Engaging Men and Boys

in Gender Equality and

Women’s Empowerment
GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND
PRACTICE NOTES FROM THE FIELD

2 0 1 9
 BEST PRACTICE NOTE ON MEN’S ENGAGEMENT IN GENDER
EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT

Nutrition International (NI) aims to improve the nutritional status and health of
vulnerable people, especially women, adolescent girls and children. The gender
barriers these groups face often take place within societies with deeply entrenched
patriarchal structures and traditional gender norms where men control access to
health and nutrition services. Men and boys, who themselves have specific gender
needs, can proliferate or reverse discriminatory structures, practices and behaviours
in their society through the various roles they play and the attitudes they adopt with
respect to health and nutrition.

As stated in NI’s Program Gender Equality Strategy, “Men have many roles in society,
as fathers, partners, brothers, teachers, health care providers and leaders. When
children and adolescents see male role models displaying positive masculinities that
enable more equitable distribution of household nutrition, health decision-making,
caregiving or professional health-related responsibilities – it can have a multifaceted
effect on promoting gender equality, women’s empowerment and nutrition in the short
and long term.”

Men can experience health and nutrition-related vulnerabilities as a result of socially

constructed models of masculinity (e.g. low nutritional intake due to alcohol or
substance abuse, etc.). Men are also under-represented in the gender equality
discourse at large, hence their engagement is crucial in achieving social change. This
guidance note attempts to provide a summary of best practices in engaging men’s
agency across the plurality of entry points for consideration in health and nutrition
programs. The document includes the rationale for men’s engagement, common
misconceptions, a conceptual model, guiding principles, strategies and ethical
considerations. Specific examples of men’s engagement in health and nutrition and
additional resources are also presented.

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Engaging Men in Children’s Nutrition. Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Alliance in Malawi2

In Malawi, strong commitment was found across the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN)
alliance partners, including government officials from a range of departments
and local NGOs, for male involvement in child nutrition. There, in collaboration
with local SUN partners, the team has scripted a documentary film to reinforce
positive images of men participating to improve their children’s nutrition (e.g.
learning about nutrition, participating in cooking, feeding children, etc.). The
belief there is that with more positive role models, men can be more engaged—
and it is vital for the success of the project that they are.

Understanding the Rationale for Engaging Men and Boys

Much of the literature about men’s engagement and behaviour change for gender
equality has arisen from the programmatic area of violence against women and girls
(VAWG), including movements such as the White Ribbon Campaign3, UN Women’s
HeForShe4 and the comprehensive behavioural change work of international
organizations such as Promundo5. Nevertheless, the health and nutrition sectors also
feature a growing body of practices, experience and evidence emerging from research
that suggest that men’s engagement in health and nutrition specifically contributes
to positive outcomes for women and girls, as well as for communities more broadly,
including boys and men. For example:6
• Research has shown that involving fathers in maternal and newborn health
services in low-income settings can improve key health determinants, including
reduced maternal workload during pregnancy and increased postnatal health care
attendance7
• Other research shows that involving fathers in breastfeeding education and
counselling helped to improve important outcomes, such as initiation of
breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months8
• There is evidence that involved fatherhood with an active role in caregiving can
actually improve men’s own physical and mental health9
• Men’s engagement has also proven effective in reducing cardiovascular disease
risk for male and female patients with type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension10

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 Despite this growing body of evidence, there remains pervasive misconceptions that
limit the interest and capacity of organizations to engage men in gender equality, health
and nutrition.

