BEAM ANALYSIS USING THE STIFFNESS

METHOD
! Development: The Slope-Deflection
Equations
! Stiffness Matrix
! General Procedures
! Internal Hinges
! Temperature Effects
! Force & Displacement Transformation
! Skew Roller Support

1
Slope – Deflection Equations

i P j k
w
Cj

settlement = ∆j

i P j
Mij w Mji

θi

ψ θj

2
• Degrees of Freedom

M
θΑ

A B 1 DOF: θΑ
L

P
θΑ
B 2 DOF: θΑ , θΒ
A C
θΒ

3
• Stiffness Definition
IMP

kAA 1 kBA

A B Force required at position B

due to unit displacement at A
L

4 EI
k AA =
L
2 EI
k BA =
L

4
kAB kBB

A 1 B
L

4 EI
k BB =
L
2 EI
k AB =
L

5
• Fixed-End Forces
Fixed-End Forces: Loads
P

PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8
L

P P
2 2

w
wL2 wL2
12 12
L
wL wL
2 2

6
• General Case j k
i P
w
Cj

settlement = ∆j

i P j
Mij w Mji

θi

ψ θj

7
 i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi
L settlement = ∆j
ψ θj

4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
θi + θj = M Mji = θi + θj
L L ij
L L
θj
θi
+
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆

settlement = ∆j
+
P
w
(MFij)Load (MFji)Load

4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij ) ∆ + ( M F ij ) Load , M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji ) ∆ + ( M F ji ) Load 8
L L L L
• Equilibrium Equations

i P j k
w
Cj

Mji Cj M
jk

Mji Mjk

j IMP

+ ΣM j = 0 : − M ji − M jk + C j = 0

9
• Stiffness Coefficients

Mij i j Mji
L
θj
θi

4 EI
kii = 2 EI
L k ji = ×θ i
L
1

+
2 EI
kij = 4 EI
L k jj = ×θ j
L
1

10
• Matrix Formulation

4 EI 2 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij )
L L
2 EI 4 EI
M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji )
L L

 M ij  (4 EI / L) ( 2 EI / L) θ iI   M ij F 
M  =   θ  +  M F 
 ji   ( 2 EI / L ) ( 4 EI / L )   j   ji 

 kii kij 
[k ] = 
k ji k jj 

Stiffness Matrix

11
 i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi [ M ] = [ K ][θ ] + [ FEM ]
L
θj ∆j ([ M ] − [ FEM ]) = [ K ][θ ]
ψ
[θ ] = [ K ]−1[ M ] − [ FEM ]
Mij Mji
θj
θi
Fixed-end moment
+ Stiffness matrix matrix
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆
[D] = [K]-1([Q] - [FEM])
+
P Displacement Force matrix
(MFij)Load w (MFji)Load matrix

12
• Stiffness Coefficients Derivation
Mi θi Mj

Real beam
i j
L
Mi + M j Mi + M j
L L
L/3 M jL Mj
2 EI EI
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI MiL
θι 2 EI

MiL L M j L 2L From (1) and (2);

+ ΣM 'i = 0 : − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3 4 EI
Mi = ( )θ i
M i = 2 M j − − − (1) L
2 EI
MiL M L Mj =( )θ i
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : θ i − ( ) + ( j ) = 0 − − − (2) L
2 EI 2 EI 13
• Derivation of Fixed-End Moment
Point load
P Real beam Conjugate beam
A B

A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2 EI

M
ML EI
2 EI 2
P PL2 PL PL
16 EI 4 EI 16 EI

ML ML 2 PL2 PL
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 16 EI 8 14
 P

PL PL
8 L 8
P P
P/2
2 2

P/2
PL/8

-PL/8 -PL/8

-
-PL/8 -PL/16

-
-PL/16
-PL/8
PL/4 − PL − PL PL PL
+ + =
+ 16 16 4 8
15
 Uniform load

w Real beam Conjugate beam

A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2 EI

M
ML EI
2 EI
wL3 wL2 wL3
w 24 EI 8 EI 24 EI

ML ML 2 wL3 wL2
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 24 EI 12 16
 Settlements
M
Mi = Mj Real beam Mj Conjugate beam EI
L
A B

