apart) of the family.
27. We have to ( peel / peal ) the outer layer of orange.
28. We should not ( waste / vast ) water.
29. “Are you (all ready / already) for the test?” the teacher asked
30. The ( way / weigh ) is clear .

The Same Word used as Different Part Of Speech

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to know how same words
are used in different parts of speech.
Here are the few examples of the same words which belong to different pa5r3ts
 Technical English
of speech. Note that it is the function or use which determines which part of
speech a particular word belongs to.
Adjective shall see you next Tuesday.
Adverb What next?
Next
Preposition She was sitting next her.

Noun He will tell you more about it in his next.

Verb his is a fault that will right itself.
Adjective Heis the right man for the
Right Noun position.I ask it as a right.
Adverb Serves her right! She stood right in my way.
Adjective There is little danger in going to that place.
Little Adverb Thomas eats very little.
Adjective We want more women like her.
More Pronoun More of us are getting stressed out at work nowadays.
Adverb Ron should talk less and work more.
Adjective It was her only chance.
Adverb She was only foolish.
Only
Conjunction Take what I have, only ( = but) let me go.
Adverb Read it over carefully.
Noun one over he took three wickets.
Over
Preposition At thirty, a change came over her.
Why did you do it?.
nterro. Adverb
I know the reason why she did it.
Relative Adverb
Why, it is surely Tom!
Interjection
Why This is not the time to go into the whyand the how of it.
Noun

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Technical English
nter. Adjective What evidence have you got?
Interjection What! you don't mean to say so?
What does she want?
What er. Pronoun
Relative Give me what you can. What happened then, I do not
Pronoun know.
Adverb Prices are up.
Preposition Let her go up the mountain.
Adjective
he next up train will leave here at 11.30.
Up
Noun
Ihave had my ups and downs of fortune.
Since Preposition Since that evening, I have not seen her.

Conjunction Since there's no hope, let us kiss and

Adverb part. I have not met her since.
Adverb I have seen you before.
Preposition
Before he came before the appointed time.
Conjunction
Jim went away before I came.
Adjective The chances are even.
Verb Let them even the ground.
Even
Adverb Does she even suspect the danger?
Adjective You cannot have it both ways.
Both Pronoun Both of them are dead.
Conjunction Both the cashier and the accountant are handsome.
Adjective Either ball is good
Pronoun enough.
Either
Conjunction Ask either of them.
Peter must either work or starve.
Preposition We flew above the clouds.
Adjective
Above Have you read the above sentence?
Adverb
See above.
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Technical English
Noun I have a pain in the back.
Adverb will come back in five minutes.
Back Adjective Have you closed the back door?
He backed his car through the gate.
Verb
Adjective This watch is better than that.
Adverb He sings better than you.
Better Noun
You should respect your betters.
Verb
Living conditions have bettered a great deal.
Adverb The little girl feels down.
Preposition He ran down the hill.
Down Adjective
We caught the down train.
Verb The government downed the opposition.

Verb Children like sweets.

Preposition He climbs like a
Like Noun cat.
Adjective
You won’t see his like again.
Ravindra and his brother are very like.
reposition He lives near the station.
Adjective Most of my near relatives live abroad.
Verb
e got nervous as the examinationsneared.I
Near
Adverb went near enough to see over it.
Adjective The earth is round.
Preposition The boys ran round the tree.
Adverb Will you come round to our house this evening?
Round Noun We won the first round of the tennis cup.
Verb The child’s eyes rounded with excitement.

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Technical English

Master, park, watch,

Activity: Work in pairs and compose sentences using the below given words in
different parts of speech (minimum two) .

OBJECTS WITH A PARTS OF A BODY

FUNCTION rm kin tomach ot ead
alarm ammer nail ape
rope

ACTIONS AND FEELINGS EOPLE AND THEIRFUNCTIONS

embrace envy reward
apprentice mother coach slave
comfort desire

Language Lab: Digital literacy: Use interactive power point tools like Prezi, Slide
share to make presentation on the survey report to share link in the Google
classroom.