Table 1. Common Misconceptions About Men’s Engagement in Gender Equality,

Health and Nutrition

Misconception Reality
Gender equality is the responsibility of both women and men.
Women and men both have the potential to eliminate or
Gender equality is a exacerbate gender issues. Some gender equality issues even
women’s issue put men at greater risks (e.g. excessive intake of salt or
saturated fat, alcohol, tobacco) than women. Everyone can
benefit from gender equality, not just women.
While health and nutrition are roles traditionally assigned to
Women’s and chil-dren’s
women and girls, this is a gendered social construct. Men can
health and nutrition are a
and should engage in the promotion and practice of health
women’s responsi-bility
nutritional behaviours for their own sake and their family’s.
Men, women, their families and society at large have a lot to gain
from men’s participation in gender-sensitive health and nutrition,
notably:
• Greater knowledge, skills and autonomy as caretakers
Men have nothing to gain
• Better physical/mental health and nutrition outcomes for
from engaging in gender
themselves/their family
equality, health and
• Better self-esteem and social recognition
nutrition.
• Better relationships with their spouse and children
Furthermore, gender equality is not a zero-sum game. When
men relinquish privileges, they do not lose benefits to women.
Instead, they produce benefits for everyone involved.

Masculinity (e.g. attributes, behaviours and roles associated with

men and boys) is a social construct. Men have as much potential
Men are not nurtur-ing and
to be nurturing and caring (as they have to be vio-lent or
caring
careless) if they are brought up and socially encouraged to
behave this way.
Most men welcome opportunities to participate in health and
Men/men’s groups cannot
nutrition. Generating such opportunities builds mutual trust
be trusted as partners and
between women and men and reinforces men’s beliefs in their
agents of change.
potential as agents of change.

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Understanding the Scope of Issues and Strategies Covered Within
Male Engagement

Engaging men in promoting gender equality through health and nutrition happens
at many levels. Men are not a homogeneous group. Individual men occupy different
professional positions and roles in society, often simultaneously. They are at
times fathers, husbands, sons, clients, beneficiaries, health service providers,
parliamentarians, agents of changes, allies, etc. This means that the programmatic
entry points for engaging men in health and nutrition are as diverse as those positions
and roles.

Strategies to engage men can indeed focus on changing the knowledge, behaviours
and attitudes of individual men. But comprehensive multi-sectoral, long-term
strategies are more likely to generate benefits for women, men, families and
communities through approaches that combine efforts at the individual, community,
institutional and policy level. The following model by the International Center for
Research on Women (ICRW) shows how a combination of interventions to challenge
gender norms and masculinity and engage men in gender equality at different levels
can lead to sustainable social gains. 11

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 Figure 1. The ICRW Conceptual Model for Male Engagement12

Ultimate Goal:
Enhanced and Sustainable
Gender Equity and Positive Social Development

(Empowerment) • Men’s enhanced relationships with

Communities
• Women’s increased participation in partners, children, and extended • More inclusive, productive
decision-making (enhanced agency) family members decision-making at the household,
at the household, community, community, institutional, and policy
• Men’s enhanced life satisfaction
institutional, and policy levels levels

• Women’s increased participation in alternative masculinities • Increased household and

income-generation activities community economic and social
• Increased uptake of health
stability through expanded ability to
• Women’s increased access to services and decreased risk-taking
earn money and access resources
behavior due to reconstruction of
justice, health services) masculinities

• Women‘s increased leadership and

political participation

GENDER NORM TRANSFORMATION & DECONSTRUCTION OF THE GENDER BINARY

Gender transformative Increase in gender-equitable
behavior change and social action knowledge and attitudes

Leverage momentum to extend change across societal levels

PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES

Individual Community Institutional Policies

Examine, question, and Create collective action Create more gender- Engage with authority
around equitable gender equitable institutions
of masculinity and norms and behaviors and service provision in of gender-equitable
femininity the workplace, schools, policies and reform
health centers, and justice gender-equitable policies
Provide individuals with
system (e.g., around paternity
skills and resources to
leave or women’s
challenge the status quo Ensure enforcement of
property rights)
laws that promote gender
Address harmful gender
equality
norms around masculinity
and femininity
FOUNDATIONAL

฀
Formative research and participatory program design (including a gendered cultural analysis) to
CONDITIONS

3  Gender฀Conceptualization of gender-transformative
Equity and Male Engagement: approach
It Only Works When from
Everyone inception
Plays initial engagement
International Center for Research on Women
intervention

Where and How Men’s Engagement in Gender Equality and Women’s

Empowerment Takes Place

While there is wide diversity of interventions focusing on men’s engagement at

individual, community, institutional or policy level (or a combination of these), several
trends have emerged with respect to the thematic areas, spheres and modes of
engagement in which this work takes place.

