COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY

ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES
Tel. Nos. (033) 3291971 (to 79) Local 1085
Fax No. (033) 3203004
Email: [email protected]

MODULE 2 – Part 2
PRINCIPLES of TRANSPORT PROCESSES
 A. MULTILAYER CYLINDERS
In the process industries, heat transfer often occurs through multilayers of cylinders, as for
example, when heat is being transferred through the walls of an insulated pipe.
The figure below shows a pipe with 2 layers of insulation around it, that is, a total of 3 concentric
hollow cylinders.

r1 r3
q

A
r4
B
C

 The temperature drop is T1  T2 across material A

 The temperature drop is T2  T3 across material B
 The temperature drop is T3  T4 across material C

The heat transfer q, will of course be the same for each layer assuming the process is at steady
state.

T1  T2 T2  T3 T3  T4 A  A3
q   and AClm  4
r2  r1 r3  r2 r4  r3 ln A4
k A AAlm k B ABlm kC AClm A3

Using the same method of combining the equations

T1  T4 T T
q  1 4
RA  RB  RC R
Sample Problem No. 6

A thick-walled tube of stainless steel(A) having a k  21.63W with dimension of 0.0254

m K
m ID and a 0.0508m OD is covered with a 0.0254m thick layer of an insulation(B),
k  0.2423W . The inside wall temperature of the pipe is 811K and the outside surface of
mK
the insulation is at 310.8K. For a 0.305m length of pipe, calculate the heat loss and also the
temperature at the interface between the metal and the insulation.

Solution:
T1 = 811K
T2 = the interface
T3= 310.8K
The dimensions are
r1 = 0.0127m; r2 = 0.0254m; r3 = 0.0508m
The areas are: L = 0.305 m

A1  2Lr1  0.0243m 2
A2  2Lr2  0.0487m 2
A3  2Lr3  0.0974m 2

AAlm  0.0351m 2 RA  0.01673 K

W
ABlm  0.0703m 2
RB  1.491 K
W
T1  T3
q  331.7W
RA  RB

T1  T2
q ; T2  805.5K
RA

B. COMBINED CONVECTION AND CONDUCTION AND THE OVERALL COEFFICIENT

In many practical situations, the surface temperatures are not known but there is a fluid on both
sides of the solid surfaces.
Consider the plane wall with a heat fluid at temperature T1 on the inside surface and a cold fluid
at T4 on the outside surface.

The convective coefficient on the outside is ho W  m2  K

 and h on the inside
i

inside
surface

T1 outside
surface
hot fluid at T2
temperature
T1 T3
T4 cold fluid at
temperature
 Figure 1. Heat flow with convective boundaries through a plane wall

q  hi AT1  T2 
kA A
q (T2  T3 )
X A
q  ho AT3  T4 

1 X A 1
Expressing , , and as resistances and combining the equations as before,
hi A kA A ho A

T1  T4 T T
q  1 4
1 X A 1 R
 
hi A k A A ho A
The overall heat-transfer coefficient by combined conduction and convection is often expressed
in terms of an overall heat-transfer coefficient u defined by

q  uAToverall
1 W Btu
where Toverall  T1  T4 and u  in 2 or
1 X A 1 m K hr  ft 2  F
 
hi kA ho

A more important application is heat transfer from a fluid outside a cylinder, through a metal
wall, to a fluid inside the tube, which is often occurring in heat exchanger.

Figure 2. Heat flow with convective boundaries through a cylindrical wall

where Ai represents 2Lri , the inside area of the metal tube

AAlm the log-mean area of the metal tube and Ao , the outside area

The overall heat transfer coefficient u for the cylinder maybe based on the inside area Ai or the
outside area Ao of the tube.

Hence;

q  ui Ai T1  T4 

q  uo Ao T1  T4 

T1  T4
q
R
1
ui 
 ro  ri  
1 Ai A
 i
hi k A AAlm Ao ho

1
uo 
 ro  ri  
Ao Ao 1

Ai  hi k A AAlm ho

Sample Problem No. 7

Saturated steam at 267F is flowing inside steel pipe having an ID of 0.824' ' and an OD of
1.05' ' . The pipe is insulated with 1.5' ' of insulation on the outside. The convective coefficient for
the inside steam surface of the pipe is estimated as hi  1000 Btu and the convective
2
hr  ft  F
coefficient on the outside of the lagging is estimated as h o  2 Btu . The mean thermal
hr  ft 2  F
conductivity of the metal is 45W or 26 Btu and 0.064W or 0.037 Btu for the
mK hr  ft 2  F mK hr  ft 2  F
insulation.
a) Calculate the heat loss for 1ft of the pipe using resistances if the surrounding air is at
80F
b) Repeat, using the overall ui based on the inside area Ai