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Technical English
parallel grammatical form: a noun phrase is paired with another noun phrase, an -ing
form with another -ing form, and so on.
Selected expressions with Selected expressions with Selected expressions with
and: Beginner and: Intermediate or: Beginner
 Before and after  By and large  All or nothing
 Black and white  Bright and early  In or out
 Come and go  Far and away  like it or not
 Dos and don’ts  Far and wide  me or you
 Each and every  For and against  more or less
 In and out  Forgive and forget  once or twice
 Ladies and gentleman  Hit and run  one or another
 Large and small  Live and let live  one or more

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Technical English

Selected expressions with Selected expressions with Selected expressions with

and: Beginner and: Intermediate or: Beginner
 Mother and father  Off and on  one or two
 One and only  Once and for all  some or all
 Round and round  Over and above  something or other
 There and then  Pros and cons  this or that
 This and that  Pure and simple  up or down
 Top and bottom  Safe and sound  yes or no
 Up and down  So and so
 Where and when  Whys and wherefores
 With and without
 Yes and no
Selected expressions with or: Intermediate
 By hook or by crook
 Factor fiction
 For richer or poorer
 Give or take
 Right(ly) or wrong(ly)
 Sink or swim
 Sooner or later
 Take it or leave it
 True or false
 Whether or not

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Technical English
9. You've just ruined my best shirt Adverb/ Adjective
10. Computers work best if you kick them Adverb/ Adjective

Language focus: punctuation, Common errors in spelling

Punctuation
Punctuation Elements
1. Periods/Full stop
2. Commas
3. Semicolons
4. Colons
5. Quotation Marks
6. Parentheses and Brackets
7. Apostrophes
8. Hyphens
9. Dashes
10. Ellipses
11. Question Marks
12. Exclamation mark
13. Slashes

1. Punctuation Must be Parallel

When punctuation is parallel it means that interrupting a main clause with a dash or
a comma requires the same punctuation at both the beginning and end of the clause.
 Incorrect: The teenagers, students from Mrs. Smith's art class-went on a
field trip to the museum.
 Correct: The teenagers, students from Mrs. Smith's art class, went on a field
trip to the museum.
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Technical English
 Correct: The teenagers-students from Mrs. Smith's art class-went on a field
trip to the museum.
This rule also means that you should not use a semicolon to set off just one
item in a list.
 Incorrect: I have lived in Des Moines, Iowa, Seattle, Washington; and
Boise, Idaho.
 Correct: I have lived in Des Moines, Iowa; Seattle, Washington; and Boise,
Idaho.
2. An Emdash is a Strong Comma
An emdash (the longest of the three dashes) can be used for many of the same
purposes as a comma. A pair of emdashes might be used if the sentence already
contains commas. Similarly, it might be used to mark off information for emphasis.
An emdash can also act alone, drawing attention to a modifier or an extra piece of
information. Here are a few examples:
 Sarah hated walking to school-it was all uphill-but she had no choice, she
had missed the bus again.
 For his birthday, Mark received a sweater, a jacket, a savings bond-and a
new bike!
 Pizza, chocolate, and ice cream-these are my favorite foods.

3. A Colon Appears at the End of a Main Clause

If you have trouble deciding when to use a colon in your writing, it helps to ask
yourself if a period or question mark would be appropriate in the same location. If the
sentence is already complete, you may use a colon to add a list, elaboration, or
restatement.
 List: I have three brothers: David, Kent, and Jacob.
 Elaboration: I have decided not to move to San Francisco: I have been
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Technical English
offered a better job in Milwaukee.
 Restatement: Thinking back, Jenny wasn't sure who started yesterday's
fight: she couldn't decide whether she was at fault or her friend Annie.
4. A Semicolon is Used for Equal Emphasis
In a compound sentence that has no coordinating conjunction, a semicolon can join
related independent clauses that are of equal importance.
 Sarah answered my question abruptly; she seemed preoccupied.
A semicolon can also be used before a conjunctive adverb joining two clauses in
a compound sentence.
 The restaurant was very crowded; however, the waitress took our order
immediately.
5. Parentheses Show Related, Nonessential Elements
Parentheses can be used to show elements in a sentence that are related but not
necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence. Parentheses can be replaced by
commas in most cases, although the use of parentheses tends to de-emphasize a piece
of information.
My family visited several countries (Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain) on our
vacation last year.

If the information inside the parentheses forms a complete sentence within the larger
sentence, no punctuation is necessary.
6. Apostrophes Show Possession or Indicate an Omission
An apostrophe is used to show possession or ownership. An apostrophe and an -s
should be added to singular possessive nouns, plural possessive nouns that do not end
in -s, and singular possessive nouns that end in -s. Only an apostrophe should be used
when showing possession or ownership for a plural possessive noun that ends in -s.
 Singular possessive noun: Susan's book
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Technical English
Incorrect: Embarassed

Make sure to include two Rs in embarrass, embarrassed, and embarrassing.

Correct: Forty
Incorrect: Fourty
The words four (4) and fourteen have a “u,” but the word forty (40) does not.

Correct: Forward
Incorrect: Foward
Sometimes forward is pronounced as though the first R wasn’t there, but when
written it has two Rs.

Correct: Independent, Independence

Incorrect: Independant, Independance
Independent has only Is and Es, but no As!

