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2220501 Unit IV (B Part) Lecture Notes

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2220501 Unit IV (B Part) Lecture Notes

Uploaded by

uttkarsh verma
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Signal ?

 A signal is defined as a fluctuating quantity or impulse whose


variations represent information. The amplitude or frequency
of voltage, current, electric field strength, light, and sound can
be varied as signals representing information.

 A signal can be simply defined as a function that conveys


information.

 Signals are represented mathematically as functions of one or


more independent variables.

 Examples: voltage, current, electric field strength, light,


sound, etc.

2
Biomedical signals
• Biomedical signals means the bio-signals which are generated
in biological systems only.

• Biomedical signals are observations of physiological activities


of organisms, ranging from gene and protein sequences, to
neural and cardiac rhythms, to tissue and organ images.

• Examples of biomedical signals:


ECG (Electrocardiogram) signal,
EEG (Electroencephalogram) signal, etc.
How biomedical signals are generated ?

• Biomedical signals are electrical or magnetic signals generated


by some biological activity in the human body.

• Human body is composed of living tissues that can be


considered as a power station.

• Action of living tissues in terms of bioelectric potentials


generate multiple electric signals from two internal sources-
muscles and nerves system.
What are biopotentials
• An electric potential that is measured between points in living cells,
tissues, and organisms, and which accompanies all biochemical
processes.
• Also describes the transfer of information between and within cells
Classification of Biomedical Signals

• Bioelectric Signal
• Bioacoustics Signal
• Biomechanical Signal
• Biochemical Signal
• Bio-magnetic Signal
• Bio- optical signal
Bioelectric signal

• The electrical signals which we can measure mainly


on the surface of the body is known as bioelectric
signal.

• It is generated by muscle cells and nerve cells.

• Basic source is the cell membrane potential.

• Examples: ECG, EEG, EMG, EOG


Electrocardiography (ECG)
• Measures galvanically the electric activity of the heart
• Well known and traditional, first measurements by Augustus Waller using capillary
electrometer (year 1887)
• Very widely used method in clinical environment
• Very high diagnostic value

2. Ventricular 3. Ventricular repolarization


depolarization

1. Atrial
depolarization
Electrocardiography
• The heart is an electrical organ, and its activity
can be measured non-invasively
• Wealth of information related to:
– The electrical patterns proper
– The geometry of the heart tissue
– The metabolic state of the heart
• Standard tool used in a wide-range of medical
evaluations
ECG principle
Cardiac Electrical Activity
ECG basics
• Amplitude: 1-5 mV
• Bandwidth: 0.05-100 Hz

• Largest measurement error sources:


– Motion artifacts
– 50/60 Hz powerline interference

• Typical applications:
– Diagnosis of ischemia
– Arrhythmia
– Conduction defects
12-Lead ECG measurement
• Most widely used ECG measurement setup in clinical environment
• Signal is measured non-invasively with 9 electrodes
• Lots of measurement data and international reference databases
• Well-known measurement and diagnosis practices
• This particular method was adopted due to historical reasons, now it is already
rather obsolete Goldberger augmented leads: VR, VL & VF Precordial leads: V1-V6

Einthoven leads: I, II & III


EINTHOVENS TRIANGLE

15
Why is 12-lead system obsolete?
• Over 90% of the heart’s electric activity can be explained
with a dipole source model
 Only 3 orthogonal components need to be measured,
which makes 9 of the leads redundant
• The remaining percentage, i.e. nondipolar components,
may have some clinical value

• 12-lead system does, to some extend, enhance pattern


recognition and gives the clinician a few more projections
to choose from
…but….
• If there was no legacy problem with current
systems, 12-lead system would’ve been
discarded ages ago
Origination of the QRS - Signal
ECG - applications

● Diagnostics
● Functional analysis
● Implants (pace maker)
● Biofeedback (Heartrate variability, HRV)
● Peak Performacne Training, Monitoring
Normal sinus rhythm
RATE
• P wave rate 60 - 100 bpm with <10% variation - Normal
• Rate < 60 bpm = Sinus Bradycardia
- Results from:
- Excessive vagal stimulation
- SA nodal ischemia (Inferior MI)
• Rate > 100 bpm = Sinus Tachycardia
- Results from:
- Pain / anxiety
- CHF
- Volume depletion
- Pericarditis
- Chronotropic Drugs (Dopamine)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
• An electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of
the brain.

• Typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although
invasive electrodes are sometimes used in specific applications.

• EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the
neurons of the brain.

• In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous


electrical activity over a period of time, as recorded from multiple
electrodes placed on the scalp.

• Diagnostic applications generally focus on the spectral content of EEG, that


is, the type of neural oscillations (popularly called "brain waves") that can
be observed in EEG signals.
EEG Signal

Fig.: EEG signal originating from the brain

• The Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of electrical activity


originating from the brain.

• It is recorded on the surface of the scalp using electrodes, thus the


signal is retrievable non-invasively.
• Signal varies in terms of amplitude and frequency
• Normal frequency range: 0.5Hz to 50 Hz.
EEG Electrode – cap locations of
the 10/20 system
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• The 10-20 system of electrode placement for
EEG recording.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• The commonly used terms for EEG frequency
range:
– Delta (0.5-4 Hz): deep sleep
– Theta (4-8 Hz): beginning stages of sleep
– Alpha (8-13 Hz): principal resting rhythm
– Beta (>13 Hz): background activity in tense and
anxious subjects
Electroencephalogram (EEG)

a: delta, b: theta, c: alpha, d: beta, e: blocking of


alpha rhythm by eye opening, f: marker 50 μV, 1 sec
EEG - applications

● Diagnostics (Epilepsy, Oncology, ..)


● Cognitive Sciences
● Sleep Analysis
● Human Computer Interfaces (BCIs)
● Pharmacology
● Intensive Care, Monitoring
Electromyography (EMG)
• Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for
evaluating and recording the activation signal of
muscles.
• EMG is performed by an electromyograph,
which records an electromyogram.
• Electromyograph detects the electrical potential
generated by muscle cells when these cells
contract and relax.
ELECTRODE TYPES

Intramuscular -
Needle Electrodes

Extramuscular - Surface
Electrodes
EMG PROCEDURE

• Clean the site of application


of electrode;
• Insert needle/place surface
electrodes at muscle belly;
• Record muscle activity at rest;
• Record muscle activity upon
voluntary contraction of the
muscle.
EMG Contd.

• Muscle Signals are


Analog in nature.

• EMG signals are also


Analog Signal
collected over a
specific period of
time.
EMG Contd.
EMG processing:

Signal pick up Amplification


& Filtering

Computer Conversion of Analog


signals to Digital signals
Factors Influencing Signal Measured
• Geometrical & Anatomical Factors
– Electrode size
– Electrode shape
– Electrode separation distance with respect to muscle tendon junctions
– Thickness of skin and subcutaneous fat
– Misalignment between electrodes and fiber alignment

• Physiological Factors
– Blood flow and temperature
– Type and level of contraction
– Muscle fiber conduction velocity
– Number of motor units (MU)
– Degree of MU synchronization
Factors That Influence the Signal Information
Content of EMG
Factor Influence
Neuroactivation - firing rate of motor unit AP’s
- no. of motor units recruited
- synchronization of motor units
Muscle fiber physiology - conduction velocity of fibers
Muscle anatomy - orientation & distribution of fibers
- diameter of muscle fibers
- total no. of motor units
Electrode size/orientation - no. of fibers in pickup area
Factors That Influence the Signal Information
Content of EMG
Factor Influence
Electrode-electrolyte - type of material and site
interface - electrode impedance decreases
with increasing frequency

Bipolar electrode - distance between electrodes


configuration - orientation of electrodes relative to
the axis of muscle fibers
EMG signal
What can be learned from an EMG?

• Time course of muscle contraction


• Contraction force
• Coordination of several muscles in a movement
sequence
• These parameters are DERIVED from the amplitude, frequency,
and change of these over time of the EMG signal

• Field of Ergonomics: from the EMG conclusions


about muscle strain and the occurrence of muscular
fatigue can be derived as well
APPLICATION OF EMG
• EMG can be used for diagnosis of Neurogenic
or Myogenic Diseases.
• Rehabilitation
• Functional analysis
• Active Prothetics, Orthesis
• Biomechanics, Sports medicine
Useful Links
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYZ4daFwMa8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSxd0UTt5gQ

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