Mi + M j ∆ ∆
M
L Mi + M j
M EI
L

M
EI ML
ML
2 EI M
2 EI
M EI

ML L ML 2 L
+ ΣM B = 0 : − ∆ − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0,
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
6 EI∆
M= 17
L2
• Typical Problem CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

wL2
PL P PL w wL2
12
8 8 12

L L

0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12
18
 CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

MBA CB M
BC

2 EI 4 EI PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
2
4 EI 2 EI P L wL
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + 2 2 + 2
L2 L2 8 12

+ ΣM B = 0 : C B − M BA − M BC = 0 → Solve for θ B

19
 CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
A C M
CB
B MBC
L1 L2

Substitute θB in MAB, MBA, MBC, MCB

0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12

20
 CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
MCB
A MBC C
Ay B Cy
L1 L2
By = ByL + ByR

B C
P1 P2
MBA MCB
MAB A B MBC

Ay ByL ByR Cy
L1 L2

21
Stiffness Matrix

• Node and Member Identification

• Global and Member Coordinates

• Degrees of Freedom

•Known degrees of freedom D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 and D9

• Unknown degrees of freedom D1, D2 and D3

6 9
5 2 3 8
2EI EI
2 7
14 1 21 3

22
Beam-Member Stiffness Matrix
K11= FORCE IN DIRCTION 1 DUE TO UNIT
i j DISPLACEMENT IN DIRN 1
1 4 K12= FORCE IN DIRCTION 1 DUE TO UNIT
3 6 DISPLACEMENT IN DIRN 2
K21= FORCE IN DIRCTION 2 DUE TO UNIT
E, I, A, L
2 5 DISPLACEMENT IN DIRN 1

k41 k14
k11 = AE/L AE/L AE/L AE/L = k44

d1 = 1 d4 = 1

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L - AE/L

2 0 0

3 0 0
[k] =
4 -AE/L AE/L
5 0 0

6 0 0
23
 i j
1 4
3 6
6EI/L2 = k32 E, I, A, L
2 5 6EI/L2 = k65
k62 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k35
d2 = 1 d5 = 1

12EI/L3 = k52 12EI/L3 = k25

k22 = 12EI/L3 12EI/L3 = k55

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L 0 - AE/L 0

2 0 12EI/L3 0 - 12EI/L3

3 0 6EI/L2 0 - 6EI/L2
[k] =
4 -AE/L 0 AE/L 0
5 0 -12EI/L3 0 12EI/L3

6 0 6EI/L2 0 - 6EI/L2
24
 i j
1 4
3 6
E, I, A, L
2 5
k33 = 4EI/L 4EI/L = k66
d3 = 1 2EI/L = k63 2EI/L = k36

d6 = 1
k23 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k53 k26 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k56
1 2 3 4 5 6 K11= FORCE IN DIRCTION 1
DUE TO UNIT
1 AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0 DISPLACEMENT IN DIRN 1
K12= FORCE IN DIRCTION 1
DUE TO UNIT
2 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 DISPLACEMENT IN DIRN 2
K21= FORCE IN DIRCTION 2
DUE TO UNIT
3 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L
[k] = DISPLACEMENT IN DIRN 1

4 -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0
Any One row shows forces in
that dirn while any column
5 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 represent displacement in that
dirn
6 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L
25
• Member Equilibrium Equations
i j
Fxi Fxj
Mi Mj
E, I, A, L
Fyi Fyj

=
AE/L AE/L x δ AE/L AE/L
i x δj
1 1

+
+
6EI/L2
6EI/L2
6EI/L2 6EI/L2
1 1
x ∆i x ∆j
12EI/L3 12EI/L3
12EI/L3 12EI/L3

+
+

4EI/L 2EI/L 4EI/L

1 2EI/L
x θi x θj
1
6EI/L2 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 6EI/L2
+