Correct: Knowledge
Incorrect: Knowlege
Don’t show your lack of knowledge by forgetting the D in knowledge! Other words
that end in -dge include bridge, judge, and pledge.
Correct: Necessary
Incorrect: Neccessary
Only one C is necessary in the word necessary. (But two Ss).
Correct: Occurred, Occurring
Incorrect: Occured, Occuring

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Technical English

The word occur is a more formal word for “happen.” When adding -ed and -ing, we
need to double the R: occurred, occurring

Correct: Propaganda
Incorrect: Propoganda
Propaganda refers to content (articles, advertisements, videos) made specifically to
convince you to think a certain way.

Correct: Minuscule
Incorrect: Miniscule
Minuscule describes something very, very small. It sounds like “miniscule” when we
pronounce it, and we do use the prefix mini- to talk about small versions of things…
but minuscule starts with minu.
Correct: Separate
Incorrect: Seperate
We actually usually pronounce this somewhat like sep-rit (when an adjective)
and sep-a-rate (when a verb).
Correct: Truly
Incorrect: Truely

The adjective true has an “e,” but the adverb truly does not.
Confusable words:
Activity: Choose the appropriate word from the options given:
1. The bells began to (peel / peal) at the end of the church service.
2. Maria (praise / prays / preys) her thanks before she eats every meal.

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Technical English
3. The film (board / bored) him so he slept through most of it.
4. I need to buy some (flour / flower) before I make that chocolate
cake.
5. ( petrol / patrol ) is needed for vehicles.
6. He cut his (vein / vain ) while doing work.
7. He has to climb the (story / storey) to reach the apartment
8. He is the ( soul / sole ) person who earns in the family.
9. His smile had a strange (effect / affect) on me.

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Technical English
descriptions of the payoff.

DEFINITIONS
Technical definitions:

Definition is a statement or a phrase that gives the meaning of a word or

expression. It must set out the essential attributes of the thing defined. There are two
types of definitions, - single sentence definition and extended definition. Single
sentence definition is a term appropriately defined in just one sentence. In an

Extended definition, three points are taken into consideration – (i) category to which
the term belongs, (ii) description or explanation, and (iii)Uses

Points to Remember
i) It should avoid circularity and must not be too wide or too narrow.
ii) It must be applicable to everything to which the defined term applies, and to
nothing else (i.e. not include any things to which the defined term would not
truly apply)
iii) The definition must not be obscure, as the purpose of a definition is to
explain the meaning of a term which may be obscure or difficult.
iv) A good definition should be specific. To define something, we need to start
with what kind of object it is; then move on to say about its purpose or
function. For example,
 Photocopier is a machine which copies documents onto paper by
photographing them.
 Engineer is a person who uses scientific knowledge to design,
construct and maintain engines
Word Be Type Pronoun Function
Life Guard is an alarm system which can find an MOB
Music World is a website that downloads dance music
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Technical English
Inventors are people who create new devices
 which is used with things
 who is used with people
 that can replace which or who

Fill in the blanks with the most suitable ‘type’ nouns in the box. Combine each
pair of sentences in 3 into a single sentence in the form of a definition. Use
which, who or that.

Eg. A solar panel is a device which converts sunlight into electricity.

1. A solar panel is a/an ----------------- --. It converts sunlight into electricity.

2. The hovercraft is a/an ----------------- --. It carries people over land and sea.

3. A lab assistant is a/an -------------------. He maintains the equipment in the

laboratory.
4. A torque wrench is a/an ----------------- --. It tightens nuts and bolts.
5. GPS is a satellite -------------------. It gives the location of objects on the
ground.
6. An ammeter is a/an ----------------- --. It measures electric current.\

Match the following and make definitions

E.g. An MP3 player is a device which download and play music from a computer

1. An MP3 player instrument osen and tighten nuts on wheels

2. fiberglass system pa ir underwater pipes and machines
3. Artificial respiration tool wered by electricity from solar panel
4. GPS technician wnload and play music from a
mputer
5. A sub-sea mechanic vehicle e satellites to locate your position
6. A solar-powered car procedure lculate diver’s depth in the water
7. A wheel wrench device ed for making hulls of boats
8. A depth gauge material lps a casualty to breathe

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Technical English
For example:
The instructor assigned Steve poetry.
5. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement ( S –
TV – DO – OC)
For example:
Mary considered Ana her friend.

EXERCISE:
1. She / will come
a) SV
b) SVO
c) SVC
d) SVOC
2. She / became / a teacher
a) SVCA
b) SVO
c) SVA
d) SVC
3. One of the boys must go
a) SVC
b) SVOA
c) SVCA
d) SV
4. I wish you Happy new year
a) SV
b) SV IO DO
c) SVC
d)SVOC
5. It is dark everywhere
a) SVC
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