~·: To determine angle of minimum deviation for agiven prism by plotting agraph between angle of Incidence 1111

"
, .
PARA1u, r#l
r~ll
v,•
'c'- ,.- •
, ,,t I.
t •

:~ Prism, drawing board, white paper, needles, protector, graph paper and metre scale.
fNCIPLE .
.
:~When a light ray falls on one face of a prism, then after refractions on
faces, it emerges out of the prism.
The angle between the incident ray and.the emergent ray is called the angle
.• tion (6). The angle of deviation due to a prism depends upon the angle
'dence. On increasing the angle of incidence, the angle of deviation ~ \.
ecreases, becomes minimum for some value of angle of incidence and .
\

gins to increase. The angle of minimum deviation (6m) is different for ,.

• t prism geometries, prism materials etc. .

. terms of prism angle (A) and angle of minimum deviation C6m), the
e index of prism material is given by

...~,
 Nootan Physics Lab Manual-X

po(.l.l:IJH,
1. Fix a white paper on the drawing board using drawing needles.
2. Draw a line XY in the middle of the paper (Fig. 2).
3. On this line XY, mark points Q1, Qz, Q3, Q4, ... at equal distances and draw normals Q 1N1, Qifv2, Q,N3, ••• to ti
line at these points.

~
I
I
I
I
I

-Y

s,
•Sz

w
(: I I , ,

4. Draw lines at angles 30°, 35°, 40°, ... with the nonnals. In the figure, lines are /1 Q1, 12 Q2, 13 Q3, ....
5. Place the given prism is on XY such that its face AB coincides with line XY. Clearly, Q1 Ni, will be the
normal'
this face. Ma!k the boundary of the prism with pencil.
6. Fix two needles P1 and P2 on line f 1Qi, at separation of about 7- 8 cm.
7. See the needles through the prism from face AC. In the sight of the images of needles P1, P2 fix two needles
and S2 such that all the four needles P1, P2, Si, s2 appear in the same straight line.
8. Remove all the needles and the prism and put pencil marks at places of S1 and S2.
9. Draw a line through these needle marks intersecting the face line AC. This line meets the I1 Q1 produced at.
10. Measure the angle of deviation (6 between s S and Ii Q This is the angle of deviation for angle of
) ,

2
1
.
incider
1
1

11 Q1 N1 =300.
11. Repeat the above process by placing the prism at Q2, Q3, ... where the angles of incidence are 35°, 40°, .... a
detennine the corresponding angles of deviation 62, 63, ... .

BSF.RV f.. TION

Table for angles of incidence (i) and angles of deviation (d) :
S. No. Angle of Incidence (i) Angle of Deviation (6)
1. 30° ...
2. 35° ...
3. 40° ...
4. 45° ...
5. 50° ...
6. 55° ...
On the graph paper, draw the curve between the values of angles of incidence (30°, 35°, «J', ... ) and a»gl~
deviations (61, 62, 63, ... ) determined above. The curve similar to that shown in Fig. 3 is obtained. The minim
value of angle of deviation is read on the curve.

J
 Nootan Physics Lab Manual-XII ....,. "~ ~ I ,,
."'.... ~

--~~
..
......... ....~ II
... I
I
□"' =~ ..
"'
I cidence-deviation Curve I; • c5 Curver1rtt+t-H-i..U::
I

l]a~:l:b~~+~~l!B .",II If II I I 11 I ,n I -,. ,. ..