FFyi FFyj
FFxi FFxj
MFi MFj 26
Fxi = ( AE / L)δ i + (0) ∆i (0)θ i + (−AE / L)δ j + (0) ∆j + (0)θ j + FxiF
Fyi = (0)δ i + (12EI / L3 ) ∆i (6EI / L2 )θ i (0)δ j (−12EI / L3 ) ∆j (6EI / L2 )θ j FyiF
Mxi = (0)δ i (6EI / L2 ) ∆i (4EI / L)θ i (0)δ j (−6EI / L2 ) ∆j (2EI / L)θ j MiF
Fxj = (−AE / L)δ i (0) ∆i (0)θ i ( AE / L)δ j (0) ∆j (0)θ j FxiF
Fyj = (0)δ i (−12EI / L3 ) ∆i (−6EI / L2 )θ i (0)δ j (0) ∆j (−6EI / L2 )θ j FyjF
Mj = (0)δ i (6EI / L2 ) ∆i (2EI / L)θ i (0)δ j (−6EI / L2 ) ∆j (4EI / L)θ j MjF

Fxi  − AE/ L  δ i   Fxi 

F
 AE/ L 0 0 0 0
      
Fyj   0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2   ∆i   FyiF 
Mi   0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L  θ i  MiF 
 =    +  F 
Fxj  − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0  δ j   Fxj 
Fyj   0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2   ∆ j   FyiF 
      F 
M j   0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L  θ j  M j 

Stiffness matrix Fixed-end force matrix

[q] = [k][d] + [qF]

End-force matrix Displacement matrix 27

6x6 Stiffness Matrix
δi ∆i θi δj ∆j θj
Ni  AE/ L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 

Mi  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]6×6 =  
Nj − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
 
Mj  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4EI/ L 

4x4 Stiffness Matrix

∆i θi ∆j θj
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
 
Mi  6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]4×4 =
Vj − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
 
Mj  6EI/ L
2
2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 

28
2x2 Stiffness Matrix

θi θj
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

Comment:
- When use 4x4 stiffness matrix, specify settlement.
- When use 2x2 stiffness matrix, fixed-end forces must be included.

29
General Procedures: Application of the Stiffness Method for Beam Analysis

P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1
1 3
2
2
1 3 5

2´ 4´ 2´ 4´

Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´

30
 P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2 4 4 6

Member
1 2
1 3 3 5
2´ 4´ 2´ 4´

Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´

31
 P P2y
w
M1 M2

2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´ 2´ 4´

Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´

P
w
(q´F 2)1
(q´F1)2
(q´F4 )2
[FEF] 1
(q´F4)1
2
(q´F1 )1 (q´F3)1 (q´F2)2 (q´F3 )2
32
 2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´

Local
1
1´ 3´

[q] = [T]T[q´]
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´
q1  1 1 0 0 0 q1' 
q  0 q 
 2 = 2  1 0 0  2' 
q3  3 0 0 1 0 q3' 
     
 q4  1 4 0 0 0 1  q4 ' 

[k] = [T]T[q´] [T]

33
 2 4 6

Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´

Local 2
1´ 3´

[q] = [T]T[q´]
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´
q3  3 1 0 0 0 q1' 
q  0 q 
 4 = 4  1 0 0  2' 
q5  5 0 0 1 0 q3' 
     
q6  2 6 0 0 0 1  q4 ' 

[k] = [T]T[q´] [T]

34
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
Stiffness Matrix:

