IT 402 NOTES

UNIT – 3 ICT Skills

Session 1: Introduction to ICT
To store Data we use many methods like writing on paper, recording or we can type the content in digital
format. All these are used to store data. Some data are stored in digital format in mobiles, computers or
any other digital devices, these devices are called ICT(information and communication technology)
devices. In this section, we will read about the functioning of some devices which we use in daily life.

ICT at Workplace

ICT is a very important part of the workplace. Almost all the sectors of the economy use ICT to store
information and for the transaction of money. Nowadays all the information is being digitalised as it is very
easy to send to many people in a very little time.

At the workplace, we use different programs to complete our tasks like in banking we use ICT for
maintaining records of people and for the transaction of money. In the same manner, we use computers
for editing videos, booking tickets, animating, recording, storing data etc.

ICT at Home

ICT has also become a part of our home appliances. These days Television is very common in
every house for entertainment and Mobile for calling. Now mobile is also used for online classes.
Smartphones with internet connections are very helpful to stay connected with our friends, family
through Facebook, Instagram etc.

Here are some examples of ICT uses in different sectors

Agriculture: Activities related to research and development
Beauty and Wellness: Use for Training programmes
Banking and Finance: Storing data and for the secure transaction of money
Health Care: Research and development of health facilities
Session 2: ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets - I
Smartphone: Once the mobile phone was only used for talking but nowadays smartphones
came into existence. With smartphones we can purchase things online, we can play games,
watch movies, make a video call, book a ticket and many more things. Android, IOS and
Windows are some common operating systems of smartphones.

Tablet: Tablet is also like a smartphone. It has a wider screen. Some activities like reading and
watching movies need a wider screen so we use tablets. It can do almost all the things that a
computer does.

TV and Radio: TV and Radio are used as ICT tools for a long time. Radio is used to broadcast
only sound. TV is used to broadcast both sound and video. It is the easiest way to reach a large
number of people at a time.
Applications or apps: Apps are just like a program on the computer. different apps have different
functions. Some apps are already present on phones or tablets. There are many apps present in an online
stores like google play store and Apple App Store. We can purchase or download it free of cost.
Commonly found Apps

Session 3: ICT Tools: Smartphones and Tablets — II

Mobile device layout

Power Button: used to start and shut down

Screen: on which we perform functions
Back Button: used to back screen
Microphone: Used while talking
Menu Button: Used to show options
Home Button: It brings back the home screen
Earpiece: used to listen to the voice on calls
Volume Button: Used to increase or decrease sound

Basic features of a mobile device

Bluetooth: Short-range wireless connectivity

Rechargeable Battery: To powerup device
WiFi: To connect local area network or internet
Cellular Network: Provides network to Call, send messages and connect with internet
GPS: to provide location services

Home Screen of a Mobile Device

Top: It s a status bar that displays icons of the network, wifi, battery level etc.
Middle: the main part of the screen on which we do all tasks.
Bottom: It has a back, recent and home button

Basic Gesture use

Tap: to select
Tap and hold: It acts like right-click on the mouse which shows options
Pinch: to Zoom in or out
Double-tap: to Zoom
Session 4: Parts of a Computer and Peripherals
Input Device: Device through which we input data in a computer. Like- Mouse, Keyboard

Keyboard

Types of keys on Keyboard

1. Function keys: Keys from F1 to F12 which performs special functions
2. Control Keys: Ctrl, Alt, Tab, Shift are control keys
3. Enter Key: to enter the data
4. Navigation Key: The four arrow keys(Up, Down, Left, Right) are navigation keys
5. Command Keys: Delete and backspace are command keys.
6. Windows Keys: It opens the start menu

Pointing Devices:

Mouse: It allows to control the pointer of the mouse on the screen and select icons.
Joystick: It is commonly used for video games
Light pen: used to make graphic designs
Graphic Tablet: It allows you to write on the screen.
Touchscreen: To send touch signals to a computer
Trackball: It is just like a mouse but used for special purpose
Scanner: It scans the document and converts it into digital form

MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader used to read Cheques in Banks.

