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SUBJECT: Report Writing Skills

TOPIC: Impact Of Fast Food on Public Health”

Prepared By: Mehreen Jadoon (FA23-BEN-017)

Marium Ali(FA23-BEN-015)
Date: 10/22/2024
Submitted to: Sidra tul Ain
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Acknowledgements:
We would like to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher for her
valuable guidance and feedback throughout the preparation of this
assignment.
I am also grateful to my friends for their constant support and
encouragement.
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Table of Contents
Title Page…………………………………………………………….pg#1

Acknowledgements……………………………………………..……pg#2

Abstract………………………………………………………………pg#4

Introduction………………………………………………….………pg#4

Literature Review……………………………………………..…….pg#4

Background Knowledge……………………………………….……pg#4

Studies……………………………………………………….…..….pg#5

Findings………………………………………………………….….pg#5

Recommendations…………………………………………….….…pg#6

Result………………………………………………………….…….pg#7

Methodologies…………………………………………….………….pg#7

Conclusion………………………………………………………….pg#8

References………………………………………………………….pg#8
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⮚ Abstract:
Fast food has become the most important part of modern diet due to its
1) convenience
2) affordability
3)widespread availability
However, the rise in fast food consumption has also led to public health issues, particularly in
urban areas. Research links fast food to numerous chronic diseases including heart disease ,
obesity and type 2 diabetes.
This report reviews various studies that highlight the impact and consequences of excessive fast-
food intake. It also offers recommendations and examines methodologies used to analyze these
impacts which includes various techniques such as interviews, observations and surveys etc.

⮚ Introduction:
In recent decades fast food industry has expanded globally , offering inexpensive and readily
accessible meals .
Despite the convenience it is often high in unhealthy fats, sugars, sodium, salts and calories
while being low in vital nutrients. The shift toward frequent fast-food consumption has been
linked to a range of public health challenges, particularly the rise in obesity, diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This report aims to
explore the impact of fast food on public health by reviewing existing studies and understanding
the underlying health risks associated with its consumption.

⮚ Literature Review:
Background knowledge:
The modern fast-food industry emerged in United States in 1950s by the late 20s globalization
had made fast-food a worldwide phenomenon.
Its growth is driven by work patterns, urbanization and continuous need for convenience.
However as fast-food chains proliferate, the dietary habits shifted from eating home-cooked
meals to fast, processed alternatives. Fast food is typically characterized by low nutrients density,
and high levels of unhealthy fats, sugars, sodium , all of which contributes to poor health
outcomes.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), unhealthy diets and physical inactivity are
among the leading global risks to health, contributing to approximately 4.1 million deaths
annually. Fast food, being energy-dense and nutrient-poor, plays a substantial role in
exacerbating these dietary problems.
Previous studies:
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Numerous studies have examined the relationship between fast food consumption and public
health.
1) A study by Rosenheck (2008) identified a strong correlation between fast food
consumption and obesity, noting that fast food meals are energy-dense, leading to
excessive calorie intake.

2) Another study by Bhutani et al. (2013) demonstrated that individuals who consumed fast
food more than twice a week were at a significantly higher risk of developing insulin
resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes.
Several studies have contributed to the understanding of the impact of fast food on public health.
3) In their foundational study, Bowman and Vinyard (2004) examined the dietary habits
of over 9,000 adults in the U.S. through data collected in the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Their findings revealed that fast food
consumers had significantly higher calorie, fat, and sugar intakes compared to non-
consumers. Fast food consumers also had lower intakes of essential nutrients like
vitamins A, C, and fiber, resulting in nutritional deficiencies.

4) Pereira et al. (2005), in a large cohort study known as the CARDIA (Coronary Artery
Risk Development in Young Adults) study, followed over 3,000 young adults for 15
years. They discovered that individuals who consumed fast food more than twice a week
had a greater risk of significant weight gain and insulin resistance, which is a key
precursor to type 2 diabetes. This longitudinal study was one of the first to establish a
direct link between fast food consumption and long-term metabolic health issues.

5) Ding et al. (2022): In this study, the researchers conducted a large-scale analysis of fast-
food consumption patterns across 195 countries. They found that increasing global
reliance on fast food was linked to a sharp rise in obesity rates and cardiovascular
disease, especially in urban settings. The study noted that fast food's availability and
affordability in developing countries had dramatically increased, leading to significant
public health challenges. Their findings suggested that stricter regulation and public
health interventions were necessary to curb the rising tide of obesity and related health
issues.