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The thematic areas under which men’s engagement generally takes place includes:
• Gender equality with a focus on men’s roles, interests and needs;
• Violence prevention;
• Fatherhood and caregiving;
• Health, sexuality, early pregnancy prevention and HIV prevention
• LGBTQ issues

Currently, spheres of men’s engagement in gender equality and empowerment of

women occur in institutions in which discrimination is most likely to take place, for
instance:
• Health facilities
• Home
• Schools
• Sports
• Religious institutions
• Public institutions
• Media outlets

The modes of engagement or types of activities may include:

• Individual counselling
• Group work with men
• Group work with men and women
• Men as allies to women
• Men as brothers
• Men as fathers of girls or allies to girls’ issues
• Research
• Policy/political engagement
• Campaigns
• Networking
• Media work
• Publications/website

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 Guiding Principles

• Start young. Engaging boys or young men to revisit stereotypical ideas around
masculinity and men’s roles in the household is most effective when done at a
young age when individuals have fewer preconceived notions of gender norms
and roles. Nevertheless, remember that even young boys are active participants in
perpetuating or dismantling gender stereotypes.
• Men are not a monolithic and homogeneous group. Beyond a diversity in
social roles, they are diverse by virtue of their class, status, position, age, religion,
sexual orientation and attitudes, etc. Intersectionality operates just as much
within male gender identities as they do in women’s (e.g. for instance, experiencing
acute discrimination and marginalization as a homosexual black man in an
underprivileged neighbourhood).
• Behaviour change does not occur in a vacuum. For men to adopt new models
of masculine gender identity, they need to be in an environment in which they
can exercise behaviours and express attitudes associated with those identities
safely. Peer pressure plays a huge role in confining men into retrogressive forms of
manhood, regardless of their willingness to change.
• Engage with men and boys as potential agents of change instead of “shaming
and blaming” them. While it is important to hold men accountable for their
behaviour, valuing their contribution to interventions that promote gender equality
has proven beneficial in increasing health outcomes.
• Develop messages on men’s engagement and gender equality that avoid a
zero-sum game mentality (e.g. the notion that gender equality and women’s
empowerment leads to losses for men). Rather, messaging should confront power
imbalances and set realistic expectations.
• Promote alternative and positive forms of masculine gender identities that
recognize:
• Men’s role in caring and nurturing
• Gender as a dynamic social construct, rather than static biological fact
• The diversity of masculine identities, needs, interests and opinions
• Men’s and boys' emotional and physical vulnerability and needs
• Empathy, compassion and altruism as a core value
• Feminism as an instrument of social progress, and that boys and men can—
but are not obligated to—be feminist to support gender equality and feminist
movements

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• Encourage men and boys to openly discuss the opportunities and constraints
of traditional masculinity. For instance, consider the following questions: 13
• What rules define masculinity and how are they imposed?
• Does the concept of masculinity limit men’s life choices?
• How can traditional masculine norms be challenged?
• How should a “contemporary masculinity” be defined?
• How are boys’ food consumption linked with gender norms and body image?
• How do young fathers integrate a nurturing role into their masculine identity?
• What role can women play in broadening men’s options?
• Promote accountability to women’s organizations, gender equality, and
women’s empowerment by:
• Acknowledging women’s existing contributions
• Creating opportunities to leverage this work and to collaborate with women
and women’s groups
• Ensuring that men’s efforts are accountable to women’s rights and
empowerment, women’s organizations and women themselves