OCR: Optical Character Reader to convert books and prints to electronic form
OMR: Optical Mark Reader used to detect marks on paper of MCQ type exams
Barcode Reader: It is used to read barcodes on different things like books, food packets etc
Microphone (Mic): To Input audio
Web Camera: to input Video
Biometric Sensor: To input Fingerprints
Smart Card Reader: It reads Credit and Debit Cards

Output Devices

Output Devices are used to get the output of the task done on the computer. First of All, we input some
data and then it goes into processing after all we get the final result.

We get output from these devices: Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Speaker, Headphone, Projector, Speach
Synthesizer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is the part of the computer which carries out all the tasks. It mainly processes the input data and gives
the output data.

ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit carries out all logical and arithmetic tasks like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, <,>,= etc.
Control Unit (CU): It mainly coordinates with input and output devices.

Motherboard
A motherboard also referred to as a system board, is the main circuit board inside a computer. It connects
input, processing and output devices.

Computer Memory

It is a storage area where all the data is stored.

Primary Memory
RAM: Random Access Memory is an internal memory that is volatile means no data is saved in RAM.
Only tasks are carried out in this memory.

ROM: Read Only Memory stores all the data. It is non Volatile that means once data is saved it remains
there until you delete it.

Secondary Memory
It is an external device to store data. Example: Pendrives, CDs, External Hard Disk Drive, Memory Card
etc.
Key Concepts
• 8 bits make a byte
• 1024 bytes make a kilobyte(KB).
• 1024 KB make 1 megabyte (MB)
• 1024 megabyte make 1 gigabyte (GB)
• 1024 gigabytes make 1 terabyte (TB)

Ports and connections

The slots in which we connect a mouse, keyboard, pen drive, internet etc

USB: Universal Serial Bus Port used to connect a mouse, keyboard pen drives
Display Port: It connects video devices like Monitor and Projector
Audio Ports: It is used to connect audio devices like Mic, Speakers
Ethernet Port: It connects to high-speed internet
Power Port: It is used to connect the power supply.

Session 5: Basic Computer Operations

Computer hardware: The physical part of a computer which we can touch like monitor, CPU, UPS,
keyboard, Mouse etc are the hardware of the computer.

Software: The part that we cannot see or touch like programmes on a computer. The software makes
hardware work or interacts with humans. The most important software is OS (Operating System). It starts
working as soon as we start the computer. Example: Windows, Ubuntu, Linux etc.

Starting a computer
To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the Windows operating system
and display the Windows desktop on the monitor.

Basic functions performed when a computer starts

When we start the computer, it runs automatically a basic program BIOS which self tests. If everything is
ok then it runs OS and finally, the computer starts.
Login and logout
When multiple users use the same computer and want to secure their data separately then they can
create login IDs. each one has a different password to start the computer and after completing the task
logout is done.

Shutting down a computer

It is a process to turn off the computer. To shut down the computer in Ubuntu by clicking “Systems” at the
top right and then click on Shut Down. In windows, we can click Alt+F4 to shut down the computer.

Files and folders

File: All information are kept in files. Files have names and extensions. Different files have different
extensions to identify the file types. Ex- .txt for text document, .jpeg for image, .avi for video etc

Folder: It is a location where a group of files can be stored. We can create a no. of folders inside the
folder. A folder within folded is called a subfolder.

Session 7: Communication and Networking — Basics of Internet

Internet is a huge network of computers around the world. World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of all
websites we visit on the internet.
Uses Of Internet
• Search information
• Shopping
• Online booking
• Entertainment
• E-mail and chatting
• Online learning
• Social networking
• Online banking

Connecting to the Internet

An Internet Service Provider (ISP)─i.e., the telephone company which provides Internet connectivity using
the phone lines or a wireless network.
Types of connections
(a) Wired connections: When the internet is connected through a wired medium like ethernet cable.
(b) Wireless connection: When the internet is connected through a wireless medium like Wifi.