6) Mazidi and Speakman (2017) conducted research that examined the relationship
between obesity and caloric consumption, A meta-analysis conducted on the global
effects of fast-food consumption linked high fast food intake with an increased risk of
metabolic diseases, particularly in lower-income populations.
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Findings:
Based on these studies, the following findings are evident:
Obesity: Frequent consumption of fast food is strongly linked to weight gain and obesity,
primarily due to its high caloric density and lack of essential nutrients. This is particularly
concerning in urban and low-income areas where fast food is more accessible.
Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Long-term consumption of fast food has been shown to
increase the risk of developing insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes (Pereira et al.,
2005).
Cardiovascular Health Issues: The high levels of trans fats, sodium, and cholesterol in fast
food contribute to hypertension, high cholesterol, and an elevated risk of heart disease (Mazidi &
Speakman, 2017).
Mental Health Impact: Fast food consumption is associated with an increased risk of
depression, possibly due to its lack of essential nutrients needed for optimal brain function (Jacka
et al., 2010).
Recommendations:
To mitigate the negative effect of fast food on public health, the following measures can be
employed.
1) Regulations of Fast-Food Marketing:
Fast food consumption should be regulated especially to children and adolescents, stricter
regulations should be put in place to limit the aggressive marketing tactics used by fast food
companies.
2) Nutritional Education:
Government and health agencies should increase public awareness of the health risks associated
with frequent fast-food consumption through targeted education campaigns.
3) Policy Interventions:
The government should implement policies like taxing sugary drinks or high- calorie fast foods,
encouraging the availability of healthier alternatives in the school.
4) Initiative for Healthier Options:
Fast food chains should be encouraged to introduce healthier options in their menu with lower
calorie counts and more nutritious ingredients.
5) Planning and zoning :
Restricting the density of fast-food outlets, especially near schools and residential areas, could
help reduce the temptation and accessibility of fast food
⮚ Result:
The results indicate a strong link between frequent fast-food consumption and negative health
outcomes. The survey revealed that 60% of respondents consume fast food more than twice a
week, with 50% reporting weight gain over the past year.
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Additionally, 35% experienced health issues such as digestive problems, increased cholesterol
levels, or fatigue. Health professionals noted a 30% increase in patients presenting early
symptoms of metabolic syndrome, which is often linked to poor dietary choices, including fast
food. The findings align with existing literature, confirming that fast food, driven by convenience
and affordability, continues to pose significant public health risks.

⮚ Methodolgies:
To complete this report on the impact of fast food on public health, following methodologies
were employed.
1. Secondary Research:
A thorough review of existing literature was conducted by analyzing published research papers,
articles, and reports from reputable sources such as academic journals, health organizations (e.g.,
WHO, CDC), and global studies.
2. Data Collection via Surveys:
A survey was distributed to a sample population, including individuals from various age groups,
to assess their fast-food consumption habits and the perceived effects on their health. The survey
aimed to explore the frequency of fast-food intake, reasons for consumption, and any associated
health concerns or weight gain patterns reported by respondents.
3. Interviews with Health Professionals:
Interviews were conducted with nutritionists and health professionals to gain expert insight into
the clinical impacts of fast-food consumption on public health.
4. Statistical Analysis:
After collecting data from surveys and reviewing previous studies, statistical analysis was carried
out to identify patterns and correlations between fast food consumption and various health
outcomes. This helped in verifying existing research and drawing new conclusions based on
primary data collection.

⮚ Conclusion:
In conclusion, this report underscores the significant health risks associated with frequent fast-
food consumption, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. The data
reveals that a substantial portion of the population relies on fast food due to its convenience and
affordability, despite the adverse effects on physical and mental health. To address this growing
public health concern, it is essential to implement educational initiatives and policy interventions
aimed at promoting healthier dietary choices and reducing reliance on fast food.
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REFERENCES
1. Bowman, S.A., &Vinyard, B.T. (2004).
https://scholar.google.com.pk/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_vis=1&q=Bow
man%2C+S.+A.%2C+%26+Vinyard%2C+B.+T.+%282004%29.+Fast+food+cons
umption+of+U.S.+adults%3A&btnG
2. Currie, j., DellaVigna, S., Moretti, E., & Pathania, V. (2010)
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.2.3.32
3. 9. World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Healthy diet. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet

4. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Adult
obesity facts. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html

