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Optics

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www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.

பசித்திரு (Be hungry) தனித்திரு (Be individual) விழித்திரு (Be conscious)

HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR-PHYSICS

i n
a l.
a d
i
NAME k :

l v 12
a STANDARD : SECTION :

.k SCHOOL :

w EXAM NO :
w
w victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,
PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION

PART – I 1 MARK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 4. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities I and 4I are
1. A plane glass is placed over a various coloured letters (violet, green, yellow, superposed. The maximum and minimum possible intensities in the resulting
red) The letter which appears to be raised more is, beam are
(a) red (a) 5I and I
(b) yellow (b) 5I and 3I
(c) green (c) 9I and I
(d) violet (d) 9I and 3I
Solution :- Solution :-

n
1  Maximum intensity ; 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 √𝐼1 𝐼2
 Shift is given by ; 𝑠 = 𝑑 (1 − )

i
𝑛
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼 + 4 𝐼 + 2 √𝐼 𝑋4 𝐼 = 𝐼 + 4 𝐼 + 4 𝐼 = 9𝐼

l.
 Thus, if refractive index ‘𝑛 ‘ increases, shift ‘s’ also increases.
 Since , 𝑛𝑣 > 𝑛𝑔 > 𝑛𝑦 > 𝑛𝑟 we have 𝑠𝑣 > 𝑠𝑔 > 𝑠𝑦 > 𝑠𝑟  Minimum intensity ; 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 2 √𝐼1 𝐼2
Answer (d) violet 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼 + 4 𝐼 − 2 √𝐼 𝑋4 𝐼 = 𝐼 + 4 𝐼 − 4 𝐼 = 𝐼
2. Two point white dots are 1 mm apart on a black paper. They are viewed by eye
of pupil diameter 3 mm approximately. The maximum distance at which these
dots can be resolved by the eye is, [take wavelength of light, λ = 500 nm]
Answer

a (c) 9I and I
5. When light is incident on a soap film of thickness 5×10–5 cm, the wavelength of

d
light reflected maximum in the visible region is 5320 Å. Refractive index of the

a
(a) 1 m film will be,
(b) 5 m (a) 1.22

k
(c) 3 m (b) 1.33

i
(d) 6m (c) 1.51
Solution :- (d) 1.83

v
1.22 𝜆 𝑢 Solution :-
 Resolving power of eye lens; 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =

𝑢=
1.22 𝜆
=
𝑎
 Thus the maximum distance between the two points which can be just resolved,
𝑎 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 3𝑋 10−3 𝑋 1 𝑋 10−3
1.22 𝑋 500 𝑋 10−9
=5𝑚

a l  Condition for maximum intensity in thin film ; 2 𝜇 𝑡 = (2𝑛 − 1)

 For visible region, 𝑛 = 3
𝜆 5𝜆 5 𝑋 5320 𝑋 10−10 5320 𝑋 10−3
𝜆
2

.k
Answer (d) 5 m ∴ 𝜇 = (2𝑛 − 1) 4𝑡
= 4𝑡
= 4 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−5 𝑋10−2 == 4
= 1.33
3. In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slit separation is doubled. To maintain Answer (b) 1.33
the same fringe spacing on the screen, the screen-to-slit distance D must be 6. First diffraction minimum due to a single slit of width 1.0×10 –5 cm is at 30o.

w
changed to, Then wavelength of light used is,
(a) 2D (a) 400 Å
𝐷 (b) 500 Å

w
(b)
2 (c) 600 Å
(c) √2 D (d) 700 Å
𝐷

w
(d) Solution :-
√2  Condition for first minimum in single slit ; 𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝜆
Solution :- 1
𝜆𝐷 𝜆 = 1 𝑋10−5 𝑋 10−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 10−7 𝑋 = 0.5 𝑋 10−7 𝑚 = 500 𝑋10−10 𝑚 = 500 Å
 Band width ; 𝛽 = 2
𝑑
𝜆 𝐷1 𝜆 𝐷1
Answer (b) 𝟓𝟎𝟎 Å
 If 𝑑1 → 2 𝑑, then the new band width ; 𝛽1 = =
𝑑1 2𝑑
𝜆 𝐷1 𝜆𝐷
 Given that ; 𝛽1 = 𝛽 (or) = (or) 𝐷1 = 2 𝐷
2𝑑 𝑑
Answer (a) 2 D

n
 When reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other, then the  They travel with high speed and they are unaffected by the force of gravity. So
angle of incidence is equal to angle of polarization. From Brewster’s law

Answer (a) √𝟑
𝑛 = tan 𝑖𝑃 = tan 60° = √3
i
their path is a straight line.

l.
 The energy of light is the kinetic energy of these corpuscles.
 When they impinge on the retina of the eye, the vision is produced. The
different size of the corpuscles is the reason for different colours of light.

a
8. One of the of Young’s double slits is covered with a glass plate as shown in  The reflection of light is due to repulsion of the corpuscles by the medium and
figure. The position of central maximum will, refraction of light is due to the attraction of the courpuscles by the medium.

d
(a) get shifted downwards  This theory could not explain, why speed of light is lesser in denser medium
(b) get shifted upwards than rarer medium and also interference, diffraction and polarization.
(c) will remain the same
(d) data insufficient to conclude
Solution :-

k a
2. Write a note on wave theory of light.
Wave theory of light :

i
 Christian Huygens proposed the wave theory of light.
 When the slit is covered with a glass plate, due to refraction the light ray bends  According to wave theory, light is a disturbance from a source that travels as
upwards. Hence central maximum get shifted upwards

v
longitudinal mechanical wave through the ether medium that was presumed to

l
Answer (b) get shifted upwards pervade in all space.
9. Light transmitted by Nicol prism is,  This theory could successfully explain reflection, refraction, interference, and
(a) partially polarised
(b) unpolarised
a diffraction. But polarization could not explain by this theory as it is the
property of only transverse waves.

.k
(c) plane polarised  Later the existence of ether in all space was proved to be wrong.
(d) elliptically polarised 3. Write a note on electromagnetic wave theory .
Solution :- Electromagnetic wave theory of light :

w
 The ordinary ray is total internally reflected at the layer of canada balsam and is  Maxwell proposed electromagnetic theory of light.
prevented from emerging along with extraordinary ray. Where as, the  According to electromagnetic wave theory, light is an electromagnetic wave
extraordinary ray is transmitted through the crystal which is plane polarized. which is transverse in nature carrying electromagnetic energy.
Answer (c) plane polarised
10. The transverse nature of light is shown in,
w  No medium is necessary for the propagation of electromagnetic waves.
 All the phenomenon of light could be successfully explained by electromagnetic

w
(a) interference theory. But the interaction of light with matter like photoelectric effect,
(b) diffraction Compton effect could not be explained by this theory.
(c) scattering 4. Write a short note on quantum theory of light.
(d) polarisation Quantum theory of light :
Solution :-  By extending Max Plank quantum ideas, Albert Einstein proposed quantum
 Both, longitudinal and transverse waves exhibit the phenomena of interference theory of light.
and diffraction. Since light is an electromagnetic wave, it is transverse in nature.  According to quantum theory, light is not continuous but it propagated in the
The transverse nature of light wave is proved in the phenomenon called form of discrete packets of energy called photon.
polarisation.  Each photon has energy of 𝑬 = 𝒉 𝝂
Answer (d) polarisation Here 𝒉 →Plank’s constant( 𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝑱𝒔)

n
 Like electromagnetic wave, light can travel through vacuum.  As the two light beams are obtained from the same light source, the two divided
 The transverse nature of light was proved by polarization.
7. Define wave front.
 A wavefront is the locus of points which are in the same state or phase of
vibration.
interferometer
i
light beams will be coherent beams.

l.
 They will be either in-phase or at constant phase difference. (e.g.) Michelson’s

17. Write a note on wavefront division.

8. What are the shapes of wavefront for (a) source at infinite, (b) point source and
(c) line source?
(1) A point source located at a finite distance gives spherical wavefront.
(2) A point source located at infinite distance gives plane wavefront.
d a
Wavefront division :
 It is the common method used for producing two coherent sources. We know all
the points on the wavefront are at the same phase.
 If two points are chosen on the wavefront by using a doubl slit, the two points
(3) A line source gives cylindrical wavefront.
9. State Huygen’s principle.

k a
will act as coherent sources. (e.g.) Young’s double slit method
18. Write a note on Source and images method.

i
Huygen’s principle : Source and images :
 Each point of the wavefront is the source of secondary wavelets which  In this method, a source and its image will act as a set of coherent source,

v
spreading out in all directions with speed of the wave. because the source and its image will have waves in-phase or constant phase
 The envelope to all this wavelets gives the position and shape of the new
wavefront at a later time.
10. Define interference.
 The phenomenon of superposition of two light waves which produces increase
a l difference. (e.g.) Lloyd’s mirror
19. What are called constructive and destructive interference?
Constructive interference :
 During superposition of two coherent waves, the points where the crest of one

.k
in intensity at some points and decrease in intensity at some other points is wave meets the crest of other (or) the trough of one wave meets the trough of
called interference of light. the other wave, the waves are in-phase.
11. What is phase of a wave?  Hence the displacement is maximum and these points appear as bright.

w
 Phase is the angular position of a vibration.  This type of interference is said to be constructive interference.
12. Give the relation between phase difference and path difference. Destructive interference :
 In the path of the wave, one wavelength  corresponds to a phase of 2   During superposition of two coherent waves, the points where the crest of one

𝜹=
𝝀
𝝓
w
 Hence the path difference 𝛿 corresponds to a phase difference 𝜙 is wave meets the trough of other (or) vice versa, the waves are
phase.
out-of-

w
𝟐𝝅  Hence the displacement is minimum and these points appear as dark.
13. Whar are called coherent sources?  This type of interference is said to be destructive interference.
 Two light sources are said to be coherent, if they produce waves which have 20. What is bandwidth of interference pattern?
same phase or constant phase difference, same frequency or wavelength, same  The band width () is defined as the distance between any two consecutive
waveform and preferably same amplitude. bright or dark fringes.
14. Can two independent monochromatic sources acts as coherent sources? 21. What are the conditions for obtaining clear and broad interference bands?
 Two independent monochromatic sources never be coherent, because they may (1) The screen should be as far away from the source as possible.
emit waves of same frequency and same amplitude, but not with same phase. (2) The wavelength of light used must be larger.
 Due to thermal vibrations, the atoms while emitting light undergoes this change (3) Two coherent sources must be as close as possible
in phase.

n
23. What is diffraction? Large number of fringes are obtained Less number of fringes are obtained.
 Diffraction is bending of waves around sharp edges into the geometrically
shadowed region.
 We observe diffraction only when the size of the obstacle is comparable to the
wavelength
Fresnel’s distance:
i
29. What is Fresnel’s distance? Obtain an expression for it.

l.
 Fresnel’s distance is the distance upto which ray optics is obeyed and beyond

a
which ray optics is not obeyed but wave optics becomes significant.
24. Distinguish between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.
Expression :
Fresnel diffraction Fraunhofer diffraction

d
 Let Fresnel distance = 𝑧
Spherical or cylindrical wave front Plane wavefront undergoes
 From the diffraction equation for first

a
undergoes diffracion diffraction
minimum,
The source of light is finite distance The source of light is infinite distance 𝜆 𝜆

k
from the obstacle from the obstacle sin 𝜃 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜃 =
𝑎 𝑎

i
Convex lenses need not be used Convex lenses are to be used  From the definition of Fresnel’s distance,
Difficult to observe and analyse Easy to observe and analyse 𝑎 𝑎

v
sin 2𝜃 = (𝑜𝑟) 2𝜃 =
𝑧 𝑧

l
25. Discuss the special cases on first minimum in Fraunhofer diffraction.  Equating the above two equantion,
 The equation for first minimum in single slit diffraction is 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝝀 𝜆 𝑎

a
Case (1) :If 𝒂 < 𝝀 then 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 > 𝟏 which is not possible. Hence diffraction does 2 =
𝑎 𝑧
not takes place. 𝒂𝟐

.k
Case (2) : If 𝒂 = 𝝀 then 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟏 (or) 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎° (i.e.) The first minimumis at 𝟗𝟎° 𝒛=
𝟏 𝟐𝝀
Case (3) : If 𝒂 > 𝝀 (i.e.) 𝒂 = 𝟐 𝝀 then, 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = or 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎° The diffraction is 30. Give the reason for colourful appearance of the compact disc.
𝟐
observed with a measurable spread. Hence, it is concluded that for observing the  On the read or writable side of the disc, there are many narrow circular tracks

greater than the wavelength of light λ

w
diffraction pattern, essentially the width of the slit a must be just few times whose width are comparable to the wavelength of visible light.
 Hence the diffraction takes place after reflection for incident white light to give
colourful appearance. Thus tracks act as reflecting grating.

w
Case(4) : If 𝒂 >> 𝝀 then 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 << 𝟏 . The first minimum falls within the width
space of the slit itself. Hence, the phenomenon of diffraction is not observed at all. 31. What are resolution and resolving power?
26. What is diffraction grating?  Two point sources must be imaged in such a way that their images are

made with a fine diamond pointer.

w
 Grating is a plane sheet of transparent material on which opaque rulings are

 Thus gratting has multiple slits with equal widths of size comparable to the
wavelength of light
 The modern commercial grating contains about 6000 lines per centimeter.
27. Define grating element and corresponding points.
sufficiently far apart that their diffraction pattersn do not overlap. This is called
resolution.
 The inverse of resolution is called resolving power. The ability of an optical
instrument to separate or distinguish small or closely adjacent objects through
the image formation is said to be resolving power of the instrument.
32. What is Rayleigh’s criterion?
 The combined width of a ruling (b) and a slit (a) is called grating element  According to Rayleigh’s criterion, for tow point objects to be just resolved, the
(e = a + b) minimum distance between their diffraction images must be in such a way that
 Points on successive slits separated by a distance equal to the grating element the central maximum of one coincides with the first minimum of the other and
are called corresponding points. vice versa. The Rayleigh’s criterion is said to be limit of resolution.

n
propagation is said to be unpolarized propagation is said to be planepolarized Plane polarized light :
light
Symmetrical about the ray direction
Produced by conventional light
light
Asymmetrical about the ray direction
It is obtained from unpolarized light
Partially polarized light :

l. i
 If the intensity of light varies from maximum to zero for every rotation of 90
of the analyser, the light is said to be plane polarized

 If the intensity of light varies from maximum to mimimum for every rotation of

a
sources with help of polarizers
90 of the analyser, the light is said to be partially polarized.
35. Define plane of vibration and plane of polarization.
40. State and prove Malus’ law.