Bandwidth: The amount of data transferred in a certain amount of time. In analogue devices, the
bandwidth is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). Data transferred digitally is measured by bits
per second (bps)

1 Kbps (kilobits per second) = 1000 bits per second

1 Mbps (megabits per second) = 1000 kilo bits per second
1 Gbps (gigabits per second) = 1,000 mega bits per second

Internet browser: The application software is used to visit websites. Example -Chrome, Firefox
Session 8: Communication and Networking — Internet
Browsing
World Wide Web (WWW)

It is a vast network of files stored in computers all over the world.It is made up of

1. Web Page: A web page is a document present on a computer that is connected to the internet each
webpage has a unique address like https://www.crackmycbse.com.

2. Web browser: Application software to use the information available on the Internet. Ex- Chrome,
Opera, Firefox

3. Hyperlinks: Highlighted words on a webpage. If you click on that it will redirect you to another page.
Important parts of a web browser
(i) Address bar: To type the address of the webpage
(ii) Tabbed browsing (Ctrl+T): It is used to view multiple web pages in the same window
(iii) Back and forward buttons: Used to get back or next page
(iv) Refresh button (F5): To refresh the page

Session 9: Communication and Networking — Introduction

to e-Mail
Electronic Mail (E-mail) is a quick way to send messages to people using the internet. We can send
videos, documents, spreadsheets, etc., along with the e-mail as attachments.
E-mail ID or Address
The e-mail address is made up of two parts separated by the @ symbol. Ex- [email protected],
crackmycbse is the name given by the user and gmail.com domain which provides mail service.

Advantages of e-mail
1. Delivery of mail is very fast.
2. Cost of mail is almost free.
3. Multiple copies can be sent at a time
4. pictures, documents can be attached

Comparison between Post mail and E-mail.

Session 10: Communication and Networking — Creating an
e-Mail Account
Go to gmail.com click on create an account. After filling in all the details set up a new account.

Session 11: Communication and Networking— Writing an e-

Mail
To write a new e-mail, connect to the Internet and open Gmail. Sign In with your login Id. Click on
compose and write the message. after entering the mail address of the receiver set the mail.

Draft Folder: All emails are stored which are written but not sent.
Junk/Spam: The mail which is not useful is stored in it.
Trash: Holds all deleted emails.

Session 12: Communication and Networking — Receiving

and Replying to e-mails
Receiving an e-mail: All emails received are in Inbox.
Replying to an e-mail: To reply to the email click on the reply button.
Forwarding an e-mail: To send the same message click on forward
Deleting an e-mail: Click on the delete icon to delete emails.
 UNIT 4
PART- A
Entrepreneurial Skills
INTRODUCTION –

Entrepreneurship is the type of self-employment where one is running a business to

satisfy the needs of people and looking for ways to make the business better to make
profits.

Successful entrepreneurs have the following qualities -:

 They are confident and believe in themselves and their abilities.

 Entrepreneurs keep trying new ideas in their business.
 They are patient.
 An entrepreneur is creative and thinks differently about business ideas.
 He/She takes responsibility for their actions.
 Entrepreneurs make decisions after thinking about them.
 They work hard.
 Entrepreneurs do not give up when they face a difficulty

Pro Tip: Try to remember 3 of these qualities because in board exams there are only
short answer questions from Part A Employability Skills.

Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society

There are mainly two ways by which a person earns a living – wage employment and
self-employment. Wage Employed people work for someone else and get paid. Self-
employed people start their own businesses to satisfy public demands.

A self-employed person who is always trying to make his/her business better by taking
some risks and experimenting with new ideas is an entrepreneur.
Example: Ramya and Ramu both own plant shops. Ramu sits at his shop every day.
When customers
come, he sells to them. Ramya walks around and gets customers to her shop. She
also sells seeds and flowers with her plants. Ramya is working to do more and grow
her business. She has also added a different idea to her business. So, Ramya is an
entrepreneur and Ramu is a businessman.

Where do these entrepreneurs do their business?