Solution:

Let ri = inside radius of the steel pipe

r1 = outside radius of the pipe

 ro = outside radius of the lagging

For 1ft of the pipe, the areas are as follows

 0.412 
Ai  2Lri  2 1   0.2157 ft
2

 12 

 0.525 
Ai  2Lr1  2 1   0.275 ft
2

 12 

 2.025 
Ao  2Lro  2 1   1.06 ft
2

 12 
The log-mean areas for the steel(A) pipe and lagging(B) are

A1  Ai 0.275  0.2157
AAlm    0.245
A1  0.275 
ln ln  
Ai  0.2157 
Ao  Ai 1.06  0.275
ABlm    0.583
A 1.06
ln o ln
Ai 0.275

The various resistances are

1 1
Ri    0.00464
hi Ai 10000.2157

0.525  0.412
r r 12  0.00148
RA  1 i 
k A AAlm 260.245

2.025  0.525
r r 12  5.8
RB  o 1 
k B ABlm 0.0370.583

1 1
Ro    0.472
ho Ao 21.06

Ti  To 267  80
q 
Ri  RA  RB  RO 0.00464  0.00148  5.8  0.472

Btu
q  29.8
hr
Ti  To
q  ui Ai Ti  To  
R
Solving for

1 1
ui  
Ai  R 0.21576.278

ui  0.738 Btu
hr  ft 2  F

To calculate q,

q  ui Ai Ti  To   0.738(0.2157)267  80

q  29.8 Btu or 8.73W

hr

C. CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION FOR A CYLINDER

insulatio

r2
r1
q ho

T1 To

T2

A layer of insulation is installed around the outside of a cylinder whose radius r1 is fixed and
with a length L . The cylinder has a high thermal conductivity and the inner temperature T1 at
point r1 outside the cylinder is fixed.

Example: cylinder which is a metal pipe with saturated steam inside

The outer surface of the insulation at T2 is exposed to an environment at To where convective

heat transfer occurs at steady state, the heat transfer q, thru the cylinder and the insulation
equals the rate of convection from the surface

q  ho AT2  To 
As insulation is added, the outside area which is A  2r2 L increases but T2 decreases.
However, it is not apparent whether q increases or decreases.
To determine this,

2LT1  To 
q
ln  r2 
 r1   1
k r2 ho

To determine the effectiveness of the thickness of insulation on q, we take the derivative of q

with respect to r2 , equate this result to zero and obtain the following for maximum heat flow.

 1 1 
 2LT1  To   2 
dq
  r2 k r2 ho   0
2
dr2   r2  
  r1 
ln
1 
  
 k r2 ho 
 

r2 cr  k
ho

is the value of the critical radius

Note: Adding insulation increases the heat losswhen the heat transfer rate is a
maximum
Sample Problem 8

An electrical wire having a diameter of 1.5mm and covered with a plastic insulation
( thickness  2.5mm ) is exposed to air at 300K , ho  20W . The insulation has a k of
m2 K
0.4W . It is assumed that the wire surface temperature is constant at 400K and is not
mK
affected by the covering
a. Calculate the value of the critical radius
b. Calculate the heat loss per m of wire length with no insulation
c. Repeat b) for insulation being present

Solution:
For part (a)

r2 cr  k 0.4

  0.02  20mm
ho 20

For part (b)

 1.5
L  1.0m , r2   0.75 103 m
2 1000

A  2r2 L

 
q  ho AT2  To   20 2  0.75  10 3 1 400  300 

q  9.42W

For part (c) with insulation r1  0.75 103 m

 1.5 
 2.5  
r2   2 
 3.25 103 m
1000
2 1400  300
q

ln 3.25 10
3

0.75 103 
 1
0.4 
3.25 103 20 
q  32.98W

SW # 2: A steam pipe has an inside diameter of 2.0 inches and consists of 0.22 inch of copper
pipe covered by 1.0 inch of glass fiber insulation and 0.008 aluminum foil. The steam
temperature is Ti = 300 oF, and the outside air is at To = 80 oF. Heat transfer coefficients are hi =
25 and ho = 12 Btu/hr ft2 oF, respectively. The pipe is 30 ft long.
a) Compute the heat loss in Btu/hr
b) Will the heat loss increase or decrease if the Al foil is removed? By how much will
the heat lost change?