d
Plane of vibration:
Malus’s law :
 The plane containing the vibrations of the electric field vector is known as plane
 When a beam of plane polarized light of intensity 𝐼𝑜 is incident on an analyser,
of vibration.
Plane of polarization:
 The plane perpendicular to the plane of vibration and containing the ray of light

k a
the light transmitted of intensity I from the analyser varies directly as the
square of the cosine of the angle  between the transmission axis of polarizer

i
and analyser. This is known as Malus’ law.
is known as the plane of polarization.
36. How an unpolarized light can be polarized? 𝑰 = 𝑰𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
 The unpolarized light can be polarized by following techniques.
(1) Polarization by selective absorption

l v Proof :
 Let the angle between plane of polarizer and
analyser = 

a
(2) Polarization by reflection
(3) Polarization by double refraction Intensity of electric vector transmitted by the
polarizer = 𝐼𝑜

.k
(4) Polarization by scattering
37. Discuss polarization by selective absorption. Amplitude of this electric vector = 𝑎
Polarization by selective absorption (Polaroids) :
 Selective absorption is the property of a material which transmits waves whose

w
electric field vibrate in a plane parallel to a certain direction of orientation and
absorbs all other waves.
 The amplitude of the incident light was resolved in
to two components,
(1) 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 - parallel component to the axis of transmission of the analyser

w
 The polroids or polarizer using this property of selective absorption to
produce intense plane polarized light. (2) 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 - perpendicular component to the axis of transmission of the
 Selective absorption is also called as dichroism. analyser

w
 Edwin Land developed polarizer in the form of thin sheets.  Here only the parallel component (𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) will be transmitted by the analyser.
 Tourmaline is a natural polarizing material. But polaroids are made artificially.  Hence ht intensity of the transmitted light is,
 A number of needle shaped crystals of quinine iodosulphate with their axes 𝐼 ∝ (𝑎 cos 𝜃 )2
parallel to one another packed in between two transparent plastic sheets serve 𝐼 = 𝑘(𝑎 cos 𝜃 )2
as a good polaroid. 𝐼 = 𝑘 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃
 Recently new type of polaroids are prepared in which thin film of polyvinyl 𝑰 = 𝑰𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
alcohol (colour less crystals) is used. (1) When 𝜃 = 0° , 𝑰 = 𝑰𝒐
(2) When 𝜃 = 90° , 𝑰 = 𝟎

n
polarizing angle or Brewste’s angle (𝒊𝑷 )
 The polarizing angle for glass is ; 𝒊𝑷 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓°
43. Explain polarization by reflection.
Polarization by reflection :
 It is the simplest method to produce plane



l. i
It work on the principle of polarization by reflection.
It consists of a number of glass plates placed one over the other in a tube.
These plates are inclined at an angle (𝟗𝟎° − 𝒊𝑷 ) to the axis of the tube.
polarized light.It is discovered by Malus.
 Here, XY - reflecting surface
AB - incident unpolarized light beam
BC - reflecting light beam


d a
A beam of unpolarized light is allowed to fall on the pile of plates along the axis
of the tube. So the angle of incidence of light will be 𝒊𝑷 , which is the polarizing
angle for glass.
 The vibrations perpendicular to the plane of incidence are reflected at each
BD - refracted light beam
 On examining the reflected beam ‘BC’ with an
a
surface and those parallel to it are transmitted.
 The larger the number of surfaces, the greater the intensity of the reflected

k
i
analyser, it is found that the ray is is partially plane polarized light.
plane polarized.  The pile of plates is used as a polrizer and also as an analyser.

v
 When the light is allowed to be incident on particular angle, the reflected beam 46. Define double refraction.

l
is found to be plane polarized. That angle of incidence is called polarizing  When a ray of unpolrized light is incident on a calcite crystal, two refracted rays
angle ( 𝒊𝑷 ) are produced. Hence two images of a single object are formed. This
44. State and prove Brewster’s law
Brewste’ s law :
a phenomenon is called double refraction. The obtained images are called as,
(1) Ordinary image

.k
 Sir David Brewster found that, at polarizing angle, the reflected and (2) Extra ordinary image
transmitted rays are perpendicular to each other.  Double refraction is also called bi refringence.
 Let, incident polarizing angle = 𝑖𝑃 47. Distinguish between ordinary ray and extra ordinary ray.

w
Angle of refraction = 𝑟 Ordinary ray Extraordinary ray
 From the figure, They obey the laws of refraction They do not obey the laws of
𝑖𝑃 + 90° + 𝑟𝑃 = 180° refraction

 From Snell’s law

𝒓𝑷 = 𝟗𝟎° − 𝒊𝑷 − − − −(1)

w Inside the crystal, they travel with

same velocity in all directions
Inside the crystal, they travel with
different velocities along different

w
sin 𝑖𝑃 directions
=𝑛
sin 𝑟𝑃 A point source inside the crystal A point source inside the crystal
sin 𝑖𝑃 produces spherical wavefront for produces elliptical wavefront for extra
=𝑛
sin(90° − 𝑖𝑃 ) ordinary ray ordinary ray
sin 𝑖𝑃 48. Define Optic axis.
=𝑛
cos 𝑖𝑃  Inside the double refracting crystal, there is a particular direction in which both
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒊𝑷 = 𝒏 the ordinary and extraordinary rays travel with same velocity. This direction is
 This relation is known as Brewster’s law. called optic axis.
 This law states that, the tangent of the polarizing angle for a transparent  Along optic axis, the refractive index is same for both rays.
medium is equal to its refractive index.

n
refracting crystal. looking at 90 to the direction of
 ABCD is the principal section of
a calcite crystal with its length
is three times of its breadth.
 The face angles are 72 and
the sun.

l.
 Clearly, charges accelerating
i
paralled do not radiate energy
towards this observer since their
108
 It is cut in to two halves along the diagonal AB and joined together by a layer of
canada balsam, a transparent cement.

d a
acceleration has no transverse component.
 The radiation scattered by the molecule is therefore polarized perpendicular to
the plane of the paper.
 This explains the reason for polarization of sunlight by scattering.

a
 Let an unpolarized light from monochromatic source is incident on the face AC of
the Nicol prism. 53. Distinguish between near point focusing and normal focusing.

k
 Here double refraction takes place, and the ray split in to ordinary ray and Near point focusing Normal focusing

i
extraordinary ray. The image is formed at near point The image is formed at infinity
 For this calcite crystal.
In this position, the eye feel little In this position, the eye is most relaxed
refractive index for the ordinary ray

 The refractive index of canada balsam

= 1.658
refractive index for the extraordinary ray = 1.486
= 1.523
l v strain
Magnification is high ; 𝒎 = 𝟏 +
𝑫
to view the image
Magnification is low ; 𝒎=
𝑫

a
𝒇 𝒇
Here canada balsam does not polarize light
 The ordinary ray is totally internally reflected at the layer of canada balsam.

.k
54. Why is oil immersed objective preferred in a microscope?
 The extraordinaty ray alone is transmitted through the crystal which is plane  The ability of microscope depends not only in magnifying the object but also in
polarized. resolving two points on the object separated by a small distance . That is,
51. What are the uses and drawbacks of Nicol prism? smaller the value of ′𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ′ better will be the resolving power of the microscope.
Uses :

w
 It produces plane polarized light and funcitons as a polarizer.
 It can also used as an analyser.
 To further reduce the value of ′𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ′ , the optical path of the light is increased
by immersing the objective of the microscope in to a bath containg oil of
1.22 𝜆

w
refractive index ‘n’. 𝑖. 𝑒. (𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = )
Drawbacks : 2 𝑛 sin 𝛽

 It cost is very high due to scarity of large and flawless calcite crystal.  Such an objective is called oil immersed objective.
 The term ‘𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷′ is called numerical aperture (NA)

w
 Due to extraordinary ray passing obliquely through it, the emergent ray is
always displaced a little to one side. 55. What are the merits and demerits of reflecting telescope?
 The effective field of view is quite limited. Merits :
 Light emerging out of it is not uniformly plane polarized.  Only one surface is to be polished and maintained.
52. Explain polarization by scattering.  Support can be given from the entire back of the mirror rather than only at the
Polarization by scattering: rim for lens.
 The light from a clear blue portion of the sky shows a rise and fall of intensity  Mirror weigh much less compared to lens.
when viewed through a polaroid which is rotated. Demerits :
 This is because of sunlight, which has changed its direction on encountering the  The objective mirror would focus the light inside the telescope tube. One must
molecules of the earth’s atmosphere. have an eye piece insided obstruction some light.

n
(1) study the spectra of different sources of light  Initially the point ‘A’ reaches reflecting
(2) measure the refractive indices of materials
59. What is myopia? What is its remedy?
 A person suffering from myopia or nearsightedness cannot see distant objects
clearly.
surface.

l. i
 Then the successive points between AB reaches the surface.
 Finally, by the time B reaches 𝐵1 , the point A would have reached 𝐴1
 This is applicable to all the points on the wavefront AB. Thus the reflected
 It occurs when the eye lens has too short focal length due to thickening of the
lens or larger diameter of the eyeball than usual.
 Using concave lens this defect can be rectified.
60. What is hypermetopia? What is its remedy?
d a
wavefront 𝐴1 𝐵1 emanates as a plane wavefront.
 The line from 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀1 perpendiculars to 𝐴1 𝐵1 represent reflected rays.
 .As the reflection happens in the same medium, the speed of light is same before
and after reflection. Hence, 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐵𝐵1
 A person suffering from hypermetopia or farsightedness cannot see objects
close to the eye.

k a
Law (1) :
 The incident rays, the reflected rays and the normal are in the same plane.

i
 It occurs when the eye lens has too long focal length due to thinning of eye lens Law (2) :
or shortening of the eyeball than normal.  Angle of incidence,

v
 Using convex lens this defect can be rectified. ∠𝑖 = ∠𝑁𝐴𝐿 = 90° − ∠𝑁𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐵1
61. What is presbyopia?

cm and the person has to keep the object inconveniently away from the eye.

a l
 The least distance for clear vision for aged people is appreciably more than 25

 Thus reasing or viewing smaller things held in the hands is difficult for them.
 Angle of reflection,
∠𝑟 = ∠𝑁 1 𝐵1 𝑀1 = 90° − ∠𝑁 1 𝐵1 𝐴1 = ∠𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐴
 In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐵1 and ∆𝐵1 𝐴1 𝐴,

.k
∠𝐵 = ∠𝐴1 = 90°
 This kind of farsightedness arising due to aging is called presbyopia. 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐵𝐵1 and
62. What is astigmatism? hypotenuse 𝐴𝐵1 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛
 Astigmatism is the defect arising due to different curvatures along different  Thus the two triangles are congruent. (i.e) ∠𝐵𝐴𝐵1 = ∠𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐴

w
planes in the eye lens. ∴ ∠𝒊 = ∠𝒓
 Astigmatic person cannot see all the directions equally well.  Hence laws of reflection are proved.
 Lenses with different curvatures in different planes called cylindrical lens is

w
2. Prove laws of refraction using Huygen’ principle.
used to rectify astigmatism defect. Laws of refraction - Proof :
63. Whar are called Airy’s discs?  Let XY be the refracting surface

w
 When a circular aperture like a lens or the iris of eye forms an image of a point  The incident wavefront AB is
object, the image formed will not be a point, but a diffraction pattern of in rarer medium (1)
concentric circles that becomes fainter while moving away from the centre.  The incident rays from L and M
 These are known as Airy’s discs. are perpendicular to this
incident wavefront.
 Initially the point ‘A’ reaches
refracting surface.
 Then the successive points
between AB reaches the surface.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Finally, by the time B reaches 𝐵1 , the point A would have reached 𝐴1 in the  The intensity of light is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude.
other medium. 𝐼 ∝ 𝐴2
 This is applicable to all the points on the wavefront AB. Thus the refracted 𝐼 ∝ 𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2 𝑎1 𝑎2 cos 𝜙
wavefront 𝐴1 𝐵1 emanates as a plane wavefront. 𝑰 ∝ 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝟐 √𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 − − − (𝟒)
 The line from 𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀1 perpendiculars to 𝐴1 𝐵1 represent refracted rays. (1) When, 𝜙 = 0, ±2𝜋, ±4𝜋, … …. .the resultant intensity becomes maximum.
 Let 𝑣1 be the speed of light in medium (1) and 𝑣2 be the speed of light in This is called constructive interference.
medium (2). Here 𝑣1 > 𝑣2 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∝ (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
 The time taken for the ray to travel from B to 𝐵1 is same as the time taken for
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∝ 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝟐 √𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 − − − (𝟓)
the ray to travel from A reaches 𝐴1 . So 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑣2 𝑡 and 𝐵𝐵1 = 𝑣1 𝑡
(2) When,𝜙 = ±𝜋, ±3𝜋, ±5𝜋 … …. the resultant intensity becomes minimum.

n
𝐵𝐵1 𝑣1

i
∴ 1
= − − − − − (1) This is called destructive interference.
𝐴𝐴 𝑣2

l.
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∝ (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
Law (1) :
 The incident rays, refracted rays and the normal are in the same plane. 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∝ 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟐 √𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 − − − (𝟔)
Law (2) : Special case :
 Angle of incidence,
∠𝑖 = ∠𝑁𝐴𝐿 = 90° − ∠𝑁𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐵1
 Angle of refraction, a
 If 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂 , then resultant amplitude,
𝐴 = √𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 2 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙

d
𝐴 = √2 𝑎2 + 2 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙

a
∠𝑟 = ∠𝑁 1 𝐵1 𝑀1 = 90° − ∠𝑁 1 𝐵1 𝐴1 = ∠𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐴 𝐴 = √2 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙)
 From ∆𝐴𝐵𝐵1 and ∆𝐵1 𝐴1 𝐴 ,

k
𝐵𝐵1 𝑐 𝜙
𝐴 = √2 𝑎2 [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( )]

i
sin 𝑖 ( ) 𝐵𝐵1 𝑣1 ( ) 𝑛2
𝐴𝐵1 𝑛1
2
= 𝐴𝐴1
= = = 𝑐 =
sin 𝑟 ( 1) 𝐴𝐴1 𝑣2 ( ) 𝑛1
𝝓

v
𝐴𝐵 𝑛2
𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − − − − − (𝟕)

l
 In product form, 𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 = 𝒏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓  If 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝑶 , then the resultant intensity, 𝐼 ∝ 𝐴2

a
3. Obtain the equation for resultant intensity due to interference of light. 𝜙
𝐼 ∝ 4 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( )
Resultant intensity due to interference : 2