1 2 3 4
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
[k]1 = 3
1
Member 1
2
4 3
[K] = 4
Node 2
3 4 5 6
5
3 Member 2
6
4
[k]2 = 5
6
35
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
Joint Load 1 3 Du=Dunknown 5
Qk QFA
2 3 4 1 5 6
M
Q 2 1z 2   D2  Q 2F 
 -P2y   D   F 
Q 3  3  KAA KAB   3  Q 3 
Q 4 M3z 4   D 4  Q 4F 
 =    0 +  F 
Q
 1  1   D1  Q1 
Q 5  5   D5 0  Q F 
  KBA KBB   0   5F 
 6 
Q 6   D6  Q 6 
Reaction
Dk = Dknown QFB
Qu
[Q k ] = [K AA ][Du ] + [Q AF ]
[Du ] = [K AA ]−1 + ([Qk ] − [QAF ])
Member Force : [q ] = [k ][d ] + q F [ ]
36
Global: 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 P 3 5
w
(qF2)1 (qF 4)2
(q´F6 )2
[FEF] 1 (qF4)1
2
(qF1 )1 (qF3)1 (qF3)2 (q´F5 )2

1 2 3 4 5 6
Q1  1   D1 0  Q1F 
 M  Member 1     F 
Q 2 1 2 D
 2   Q 
  2

Q 3 -P2y 3   D3  Q 3 = (q 3 ) 1 + (q 3 ) 2 
F F F

 M =  Node 2  
D
+  F
Q = (q F
) + (q F
)

Q 4 2 4    4   4 4 1 4 2
Q 5  5   D5 0  Q 5F 
   Member 2   0  F

 6 
Q 6   D6   Q 6 
2 3 4
 Q2 = M 1  2  D2  Q 2F 
Q = − P    D   F 
 3 2y  = 3

 Q4 = M 2 
   3  + Q 3 
4  Node 2  D4  Q 4F 
37
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5

2 3 4
D2  2    Q2 = M 1  Q2F  
      − Q F  
D
  3 = 3
  Q
 3 = − P2y   3 
D4  4  Node 2    Q = M  Q F  
 4 2   4 

38
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
P
qF2

1
qF4

qF1 [FEF] qF3

Member 1:
1 2 3 4
q 1  1    d1 = 0  q 1F 
  2     F
q 2  =  k1  d 2 = D 2  + q 2 
q 3  3   d 3 = D3  q 3F 
      F
q 4  4   d 4 = D4  q 4 

39
 2 4 6

1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
w
qF6
qF4 2
qF3 qF5
[FEM]

Member 2:
1 2 3 4
 q3  1    d 3 = D3  q3F 
q  2   d = D   F
k1
 4 =    4 4  + q4 
q5  3    d5 = 0  q5F 
       F
q6  4    6d = 0  q6 

40
Example 1

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.

10 kN
1 kN/m

C
A B
1.5 m
9m 3m

41
 10 kN
1 kN/m

C
A B
1.5 m
9m 3m

3 2 1

Global 1 2

3 1
2 2

Members
1 2

10 kN
1 kN/m
1.5 m 1.5 m
[FEF]
9m 1 2
wL2/12 = 6.75 wL2/12 = 6.75 PL/8 = 3.75 PL/8 = 3.75
42
 3 2 1

1 2

9m 3m

Stiffness Matrix:
θi θj
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

3 2 2 1
4/9 2/9 3 4/3 2/3 2
[k]1= EI [k]2 = EI
2/9 4/9 2 2/3 4/3 1

2 1
(4/9)+(4/3) 2/3 2
[K] = EI
2/3 4/3 1
43
 3 2 10 kN 1
1 kN/m

A C
6.75 6.75 3.75
B
9m 1.5 m 1.5 m

Equilibrium equations: MCB = 0

MBA + MBC = 0
Global Equilibrium: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

2 1
2 MBA + MBC = 0 2 (4/9)+(4/3) 2/3 θB -6.75 + 3.75 = -3
= EI +
1 MCB = 0 1 2/3 4/3 θC -3.75

θB 0.779/EI
=
θC 2.423/EI
44
 3
2

1
1 kN/m
[FEF]
9m 1
wL2/12 = 6.75 wL2/12 = 6.75

Substitute θB and θC in the member matrix,

Member 1 : [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

3 2 0
3 MAB 4/9 2/9 θA 6.75 6.92
= EI + =
2 MBA 2/9 4/9 θB= 0.779/EI -6.75 -6.40

1 kN/m
6.92 kN•m 6.40 kN•m
9m 1
4.56 kN 4.44 kN
45
 10 kN
2 1
1.5 m 1.5 m
2 2
PL/8 = 3.75 PL/8 = 3.75
[FEF]