Programmatic Strategies, Practices and Entry Points

In addition to the guiding principles mentioned above, there are practical strategies,
practices and entry points that are recognized as good practice and that NI staff and
partners can integrate as part of their work. Some of these focus on specific phases
within project cycle management (e.g. project design, etc.) while others are approaches
to be considered as part of specific activities (e.g. trainings). These include:

• In addition to engaging women and girls, engage men and boys in gender analysis
to get a more nuanced, multi-perspective and sophisticated portrayal of gender
dynamics and gender barriers.
• Identify issues within nutrition that men may face by virtue of their gender identity.
This makes for more informed policies and programming and contributes to
getting buy-in from men for gender equality and women’s empowerment.
• Engage men in training on nutrition and child care to strengthen nutrition outcomes
AND raise men’s awareness of their domestic role and responsibilities.
• Use training to unpack gender norms among male role models, teachers, health
service providers (e.g. health workers), etc.

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 • When possible, use a gender-synchronized approach, meaning that stakeholders
of various gender identities collectively discuss gender transformation. For
instance, holding discussions about the benefits of gender equality for men
and toxic masculinity with women, also allows women to challenge their own
preconceived notions of what it means to be a man.
• Support the development of policies that facilitate the engagement of men in the
domestic sphere (e.g. male parental leave, etc.).
• If you seek to target men or boys’ group, engage “exceptions to the rule” as “change
model” or “champions”. These are particularly open-minded boys and men who are
likely to be able to act as role models in the community.
• Engage with progressive men’s groups such as the Men’s Network for the Social
and Political Rights of Indigenous Populations in Guatemala or nutrition research
initiatives focused on men such as World Food Programme (WFP)’s Participatory
Action Learning (PAL) project in Senegal. 14
• Identify and collaborate with community leaders/influencers. These might include
influential youth, adults, religious leaders and local authorities.

Examples of Men’s Engagement in Health and Nutrition Programs

Engaging men in health and nutrition can be done through a variety of strategies. Some
are comprehensive, all-encompassing strategies that capitalize on men’s agency
and invite them to revisit their preconceived notions of power and gender roles at
home and in the community. Others focus on men’s role in formal employment. Text
boxes 2 and 3 present two examples of men’s engagement in health and nutrition with
significantly different scope.

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Men, Domestic Partnerships and the Gender Champion Approach. USAID's
SPRING in Senegal 15

USAID’s multi-sectoral nutrition project, Strengthening Partnerships, Results,

and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING), is cultivating gender champions
in Senegal to promote gender-sensitive best practices for improved nutrition.
The intervention uses the Gender Champion Approach as part of its behaviour
change strategy to work with men.16 The innovative element of this approach
is that it focuses on couples and capitalizes on male/female relationships
in the household. By conducting community visits (usually guided by local
organizations), SPRING project officers can recruit candidate couples who
are identified as potentially effective change agents. Couples are then invited
to take part in a gender training and are provided with a space to share
domestic skills and unpack gender roles. Facilitators explain the implications
of collaborative/egalitarian relationships on nutrition outcomes to training
participants. They are also provided with advocacy skills and a training
certification, which means that upon their return in the community, they can
voice and demonstrate positive behaviours to other citizens and promote more
equalitarian household practices to influence others.

Ultimately, male participants contribute significantly more to traditionally

feminine tasks such as collecting water, gardening and enforcing hygienic
practices with family members (meanwhile, women were encouraged to play
a larger role in decision-making on finances, food purchases, etc.). This has
practical implications on the amount of time available to women to breastfeed,
cook healthy meals and rest while pregnant. Benefits generated by this
approach include greater cohesion within the household, improved health
and nutrition outcomes for the whole family and a visible challenge to gender
stereotypes and traditional gender norms in the community.