.k
 Let 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are the two light waves 𝝓
𝑰 = 𝟒 𝑰𝑶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( ) − − − − − (8)
meeting at a point ‘P’ 𝟐
 At any instant ‘t’, the displacement equations, When, 𝜙 = 0, ±2𝜋, ±4𝜋, … …., 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒 𝑰𝑶

w
𝑦1 = 𝑎1 sin 𝜔𝑡 − − − − (1) and 𝜙 = ±𝜋, ±3𝜋, ±5𝜋 … …., 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
𝑦2 = 𝑎2 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) − − − − (2)  Thus the phase difference (𝜙) between the two waves decides the intensity of
where, 𝜙  phase difference between them light at the point, where the two waves meet.
 Then the resultant displacement,
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 𝑎1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
 By solving this, we get, w 4. Explain Young’s double slit experimental set up and obtain equation for path
difference.
Young’ s double slit experiment :


𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊 𝒏 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)

𝜃 = tan−1 [
𝑎2 sin 𝜙
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 cos 𝜙
]
− − − − (3)

where, 𝐴 = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 and w  Thomas Young used an opaque

screen with two small openings
called double slit 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 kept
equidistance from a source ‘S’
 The width of each slit is about
(1) When, 𝜙 = 0, ±2𝜋, ±4𝜋, … …. .the resultant amplitude becomes maximum 0.03 mm and they are separated
𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √(𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 by a distance of about 0.3 mm.
(2) When, 𝜙 = ±𝜋, ±3𝜋, ±5𝜋 … …. the resultant amplitude becomes minimum  As 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 are equidistant
𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 = √(𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 from ‘S’, the light waves from ‘S’
reach 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 in phase.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 So 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 act as coherent sources which are the requirement of obtaining 5. Obtain the equation for band width in young’s double slit method.
interference pattern. Theory :
 The wavefronts from 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 get superposed on the otherside of the double  Let distance between
slit. 𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2 = 𝑑
 When screen is placed at a distance of about 1 m from double slit, equally Distance of the screen from
spaced alternate bright and dark fringes are appears on the screen. These are double slit = 𝐷
called interference fringes. Wavelength of coherent light
 At the point ‘O’ on the screen, the waves from 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 travels equal distances wave = 
and arrive in-phase. Due to constructive interference, bright fringe is  Hence path difference

n
formed at point ‘O’ . This is called central bright fringe. between the light waves from
 When one of the slit is covered, then the fringes disappear and there is uniform
illumination observed on the screen. This clearly shows that the fringes are due
to interference e.
Path difference (𝜹) :
𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2 to the point ‘P’
𝜹=
𝒚
𝑫
𝒅

l. i
Condition for bright fringe (maxima) :

d
𝑦
𝐷
a
 For constructive interference, the path difference will be,
𝜹= 𝒏𝝀
𝑑 = 𝑛𝜆
[ 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, … ]

k a
 Thus the distance of the n th brigt fringe from ‘O’ is
𝑫
𝒚𝒏 = 𝒏 𝝀
𝒅
− − − − − (3)

v i Condition for dark fringe (minima) :

 For destructive interference, the path difference will be,
𝝀

l 𝜹 = (𝟐 𝒏 − 𝟏) [ 𝑛 = 1, 2, … ]
𝟐
𝑦 𝜆
 Let distance between 𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2 =𝑑
a 𝐷
𝑑 = (2 𝑛 − 1)
2

.k
 Thus the distance of the n th darkt fringe from ‘O’ is
Distance of the screen from double slit =𝐷 𝑫 𝝀
Wavelength of coherent light wave = 𝒚𝒏 = (𝟐 𝒏 − 𝟏) − − − − − (4)
 Hence path difference between the light waves from 𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2 to the point ‘P’ 𝒅 𝟐
Band width (𝜷)

w
is  The band width is defined as the distance between any two consecutive bright
𝛿 = 𝑆2 𝑃 − 𝑆1 𝑃 = 𝑆2 𝑃 − 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑆2 𝑀 or dark fringes.
 From the figure, ∠𝑂𝐶𝑃 = ∠𝑆2 𝑆1 𝑀 = 𝜃  The distance between (n+1)th and nth consecutive bright fringes from ‘O’ is
 𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑆2 𝑆1 𝑀
sin 𝜃 =
𝑆2 𝑀 𝛿
=
w 𝛽 = 𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑦𝑛
𝐷 𝐷

w
𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑑 𝛽= (𝑛 + 1) 𝜆 − 𝑛𝜆
𝑑 𝑑
∴ 𝛿 = sin 𝜃 . 𝑑 𝑫
 Here 𝜃 is small. Hence, sin 𝜃 ≈ tan 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 𝜷= 𝝀 − − − − − − − (𝟓)
𝒅
𝛿= 𝜃. 𝑑 − − − − − (1)  Simillarly the distance between (n+1)th and nth consecutive dark fringes from ‘O’
 Also, in ∆𝑂𝐶𝑃, 𝑫
𝑂𝑃 𝑦 𝜷= 𝝀 − − − − − − − (𝟔)
𝜃 ≈ tan 𝜃 = = 𝒅
𝑂𝐶 𝐷  Eqn (5) and (6) shows that the bright and dark fringes are of same width
 Put this in eqn (1) equally spaced on either side of central bright fringe
𝒚
𝜹= 𝒅 − − − − − (2)
𝑫
 Point ‘P’ may be apper either bright or dark depending on the path differendce.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
6. Obtain the equations for constructive and destructive interference for 7. Discuss diffraction at single slit and obtain the condition for nth minimum.
transmitted and reflected waves in thin films. Diffraction at single slit :
Interference in thin films :

i n
Let a parallel beam of light fall normally on a single slit AB. The centre of the slit

l.
is C
 A straight line through ‘C’ perpendicular to the plane of slit meets the centre of
 Consider a thin film of transparent material of refractive index ‘’ and thickness ‘t’ the screen at ‘O’

a
 A parallel beam of light is incident on the film at an angle ‘𝑖’  Let 𝑦 be the distance of of point ‘P’ from ‘O’
 At upper surface, the light wave is divided in to two parts. One part is reflected  The lines joining ‘P’ to the different points on the slit can be treated as parallel

d
and other part is refracted. lines, making and angle 𝜃 with the normal ‘CO’
 The refracted part which enters in to the film, again gets divided at the lower  All the parallel waves from different points on the slits get interfere at ‘P’ to give
surface in two parts. One is transmitted and the other is reflected back in to the
film. Here interference is produced by both the reflected and transmitted light.
Interference due to reflected light :
a
resultant intensity.
Condition for minima :

k
 To explain minimum intensity, divide the slit in to even number of parts.
 When light travelling in a rarer medium and getting reflected by a denser
medium, undergoes a phase change of  . Hence an additional path difference of

v i(1) Condition for P to be first minimum :

 Let us divide the slit AB in to two half’s each of width
𝑎
2

l
𝝀
is introduced.  The various points on the slit which are separated by the same width
𝟐
𝑎
 Again for normal incidence (𝑖 = 0), the points ‘A’ and ‘C’ are very close to each ( ) called corresponding points

a
2
other.  The path difference of light waves from different corresponding points
 The extra distance travelled by the wave coming out from ‘C’ is (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶)

.k
meeting at ‘P’
 Hence the path difference between the waves reflected at ‘A’ and ‘C’ is 𝑎
𝛿 = 𝜇 (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶) = 𝜇 (𝑑 + 𝑑) = 2 𝜇 𝑑 𝛿 = sin 𝜃
2
𝜆
 Since additional path difference is introduced due to reflection at A, the the  The condition for ‘P’ to be first minimum,

w
2
𝑎 𝜆
total path difference, sin 𝜃 =
𝝀 2 2
𝜹 =𝟐𝝁𝒅 + − − − (4) (𝑜𝑟) 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝝀
𝟐

w
(1) The condition for constructive interference in reflected ray is,,
𝛿 =𝑛𝜆
(2) Condition for P to be second minimum :
 Let us divide the slit AB in to four equal parts of width
𝑎

w
4
𝜆  Here various corresponding points on the slit which are separated by the
(𝑜𝑟) 2𝜇𝑑 + =𝑛𝜆 𝑎
2 same width ( )
4
𝝀
(𝑜𝑟) 𝟐 𝝁 𝒅 = (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) − − − (𝟓)  The path difference of light waves from different corresponding points
𝟐 meeting at ‘P’
(2) The condition for destructive interference in reflected ray is, 𝑎
𝜆 𝛿 = sin 𝜃
𝛿 = (2𝑛 + 1) 4
2  The condition for ‘P’ to be second minimum,
𝜆 𝜆 𝑎 𝜆
(𝑜𝑟) 2 𝜇 𝑑 + = (2𝑛 + 1) sin 𝜃 =
2 2 4 4
(𝑜𝑟) 𝟐𝝁𝒅 = 𝒏𝝀 − − − (6) (𝑜𝑟) 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝝀
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
(3) Condition for P to be nth minimum :  The path difference (𝛿) between the diffracted waves from one pair of
𝑎
 Let us divide the slit AB in to 2n equal parts of width corresponding points is,
2𝑛
 The condition for ‘P’ to be nth minimum, 𝛿 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) sin 𝜃
𝑎 𝜆  The point ‘P’ will be bright, when 𝛿 = 𝑚 𝜆 [𝑚 = 0,1,2,3 … ]
sin 𝜃 =  Hence, (𝒂 + 𝒃) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒎 𝝀 − − − − (1)
2𝑛 2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒏 𝝀 where 𝑚  order of diffraction
Condition for maxima : (1) Condition for zero order maximum :
 To explain maximum intensity, divide the slit in to odd number of parts.  When, (𝑎 + 𝑏) sin 𝜃 = 0, then, 𝜃 = 0 ; 𝑚 = 0 It is zero order
𝑎 diffraction or central maximum
 For first maximum, the slit is divided in to three equal parts each of width ( ).

n
(2) Condition for first order maximum :
3

i
Hence  When, (𝑎 + 𝑏) sin 𝜃1 = 𝜆, then, 𝜃 = 𝜃1 ; 𝑚 = 1 It is first order

l.
𝑎 𝜆 𝝀
sin 𝜃 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟑 diffraction
3 2 𝟐 (3) Condition for second order maximum :
𝑎
 For secod maximum, the slit is divided in to five equal parts each of width ( ).  When,(𝑎 + 𝑏) sin 𝜃2 = 2𝜆, then,𝜃 = 𝜃2 ; 𝑚 = 2

a
5 It is second order
Hence diffraction
𝑎 𝜆 𝝀

d
(4) Condition for higher order maxima :
sin 𝜃 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟓
5 2 𝟐 (𝑎 + 𝑏) sin 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝜆

a
 In general, for nth first maximum, the slit is divided in to (2n+1) equal parts each  If ‘N’ be the number of rulings drawn per unit width (1 m), then ,
𝑎
of width ( ). Hence 𝑁 𝑎 + 𝑁 𝑏 = 1 (𝑜𝑟)

k
2𝑛+1
𝑎 𝜆 𝝀 𝑁 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 1
2𝑛 + 1
sin 𝜃 =
2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟐
8. Discuss the diffraction at a grating and obtain the condition for m th maximum.

v i 1
𝑎+𝑏 =
1
𝑁

l
Diffraction in grating : ∴ sin 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝜆
𝑁
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝑵 𝒎 𝝀 − − − − − (𝟐)

a 9. Discuss the experiment to determine the wavelength of monochromatic light

using diffraction grating.

.k
Experiment to determine wavelength of light :

w
w




normally on the grating.
w
Let ‘AB’ represent the plane transmission grating.
It has number of slits of equal width (𝑎) and equal number of opaque rulings of
equal width (𝑏)
Lte a plane wavefornt of monochromatic light of wavelength ‘𝜆’ be incident

As the slit size is comparable to that of wavelength, the incident light diffracts at
 The wavelength of a spectral line can be very accurately determined with help
of a diffraction grating and a spectrometer.
 Let all the preliminary adjustments are made on the spectrometer.
the grating.  The slit of the spectrometer is illuminated by a monochromatic light, whose
 Using convex lens, the diffracted waves are focused on the screen.
wavelength to be determined.
 Consider a point ‘P’ on the screen, at an angle ‘𝜃 ‘ with the normal drawn from
 The telescope is brought in line with collimator to view the direct image of the
the centre of the grating to the screen.
slit.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 The given transmission grating is then mounted on the prism table with its 11. Discuss about simple microscope and obtain the equations for magnification
plane perpendicular to the incident beam of light coming from collimator. for near point focusing and normal focusing.
 The telsescope is turn to one side until the first order diffraction image of the Simple microscope - Near point focussing :
slit coincides with the vertical cross wire of the eye piece.  A simple microscope is a single
 The reading of the position of the telescope is noted. magnifying lens of small focal
 Similarly the first order diffraction image on the other side is made to coincide length.
with vertical cross wire and corresponding reading is noted.  In near point focusing, object
 The difference between two positions gives 2 𝜃 distance ‘u’ is less than ‘f’
 Half of its value gives 𝜃, the diffraction angle for first order maximum.  The image is formed at near point

n
 The wavelength of light is calculated from, or least distance ‘D’ of distinct

i
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 vision.

l.
𝝀=
𝑵𝒎  The magnification ‘m’ is given by,
10. Discuss the experiment to determine the wavelength of different colours 𝑣
𝑚=
using diffraction grating. 𝑢
Determination of wavelength of different colours :
 White light is a composite light
which contains all wavlengths
from violet to red in visible
d a
 Using lens equation,

 Substitute, 𝑣 = −𝐷
𝑚 =1−
𝑣
𝑓

region.
 When white light is used, the

k a 𝒎= 𝟏+
𝑫
𝒇
Simple microscope - Normal focussing :

i
diffraction pattern consists of a
white central maximum and on  Here the image is formed at

v
both sides continuous coloured infinity.

l
diffraction patterns are  So we will not get direct
formed. practical relation for

a
magnification. Hence we can
 The central maximum is white practically use the angular

.k
as all the colours meet here magnification.
constructively with no phase  The angular magnification is defined as the ratio of angle (𝜃𝑖 ) subtended by the
difference. image with aided eye to the angle (𝜃𝑂 ) subtended by the object with unaided

w
 It produces a spectrum of diffraction pattern from violet to red on either side of eye. That is,
central maximum. 𝜃𝑂
𝑚= − − − − − − (1)
 By measuring the angle (𝜽) at which these colours appear for various order (m) 𝜃𝑖

formula,
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 w
of diffraction, the wavelength of different colours could be calculated using the  For unaided eye,
tan 𝜃𝑂 ≈ 𝜃𝑂 =
ℎ

w
𝐷
𝝀=  For aided eye,
𝑵𝒎
where, 𝑵  number of rulings drawn per unit width of grating ℎ
tan 𝜃𝑖 ≈ 𝜃𝑖 =
𝑓
 Thus eqn (1) becomes,
ℎ
𝜃𝑂 ( )
𝑚= = 𝐷
𝜃𝑖 ℎ
( )
𝑓
𝑫
𝒎=
𝒇
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
12. Explain about compound microscope and obtain the equation for 13. Obtain the equation for resolving power of microscope.
magnification. Resolving power of microscope:
Compound microscope :  A microscope is used to see the details of the object under observation.
 The lens near the object is called the objective, forms a real, inverted, magnified  Good microscope should not only magnify the object but also resolve the two
image of the object. points on an object which are separated by the smallest distance dmin.
 This serves as the object for the second lens which is the eyepiece.  Actually, dmin is the resolution and its reciprocal is the resolving power.
 Eye piece serves as a simple microscope that produces finally an enlarged and
virtual image.
 The first inverted image formed by the objective is to be adjusted close to, but

n
within the focal plane of the eyepiece, so that the final image is formed nearly at
infinity or at the near point.

l. i


d a
The spatial resolution (radius of central maximum) is
𝑟𝑜 =
1.22 𝜆 𝑓
𝑎

a
 In microscope, the object distance is just more than the focal length f and the
image is formed at v as shown in the Figure. Hence,.

k
1.22 𝜆 𝑣
𝑟𝑜 =

i
𝑎
 Here, in the place of focal length f we have the image distance v. If the difference

v
between the two points on the object to be resolved is dmin, then the

 The final image is inverted with respect to the original object.