Answer: Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market consists of

people who buy products or services and also the people who sell them. Thus in the
market people are involved in both buying and selling, it is helpful for everyone as
everyone involved in these economic activities earns money. And in this way
entrepreneurs help in growing the area and society they live in.

What do entrepreneurs do when they run their businesses?

Answer:

 Fulfill Customer Needs

Entrepreneurs identify the problems that people face and based on their demands,
Entrepreneurs start their businesses and make money.

 Help Society
Entrepreneurs work towards fulfilling the demands of people and thus making profits.
They also contribute their money towards the welfare and development of society. For
Example building schools and hospitals etc.

 Sharing of Wealth
As the business grows Entrepreneurs and people working with them tend to enjoy a
good lifestyle because they create more and more wealth from their business for
themselves.

 Use Local Materials

To reduce the production cost and increase profits at the same time, Entrepreneurs
tend to buy their raw materials from the local market. Thus they also help local
businesses.

 Create Jobs
As their businesses grow they hire more people thus creating more jobs in society.

 Lower Price of Products

As the number of entrepreneurs increases, the number of entrepreneurs selling the
same product also increases, and as a result of healthy competition, the prices of
products go down significantly.
Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities – They are confident, creative, hardworking, patient, and responsible.

Qualities of Entrepreneurs.

Functions – Making decisions, Managing the business, Divide the income, Take risks,
and Creating a new method, product, or idea.

Functions of an Entrepreneur

Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship

A myth, or a misconception, is a false belief or opinion about something.

For example, if we think tall people run faster than short people, we have a
misconception. It is not true. The truth is that short people can also run fast.

In the same way, here are some misconceptions we might have about
entrepreneurship. We will also read about the actual truth.
 1. The misconception is that every business idea needs to be unique or special.
Truth: A person can take an idea that is already there in the market and do something
different with it.

2. The misconception we have is that a person needs a lot of money to start a

business.

Truth: The money used to start a business is called capital. Capital is important for
starting. However, every business does not need a lot of capital to start.

3. A misconception we have is that only a person having a big business is an

entrepreneur.

Truth: No business is big or small. If a person is running a business to fulfill a

customer’s need, they are an entrepreneur. Most businesses start small. It becomes
big with hard work and creativity.

4. A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs are born, not made.

Truth: An entrepreneur is a person who does whatever it takes to make the business
successful.

Being an entrepreneur starts with a way of thinking. You must believe that anything is
possible and it shall be achieved. It starts with thinking of an idea that you want to
work on, making it different.

There are four misconceptions we broke about entrepreneurship.

Pro Tip: The question in board exams may ask a true/false question based on the
misconception or a 1 marker question asking you to list down some of the
misconceptions.

Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a Career Option

As we have discussed earlier, there are two ways by which an individual can earn
money.

1. Self-employment

2. Wage employment

For example, a doctor who works for a hospital is a wage-employed person. If the
same doctor has their own clinic, he or she is a self-employed person.

A person becoming an entrepreneur goes through a three-step process.

Enter – Firstly, the entrepreneur enters the market to start a business.

Survive – As there are many other Entrepreneurs in the market, He/she faces
competition from other entrepreneurs.

Grow – As the business becomes more stable in the market then they look for ways to
expand it.

So, this was all about Entrepreneurial Skills. Here end the Entrepreneurial Skills Class
10 Notes. We have covered everything in these notes. And Yes these are the best
Entrepreneurial Skills Class 10 Notes available on the internet. With this, you are
ready to rock your board examinations, and All the best for your term 2 board
examinations

UNIT 5
PART- A
Green Skills
What is sustainable development?

Development that meets the need of the present without compromising on the needs
of the future generations.

Importance of Sustainable Development.

1. Fulfills the needs of people.

2. Conserves natural resources.
3. Helps in Coordination between natural resources and people.
4. Also considers saving resources for future generations.
Problems Related to Sustainable Development

(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as wheat, rice,
etc., is becoming less as we are using up more and more land for other purposes. Soil
nutrients are also getting depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling the soil due to the
use of chemical fertilizers.

