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*Physics* Tariq :)

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3 views

*Physics* Tariq :)

Uploaded by

shahran.ali09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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*circuits*

Kircchoff’s first law


-the current in the main circuit is the sum of the currents in the separate branches
Ohms law
-current flowing through wire is proportional to p.d across it. ( if temperature stays the same)

Factors affecting resistance


-length of wire increase= resistance increase
-(thickness of wire) cross section area increases= resistance decreases
-temperature increase= resistance increase

info
-metals with higher resistance like nichrome is used in heating elements of electric fires(e.g
heater)
-resistors are sometimes made of nichrome(it has high resistance)
-rheostat( variable resistor) can be used to change resistance in a circuit( e.g making lights
dimmed or bright)
-(another example) remote control cars e rheostat er resistance reduce korle speed increase
kore

SERIES CIRCUITS
-voltage(total)= voltage 1 + voltage 2
-resistance(total)=resistance 1 + resistance 2
-current=(stays same in the circuit)

Parallel circuits
-voltage=( stays same in the circuit)
-resistance=(r1xr2)/(r1+r2)
-current(total) current 1 + current 2

Potentiometer
-used in radios to control volume

Current: voltage graphs


-steep line= low resistance
-flat line= high resistance
-(if the graph line is not straight then the lamp(for example) is non-ohmic)

-formulas
-energy transferred(joules)= p.d(volts) x charge ( coulombs)
-currrent(amperes)= charge( coulombs)/time(seconds)
-charge(coulombs)= current(amperes) x time(seconds)
-energy transferred(joules)= p.d(volts) x current(amps) x time(seconds)
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
-Any conductor carrying current has a magnetic field
-fields are stronger which are near to the wire
-(right hand grip rule)=thumb is current and direction of the 4 fingers curling are lines of flux
-magnetic field of solenoid is the same as the magnetic field of a bar magnet
-if thumb points at you (right hand grip rule) then its the north pole and vice versa

STRENGTH OF MAGNETIC FIELD OF WIRE INCREASES


-when ur using a larger current
-using more turns of wire on the coil
-using soft iron core
-bringing south and north poles together

FORCE ON WIRE CAN BE INCREASED BY


-using stronger magnetic field
-using larger current
-using a greater length of wire in the field

LEFT HAND GRIP RULE (fleming made it)


-thumb is force
-index finger is magnetic field direction
-middle finger is current

If wire is at 90 degrees:
(newtons ) force= flux density(tesla) x current (amperes) x length of wire (meteres)

Not included in this doc ( read book )


-Coil in magnetic field
-split ring commutator

REFLECTION

-angle of incidence= angle of reflection


-periscopes mostly use prims instead of mirrors(mirrors have 2 reflections so image is blurry)
-image in a plane mirror is virtual and has the same size, laterally inverted
-specular reflection= reflection we see in mirrors which give us a clear image
-diffuse reflection= light is reflected but in different directions(scattered) as the surface they
reflect on is not smooth

REFRACTION
-rays of light traveling to medium which is denser than air bends towards the normal and vice
versa
-refractive index of a substance= speed of light in air/speed of light in substance
-(common so eeshob prolly mone rakhte hobe)
-refractive indexes
air=1
water=1.33
perspex=1.5
glass=about 1.5
diamond=2.4

Snell’s law can be used to find refractive index aswell

Refractive index= sine( angle of incidence)/sine(angle of refraction)

Refractive index= real depth/apparent depth

-apparent depth is less than real depth

Total internal reflection + critical angle


-critical angle e raybox theke light shoot korle its gonna be refracted so the light will go 90
degrees along the normal

-if the angle of incidence is higher than the critical angle, total internal reflection will occur and
light onno medium e travel na kore it will come back and reflect.

-total internal reflection takes place only when


i) rays travel from dense to less dense medium
ii) angle of incidence is greater than critical angle

-critical angle formula


Refractive index= 1/sine(critical angle)
-critical angle is about 42 degrees for glass and 49 degrees for water

Uses of total internal reflection: totally reflecting prisms


-prisms are better than ordinary mirrors because mirrors give multiple reflections so the image is
blurry and unclear. In prisms, there is only 1 reflection so the image is clear

-optical fibre(uses total internal reflection)= sends information through light rays to radio to send
and receive information
Mirages
-on hot days we see roads reflecting
This is because hot air(dense) is closer to the ground than cool air(less dense)
- so a ray of light (in roads sunlight usually) is refracted more and more towards the horizontal.
Eventually the light ray meets a hot layer near the ground at an angle greater than the critical
angle and total internal reflection takes place.
- divers can see everything on surface when they’re in water but their view is squeezed into a
cone with an angle of 98 degrees( twice of critical angle of water)

LENS

Convex lens
-parallel rays of light gets together in a convex lens
-rays are converging
-middle of lens to principal focus is the focal length
-(glass gula zoomed in lage)

Concave lens
-has a cave like opening in the middle( thinner in the middle)
-the rays are diverged( so like 0.5 wide angle camera er moto lage)

magnification=height of image/height of object

-Images can be magnified ( magnification greater than one )


-or can be diminished ( magnification less than one )

Fat lenses-
-strong
-less focal length

Thin lenses
-weak
-more focal length

-in lenses, the light rays going through the middle aren’t refracted instead they go through the
lens normally.

images can be
-diminished
-magnified
-inverted
-upright
-real

Images produced by concave lens(diverging lens)


-upright
-diminished
Virtual

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