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 Engaging Men in Paid Care Work Opportunities17

In Lesotho a study was conducted to understand the gender dimensions of

the Early Care Child and Childhood (ECCD) program, which takes the form of
community-based nurseries or preschool where children are supplied with mid-
morning snacks and lunch by WFP. ECCD caregivers are sourced from within
the community and are paid a nominal fee for their work. Even though the posts
are open to both women and men, the majority of caregivers are female because
many men feel it is not a suita-ble role for them. When men are involved, they do
not usually engage in cooking or other “female” tasks, even though all tasks are
supposed to be shared among the ECCD caregivers.

Community leaders, district authorities, ECCD caregivers and parliamentarians

are all making efforts to encourage more men to engage in these paid care work
opportunities. This has resulted in an increas-ing number of men becoming
ECCD caregivers. Mofuta, a male caregiver at in one of the ECCD centres
argues that these men still face a lot of criticism from other men since caregiving
is considered to be women’s responsibility. He said, “despite the criticisms, I
always engage in discussions with young boys in my area to consider taking this
career. It may take time but with more advocacy it will soon be uni-form.”

The project also benefits men as fathers and their children. In particular, it
provides an opportunity for them to build intimacy with their sons and model
new skills and caring behaviours that ultimately help boys to develop their own
self-confidence. 18

For additional case studies and tools pertaining to engaging men in sexual and
reproductive health and rights (SRHR), maternal newborn and child health, fatherhood,
HIV/AIDS prevention and gender-based violence, please consult ‘’Engaging Men and
Boys in Gender Equality and Health: A global toolkit for action.’’ (UNFP, Promundo and
MenEngage. 2010) 19

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Ethical Considerations

In closing, there are some ethical considerations and risks which NI staff and partners
should carefully navigate when pursuing engagement practices with men and boys:
• Shift in focus. A focus on men’s engagement runs the risk of lessening the
attention and investment paid to practices and strategies focused on women
and girls. Both are important and are part of the Gender and Development
(GAD) approach but there must be a recognition that much of the limited gender
equality focus and resources have to date been centered on the strategic and
practical gender needs of women and girls because they have historically been
discriminated against.
• Portrayal. NI staff and partners should avoid portraying men in a stereotypically
negative light. For instance, fathers can be portrayed as playing a limited role in
food purchase, preparation and distribution or they can be recognized for their
potential as caring and nurturing family members. Similarly, they can be portrayed
as the main perpetrators of violence against women or as change agents with the
power to stop street harassment, domestic violence, to protect their daughters
from early marriage etc.
• Tensions. Identifying and challenging traditional gender norms, male privileges
and toxic masculinity (e.g. as part of a gender training) often initially produce
a certain degree of social tension as some men can react defensively. This is
a normal reaction, even for open-minded men, because examining one’s own
gender identity and position in society is a long-term process, that is fueled by
emotions and is often uncomfortable, particularly for men who are not traditionally
encouraged to express emotions and vulnerability. Acknowledge and welcome
discussions around these tensions and stimulate a climate of self-reflection,
respect and mutual accountability between men and women.
• Stigma. Similarly, encouraging men to revisit their gender identity, to adopt new
behaviours (caring, nurturing, protective, etc.) and roles (purchasing food, cooking,
providing health care for children, etc.) that are traditionally seen as feminine may
initially result in them being stigmatized, mocked or even threatened by other men,
especially those who resist such changes. NI staff and partners are encouraged to
be cognizant of this risk and supportive of men who courageously challenge deeply
entrenched social norms, particularly in patriarchal and religious societies.

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 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Breakthrough’s Tools for Men’s Engagement

https://us.breakthrough.tv/tools-for-action/

Engaging Men and Boys in Gender Equality and Health: A global toolkit for action. UNFP,
Promundo and MenEngage. 2010. http://www.unfpa.org/publications/engaging-men-and-
boys-gender-equality-and-health

Engaging Men, Changing Gender Norms: Directions for Gender-Transformative Action.

