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HW1

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58 views

HW1

Uploaded by

3375116908
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

Functional Analysis: Homework 2

1. Let X and Y be two normed vector spaces. Prove that the norm of any A ∈ L(X; Y ) may be
equivalently defined as
kAk = sup kAxk = sup kAxk .
∥x∥≤1 ∥x∥=1

2. Let X = (Rn , k·k∞ ), and A = (aij )ni,j=1 is a n × n matrix. Prove that

kAxk∞ Xn
kAk∞ = sup = max |aij |
x∈X kxk∞ 1≤i≤n
j=1

3. Let E be an n.v.s. The duality map F is defined for every x ∈ E by

F (x) := {f ∈ E ∗ ; kf k = kxk , hf, xi = kxk }.


2

(a) Prove that


F (x) = {f ∈ E ∗ ; kf k ≤ kxk , hf, xi = kxk },
2

and deduce that F (x) is nonempty, closed, and convex.


(b) Prove that if E ∗ is strictly convex, i.e.

ktf + (1−t)gk < 1, ∀ t ∈ (0, 1), ∀ f, g ∈ E ∗ , f 6= g, kf k = kgk = 1,

then F (x) contains a single point.

4. Let E be an n.v.s. and let H ⊂ E be a hyperplane. Let V ⊂ E be an affine subspace containing


H.

(a) Prove that either V = H or V = E.


(b) Deduce that H is either closed or dense in E.

5. Let E = {u ∈ C([0, 1]; R) : u(0) = 0} with its usual norm

kuk = max |u(t)|


t∈[0,1]

Consider the linear functional


Z 1
f : u ∈ E 7→ f (u) = u(t) dt.
0

(a) Show that f ∈ E ∗ and compute kf kE ∗ .


(b) Can one find some u ∈ E such that kuk = 1 and f (u) = kf kE ∗ ?
2
6. Let E be an n.v.s. and let f ∈ E ∗ with f 6= 0. Let M be the hyperplane {f = 0}.

(a) Prove M ⊥ = span{f }.


|⟨f,x⟩|
(b) Prove that for every x ∈ E, dist(x, M ) = infy∈M kx−yk = ∥f ∥
.
(c) Assume now that E = {u ∈ C([0, 1]; R) : u(0) = 0} and that
Z 1
hf, ui = u(t) dt, u ∈ E.
0

R1
Prove that dist(u, M ) = 0
u(t)dt , ∀ u ∈ E. Show that infv∈M ku−vk is never achieved for
any u ∈ E \ M .

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