(b) Water: We use freshwater from rivers and ponds or drinking and cleaning but
dump garbage into them. The rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This way after
several years, we will have no clean water for our use.

(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for the construction of
homes and furniture. As more and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate
of the place. Extreme weather conditions, such as floods, extreme cold, or heat, are
seen in many places, which affect the people living there.

Sustainable development includes

 Reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource

conservation.
 Recycling and reuse of waste materials.
 Scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-
resources.
 Planting more trees.
 Using more environment friendly material or biodegradable material.
Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call of action to end
poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
Some of these issues are poverty, gender equality, water use, energy, climate change,
and biodiversity.

Sustainable Processes Some practices, such as organic farming, vermicomposting

andrainwater harvesting is being used to help preserve the environment.

Our Role in Sustainable Development

Natural resources are limited and with time they will get over and if we do not do
anything about it, our future generations will not be able to survive.

Here are some basic ways in which people can help towards Sustainable
Development Goals.

Quality Education – Children who have gone to school will be able to do jobs so that
they can take care of themselves and their families. We should take our friends to
school, help friends study, stop friends from dropping out of school.

Clean Water and Sanitation – We must make efforts to make India free of open
defecation by building toilets and creating awareness towards sanitation. We must
take measurable steps by promoting awareness to keep water sources clean.

Affordable and Clean Energy Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun
does not cause pollution as it does not require the burning of non-renewable fuels,
such as coal. The use of biogas is also an eco-friendly alternative to natural gas.
 PART B
Unit 1: Introduction to IT and ITes Industry
formation Technology

Information Technology means to create, manage, store and exchange of data via various methods. To
transfer, create and store data we need many technologies such as computer software and hardware, etc.
These technologies help us to manage the data in a significant way.

Information Technology enabled Services (ITeS)

Information Technology can be seen in every industry. This technology regulates the functioning of the
industries smoothly. Those industries which enable Information Technology to provide quality services is
called Information Technology Enabled Services (ITes). some industries also use web-enabled services or
Remote services to improve the efficiency of their work.

BPO services

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services mean those business operations which are performed by
an outside service provider. In other words, you can say that some industries take help from other service
providers to facilitate their work. They heir some outsourcing companies for that work and those
outsourcing companies is called BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)

Some of the BPO services are as follows:

(a) Financial and Accounting Services

(b) Taxation and Insurance Services
(c) E-Publishing and Web Promotion
(d) Legal Services and Content Writing
(e) Multimedia and Design Services
(f) Document Management Services
(g) Software Testing Services
(h) Health Care Services
BPM industry in India

The IT BPM (Business Process Management) industry is doing an exceptional job in the growth of India.
This industry provides quality services. We can say that It has been filing India's growth.

BPO service industry is expanding in India at a great pace due to the following advantages.

(a) BPO service providers in India invest a lot of money in the new technologies. the ensures to provide
error-free service. They are investing in quality software and hardware to give us better performance.
(b) Government of India is also providing then backbone support to them. The government provides the
necessary infrastructure and logistical support to them to make their work easy.
(c) BPO Industry in India is highly developed and they are capable of giving us quality service. They are
trying to become more and more advance.
Structure of the IT-BPM industry
a) Multinational Companies (MNCs): Those companies whose headquarter is in outside
India but are operating their work in many locations worldwide is called Multinational
companies. These companies provide a number of jobs.
b) Indian Service Providers (ISPs): ISPs are those providers whose operations are in
India. Most of these organizations have their headquarters in India and all the jobs done
by them from India.
c) Global In-house Centers (GIC): GIC organisations work for the parent company they
have to fulfill the parent company's work
IT applications

Nowadays Information Technology can be seen everywhere around the world.. All of us using it every day.
Here we will discuss some applications of IT in our day to day life. We will discuss how IT is involved in
our life from home to school and offices

IT in home computing

We use a PC (personal computer) at our home. The computer is used in our homes for surfing the
internet, making presentations, video, games, etc.

IT in everyday life

In our daily life, most of the equipment we are using is embedded with software. Microwave has its own
software to maintain the temperature and also washing machines, the set-top box has software to interact
with us and give us a good experience.