Substitute θB and θC in the member matrix,

Member 2 : [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

2 1
2 MBC 4/3 2/3 θB = 0.779/EI 3.75 6.40
= EI + =
1 MCB 2/3 4/3 θC = 2.423/EI -3.75 0

10 kN

6.40 kN•m
2
7.13 kN 2.87 kN
46
 10 kN
1 kN/m
6.92 6.40
6.40
4.56 kN 4.44 kN 7.13 kN 2.87 kN

1 kN/m θB = +0.779/EI 10 kN
θC = +2.423/EI
6.92 kN•m
A C
4.56 kN B 11.57 kN 2.87 kN
9m 1.5 m 1.5 m
7.13
4.56

V (kN)
x (m)
4.56 m
-4.44 -2.87
3.48 4.32
M
(kN•m) x (m)

-6.92 -6.40 47
Example 2

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.

20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m

2EI EI
A B C
4m 4m

48
 2 4 6

1 2EI 3 EI 5

1 2
1 2 3

Use 4x4 stiffness matrix,

∆i θi ∆j θj 3 4
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L 2
− 12 EI/ L3
6EI/ L  2

Mi   3 0.5625 -0.375
− 6EI/ L2 [K] = EI
2
6 EI / L 4 EI/ L 2EI/ L 
[k ] = 
Vj  4 -0.375 3
− 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L 2
12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
Mj  6EI/ L2 2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 


[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
3 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
49
 20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m

12 kN•m 12 kN•m
18 kN 18 kN
4m 4m
2 4 6

1 3 5
2EI EI
1 2
1 2 3
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
Global:
3 4

3 Q3 = -20 3 0.5625 -0.375 D3 18 3

= EI 4 -0.375 3 D4 +
4 Q4 = 40 -12 4

D3 -61.09/EI
=
D4 9.697/EI
50
 2 4
9 kN/m
1 3 12 kN•m 12 kN•m
2EI
A B
1 1 2 1
18 kN [qF]1 18 kN
Member 1:

[q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2EI)/430.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d1 = 0 18 48.18
q2 2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d2 = 0 12 67.51
q3L -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d3 = -61.09/EI 18 -12.18
3
q4L 4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI d4 = 9.697/EI -12 53.21

9 kN/m 53.21 kN•m

A B
1
67.51 kN•m
48.18 kN [q]1 12.18 kN
51
 4 6

3 5
EI
2
2 3

Member 2:

[q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

3 4 5 6
q3R 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d3 =-61.09/EI 0 -7.818
q4R 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d4 = 9.697/EI 0 -13.21
q5 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d5 = 0 0 7.818
q6 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d6 = 0 0 -18.06

13.21 kN•m 18.06 kN•m

B C
2
7.82 kN [q]2 7.82 kN
52
 9 kN/m 53.21 kN•m
13.21 kN•m 18.06 kN•m
A B B C
1 2
67.51 kN•m
48.18 kN [q]1 12.18 kN 7.82 kN [q]2 7.82 kN
20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
D3 = ∆B = -61.09/EI 18.06 kN•m
67.51 kN•m

48.18 kN 4m D4 = θB = +9.697/EI 4 m 7.818 kN

48.18

V (kN) + 12.18
x (m)
-
-7.818 -7.818
53.21
M
(kN•m) + 13.21
x (m)
-
- -18.08
-67.51
53
Example 3

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.