Magnification (m) :
a l magnification m is,
𝑚=
𝑟𝑜
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑚
𝑟𝑜
=
1.22 𝜆 𝑣
𝑚𝑎
= 𝑣
1.22 𝜆 𝑣
( )𝑎
𝑢

.k
 From the ray diagram, the linear magnification due to the objective is, 1.22 𝜆 𝑢 1.22 𝜆 𝑓
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = [∵ 𝑢 ≈ 𝑓]
ℎ1 𝐿 𝑎 𝑎
𝑚𝑜 = = − − − − − (1)  On the object side, 2 tan 𝛽 ≈ 2 sin 𝛽 =
𝑎
ℎ 𝑓𝑜 𝑓

w
Here ‘L’ is the distance between the first focal point of the eye piece to the 1.22 𝜆
second focal point of the objective. This is called the tube length. 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2 sin 𝛽
 The magnification of the eyepiece,  To further reduce the value of dmin the optical path of the light is increased by
𝑚𝑒 = 1 +
𝐷
𝑓𝑒
w
− − − − − (2) immersing the objective of the microscope into a bath containing oil of
refractive index n.

w
 The total magnification ‘m’ in near point focusing , 1.22 𝜆
𝑳 𝑫 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝒎 = 𝒎𝒐 𝒎𝒆 = [ ] [𝟏 + ] 2 𝑛 sin 𝛽
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆  Such an objective is called oil immersed objective. The term n sin β is called
 If the final image is formed at infinity (normal focusing), the magnification if eye numerical aperture (NA). Hence,
piece is, 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝝀
𝐷 𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝑚𝑒 = − − − − − (3) 𝟐 (𝑵𝑨)
𝑓𝑒  Then the resolving power of microscope is,
 The total magnification ‘m’ in normal focusing is, 𝟏 𝟐 (𝑵𝑨)
𝑳 𝑫 𝑹𝑴 = =
𝒎 = 𝒎𝒐 𝒎𝒆 = [ ] [ ] 𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝝀
𝒇𝒐 𝒇 𝒆
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
14. Discuss about astronomical telescope. (3) Telescope :
Astronomical telescope :  The telescope is an astronomical type.
 An astronomical telescope is used to  It consists of an eyepiece provided with cross wires at one end and an
get the magnification of distant
objective at its other end.
astronomical objects like stars,
 The distance between the objective and the eyepiece can be adjusted so
planets
 The image formed by this will be that the telescope forms a clear image at the cross wires.
inverted.  The telescope is attached to a circular scale and both can be rotated
 It has an objective of long focal together.

n
length and a much larger aperture  The telescope and prism table are provided with radial screws for fixing
than eye piece.
 Light from a distant object enters
the objective and a real image is
formed in the tube at its second
i
them at a desired position and tangential screws for fine adjustments.

l.
Preliminary adjustments of the spectrometer
(1) Adjustment of the eyepiece: The telescope is turned towards an illuminated

a
surface and the eyepiece is moved to and fro until the cross wires are clearly
focal point.
 The eye piece magnifies this image producing a final inverted image. seen.
Magnification (m) :
 The magnification ‘m’ is the ratio of the angle 𝛽 subtended at the eye by the
final image to the angle 𝛼 which the object subtends at the lens or the eye.
𝛽
a d
(2) Adjustment of the telescope: The telescope is adjusted to receive parallel rays
by focusing it to a distant object to get a clear image on the cross wire.
(3) Adjustment of the collimator : The telescope is brought in line with the

k
collimator. The distance between the illuminated slit and the lens of the
𝑚=

i
𝛼 collimator is adjusted until a clear image of the slit is seen at the cross wire.
 From figure, (4) Levelling of the prism table : The prism table is brought to the horizontal level

v
ℎ by adjusting the levelling screws and it is ensured by using sprit level.
[ ]

l
𝑓𝑒 𝒇𝒐
𝑚= = 16. Explain the experimental determination of material of the prism using
ℎ 𝒇𝒆 spectrometer.
[ ]

a
𝑓𝑜 Determination of refractive index :
 The length of the telescope is approximately, 𝑳 = 𝒇𝒐 + 𝒇𝒆

.k
 The preliminary adjustments of the telescope, collimator and the prism table of
15. Mention different parts of spectrometer and explain the preliminary
the spectrometer are made.
adjustments.
 The refractive index () of the prism is determined by knowing the angle of the
Spectrometer :
prism (A) and the angle of minimum deviation (D)

w
 The spectrometer is an optical instrument used to analise the spectra of different
(1) Angle of the prism (A) :
sources of light, to measure the wavelength of different colours and to measure
the refractive indices of materials of prisms. It basically consists of three parts
(1) Collimator:

w
 The collimator is used for producing parallel beam of light.

w
 It has a convex lens and a vertical slit of adjustable width which faces the
source.
 The position of slit can be adjusted so that it is kept at the focus of the lens.
 The collimator is rigidly fixed to the base.
(2) Prism table:
 The prism table is used for mounting the prism, grating etc. It consists of
two circular discs provided with three levelling screws.
 It can be rotated and its position can be read from two verniers V1 and V2 .
 The prism table can be fixed at any desired height.

n
formed by the reflection at the face AC coincides with the vertical cross wire of 1 5893 𝑋 10−10
the telescope. The corresponding vernier readings are again noted.
 The difference between these two readings gives the angle rotated by the
telescope, which is twice the angle of the prism.
 Half of this value gives the angle of the prism (A)  Since, 𝑛 =
𝑐
2 =
𝑛
=

l. i 1.33
𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟎 𝐀
, velocity of light in water,

a
𝑣
(2) Angle of minimum deviation (D) : 𝑐 3 𝑋 108 3 𝑋 108 9 𝑋 108
𝑣= = = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
𝑛 1.33 4 4

d
( )
3
 Frequency is same in both air and water medium, then

k a  =
𝑐
=
3 𝑋 108
1 5893 𝑋 10−10
=
3 𝑋 1018
5893

i  = 5. 090 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 1018 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑯𝒛

2. Two light sources with amplitudes 5 units and 3 units respectively interfere

v with each other. Calculate the ratio of maximum and minimum intensities.


a l
The prism is placed on the prism table, so that the light from the collimator falls
-Solution :- 𝑎1 = 5 ; 𝑎2 = 3
 Resultant amplitude,

A = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2 𝑎1 𝑎2 cos 𝜙

.k
on a refracting face and the refracted image is observed through the telescope.
 The prism table is now rotated, so that the angle of deviation decreases.  When 𝜙 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) cos 𝜙 = 1 , then resultant amplitude will be maximum.
 A stage comes when the image stops for a moment and if we rotate the prism
A𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2 𝑎1 𝑎2 (1)

w
table further in the same direction, the image is seen to recede and the angle of
deviation increases. A𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √( 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 )2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 5 + 3
 The vertical cross wire of telescope is made to coincide with the image of the 𝐀𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟖 units

w
slit, where it turns back. This gives the minimum deviation position.
 The vernier readings corresponding to this position is noted.
 Now the prism is removed and the telescope is turned to receive the direct ray
 When 𝜙 = 180° (𝑜𝑟) cos 𝜙 = − 1 then resultant amplitude will be
minimum.

Refractive index (𝝁) of the prism :

w
and the vernier readings are again noted.
 The difference between the two readings gives the angle of minimum deviation
(D)

 The refractive index of the material of the prism is calculated using the formula,
 A𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2 𝑎1 𝑎2 (−1)
A𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √( 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )2 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 = 5 − 3
𝐀𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐 units
 Intensity is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude (𝐼 ∝ 𝐴2 )
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 2 = 2=
82 64
=
16
𝑨+𝑫 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 4 1
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝝁= 𝟐 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∶ 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟔 ∶ 𝟏
𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐

i. n
 When 𝜙 = 180 (𝑜𝑟) cos ( ) = 0 then, intensity will be minimum. 4
2 (d) When, 𝑛 = ,then fringe width (𝛽1 ) in water
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 3
𝜆1 𝐷 𝜆𝐷 𝛽 6 𝑋 10−3 3 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−3 18 𝑋 10−3 𝜆
 Hence the ratio of maximum and minimum , 1
[∵ 𝜆1 =

l
𝛽 = = = = = = ]
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∶ 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒 𝒂𝟐 ∶ 𝟎 𝑑 𝑛𝑑 𝑛 4 4 4 𝑛
( )
3

a
4. Two light sources have intensity of light as I0. What is the resultant intensity at
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
a point where the two light waves have a phase difference of π/3?
𝝅 7. Lights of two wavelengths 560 nm and 420 nm are used in Young’s double slit

d
-Solution :- 𝜙= experiment. Find the least distance from the central fringe where the bright
𝟑
𝜙
 𝐼 ∝ 4 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 [ ] [∵ 𝐼𝑂 ∝ 𝑎2 ] fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.

a
Resultant intensity,
2
𝜋 2
-Solution :- 𝝀𝟏 = 560 𝑛𝑚 = 560 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝝀𝟐 = 420 𝑛𝑚 = 420 𝑋 10−9 𝑚
𝜙 (3) 𝜋 √3 3 𝟏

ik
𝐼 = 4 𝐼𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 [ ] = 4 𝐼𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 [ ] = 4 𝐼𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 [ ] = 4 𝐼𝑂 [ ] = 4 𝐼𝑂 [ ]  Here for given ‘y’, 𝝀 ∝ .Here, nth order bright fringe of longer wavelength λ1
2 2 6 2 4 𝒏
coincides with (n+1)th order bright fringe of shorter wavelength λ2,
𝑰 = 𝟑 𝑰𝑶 𝐷
 Distance of nth bright fringe ; 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛𝜆

v
5. The wavelength of a light is 450 nm. How much phase it will differ for a path of 𝑑

l
3 mm? 𝐷 𝐷
 Hence, 𝑛 𝜆1 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝜆2
-Solution :- 𝜆 = 450 𝑛𝑚 = 450 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝛿 = 3 𝑚𝑚 = 3 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 𝑑 𝑑
𝑛 𝜆1 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝜆2
 Phase difference,
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝝅
a (𝑜𝑟)
(𝑛 + 1)
=
𝜆1

.k
𝜙= 𝛿= 𝑋 3 𝑋 10−3 = 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑛 𝜆2
𝜆 450 𝑋 10−9 𝟕𝟓 1 𝜆1
6. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are 0.15 mm apart. The light (𝑜𝑟) 1+ =
𝑛 𝜆2
source has a wavelength of 450 nm. The screen is 2 m away from the slits. 1 𝜆1
from the central maximum.
(b) Find the fringe width.
w
(a) Find the distance of the second bright fringe and also third dark fringe
𝑛
1
=
𝜆2
−1
560 𝑋 10−9

w
= −1
(c) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the 𝑛 420 𝑋 10−9
1 4 1
slits? = −1=

w
(d) What will happen to the fringe width if the whole setup is immersed in 𝑛 3 3
waterof refractive index 4/3. ∴ 𝒏=𝟑
-Solution :- 𝑑 = 0.15 𝑚𝑚 = 0.15 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 ; 𝐷 = 2 𝑚 ; 𝜆 = 450 𝑛𝑚 = 450 𝑋 10−9 𝑚  Thus, the 3rd bright fringe of λ1 and 4th bright fringe of λ2 coincide at the least
𝐷 distance y.
(a) Distance of nth bright fringe from centre, 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛 𝜆
𝑑  The least distance from the central fringe where the bright fringes of the two
𝐷 𝜆
Distance of nth dark fringe centre, 𝑦𝑛 = (2𝑛 − 1) wavelengths coincides is
𝑑 2
Hencedistance of 2 bright fringe,
nd 𝐷 1
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛𝜆= 𝑋 3 𝑋 560 𝑋 10−9
𝐷 2 𝑑 3 𝑋 10−3
𝑦2 = 𝑛𝜆= 𝑋 2 𝑋 450 𝑋 10−9 = 2 𝑋 2 𝑋 3000 𝑋 10−6 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝑑 0.15 𝑋 10−3
𝒚𝟐 = 12000 𝑋 10−6 = 𝟏𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎

n
𝜆 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟎 𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟑 𝒎𝒎
2𝜇𝑡 =

∴ 𝑡=
𝜆
4𝜇
2
=
589 𝑋 10−9
4 𝑋 1.25
=
589 𝑋 10−9

𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝒏𝒎

l. i
(b) The distance between the central maximum and second minimum is,
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟑 − 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
10. A monochromatic light of wavelength 5000 Å passes through a single slit
producing diffraction pattern for the central maximum as shown in the figure.
 For the film to be anti-reflecting, the reflected rays should interfere
destructively.
Hence the path difference,
-Solution :-

d a
Determine the width of the slit.
𝜆 = 5000 𝐀 = 5000 𝑋 10−10 𝑚 ;  = 30 ; 𝑛 = 1
 Equation for diffraction minimum is,
𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛 𝜆

a
2𝜇𝑡 =𝑛𝜆
 The least optical path difference, 𝑛 = 1, then  For first minimum (𝑛 = 1)

k
2𝜇𝑡 =𝜆 𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝜆

∴ 𝑡=
𝜆
2𝜇
=
589 𝑋 10−9 589 𝑋 10−9
2 𝑋 1.25
=
𝒕 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓. 𝟔 𝒏𝒎
2.5
=
5890 𝑋 10−9
25

v i (𝑜𝑟) 𝑎=
𝜆
sin 𝜃
5000 𝑋 10−10 5000 𝑋 10−10
9. Light of wavelength 500 nm passes through a slit of 0.2 mm wide. The
diffraction pattern is formed on a screen 60 cm away. Determine the,
(a) angular spread of central maximum

a l 𝑎=
sin 30°
=
1
( )
2
𝑎 = 10000 𝑋 10−10 = 1 𝑋 10−6 𝑚 = 0.001 𝑋 10−3

.k
(b) the distance between the central maximum and the second minimum. 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎
-Solution :- 𝜆 = 500 𝑛𝑚 = 500 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝑎 = 0.2 𝑚𝑚 = 0.2 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 11. Calculate the distance upto which ray optics is a good approximation for light
𝐷 = 60 𝑐𝑚 = 60 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 of wavelength 500 nm falls on an aperture of width 0.5 mm.
(a) Equation for diffraction minimum is, 𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛 𝜆 -Solution :- 𝜆 = 500 𝐧𝐦 = 500 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝑎 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.5 𝑋 10−3 𝑚

𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝜆
w
The central maximum is spread up to the first minimum. Hence, n = 1
 Fresnel distance, 𝑧 =
𝑎2
2𝜆

w
𝜆 500 𝑋 10−9 5000 𝑋 10−6 (0.5 𝑋 10−3 )2 0.25 𝑋 10−6 0.25 𝑋 10−6
(𝑜𝑟) sin 𝜃 = = = = 2500 𝑋10−6 𝑧= −9
= −9
=
𝑎 0.2 𝑋 10−3 2 2 𝑋 500 𝑋 10 1000 𝑋 10 10−6
(𝑜𝑟) sin 𝜃 = 0.0025 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
(𝑜𝑟)
From the figure, for first mininmum
tan 𝜃 =
𝑦1
𝐷
w
𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅

As 𝜃 is small, sin 𝜃 ≈ tan 𝜃 For first minimum

12. A diffraction grating consists of 4000 slits per centimeter. It is illuminated by a
monochromatic light. The second order diffraction maximum is produced at an
angle of 30°. What is the wavelength of the light used?
-Solution :- 𝑁 = 4000 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 ⁄𝑐𝑚 = 400000 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 ⁄𝑚 ;  = 30 ; 𝑚 = 2
 Equation for diffraction maximum for grating is,
𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝜆 sin 𝜃 = 𝑁 𝑚 𝜆
𝑦1 1
𝑎 =𝜆 sin 𝜃 sin 30° ( ) 1
𝐷 𝜆= = = 2 = 𝑋 10−5
𝜆𝐷 500 𝑋 10 𝑋60 𝑋 10−2
−9
5000 𝑋 10−9 𝑋 60 𝑋 10−2 𝑁𝑚 400000 𝑋 2 8 𝑋 105 16
∴ 𝑦1 = = −3
= = 150000 𝑋10−8 𝝀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑨°
𝑎 0.2 𝑋 10 2 𝑋 10−3
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
13. A monochromatic light of wavelength of 500 nm strikes a grating and produces (b) If third polaroid 𝑃3 kept between 𝑃1 & 𝑃2 at 45o, the intensity of emergent
fourth order maximum at an angle of 30°. Find the number of slits per light from 𝑃3
centimeter. 𝐼 𝐼 1 2 𝐼 1 𝐈
-Solution :- 𝜆 = 500 𝑛𝑚 = 500 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ;  = 30 ; 𝑚 = 4 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° = 2
( 2) = 2
𝑋 2
= 𝟒
√
 Equation for diffraction maximum for grating is ; sin 𝜃 = 𝑁 𝑚 𝜆 Finally, the intensity of emergent light from 𝑃2 ,
1 I I 1 2 I 1 𝐈
sin 𝜃 sin 30° ( ) 1 𝐼11 = 𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° = ( ) = 𝑋 =
∴ 𝑁= = = 2 = 𝑋 106 = 0.25 𝑋 106
−9 −9 4 4 √2 4 2 𝟖
𝜆𝑚 500 𝑋 10 𝑋 4 2000 𝑋 10 4
17. Find the polarizing angles for (i) glass of refractive index 1.5 and (ii) water of
𝑵 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔⁄𝒎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔⁄𝒄𝒎
refractive index 1.33.
14. The optical telescope in the Vainu Bappu observatory at Kavalur has an
objective lens of diameter 2.3 m. What is its angular resolution if the
-Solution :-

i n
(i) When, 𝑛 = 1.5 , from Brewster’s law ; tan 𝑖𝑃 = 𝑛 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑖𝑃 = tan−1 𝑛

l.
wavelength of light used is 589 nm?
𝒊𝑷 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°
-Solution :- 𝜆 = 589 𝑛𝑚 = 589 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝑎 = 2.3 𝑚
(ii) When, 𝑛 = 1.33 from Brewster’s law ;, tan 𝑖𝑃 = 𝑛 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑖𝑃 = tan−1 𝑛
 Equation for angular resolution,
 =
1.22 𝜆
𝑎
=
1.22 𝑋 589 𝑋 10−9
2.3
 = 3. 125 𝑋 102 𝑋 10−9 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏 a 𝒊𝑷 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏°
18. What is the angle at which a glass plate of refractive index 1.65 is to be kept

d
with respect to the horizontal surface so that an unpolarised light travelling
horizontal after reflection from the glass plate is found to be plane polarised?

a
15. Two polaroids are kept with their transmission axes inclined at 30 o.
-Solution :- 𝑛 = 1.65
Unpolarised light of intensity I falls on the first polaroid. Find out the intensity
 From Brewster’s law ; tan 𝑖𝑃 = 𝑛

k
of light emerging from the second polaroid.
𝑖𝑃 = tan−1 𝑛 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟖°

i
-Solution :- (𝑜𝑟)
 As the intensity of the unpolarised light falling on the first polaroid is I, the  The angle at which a glass plate to be kept with respect to the horizontal surface

v
intensity of polarized light emerging from it will be, = 𝟗𝟎° − 𝟓𝟖. 𝟖° = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐°

l
𝑰 19. A man with a near point of 25 cm reads a book which has small print using a
𝑰𝑶 =
𝟐 magnifying lens of focal length 5 cm.

a
 Let 𝐼1 be the intensity of light emerging from the second polaroid. (a) What are the closest and the farthest distances at which he should keep the
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 lens from the book?

.k
2
𝐼 𝐼 √3 𝐼 3 (b) What are the maximum and the minimum magnification possible?
𝐼1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30° = ( ) = 𝑋 -Solution :- 𝐷 = 25 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑓 = 5 𝑐𝑚
2 2 2 2 4
𝟑  Closest distance of object =𝑢

w
𝟏
𝑰 = ( )𝑰 Image distance (near point focusing) = 𝑣 = −25 𝑐𝑚
𝟖
16. Two polaroids are kept crossed (transmission axes at 90o) to each other.  Farthest distance of object = 𝑢1
Image distance (normal focusing) = 𝑣1 = ∞

w
(a) What will be the intensity of the light coming out from the second polaroid
when an unpolarised light of intensity I falls on the first polaroid? (a) Lens equation for near point focusing,
(b) What will be the intensity of light coming out from the second polaroid if a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1 − 5 6
− = (𝑜𝑟) = − = − =− − = = −

w
third polaroid is kept in between at 45o inclination to both of them. 𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 𝑣 𝑓 (−25) 5 25 5 25 25
-Solution :- 𝟐𝟓
𝒖= − = −𝟒. 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎
(a) As the intensity of the unpolarised light falling on the first polaroid 𝑃1 is I, the 𝟔
𝑰 Lens equation for normal focusing,
intensity of polarized light emerging from it will be ; 𝑰𝑶 =
𝟐 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Let 𝐼1 , be the intensity of light emerging from the second polaroid 𝑃2 . From 1
− 1 = 1 (𝑜𝑟) 1 = 1 − 1 = − = −0− =−
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 𝑣 𝑓 ∞ 5 5 5
Malus’ law 𝒖𝟏 = − 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝐼 The closest distance between the lens and the book is, u = −𝟒. 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 90° = 0
2 The farthest distance at which the person can keep the book is = −𝟓𝒄𝒎
No light comes out from the second polaroid.

i n
23. A person has farsightedness with the far distance he could see clearly is 75 cm.
Calculate the power of the lens of the spectacles needed to rectify the defect.

l.
(a) Magnification of the microscope in near point focusing, -Solution :- 𝑦 = 75 𝑐𝑚 = 75 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
𝐿 𝐷  The lens should have a focal length of 𝑓,
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 = [ ] [1 + ] 𝑦 𝑋 25 𝑐𝑚

a
𝑓𝑂 𝑓𝑒
𝑓=
30 𝑋 10−2 25 𝑋 10−2 𝑦 − 25 𝑐𝑚
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 = [ ] [1 + ]

d
5 𝑋 10−2 50 𝑋 10−2 75 𝑐𝑚 𝑋 25 𝑐𝑚 1875
𝑓= = 𝑐𝑚
1 3 18 75 𝑐𝑚 − 25 𝑐𝑚 50

a
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 = [6] [1 + ] = 6 𝑋 = =𝟗 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓
2 2 2 𝒇= 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
(b) Magnification of the microscope in normal focusing, 𝟓𝟎
𝐿 𝐷
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 = [ ] [ ]
𝑓𝑂 𝑓𝑒

i k
 It is a convex lens (or) converging lens.
 The power of the lens is,
1 1 10−2 100

v
30 𝑋 10−2 25 𝑋 10−2 𝑃 = =− = =
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 = [ ][ ]

l
𝑓 37.5 𝑋 10 −2 37.5 37.5
5 𝑋 10−2 50 𝑋 10−2
1 6 𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 diopter

a
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 = [6] [ ] = =𝟑
2 2
21. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 125 cm and an eyepiece

.k
of focal length 2 cm. (a) What is the magnification of the telescope? (b) What is
the separation between the objective and the eyepiece?(c) What is the angular
separation between two stars when viewed through this telescope if they

w
subtend 1 ' for bare eye?
-Solution :- 𝑓𝑂 = 125 𝑐𝑚 = 125 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝑓𝑒 = 2 𝑐𝑚 = 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
(a) Magnification of telescope,
𝑚=
𝑓𝑂
𝑓𝑒
=
2 𝑋 10
w
125 𝑋 10−2
−2
=
125
2

(c) The angular separation,

𝒎 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓

𝐿 = 𝑓𝑂 + 𝑓𝑒
w
(b) Equation for approximate length of telescope,

𝐿 = (125 𝑋 10−2 ) + (2 𝑋 10−2 ) = (125 + 2) 𝑋 10−2

𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎

𝜃𝑖
𝑚= (𝑜𝑟) 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑚 𝜃𝑜
𝜃𝑜
𝟔𝟐. 𝟓
𝜽𝒊 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒°
𝟔𝟎
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
4. A beam of light of wavelength 600 nm from a distant source falls on a single slit
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS 1 mm wide and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 2 m
1. The ratio of maximum and minimum intensities in an interference pattern is away. What is the distance between the first dark fringes on either side of the
36 : 1. What is the ratio of the amplitudes of the two interfering waves? central bright fringe?
-Solution :- 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∶ 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 36 ∶ 1 -Solution :- 𝑎 = 1𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 ;
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑎1 +𝑎2 )2 𝑎1 +𝑎2 𝐼 36 𝜆 = 600 𝑛𝑚 = 600 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝐷 = 2 𝑚
 We have, = (𝑎1 −𝑎2 )2
(𝑜𝑟) = √ 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ 1 = 6  Equation for diffraction minimum,
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎1 −𝑎2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑦
 Hence, 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 6 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑛 𝜆 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝜆
𝐷
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 6 𝑎1 − 6 𝑎2  Condition for 1st minimum (n=1)
𝑎2 + 6 𝑎2 = 6 𝑎1 − 𝑎1
7 𝑎2 = 5 𝑎1
𝑎
𝑦
𝐷
=𝜆

i n
l.
𝑎1 7 𝐷𝜆 2 𝑋 600 𝑋 10−9
= ∴ 𝑦 = = = 1200 𝑋 10−6 𝑚 = 1.2 𝑋10−3 𝑚 = 1.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑎2 5 𝑎 1 𝑋 10−3
 Hence distance between the first fringe on either side of the central bright fringe

a
𝒂𝟏 ∶ 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟕 ∶ 𝟓
2. In Young’s double slit experiment, 62 fringes are seen on a screen for sodium 𝒀 = 2 𝑦 = 2 𝑋1.2 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎

d
light of wavelength 5893 Å. If violet light of wavelength 4359 Å is used in place 5. Light of wavelength of 5000 Å produces diffraction pattern of the single slit of
of sodium light, how many fringes will be seen? width 2.5 μm. What is the maximum order of diffraction possible?

a
-Solution :- 𝜆1 = 5893 A ; 𝜆2 = 4359 A ; 𝑛1 = 62 -Solution :- 𝑎 = 2.5 𝜇𝑚 = 2.5 𝑋 10−6 𝑚 ; 𝜆 = 5000 Å = 5000 𝑋 10−10 𝑚
 Equation of fringe width ; 𝛽 =
𝜆𝐷  Equation for diffraction minimum : 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒏 𝝀

k
𝑑  For maximum order ; 𝜃 = 90° (𝑜𝑟) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 . Hence

i
𝜆𝐷
 Hence fringe width of n-fringes , 𝑛 𝛽 = 𝑛 .Thus 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 2.5 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 1
𝑑
𝜆1 𝐷 𝜆2 𝐷 𝒏= = = 0.5 𝑋 101 = 𝟓

v
𝑛1 = 𝑛2 𝝀 5000 𝑋 10−10

l
𝑑 𝑑 6. I0 is the intensity of light existing between two cross Polaroids kept with their
𝑛1 𝜆1 = 𝑛2 𝜆2 axes perpendicular to each other. A third polaroid is introduced between

a
𝑛1 𝜆1 them. What must be the angle between the axes of first and the newly
𝑛2 =
𝜆2 introduced polaroid to get the maximum light from the whole arrangement?