IT in library

Nowadays managing books in the library is not such tough work. Libraries are now computerised. To
manage a lot of books barcodes can be associated with books which makes the process easy to keep
track of the list of available books and many more.

IT at workplace

all the offices are equipped with computers. Most of the work is now done on computers. In offices
computers and software makes their work very easy and fast.

IT in education

Information technology IT is very much used in education for teaching-learning processes. The software
and Hardware made the process of learning very easy. We can see a lot of animations in educational
videos which made studying very interesting. Various methods of illustrations are now brought to visualize
what we are reading in the real world.

(a) ICT in the classroom

ICT can be used in various ways in schools.

• e-learning classrooms;
• smart-board presentations;
• videos on experiments;
• creation of images and video;
• desktop publishing of magazines, letters and documents;
(b) Education — anywhere anytime

A lot of books and educational content are now digitalized. We can get the content whenever we want.
Our government is also providing websites to access NCERT books online.

(c) Teaching aids and media

ICT is used mostly as a teaching aid in schools to

• use pictures, animations and audio-visuals to explain subjects that are difficult to explain.
• make the lessons interesting using presentations.
• organise lessons using the computer.
(d) Learning Management System (LMS)

A Learning Management System (LMS) is being used by many schools to manage their school system.
This system is very useful for managing attendance and result. Is well designed to record students' data in
an effective way.

IT in entertainment

One can now download movies, play games, chat, video calls using mobiles and computers. Digital
broadcasting has opened a door to the world. It changed the television experience. digital programs are
now more interactive and use very much graphics designing.

IT in communication

In communication, IT has a significant role. One can easily chat through various platforms. Video calling
has now become easier. IT has really changed the way of communication

IT in business

Computers are used in business organisations for payroll calculation, sales analysis, financial forecasting,
managing and maintaining stocks. Most of the businesses now use a digital mode of payment. To manage
all the records companies rely on computers.

IT in science and engineering

To do complex scientific calculations, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) or Computer-Aided Manufacturing

(CAM) Scientists and engineers use software applications. It made their work easy. drawing and
calculation became very easy.

IT in banking

Banking without computers can't be imagined. A lot of work is done in the computers from transactions to
maintaining records. Recurring deposits (e-RD), Fixed deposits (e-FD), money transfer from one account
to another (NEFT, RTGS), online transactions are done using the Internet.
IT in insurance

Insurance companies use a computer to store data of their clients. It manages their data and gives them
timely notifications for their premium. It allows the user to get a good knowledge over their policy.

IT in marketing

The computer is very much needed in marketing. The computer is used to create sell advertisements. It is
used to monitor the performance of the product in the market. different illustrations can be made to
present the product in an effective and decorative way.

IT in health care

Our hospitals are now computerised a lot of healthcare activities are now monitored by computers. Some
of the high-level gadgets are made to serve in hospitals.

(i) Computerised Axial Tomography Machine (CAT): Using this machine three-dimensional (3D)
images of different parts of the body can be made. These images are helpful in the diagnosis of diseases.
(ii) MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine):
MRI machines are used to provide an image of the internal organs of the body by using strong magnetic
fields and radio waves. The digital images are very helpful in the detection of the disease.
(iii) Electrocardiogram (ECG) Machine: This machine is used to monitor the heartbeat of a person. This
machine records the electrical impulse.
(iv) Cardiac Screening Machine: This machine is used to detect the problems related to the heart. It
monitors the internal working of the heart.
(v) EEG (Electro encephalography) Machine:
The Electro encephalography machine is used to record the activities of the brain. This machine works
both in the patient is sleeping of awake.
(vi) Blood Sugar Testing Machine: This is used to check the sugar level in blood.
(vii) Blood Pressure Measuring Machine: Blood pressure can be checked digitally by the blood
pressure measuring machine.

IT in the government and public service

The government uses many computer applications to provide their schemes to a large number of people.
The government has also it's own web portal and applications where we can get the information regarding

any policy and schemes .