20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m

2EI EI
A B C
4m 2m 2m

54
 20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
A C
2EI B EI
4m 2m 2m
2 4 6

1 3 5
Global 2
1 1 2 3

10 kN
9 kN/m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2
18 kN 18 kN
5 kN 5 kN
∆i θi ∆j θj
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
Mi  
6 EI / L2
4 EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]4×4 = 
Vj 
− 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
Mj  6EI/ L2 2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 

 55
 2 4 6

1 3 5

1 2
1 2 3
4m 2m 2m

1 2 3 4
1 12(2EI)/43 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI
3 4 6
3
3 0.5625 -0.375 0.375
4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L
[K] = EI 4 -0.375 3 0.5
3 4 5 6 6 0.375 0.5 1

3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI

4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
56
 20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
A C
2 B4 6

1 3 5
1 2
1 2 3
10 kN
9 kN/m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2
18 kN 18 kN
5 kN 5 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
3 4 6
VBL+VBR = -20 3 0.5625 -0.375 0.375 ∆B 18 + 5 = 23
MBA+MBC = 40 = EI 4 -0.375 3 0.5 θB + -12 + 5 = -7
MCB = 0 6 0.375 0.5 1 θC -5

∆B -116.593/EI
θB = -7.667/EI
θC 52.556/EI 57
 2 4
9 kN/m
1 3 12 kN•m
12 kN•m
1 1
1 2 18 kN 18 kN
[FEF]

Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
VA 1 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI 0 18 55.97
MAB 2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI 0 12 91.78
VBL
= -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI ∆B =-116.593/EI
+ 18
= -19.97
3
MBA 4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L θB =-7.667/EI -12 60.11

9kN/m

91.78 kN•m 60.11 kN•m

4m 1

55.97 kN 19.97 kN
58
 4 6 10 kN
5 kN•m
3 5 5 kN•m
3
2 2 2
5 kN [FEM] 5 kN
Member 2: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

3 4 5 6
VBR 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI ∆B =-116.593/EI 5 -0.0278
MBC 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI θB =-7.667/EI 5 -20.11
VC
= 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI 0 + 5 = 10.03
MCB 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI θC =52.556/EI -5 0

10 kN

20.11 kN•m 2m 2m
2
0.0278 kN 10.03 kN
59
 9kN/m 20.11 kN•m 10 kN
91.78 kN•m 2m 2m
4m 1 2
60.11 kN•m 0.0278 kN 10.03 kN
55.97 kN 19.97 kN
20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m θC = 52.556/EI
91.78 kN•m

55.97 kN 10.03 kN
θB = -7.667/EI ∆B = -116.593/EI
55.97 4m 2m 2m

19.97
V (kN) +
x (m)
-
-0.0278
60.11 -10.03 -10.03
20.11
M +
(kN•m) x (m)
-

-91.78 60
Example 4

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear diagram, bending moment diagram
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4 and E = 200 GPa and support B settlement 10 mm.

40 kN
6 kN/m
B
A C
2EI EI
∆B = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m

61
 1 2 3

2EI EI
1 2

θi θj
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix: Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L

1 2 2 3

1 8 4 2 4 2
EI EI
[k]1 = 8 [k]2 = 8
2 4 8 3 2 4

2 3

2 12 2
EI
[K] = 8
3 2 4
62
 40 kN 1 2 3
6 kN/m
B C
A 2EI EI 1 2
∆B = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m
40 kN
6 kN/m
[FEM]load

1 32 kN•m 2 40 kN•m
wL2/12 = 32 kN•m PL/8 = 40 kN•m
2 37.5 kN•m
1 75 kN•m
[FEM]∆ 10 mm
10 mm
6(EI)∆/L2 = 37.5 kN•m
6(2EI)∆/L2 = 75 kN•m
Global: [Q] = [K][D] +2[QF] 3

Q2 = 0 2 12 2 D2 -32 + 40 + 75 -37.5 = 45.5

EI
=
8
+
Q3 = 0 3 2 4 D3 -40 - 37.5 = -77.5

D2 -61.27/EI rad
=
D3 185.64/EI rad
63
 1 2 6 kN/m
[FEM]load
2EI
1 32 kN•m
1 wL2/12 = 32 kN•m