Men Engage-UNFPA Advocacy Brief. 2014. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/brief-
engaging-men-changing-gender-norms

Gender Equity and Male Engagement: It Only Works When Everyone Plays. International
Center for Research on Women (ICRW). 2018. https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/
uploads/2018/02/ICRW_Gender-Equity-and-Male-Engagement_Brief.pdf

Maternal and child nutrition: What about men? By Kim Harding, Technical Advisor,
Supplementation in Pregnancy. Nutrition International. June 25, 2015.
https://www.nutritionintl.org/2015/06/maternal-and-child-nutrition-what-about-men/

Men and Gender Equality: Online Discussion Report. European Institute for Gender
Equality (EIGE). 2014. https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/men-and-gender-
equality-online-discussion-report

Men and Violence: Resources to engage men and boys. Ottawa Coalition to End Violence
Against Women. http://www.octevaw-cocvff.ca/resources-how-engage-men-boys

MenCare: A Global Fatherhood Campaign. https://men-care.org/

Promundo’s Gender Equality in Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS). The program

integrates gender-transformative approaches into development initiatives, including
approaches to engaging men for women’s economic empowerment.
https://promundoglobal.org/programs/gender-equality-aquatic-agricultural-systems/

State of the Worlds’ Fathers. https://sowf.men-care.org/

The Aim Framework: Addressing and Involving Men and Boys to Promote Gender
Equality and End Gender Discrimination and Violence
http://www.michaelkaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/kaufman-the-aim-
framework.pdf

The Involvement of Men in Gender Equality Initiatives in the European Union. Study
Report. European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). 2012. https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/
eige-publications/involvement-men-gender-equality-initiatives-european-union

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REFERENCES

1. NI Program Gender Equality Strategy. 2018. P.4.

2. Innovations from the Field. Gender mainstreaming from the ground up for the World Food
Programme. Synthesis Report. Alyson Brody et al. WFP, IDS and Bridge. 2014. Available at:
https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp273602.pdf
3. https://www.whiteribbon.ca/
4. https://www.heforshe.org/en
5. https://promundoglobal.org/
6. https://www.nutritionintl.org/2015/06/maternal-and-child-nutrition-what-about-men/
7. https://jech.bmj.com/content/69/6/604
8. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0890334413491833
9. https://sowf.men-care.org/
10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26438195
11. Alternatively, the Ecological Model from the Prevention Institute breaks is broken down
into six similar areas, namely: Strengthening individual knowledge and skills; creating
supporting peer and family structures; strengthening social institutions by educating
health and social service providers and teachers; mobilizing community members;
changing organizational practices; and influencing policy legislation at the societal level.
(Source: Engender Health Manual)
12. Gender Equity and Male Engagement: It Only Works When Everyone Plays. International
Center for Research On Women (ICRW). 2018. P.3. Available online: https://www.icrw.org/
wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ICRW_Gender-Equity-and-Male-Engagement_Brief.pdf
13. Men and Gender Equality: Online Discussion Report. European Institute for Gender
Equality (EIGE). 2014., p.9
14. Innovations from the Field. Gender mainstreaming from the ground up for the World Food
Programme. Synthesis Report. Alyson Brody et al. WFP, IDS and Bridge. 2014. P.12.
15. For more information about SPRING, please visit: https://www.spring-nutrition.org/
16. For a comprehensive explanation of the Gender Champion Approach, please visit: https://
www.spring-nutrition.org/publications/briefs/couples-champions-gender-equality
17. Example extracted from ‘’Innovations from the Field. Gender mainstreaming from the
ground up for the World Food Programme. Synthesis Report.’’ Alyson Brody et al. WFP, IDS
and Bridge. 2014. P.12.
18. https://www.hivsharespace.net/sites/default/files/resources/MSH%20Success%20
Story%20Lesotho%20ECCD%20Teboho%20Ralitlhare.web_.pdf
19. Available online at: http://www.unfpa.org/publications/engaging-men-and-boys-gender-
equality-and-health

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WWW.NUTRITIONINTL.ORG