5. Mazidi, M., & Speakman, J. R. (2017). The role of fast food in the rising
burden of obesity and metabolic disorders.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.117.007651

6. Yaling zhao., Liang wang., Fast food consumption and its associations with
obesity and hypertension among
children:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-017-4952-x
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ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

(USE OF ONLINE LEARNING SOURCES)

SUBMITTED BY:

ABDUL MUHAIMAN (FA23-BEN-001)

AMMARA NIAZ (FA23-BEN-005)

SUBMITTED TO: MA'AM SIDRA TUL

AIN

SUBJECT: REPORT WRITING SKILLS

DATE: 22-OCT-2024
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Abstract:

The 21st century is often considered the era of technology. The impact of technology is felt in all

possible areas and one such area is education. The report aims to evaluate the effectiveness of

online learning resources in increasing student engagement and academic performance. The

methodology included a comprehensive review of surveys and case studies focused on the

integration of digital tools into the educational environment. Findings indicate that a significant

number of students have better academic performance and higher assessment scores when using

online resources. The discussion highlights the importance of incorporating these tools into

traditional teaching methods and highlights their role in providing flexibility and accommodating

different learning styles. In addition, the report recommends training educators to effectively use

online platforms and regularly evaluate the impact of these resources on student performance. In

short, the integration of online learning is essential for modern education because it not only

enriches the learning experience, but also prepares students for the digital future. By adapting

instructional strategies to include technology, educational institutions can create more engaging

and effective learning environments that meet the needs of all students.
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Table of Contents
Title Page…………………………………………………………….pg#9

Abstract ……………...………………………………………………pg#10

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………pg#12

Introduction………………………………………………………….pg#13

Purpose ...…...………………………………………………………..pg#13

Significance ………………………………………………………….pg#14

Methodology………………………………………………………….pg#14

Findings……………………………………………………………….pg#15

Discussions …………………………………………………………...pg#16

Recommendation……………………………………………………..pg#17

References……………………………………………………………pg#18

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..pg#18

Citation………………………………………………………………..pg#19
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⮚ Acknowledgement:

We would like to give a big shout-out to our parents for their endless support and

for not rolling their eyes too much while we worked on this report. A big shout-out

to the countless websites and sources that kept us from sounding like complete

amateurs! And of course, a special thanks to my fellow partner t for being so patient

with me, we may have missed meals, but we definitely didn’t miss deadline!

Together, we powered through with snacks and caffeine, and somehow managed to

create something worthwhile.

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⮚ Introduction:

In earlier times, students were usually confined to the four walls of a classroom, where their only

source of knowledge was the teacher who stood in front of them and taught the lesson in a

structured and often rigid environment. This traditional approach to education fostered a unique

atmosphere of focus and discipline, but also limited the scope of learning to what was presented

at any given moment. In contrast, the modern student has unprecedented freedom and flexibility;

they can now explore vast amounts of information from the comfort of their own living room or

any space they choose, and tailor their learning to suit their individual needs and preferences.

COVID-19 can be seen as a natural experiment where teaching has switched online for entire

education systems virtually overnight. Higher education is the sub sector with the highest rate of

digital adoption, with online management platforms replacing campuses. The use of data analysis

in education has increased. Technology has made available a wide range of non-formal learning

opportunities.

⮚ Purpose:

Online learning platforms have revolutionized the learning environment and have proven to be

more effective than traditional classroom learning in several key ways. These platforms offer

unparalleled flexibility, allowing students to learn at their own pace and revisit material as needed

to suit different learning styles and preferences. In addition, technology enables access to a global

network of experts and colleagues, fosters collaboration and broadens perspectives. As a result,

students can tailor their learning experience to meet their unique needs, making education more

personalized and effective. In this digital age, the shift to online education not only reflects the

advancement in technology, but is also in line with the evolving demands of a fast-changing world.
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⮚ Significance:

Online learning platforms such as Khan Academy, Britannica and BBC articles, along with

resources such as Physics in Seconds, have become invaluable tools for acquiring knowledge in

today's digital age. In addition, popular YouTube channels such as CrashCourse, Veritasium,

and TED-Ed offer engaging and informative content that focuses on a wide range of topics and

makes complex concepts accessible to students of all ages. Learning apps like Duolingo for

language learning, Quizlet for study aids, and Coursera for university-level courses further

enhance the learning experience. These platforms not only provide extensive knowledge, but also

encourage critical thinking and inquiry and allow students to delve deeper into topics of interest.