1 75 kN•m
[FEM]∆ 10 mm
6(2EI)∆/L2 = 75 kN•m

Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2

q1 1 8 4 d1 = 0 32 + 75 = 107 76.37 kN•m

EI
= + =
q2 8 d2 = -61.27/EI -32 + 75 = 43 -18.27 kN•m
2 4 8

6 kN/m
76.37 kN•m 18.27 kN•m

8m 1
31.26 kN 16.74 kN
64
 2 3 40 kN

[FEM]load
2 2
PL/8 = 40 kN•m 40 kN•m

[FEM]∆
2 37.5 kN•m
10 mm
6(EI)D/L2 = 37.5 kN•m
Member 2: [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2

2 3

q2 2 4 2 d2 = -61.27/EI 40 - 37.5 = 2.5 18.27 kN•m

EI
= + =
q3 8 d3 = 185.64/EI -40 - 37.5 = -77.5 0 kN•m
3 2 4

40 kN
18.27 kN•m

2
22.28 kN 17.72 kN
65
 2 6
4
2EI EI
1 2
1
3 5
Alternate method: Use 4x4 stiffness matrix

[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 12(2)/82 3 12/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 0.75 -0.1875 0.75
EI 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 EI
4 0.75 4 -0.75 2
= =
8 3 8 5
-0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0.375 1.5 -0.375 1.5 0 0
2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 0 0
EI 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.5625 -0.75 -0.1875 0.75
[K] =
8 4 1.5 4 -0.75 12 -0.75 2
5 0 0 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
6 0 0 0.75 2 -0.75 4 66
 40 kN 2
6 kN/m 4 6
B C
A 2EI EI 1 2
∆B = -10 mm 1
3 5
8m 4m 4m
40 kN
6 kN/m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2

24 kN 24 kN 20 kN 20 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
4 6 5
Q4 = 0 EI 4 12 2 D4 200 × 200 4 -0.75 D = -0.01 8
= +( ) 5 +
Q6= 0 8 6 2 4 D6 8 6 -0.75 -40
4 6
Q4 = 0 EI 4 12 2 D4 (200x200/8)(-0.75)(-0.01) = 37.5 8
Q6= 0
=
8 6 2 4 D6
+ (200x200/8)(0.75)(-0.01) = -37.5
+ -40

D4 -61.27/EI = -1.532x10-3 rad

D6
= 185.64/EI = 4.641x10-3 rad 67
 2
4
6 kN/m
32 kN•m
1 ∆B = -10 mm 32 kN•m
1 [FEF]load 1
3
24 kN 24 kN
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2)/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 d1 = 0 24
q2 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 d2 = 0 32
(200x200)
q3 = 8 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 d3 = -0.01
+ 24
q4 4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 d4 = -1.532x10-3 -32

q1 31.26 kN
6 kN/m
q2 76.37 kN•m 18.27 kN•m
76.37 kN•m
q3 = 16.74 kN 8m 1
q4 -18.27 kN•m 16.74 kN
31.26 kN
68
 6 40 kN
4 40 kN•m
40 kN•m
-10 mm = ∆B [FEF]
2 2
3 5 20 kN 20 kN

Member 2:
3 4 5 6
q3 3 12/82
0.75 -0.1875 0.75 d3 = -0.01 20
q4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2 d4 = -1.532x10-3 40
(200x200)
q5
= 8 5 +
-0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75 d5 = 0 20
q6 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4 d6 = 4.641x10-3 -40

q3 40 kN
22.28 kN
18.27 kN•m
q4 18.27 kN•m
q5 = 17.72 kN 2
q6 22.28 kN 17.72 kN
0 kN•m
69
 40 kN
6 kN/m
76.37 kN•m B C
A 2EI EI
∆B = -10 mm
31.26 kN 16.74 + 22.28 kN 17.72 kN
8m 4m 4m

31.26
V (kN) 22.28
+ +
- - x (m)
5.21 m -16.74
-17.72
70.85

M 5.06 +
(kN•m) - x (m)
- -18.27

-76.37
∆B = -10 mm D6 = θC = 4.641x10-3 rad
Deflected
Curve
d4 = θB = -1.532x10-3 rad
70