.k
62 𝑋 5893 𝑋 10−10 62 𝑋 5893 -Solution :-
𝑛2 = =
4359 𝑋 10−10 4359  If the intensity of the unpolarised light is I then the intensity of polarised light
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟖𝟏 ≈ 𝟖𝟒
will be I/2. The other half of intensity is restricted by the polariser.
3. Light of wavelength 600 nm that falls on a pair of slits producing interference
pattern on a screen in which the bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. What
must be the wavelength of another light which produces bright fringes
w
separated by 8.1 mm with the same apparatus?

w
-Solution :- 𝜆1 = 600 𝑛𝑚 = 600 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝛽1 = 7.2𝑚𝑚 = 7.2 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 ;
𝛽2 = 8.1 𝑚𝑚 = 8.1 𝑋 10−3 𝑚


Equation of fringe width ;
Hence,
𝛽1
𝛽2
=
𝜆1
𝜆2
𝛽=

(or)
−3
𝜆𝐷
𝑑
w
𝜆2 = 𝜆1
𝛽2
𝛽1


Intensity of incident light on 𝑃1 = 𝐼𝑜
Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃1 ; 𝐼1 =
𝐼𝑜
2
8.1 𝑋 10 4860 𝐼
𝜆2 = 600 𝑋 10−9 𝑋 −3
= 𝑋 10−9 = 675 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 = 675 𝑛𝑚  Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃2 ; 𝐼2 = 𝐼1 cos 2 𝜃 = 𝑜 cos 2 𝜃
7.2 𝑋 10 7.2 2
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃3 ; 𝐼3 = 𝐼2 cos 2 (90 − 𝜃)
𝐼𝑜
𝐼3 = cos 2 𝜃 cos 2 (90 − 𝜃)
2
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 2 8. The reflected light is found to be plane polarised when an unpolarized light
𝐼3 = cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]2 = [ ] falls on a denser medium at 60° with the normal. Find the angle of refraction
2 2 2 2
2
𝐼𝑜 sin 2𝜃 𝐼𝑜 and critical angle of incidence for total internal reflection in the denser to
𝐼3 = [ ]= sin2 2𝜃
2 4 8 rarer medium reflection.
 When sin2 2𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 , then 𝐼3 will bemaximum. (i.e.) Solution :-
sin2 2𝜃 = 1 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 = 1 (𝑜𝑟) 2𝜃 = 90°  The angle of incidence at which the reflected ray get completely plane polarized
∴ 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓° is called angle of polarization (𝑖𝑃 ). Hence 𝒊𝑷 = 𝟔𝟎°
7. An unpolarised light of intensity 32 Wm–2 passes through three Polaroids such  At polarizing angle, the angle of refraction ,
that the axes of the first and the last Polaroids are at 90°. What is the angle 𝐫 = 90° − 𝑖𝑃 = 90° − 60° = 𝟑𝟎°
between the axes of the first and middle Polaroids so that the emerging light

i n
 From Brewster’s law, 𝑛 = tan 𝑖𝑃 = tan 60° = √3

l.
has an intensity of only 3 Wm–2?  Let 𝑖𝐶 be the critical angle, then
-Solution :- : 𝐼𝑜 = 32 𝑊𝑚−2 ; 𝐼3 = 3 𝑊𝑚−2 1 1
 If the intensity of the unpolarised light is I then the intensity of polarised light sin 𝑖𝐶 = = = 0.5774
𝑛 √3
will be I/2. The other half of intensity is restricted by the polariser.

d a 𝒊𝑪 = sin (0.5774) = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟔° = 𝟑𝟓°𝟏𝟔𝐈

−1

9. The near point and the far point for a person are 50 cm and 500 cm,
respectively. Calculate the power of the lens the person should wear to read a

a
book held in hand at 25 cm. What maximum distance is clearly visible for the
person with this lens on the eye?

k
Solution :-𝑢 = −25 𝑐𝑚 = −0.25 𝑚 ; 𝑣𝑛 = −50𝑐𝑚 = −0.5 𝑚 ; 𝑣𝑓 = −500𝑐𝑚 = −5𝑚

v i  Power of lens ;
𝑷= =
1 1
−
1



Intensity of incident light on 𝑃1 = 𝐼𝑜
𝐼
Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃1 ; 𝐼1 = 𝑜
2
Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃2 ; 𝐼2 = 𝐼1 cos 2 𝜃 =
𝐼𝑜
cos 2 𝜃
a l 𝑷=
𝑓
1
𝑣𝑛 𝑢
−
(−0.5) (−0.25)
 Let 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 be the maximum distance, then
1
=−
1
+
1
0.5 0.25
= −2 + 4 = 𝟐 𝑫

.k
2
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃3 ; 𝐼3 = 𝐼2 cos 2 (90 − 𝜃) 1 1 1
𝑷= = −
𝐼𝑜 𝑓 𝑣𝑓 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼3 = cos 2 𝜃 cos 2 (90 − 𝜃) 1 1 1 1
2

w
𝟐= − =− −
𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 2 (−5) 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼3 = cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]2 = [ ] 1 1 11
2 2 2 2 =− −2=−

w
2
𝐼𝑜 sin 2𝜃 𝐼𝑜 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 5
𝐼3 = [ ]= sin2 2𝜃 5
2 4 8
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − = − 0.454 𝑚 = − 45.45 𝑐𝑚
32 11

(𝑜𝑟)

(𝑜𝑟)
3=

sin2 2𝜃 =

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 =
24
32
√3
2
8
=
sin2 2𝜃
3
4 w  The maximum distance that clearly visible for the person with this lens on the
eye will be = 45.45 𝑐𝑚

√3
(𝑜𝑟) 2𝜃 = sin−1 [ ] = 60°
2
∴ 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
10. A compound microscope has a magnifying power of 100 when the image is
formed at infinity. The objective has a focal length of 0.5 cm and the tube CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
length is 6.5 cm. What is the focal length of the eyepiece. 1. What are the reasons to believe that light is a wave motion?
Solution :- 𝑚 = 100 ; 𝑓𝑜 = 0.5 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝐿 = 6.5 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝐷 = 25𝑐𝑚  Light undergoes interference, diffraction and polarization. These phenomena
 When the image is formed at infinity, the real image produced by objective lens establish that light is a wavemotion.
is formed at the focus of the eyepiece, then 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑓𝑒 = 𝐿 2. ‘A’ and ‘B’ are two points on a water surface where waves are generated. What
𝑣𝑜 + 𝑓𝑒 = 6.5 − − − − − (1) is the phase difference if (a) A and B are on the same wavefront but separated
in distance by the wavelength ‘’ (b) If A and B are on successive crests but
linearly separated by the distance 2.5  and (c) A and B are on successive
 Magnification of compound microscope ;
𝑣𝑜 𝐷 𝑣𝑜 𝐷 𝑣𝑜 25
troughs?

i n
a) Since A and B are on the same wavefront, the phase difference between them

l.
𝑚= 𝑋 = − [1 − ] = − [1 − ] will be zero
𝑢𝑜 𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
𝑣𝑜 25 b) Given path difference ; 𝛿 = 2.5 , then
100 = − [1 − ] 2𝜋 2𝜋
(2.5 ) = 𝟓𝝅

a
0.5 𝑓𝑒 the phase diffence ; 𝜑 = 𝛿=
 
𝑣𝑜 1 c) Since A and B are at successive troughs, the path difference ; 𝛿 =  , then
4 = − [1 − ]

d
2𝜋 2𝜋
0.5 𝑓𝑒 the phase diffence ; 𝜑 = 𝛿= () = 𝟐𝝅
𝑣𝑜  
4 𝑓𝑒 = − 1 + = −1 + 2 𝑣𝑜 3. Can two wavefronts cross one another? Give reason.

(1)𝑋 2 ⟹
(𝑜𝑟)
0.5
2 𝑣𝑜 − 4 𝑓𝑒 = 1
2 𝑣𝑜 + 2 𝑓𝑒 = 13
− − − − − (2)
− − − − − (3)

k a
 No. If they intersect, then there will be two directions of propagation of energy
at the point of intersection which is not possible.

i
(3) − (2) ⟹ 6 𝑓𝑒 = 12 4. When a wave undergoes reflection at a denser medium, what happens to its
12 phase and path? Does any change in phase occurs during refraction?

v
𝒇𝒆 = = 𝟐 𝒄𝒎  When a wave reflected in to rarer medium from the surface of a denser medium,
6

l

it undergoes a phase change of 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 and path change of
𝟐

a  No phase change occurs during refraction.

5. What are the essential condition for two light waves to be coherent?

.k
 The two waves must be continuous
 The two waves should be of same frequency or wavelength
 They should have a constant or zero phase difference

w
 Preferably they should have equal amplitude
6. Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained interference
pattern?

w  Coherent sources have a constant phase difference. This ensures that the
positions of maxima and minima do not change with time (i.e.) a sustained

w
interference pattern is obtained.
7. Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment are illuminated by two different
lamps emitting light of the same wavelength. Will you observe the
interference pattern? Justify your answer.
 No. The light waves emitted by two different lamps cannot be coherent since the
phase difference between them varies continuously with time. So the positions
of bright and dark fringes will change rapidly on the screen and such rapid
changes cannot be detected by our eyes thus by producing uniform illumination
on the screen.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
8. Can two independent light sources act as coherent sources. Why? 14. When a thin transparent film is placed just in front of one of the slits in the
 Two independent sources of light cannot be coherent. Young’s double slit experiment using white light, what change results in the
 This is because light is emitted by individual atoms, when they return to ground fringe system?
state. Since the source of light contains billions of atoms which obviously cannot  If ‘’ is the refractive index and ‘t’ is the thickness of the film, then the entire
emit light waves in the same phase. 𝑫 (𝝁−𝟏) 𝒕
interference pattern gets displaced by distance ; ∆𝒙 =
9. How does the fringe width in Young’s double slit experiment change, when the 𝒅
distance between the two slits is halved and the distance between the slits and  As ‘’ increases with decreasing in wavelength (), the violet fringe is shiffeted
the screen is doubled? farther than the red fringe. So there is a kind of dispersion in the central white
𝑫 fringe.
 Fringe width is given by ; 𝜷 =

n
𝒅  But the fringe width remains the same.

i
 When the distance ‘d’ between the slits is halved and the distance ‘D’ between 15. Explain the statement ‘light added to light can produce darkness’.

l.
the slits and the screen is doubled, then  When two light waves of equal amplitude meet at a point in opposite phase, the
 (𝟐𝑫) 𝑫 resultant amplitude and hence intensity becomes zero at that point. (i.e.) When
𝜷𝟏 = 𝒅/𝟐
= 𝟒
𝒅
= 𝟒𝜷
light added to light undergoes destructive interference, it produce darkness.

a
(i.e.) fringe width increases four times 16. What happens to the light energy when light waves interfere destructively at a
10. Why should we have a narrow source to produce good interference fringes? point?

d
 Because, a broad source is equivalent to a large number of narrow sources lying  Energy gets transferred from the regions of destructive interference to the
close to each other. regions of constructive interference.
 Different pairs on narrow sources will produce their own interference patterns
which will overlap each other. So the fringe system is lost
11. No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infinitely

k a
17. What will be the effect on the fringes formed in Young’s double slit
experiment, if the whole apparatus is immersed in water?

i
 Let ‘’ be the wavelength of light in air and ‘’ be the refractive index of the
close to one another and also far apart. Why? 𝟏 
𝑫 water, then the wavelength of light in water is ;  = (i.e.) 𝟏 < 

v
 Fringe width is given by ; 𝜷 = 𝝁
𝟏 𝑫

l
𝒅 𝑫
 When 𝒅 = 𝟎, then 𝜷 = ∞ (i.e.) fringe width is very large. Even a single fringe  Fringe width in air ; 𝜷 = and in water ; 𝜷𝟏 =
𝒅 𝒅
occupy the entire screen. So the interference pattern cannot be observed

a
Since D and d are constants, 𝜷 ∝  and 𝜷𝟏 ∝ 𝟏
𝟏
 Since 𝜷 ∝ , When the distance between the coherence sources is large, the  As 𝟏 <  , then 𝜷𝟏 < 𝜷 (i.e) fringe width decreases, when the apparatus is

.k
𝒅
fringe width becomes too small to be detected. So the interference pattern immersed in water
cannot be observed. 18. Is there any difference between the colours emerging from a prism and the
12. Two identical coherent waves each of intensity 𝑰𝒐 are producing an colours of a soap film seen in sunlight?

w
interference pattern. Write the value of the resultant intensity at a point of (a)  Yes. In prism, colours are produced due to dispersion of white light. But in the
constructive interference and (b) destrictive interference case of soap film, the colours are produced due to interference of light waves
a) Condition for maximum intensity; 𝜙 = 0, ±2𝜋, ±4𝜋, … Hence Resultant intensity reflected or transmitted by the film

w
at point of constructive interference ; 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝒐 + 𝑰𝒐 + 𝟐 √𝑰𝒐 𝑰𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 = 𝟒 𝑰𝒐
b) Condition for minimum intensity; 𝜙 = ±𝜋, ±3𝜋, … HenceResultant intensity at
19. How an excessively thin film appears in reflected light?
 It appears as black. Because for an excessively thin film (t < < ), the factor
𝟐𝝁𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒓 is negligibly small. The effective path difference between any two

order.
 Fringe width is given by ; 𝜷 =
𝑫
𝒅
w
point of destructive interference ; 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑰𝒐 + 𝑰𝒐 + 𝟐 √𝑰𝒐 𝑰𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 = 𝟎
13. In Young’s double slit experiment, lights of green, yellow and orange colours
are successively used. Write the fringe widths for three colours in increasing

. Since D and d are constants, 𝜷 ∝ 

successive rays in reflected system is ⁄2 . This is the condition for minimum
intensity and hence the film will appear dark.
 But the film appears bright in transmitted light.
20. Why do thick films not show interference effects?
 When the film is thick (𝑡 ≅ 20), the path difference 𝟐𝝁𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒓 will be so large
 As, 𝑮 < 𝒀 < 𝑶 , therefore 𝜷𝑮 < 𝜷𝒀 < 𝜷𝑶 that the conditions of both maxima and minima for different wavelengths of
white light will be essentially satisfied at the same value of thickness ‘t’
 Different colours will overlap each other at all places of the film producing
general illumination of the film. No separate colour or fringes are seen.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
21. The central fringe obtained with a Lloyd’s mirror set up for interference is 28. A single slit diffraction pattern is completely immersed in water without
found to be dark, whereas it is bright with a biprism. Why? changing any other parameter. How is the width of central maximum affected?
 The central fringe obtained with Lloyd’s mirror is dark because the reflection of 𝟏 
 Wavelength of light in water ( = ) decreases, so width of central maximum
light from the denser mirror surface introduces a phase difference of 𝝅 and 𝝁
also decreases.
equivalent path difference of ⁄2 which is the condition for minimum intensity.
29. Coloured spectrum is seen when we look through a muslin cloth. Why?
 In case of biprism, the waves from the coherent sources reach the central point  Muslin cloth is made of very fine threads and as such fine slits are formed.
in the same phase.So the central fringe is bright due to constructive interference  White light passing through these slits gets diffracted giving rise to coloured
22. State the essential condition for diffraction of light to occur?
spectrum. The central maximum is white, while the secondary maxima are
 Diffraction of light occurs, when size of the obstacle or the aperture should be of

n
coloured. This is because the position of secondary maxima depend on the
the order of the wavelength of light used.

i
wavelength of light.

l.
23. In diffraction at single slit, why does the intensity of the secondary maximum 30. How does the resolving power of a telescope change when the aperture of the
becomes less as compared to the central maximum? objective is increased?
 The central maximum is due to the constructive interference of wavelets from 𝒂
 The resolving power of telescope is ; 𝑹𝑻 =

a
all parts of the slit. 𝟏.𝟐𝟐  𝐟
 With the increase in the value of order ‘n’, the wavelets from lesser and lesser 
When the aperture (a) of the objective is increased, the resolving power of the

d
partsof the slit produce constructive interference to form secondary maximum. telescope also increases.
Hence the intensity of secondary maximum decreases with the increase in the 31. Why oil immersion objective is used in microscope?

a
𝟐 𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 𝟐 (𝑵𝑨)
value of ‘n’  Resolving power of microscope is ; 𝑹𝑴 = =
𝟏.𝟐𝟐  𝟏.𝟐𝟐 
24. Yellow light is used in a single slit diffraction experiment with slit width of

k
 Since such a microscope uses oil of high refractive index (n) between the object
0.6 mm. If yellow light is replaced by X -rays, how will the diffraction pattern

i
and the objective so it has a high resolving power.
be affected?
32. Which special characteristic of light is demonstrated only by the phenomenon
 The wavelength of X -rays are of the order of nanometer and it is much smaller

l
than that of yellow light. To diffract X -rays, the size of the obstacle or aperture
must be the order of nanometer.
v of polarization?
 The phenomenon of polarization demonstrates that light waves has transverse
wave nature.

a
 So diffraction pattern is lost when the yellow light is replaced by X -rays.
33. Light waves can be polarized while sound waves cannot. Why?
25. What is the basic difference between interference and diffraction of light?
 Only transverse waves can be polarized.