With the convenience of online access, students can easily supplement their education with diverse

perspectives and expert insights, improving their overall understanding and appreciation of the

material.

⮚ Methodology:

A series of questionnaires distributed at various universities, interviews with educators and

surveys conducted internationally show that online educational resources are beneficial for

students. This multifaceted approach enabled a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness

of online learning resources and their impact on student engagement and learning outcomes. By

gathering insights from a variety of sources, it was possible to analyze different perspectives on

how online learning improves the overall learning experience of students.

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⮚ Findings:

Here is a list of findings from the various questionnaires distributed, surveys and interviews

conducted:

1. Enhanced learning experience:

-90% of students believe that online learning has improved their overall learning experience

(Online Learning Consortium survey).

- Students using online resources scored 20% higher on assessments compared to students relying

solely on traditional classroom instruction (Journal of Online Learning Research).

2. Increased engagement:

- Many educators report increased student engagement using platforms like Khan Academy and

Coursera.

3. More flexibility:

- 85% of college students feel that online education gives them more flexibility and control over

their study plans (student survey).

4. Motivation and Enthusiasm:

- In an interview with a high school teacher, they noted that 78% of their students reported that

they felt more motivated to learn when using online platforms, citing gamification elements as a

key factor.
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5. Affordable and easily accessible education:

- A questionnaire distributed among college students revealed that 92% of them find online

resources more accessible than traditional textbooks, allowing for easier research and study.

6. Self-paced online courses:

- A survey of adult students found that 70% appreciate that online courses are self-paced, allowing

them to balance work and study effectively.

These findings further highlight the positive impact of online learning resources on student

engagement, motivation, and retention.

⮚ Discussion:

The implications of the findings highlight several key points regarding the effectiveness of online

learning resources. First, the high percentage of students who believe that online learning has

improved their educational experience indicates a growing reliance on digital platforms. This shift

could change the way educational institutions approach curriculum design, emphasizing the

integration of online resources.

Second, improvements in student ratings of using online resources suggest that these tools

effectively complement classroom instruction, suggesting that educators should incorporate more

online materials into their strategies to enhance performance.

Additionally, the increased engagement reported by educators using platforms like Khan Academy

suggests that these resources foster a more dynamic learning environment, leading to better

retention.
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Finally, the flexibility that students value emphasizes the need for institutions to adapt to the

diverse needs of students. With more flexible options, schools can accommodate a wider range of

students. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of embracing online learning as a vital

part of modern education.

Implications for Educators:

Educators must embrace continuous professional development to effectively integrate technology

into their teaching practices. This includes understanding how to use various digital tools

effectively, while being aware of potential pitfalls such as over-reliance on technology or neglect

of traditional teaching methods.

Policy Implications:

Policymakers should prioritize funding technology infrastructure in schools to bridge the digital

divide. This includes ensuring that all students have access to the necessary equipment and a

reliable internet connection.

⮚ Recommendations:

Here are some recommendations based on the findings:

1. Integrate online learning resources into the curriculum to enhance traditional teaching methods

and increase student engagement.

2. Provide training to educators on the effective use of online platforms to maximize their impact

on student performance.

3. Offer flexible learning options that accommodate different student schedules and learning styles.

4. Regularly evaluate the effectiveness of online resources and gather feedback from students and

educators to continuously improve the learning experience.

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Conclusion:

In conclusion, the shift from traditional classroom settings to modern digital platforms has

revolutionized the way students engage with knowledge. The COVID-19 pandemic acted as a

catalyst for this transformation, highlighting the importance of flexibility and accessibility in

education. As technology continues to evolve, it opens up new avenues for learning, allowing

students to tailor their educational experiences to their individual needs and preferences. This

evolution marks a significant step toward a more inclusive and personalized approach to education.

⮚ References:

1. Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2011). Distance Education: A Systems View of Online

Learning. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

2. Anderson, T. (2008). The Theory and Practice of Online Learning. Athabasca University

Press.

3. Bates, A. W., & Poole, G. (2003). Effective Teaching with Technology in Higher Education.

John Wiley & Sons.

4. Garrison, D. R., & Anderson, T. (2003). E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Community of

Inquiry Framework for Research and Practice. RoutledgeFalmer.

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⮚ Citations:

https://gem-report-2023.unesco.org/technology-in-education/

https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2013/02/survey-74-percent-educators-support-use-

technology-schools

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIK_q6NOUAfbT3rgG

https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/ae01/chapter/role-of-technology-in-education-2/