.k
 Interference is the result of superposition of light waves from two different
 Light waves are transverse in nature, so they can be polarized.
coherent sources, whereas diffraction is due to interference of secondary
 But sound waves have longitudinal in nature, so they cannot be polarized.
wavelets starting from different part of the same wavefront.
34. Will ultrasonic waves show any polarization? Give the reason for your answer.

w
26. A small circular disc is placed in the path of light from a distant source. Will
the centre of shadow be bright or dark?  No. ultrasonic waves are longitudinal in nature.
 Waves from distance source are diffracted by the edge of the disc. These  Only transverse waves can be polarized and so ultrasonic waves cannot be

w
diffracted waves interfere constructively at the centre of the shadow and polarized.
produce a bright fringe. 35. Why longitudinal waves cannot be polarized?
27. Diffraction is common in sound but not common in light waves. Why?  In polarization, vibrations perpendicular to the direction of propagation are

the order of the wavelength of the waves.

w
 Diffraction effect is more pronounced, if the size of the obstacle or aperture is of

 Sound waves have larger wavelength and is more or less comparable to the size
of the objects around us and hence diffraction of sound waves are common.
 But the wavelength of light waves is of the order of 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎 and it is much 36.
restricted to just one direction. This is possible in transverse waves which have
such vibrations.
 In longitudinal waves, vibrations occur along the direction of propagation. So
their polarization is not possible.
Which plane is defined as the plane of polarization in a plane polarized
smaller than the size of the objects around us. So diffraction of light is not easily electromagnetic wave?
seen.  The plane containing the direction of propagation of light and perpendicular to
the plane of vibration is called plane of polarization.
 This is the reason that we are able to hear a person standing behind a wall but
not see him though both sound and light are waves.  It contains no vibrations.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
37. Why does the electric field vector of electro magnetic wave determine the 43. A region is illuminated by two sources of light. The intensity ‘I’ at each point is
state of polarization and not its magnetic field vector? found to be equal to 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 where 𝑰𝟏 is the intensity of light at the point when
 An electromagnetic wave exerts a much larger electric force on a slowly moving source 2 is absent and 𝑰𝟐 is the intensity of light at the same point when
charged particle than the magnetic force. source 1 is absent. Are the two sources are coherent or incoherent? Explain.
 Optical pheneomena can be explained by considering the interaction between  When two light waves of intensities 𝑰𝟏 and 𝑰𝟐 , having phase difference 𝜙 meet
the electric field vector of light and the matter through which it passes. So one at a point, the resultant intensity is ; 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝟐 √𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜙
can specify the state of polarization by electric field vector only.  Given intensity is ; 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐
38. Does the value of polarizing angle of incidence depend on the colour of light?  Hence the interference term ; 2 √𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 = 0 (or) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 = 0 (or) 𝜙 = 90°
 The refractive index (n) of a material depends on the colour or wavelength () of
 It implies that the two sources have a phase diffence which is not stable (i.e.)
light.
 From Brewster’s law ; 𝒏 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒊𝑷 , As the polarizing angle (𝒊𝑷 ) depends on

i n
varies from 0 to 2𝜋. Such sources are called incoherent sources.

l.
44. What will be the effect on the interference fringes in Young’s double slit
refractive index (n), so it also depends on wavelength of light.
experiment when, (a) the monochromatic light is replaced by another
39. At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive
monochromatic light of shorter wavelength? (b) the monochromatic light is

a
index √𝟑, such that the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to replaced by a source of white light. Justify your answer in each case.
each other? 𝐷
a) Fringe width; 𝛽 = , Since D and d are constants, 𝜷 ∝  . Hence with

d
 When the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other, then the 𝑑
corresponding angle of incidence is called polarizing angle(𝒊𝑷 ). monochromatic source of shorter wavelength (), fringe width (𝜷) decreases.

a
 According to Brewster’s law, at polarizing angle, ; 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒊𝑷 = 𝒏 (or) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒊𝑷 = √𝟑 b) At the centre of the screen, the path difference is zero for all the wavelengths. So
(or) 𝒊𝑷 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √𝟑 (or) 𝒊𝑷 = 𝟔𝟎° the central fringe is white. As violet colour has lowest wavelength, the closest

k
40. Sun glasses are made of polaroids and not of coloured glasses. Why? fringe or either side of central fringe is violet, while the farthest fringe is red.
 Polaroids absorb only that part of light which produces dazzling or glaring
effect in the eye.

v i After a few fringes, the fringe pattern becomes indistinct due to large
overlapping.
45. One of the two slits in Young’s double slit experiment is so painted that it

l
 But coloured glasses absorb more light incident on them and so the image
transmits half the intensity of the other, what is the effect on interference
appears dim.
fringes.

a
41. Compare Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory with Huygen’s theory of light.
 Let 𝑰𝟎 be the intensity of each slit. When the slit is not painted,
 In both theories, light is regarded as a wave motion.

.k
 In the electromagnetic theory, light is regarded as electromagnetic waves which 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝒐 + 𝑰𝒐 + 𝟐 √𝑰𝒐 𝑰𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° = 𝟒 𝑰𝒐
are transverse in nature and do not require any material medium for their 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑰𝒐 + 𝑰𝒐 + 𝟐 √𝑰𝒐 𝑰𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝟎
propagation.  When one of the slits is painted, it transmits half of the original intensity, then

w
 In Huygen’s theory, light waves are mechanical wave which are considered as 𝑰𝒐 𝑰 𝑰𝒐
longitudinal in nature and require a material medium for their propagation. 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑰𝒐 + + 𝟐 √𝑰𝒐 [ 𝒐 ] 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° = 𝑰𝒐 + + 𝑰𝒐 √𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝑰𝒐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
That is why Huygens assumed the existence of an all pervading hypothetical 𝑰𝒐 𝑰 𝑰𝒐

w
medium called ether. 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑰𝒐 + + 𝟐 √𝑰𝒐 [ 𝒐 ] 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝑰𝒐 + − 𝑰𝒐 √𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟔 𝑰𝒐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
42. If 𝝁𝒐 and 𝜺𝟎 are the permeability and permittivity of free space and 𝝁 and 𝜺 are  Hence on painting one of the two slits, the intensity of maxima decreases from

w
the corresponding quantities for a medium, then find the refractive index of 𝟒 𝑰𝒐 to 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝑰𝒐 and that of minima increases from 0 to 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟔 𝑰𝒐 (i.e.) the
the medium? contrast between the bright and dark fringes decreases.
𝟏
 Velocity of light in vacuum or free space ; 𝒄 = 46. Two sources of intensity 𝑰𝟏 and 𝑰𝟐 undergo interference in Young’s double slit
√𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
𝟏
experiment, then find the ratio of intensities of maxima and minima.
 Velocity of light in medium ; 𝒗 =  When two light waves of amplitude 𝒂𝟏 and 𝒂𝟐 having phase difference of 𝝓
√ 𝜺
𝝁

 Then the refractive index of the medium ; 𝑛 =

𝑐
= √𝝁
𝝁𝜺 interfere, the resultant amplitude is ; 𝑨 = √𝒂𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓
𝑣 𝒐 𝜺𝒐
 We know that ; 𝑰 ∝ 𝑨𝟐 (or) 𝑰 = 𝒌 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒌 [𝒂𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓]
 When 𝝓 = 𝟎° ; 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 = 𝟏, then the intensity is maximum and it is given by,
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒌 [𝒂𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 (𝟏)] = 𝒌 (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 When 𝝓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° ; 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 = −𝟏, then the intensity is minimum and it is given by, 50. How would the linear width of central maximum change if (a) monochromatic
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒌 [𝒂𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 (−𝟏)] = 𝒌 (𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 yellow light is replaced with red light and (b) if the distance between the slit
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒌 (𝒂𝟏 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒂𝟏 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 and the screen is increased?
 Therfore the ratio of maxima and minima is ; = = 𝑫 𝑫 𝟐𝑫
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒌 (𝒂𝟏 −𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒂𝟏 −𝒂𝟐 )𝟐  The linear width of central maximum is ; 𝒚𝒐 = − (− ) =
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
47. Interference of sound can be observed with two independent tuning forks but a) We know that 𝒓𝒆𝒅 > 𝒚𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 . As 𝒚𝒐 ∝  , when monochromatic yellow
Interference of light cannot be observed with two independent bulbs. Why?
light is replaced with red light, the linear width of the central maximum
 When two tuning forks struck simultaneously they produce sound waves almost
increases.
in the same phase. Their phase difference if any, varies slowly with time.
b) As 𝒚𝒐 ∝ 𝑫 , If the distance (D) between the slit and screen is increased, the
Interference pattern also varies slowly with time. Such variations can be
linear width of the central maximum increases.
detected easily by the human ear. So interference pattern is easily observable.
 The phase difference between two independent light bulbs changes 108 times

i n
51. In a single slit diffraction pattern, how does the angular width of central

l.
maximum change, when (a) slit width is decreased, (b) distance between the
per second. The interference pattern also changes 108 times per second. Such
slit and the screen is increased and (c) light of smaller visible wavelength is
rapid variations cannot be detected by our eyes. So this interference pattern is used? Justify your answer in each case.

a
not observable. 𝑫 𝑫 𝟐𝑫
48. What change will occur in diffraction pattern if (a) light of smaller wavelength  The linear width of central maximum is ; 𝒚𝒐 = − (− ) =
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒚𝒐 𝟐

d
is used (b) slit is made narrower and (c) another slit is placed near and  Hence the angular width (angular spread) of central maximum 𝜽𝒐 = =
parallel to the first slit? 𝑫 𝒂
𝟏
 Condition for minima in diffracton at single slit is ; 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒏 = 𝒏  a) As 𝜽𝒐 ∝ , If slit width (a) decreases, then, the angular width of the central

a
𝒂
 If 𝜽𝒏 is small, then 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒏 ≈ 𝜽𝒏 Hence the directions of various minima in a maximum increases

k
𝒏 b) Since 𝒚𝒐 ∝ 𝑫, if the distance (D) between the slit and the screen increased,
diffraction pattern are given by ; 𝜽𝒏 =

i
𝒂 the linear width (𝒚𝒐 ) of central maximum also increases. So the angular
a) When light of smaller wavelength () is used, then 𝜃𝑛 also small. Hence the width does not change.

v c) As 𝜽𝒐 ∝  , when light of small wavelength is used, angular width of the

diffraction pattern becomes narrower.

l
b) When width of slit (a) decreases, 𝜃𝑛 increases and the diffraction pattern central maximum decreases.
spreads out. 52. State the condition for diffraction of light to occur. In the diffraction at a single
c) If another slit is placed near and parallel to the first slit, then it becomes
double slit and the inrerference pattern replaces the diffraction pattern.
a slit experiment, how would the width and intensity of the central maximum
change, if (a) slit width is halved and (b) visible light of longer wavelength is

.k
49. How is the width of central maxima affected if (a) width of slit is doubled, used?
(b) the wavelength of the light used is increased and (c) what happens to the  Diffraction of light is highly pronounced if the size of the obstacle (or) aperture
width of the central maxima if the whole apparatus is immersed in water and is comparable to the wavelength of light used

w
why? 𝑫 𝑫 𝟐𝑫
 The linear width of central maximum is ; 𝒚𝒐 = − (− ) =
 The diffraction pattern produced by a 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝑎 𝟐𝑫 𝟐𝑫
single slit, has equal widths of maxima. a) If 𝑎 → , then width of central maximum ; 𝒚𝟎𝟏 = = 𝟐( ) = 𝟐 𝒚𝒐

w
2 𝒂/𝟐 𝒂
But, the intensity falls rapidly for (i.e.) if slit width is halved, then the width of central maximum is doubled.
higher order diffraction fringes. So its area becomes four times and hence intensity becomes one-fourth of

w
 Width of central maximum is the initial intensity.
𝑫 𝑫 𝟐𝑫
𝒚𝒐 =
𝒂
− (− ) =
𝒂 𝒂
b) As 𝒚𝒐 ∝  , if visible light of longer wavelength () is used, the width of
a) As 𝒚𝒐 ∝  , when wavelength () central maximum increases and hence intensity decreases.
of light used is increased, the width of central maximum increases. 53. What are the main changes in diffraction pattern of single slit will observe
𝟏
b) As 𝒚𝒐 ∝ , when width (a) of the slit increased, the width of central when the monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light?
𝒂  When the monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light, the
maximum decreases. diffraction pattern shows following changes,

c) As 𝑤 = 𝑎, the wavelength of light in water decreases and so the width of a) In each diffraction order, the diffracted image of the slit gets dispersed in to
𝜇
central maximum also decreases. component colours of white light. As 𝒚 ∝ , the red fringe is with higher
wavelength is wider than the violet fringe with smaller wavelength.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
b) In higher order spectra, the dispersion is more and it causes overlapping of 58. Distinguish between magnifying power and resolving power of a telescope.
different colours. Magnifying power of telescope Resolving power of telescope
54. Give the reason for the Astronomers prefer to use telescopes with large In normal adjustment it is defined as It is defined as the reciprocal of the
objective diameters to observe astronomical objects? the ratio of the angle subtended by the smallest angular separation between
 The objective of large aperture has a large light gathering capacity and it forms image at the eye and the angle two distant objects, whose images
bright images of even distant faint stars. It also increases the resolving power of subtended by the object seen directly, are just be seen in the microscope as
the telescope. when both lie at infinity separate.
55. Give the reason for the value of the Brewsters angle for a transparent medium (a) In normal adjustment, 𝒎=
𝒇𝒐 The resolving power of telescope is,
is different for lights of different colours. 𝒇𝒆 𝟏 𝒂 𝟏
𝑹𝑻 = = (or) 𝑹𝑻 = =

n
 According to Brewster’s law, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒊𝑷 = 𝒏 (b) when the final image formed at the 𝜽 𝟏.𝟐𝟐 𝒓𝒐
𝒂

i
 As refractive index (n) of a transparent medium is different for light of different least distance of distinct vision,
𝟏.𝟐𝟐 𝒇

l.
𝒇 𝒇
colours, so Brewster’s angle (i.e.) polarizing angle (𝒊𝑷 ) is different for light of 𝒎 = 𝒐 [𝟏 + 𝒆 ] 𝜽 →angular resolution
𝒇𝒆 𝑫
different colours. 𝐷 → least distance of distinct vision 𝒓𝒐 →spatial resolution
56. How wil the angular separation and visibility of the fringes in Young’s double 𝒂 → diameter of the objective

a
(25cm)
slit experiment change when (a) screen is moved away from the plane of the 59. How does the resolving power of a compound microscope change, when
slits and (b) width of the source slit is increases?

d
(a) refractive index of the medium between the object and the objective lens
𝑫
 Interference fringe width ; 𝜷 = increase and (b) wavelength of the radiation used is increases?

a
𝒅 𝟐 𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝜷   The resolving power of a compound microscope is, 𝑹𝑴 =
& Angular separation 𝜽 = = 𝟏.𝟐𝟐
𝑫 𝒅 a) Since 𝑹𝑴 ∝ 𝒏, when the refractive index (n) of the medium between the
a) Since 𝜷 ∝ 𝑫, when the screen is moved away from the slit, the distance ‘D’
increases and hence fringe width ‘𝜷’ also increases. But angular separation
‘’ remains unchanged.
i k object and the objective lens increases (oil immersed objective) the
resolving power increases.

v
𝟏
b) If the width of the slit increases, the interference pattern becomes less and b) Since 𝑹𝑴 ∝ , when the wavelength () of the radiation uses is increased,

l

less sharp and finally interference pattern disappears. But the angular the resolving power of microscope decreases.
60. Explain with reason,how the resolving power of a compound microscope will

a
width remains unchanged.
57. Distinguish between magnifying power and resolving power of a microscope. change, when (a) frequency of the incident light is increased, (b) focal length

.k
Magnifying power of microscope Resolving power of microscope of the objective lens is increased and (c) aperture of the objective lens is
It is defined as the ratio of the angle It is defined as the reciprocal of the increased?
𝟐 (𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) 𝟐 (𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) 𝝂
subtended by the image at the eye and minimum distance between two point  The resolving power of a compound microscope is, 𝑹𝑴 = =
𝟏.𝟐𝟐 𝟏.𝟐𝟐 𝒄
the angle subtended by the object seen objects, which can just be seen

w
a) Since 𝑹𝑴 ∝ 𝝂, When the frequency (𝝂) of incident light increases, the
directly, when both lie at the least through the microscope as separate. resolving power also increases.
distance of distinct vision. b) Since 𝑹𝑴 is independent of focal length (f), Resolving power does not

w
(a) Total magnification for near point The resolving power of microscope is, change with change in focal length of the objective lens.
focussing 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟐(𝑵𝑨)
𝑹𝑴 = = = c) Since 𝒂 = 𝒇 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), when the aperture (a) of the objective lens increases,
𝑳 𝑫 𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏.𝟐𝟐 𝟏.𝟐𝟐

w
𝒎 = 𝒎𝒐 𝒎𝒆 = [ ] [𝟏 + ] 𝑛 →refractive index of the medium the semi vertical angle (𝜽) increases and hence the resolving power of the
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆
(b) Total magnification for mormal between object and objective lens microscope increases.
focussing  →half the angle of cone on light from 61. How does the resolving power of a telescope change, if (a) the size of the
𝑳 𝑫 the point object aperture of the objective lens is increased, (b) the focal length of the objective
𝒎 = 𝒎𝒐 𝒎𝒆 = [ ] [ ] lens is decreased?
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆 𝑛 sin 𝜃 = 𝑁𝐴 → Numerical aperture 𝟏 𝒂
𝐷 → least distance of distinct vision  The resolving power of telescope is, 𝑹𝑻 = =
𝜽 𝟏.𝟐𝟐
(25cm)
𝐿 → distance between focal point eye a) Since 𝑹𝑻 ∝ 𝒂, When the aperture (a) of the objective lens increases, the
piece and objective(tube length) resolving power of telescope also increases
b) If the focal length (f) of objective decreased, the resolving power ( 𝑹𝑻 ) of
the telescope is not altered.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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12 PHYSICS UNIT – 6 RAY OPTICS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
62. When a sheet of transparent plastic is placed between two crossed polarizer,
no light is transmitted. When the sheet is stretched in one direction, some
light passes through the crossed polarizers. What is happening?
 A transparent plastic sheet is not a polaroid. So when two polarizers are placed
with crossed axes, no light is transmitted whether the plastic sheet is placed
between them or not.
 But when the sheet is stretched, the polymer molecules in it make it a polaroid
with its own polaroid axis, which make some angle with the axes of th two
polaroids. Now it becomes a case of three polaroids with the middle polaroid
having its axis between the axes of the two fixed polaroids. That is why some
light is transmitted in this case.

i n
l.
63. Show that when a ray of light is incident on the surface of a transparent
medium at the polarizing angle, the reflected and transmitted rays are
perpendicular to each other?
 Let 𝒊𝑷 be the angle of polarization, 𝒓𝑷 be the angle of refration and  be the angle


between relected and transmitted (refracted) rays.
From Snell’s law ;
sin 𝑖𝑃
=𝑛
d a
a
sin 𝑟𝑃
sin 𝑖𝑃
 From Brewster’s law ; tan 𝑖𝑃 = 𝑛 (or)
cos 𝑖𝑃
=𝑛
 Combining these two law, we have ;
sin 𝑖𝑃
sin 𝑟𝑃
sin 𝑖
= cos 𝑖𝑃
𝑃
(or) sin 𝑟𝑃 = sin(90° − 𝑖𝑃 ) (or) 𝑟𝑃 = 90° − 𝑖𝑃 (or) 𝑖𝑃 + 𝑟𝑃 = 90°
(or) sin 𝑟𝑃 = cos 𝑖𝑃

i k
 But, 𝑖𝑃 + 𝜃 + 𝑟𝑃 = 180° (or) 𝜃 = 180° − (𝑖𝑃 + 𝑟𝑃 ) = 180° − 90° = 𝟗𝟎°
 Hence the reflected and transmitted rays are perpendicular to each other.

l v
a
64. The critical angle between a given transparent medium and air is denoted by
𝒊𝑪 A ray of light in air medium at an angle of incidence equal to the polarizing

.k
angle 𝒊𝑷 Deduce a relation for the angle of refraction (𝒓𝑷 ) in terms of 𝒊𝑪
 When a ray of light incident on a transparent medium at polarizing angle, then
𝑖𝑃 + 𝑟𝑃 = 90° (or) 𝑖𝑃 = 90° − 𝑟𝑃
 From Brewster’s law ; 𝑛 = tan 𝑖𝑃 (or) 𝑛 = tan(90° − 𝑟𝑃 ) (or) 𝑛 = cot 𝑟𝑃
 As 𝒊𝑪 is the critical angle, then 𝑛 =
1
1
sin 𝒊𝑪

w
w
 Hence, cot 𝑟𝑃 = (or) tan 𝑟𝑃 = sin 𝒊𝑪 (or) 𝒓𝑷 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊𝑪 ]
sin 𝒊𝑪
65. Give the relation between critical angle (𝒊𝑪 ) and polarizing angle (𝒊𝑷 ).
1

w
 From Brewster’s law ; 𝑛 = tan 𝑖𝑃 ; As 𝒊𝑪 is the critical angle, then 𝑛 =
sin 𝒊𝑪
𝟏
 Hence,
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊𝑪
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒊𝑷 (or) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊𝑪 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒊𝑷 (or) 𝒊𝑪 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒊𝑷 )
66. Why are the telescopes fitted with a large aperture objectives and the
microscopes fitted with small aperture objectives?
 Greater the aperture, greater is the number of rays entering it. Thus the image is
brighter in the lens of wide aperture and hence the telescopes are fitted with
larger aperture objectives.
 In microscopes, smaller aperture used because, light rays from near by tiny
objects spread over small aperture and the final image formed is very small.

n
3
1. A plane glass is placed over a various coloured letters (violet, green, yellow, (b)

i
2
red) The letter which appears to be raised more is,

l.
3
(a) red (c) √
2
(b) yellow
(d) 2

a
(c) green
(d) violet 8. One of the of Young’s double slits is covered with
a glass plate as shown in figure. The position of

d
2. Two point white dots are 1 mm apart on a black paper. They are viewed by eye
of pupil diameter 3 mm approximately. The maximum distance at which these central maximum will,
(a) get shifted downwards

a
dots can be resolved by the eye is, [take wavelength of light, λ = 500 nm]
(a) 1 m (b) get shifted upwards

k
(b) 5 m (c) will remain the same

i
(c) 3 m (d) data insufficient to conclude
(d) 6m 9. Light transmitted by Nicol prism is,

v
3. In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slit separation is doubled. To maintain (a) partially polarised
the same fringe spacing on the screen, the screen-to-slit distance D must be
changed to,
(a) 2D

a l (b) unpolarised
(c) plane polarised
(d) elliptically polarised
10. The transverse nature of light is shown in,

.k
𝐷
(b) (a) interference
2
(c) √2 D (b) diffraction
𝐷 (c) scattering

w
(d) (d) polarisation
√2
4. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities I and 4I are PART - II 5 X 2 = 10
superposed. The maximum and minimum possible intensities in the resulting

w
beam are
Note : (i) Answer any 5of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 17 is compulsory
(a) 5I and I
11. Define interference

w
(b) 5I and 3I
(c) 9I and I 12. What are called coherent sources
(d) 9I and 3I 13. What are the conditions for obtaining clear and broad interference bands?
5. When light is incident on a soap film of thickness 5×10 –5 cm, the wavelength of 14. What is diffraction?
light reflected maximum in the visible region is 5320 Å. Refractive index of the 15. Define angle of polarization.
film will be, 16. Distinguish between near point focusing and normal focusing.
(a) 1.22 17. The wavelength of a light is 450 nm. How much phase it will differ for a path of 3 mm?
(b) 1.33
(c) 1.51
(d) 1.83

i n
l.
What is the ratio of the amplitudes of the two interfering waves? அறம் செய்ய விரும்பு – தருமத்தத செய்ய விருப்பம் ச ொள்
ஆறுவது சினம் – அடக் வவண்டியது வ ொபவம ஆகும்ஃ
PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15 இயல்வது ரவவல் – ச ொடுக் முடிந்த சபொருதை யொசிப்பவர்க்கு
Note : (i) Answer all the questions
25. Prove laws of refraction using Huygen’s principle
(OR)
ஈவது விலக்வ ல்

d a ச ொடு
– பிறருக்கு ச ொடுப்பதத தடுக் க்கூடொது
உதடயது விைம்வபல் – உள்ை சபொருதை (அ) இர சியங் தை
பிறரிடம் செொல்லொவத
Obtain the equation for resultant intensity due to interference of light
26. Obtain the equation for band width in Young’s double slit method
(OR)

k a
ஊக் மது த விவடல் – எப்வபொதும் முயற்சிதய த விடொவத
எண் எழுத்து இ வேல் – ணிதம், இலக் ணம் நூல் தை அலட்சியம்
Obtain the equation for constructive and destructive interference for transmitted
and reflected waves in thin films

v i ஏற்பது இ ழ்ச்சி
ஐயம் இட்டு உண்
செய்யொவத
– இரந்து (யொசித்து) வொழ்வது இழிவொனது
– வததவபடுவவொருக்கு உணவிட்டு பின் உண்

l
27. Discuss the diffraction at single slit and obtain the condition for nth minimum
ஒப்புரவு ஒழுகு – உல நதடமுதற அறிந்து அதன்படி நடந்து
(OR) ச ொள்
Obtain the equation for resolving power of microscope

a ஓதுவது ஒழிவயல்
ஓைவியம் வபவெல்
– நல்ல தூல் தை படிப்பதத விட்டுவிடொவத
– யொரிடமும் சபொறொதம ச ொண்டு வபெொவத

.k
அஃ ஞ் சுருக்வ ல் – தொனியங் தை குதறத்து அைந்து விற் ொவத

ஆத்திச்சூடி - ஔதவயொர்

w
w
w
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929

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HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR-PHYSICS

a l  Condition for maximum intensity in thin film ; 2 𝜇 𝑡 = (2𝑛 − 1)

17. Write a note on wavefront division.

greater than the wavelength of light λ

made with a fine diamond pointer.

 From Snell’s law

w Inside the crystal, they travel with

 The refractive index of canada balsam

where, 𝐴 = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 and w  Thomas Young used an opaque

v i Condition for dark fringe (minima) :

v i(1) Condition for P to be first minimum :

a 9. Discuss the experiment to determine the wavelength of monochromatic light

 The final image is inverted with respect to the original object.

i  = 5. 090 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 1018 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑯𝒛

A = √𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 2 𝑎1 𝑎2 cos 𝜙

Refractive index (𝝁) of the prism :

𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝒏𝒎

As 𝜃 is small, sin 𝜃 ≈ tan 𝜃 For first minimum

(c) The angular separation,

𝐿 = (125 𝑋 10−2 ) + (2 𝑋 10−2 ) = (125 + 2) 𝑋 10−2

d a 𝒊𝑪 = sin (0.5774) = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟔° = 𝟑𝟓°𝟏𝟔𝐈

a  No phase change occurs during refraction.

. Since D and d are constants, 𝜷 ∝ 

the order of the wavelength of the waves.

 Then the refractive index of the medium ; 𝑛 =

v c) As 𝜽𝒐 ∝  , when light of small wavelength is used, angular width of the

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