... ,. -

55 .... .. Scale: • ,.: ::

l
fJ:J-i➔H-+~+MH on x-axis, 1Box• 1 ·=~:
,.
.- i
...
....
-...f:Jtf±t:t:::l On Y-axis, 2 Boxes• 1w ":~

---..-
,. ~i ,o
.... ......-•
..
--
E

0 •
,. .. 4)
.. ,. "'
•► ~
•
. "''"" t·"'~
' r,· .
I
.. -- •
W....++-H-t35 6 ...
a++.+4 -++t-t2 S
35~+ +-t-t- 45~+ +-+-t -55
II I I I I J~•~~......__ '-'-fi+ f+l~,l:D
ti±tfdfi:t.:l:"J:+.:f"-t1~r+--+ Angle
~,1
of Incidence i (in degree)
't
t1'1-t+
't-··H·H'-
I l l 111 I l l II I I 11111
M-..u. J
·t--ttti'
t'-t'· ~t-t-t+~..Q:l]
1+-14- +-H-1- ++++i~ +;-,-r,,
11111 .... 111 11'1
rll 11 I 1111•1 11 111111 I I I 1•111 I

From the graph, angle of minimum deviation O>m) = ... •

'
PRECAUTIONS
•
• 1. The needles must be inserted vertical and at distances of 8-10 cm.
2. The angle of incidence should not kept less than 30°.
3. The faces of prism must be properly clean so that the image formed may be bright.
4. The refracting surfaces of prism should not be touched with hands. Prism should
be
5. The i - ocurve should be drawn smooth.
 EXPE RIME NT No. 4
the focal length of concave lens by using a convex lens.

S REQUIRED
bench, convex lens, concave lens, two object needles and four uprights and metre scale.

bject and image distances for a lens are u and v respectively, then for its focal length f ___... --- -
1 1 1
- = --- -------
! V U

.-f = _u_•_v
u-v
to sign convention, u and v are of the same sign and/ is positive. •
f = UV
u+v
 r-

64
RAY DIAGRAM
Imaged
Object needle

Image needle
Object needle

(Fig. 1)

PROCEDURE
1. Estimate the focal length Of given convex lens by making a sharp image of some distant obj
2 • Set the convex lens L on the middle upright and the object needle O on second upright placed
on one side of the lens.
3. Set the image needle J on the third upright on other side of the lens. Ensure that the tips of
on the horizontal line passing through the optical centre of the lens (Fig. 1).
4. Slide the upright carrying needle o such that its inverted image is formed on needle I.
5. Now slide the needle J till the parallax is removed between the image of object needle O and
6. Note the positions of 0, L and Jon the scale.
7. Repeat the experiment 4 ors times by changing the distance LO by 5 cm in each set.

OBSERVATI ONS
Table for u and v :

s.
No.

1.
2.
Position of
Object Needle 0
, a (cm)
Position of
Convex Lens L
b(cm)
Position of
Image Needle I
c(cm)
u=a-b
(cm)
v=b-c
(cm)
I
3.
4.
5.

CAlCULATI0NS
1. By u-v Graph: The origin is taken at (0, 0). The object distance (u)
is taken on X-axis and image distance (u) on Y-axis. Taking equal suitable
scale for u and u, graph is drawn. The shape of the curve is rectangular
hyperbola (Fig. 2). A line is drawn through the origin O making an angle
1
of 45° withX'-axis. The coordinates of pointP at which this line meets the
1 1 1 .
curve are equal i.e., PA= PB. In the equation, - - - = f puttmg
u u

U=-U (;;]
2 1
-=- or,.u = 2
u f I

X'
Numerically, I u I = I v I = 2/. Thus the coordinates of P are
determined, each being 2/. The half of this provides the focal length.

, I
 I ..
, '

ard and reverse biasing.

forw
draw i-V characteristic curves for junction diode in

kATus ReQurne:o os tat , plug key an d 6-volt ban

meter, microarnmeter, vo ltm ete r, rhe
ction diode (or transistor), milliam
 .... •> 1:• , . • + .1;:,,;, r7is¥ t '*

Nootan Physics r-ab Manual

84
pioNCIPLE
d In the N-rypc cry
To fonn n P.N junction, a P-typ~ crystol (• J ln :, f holes Is smu
·I al)I'<' con lers ore electrons while In P s o ted with n N-type crystnl by n special mt'tho mob1li1y o , I a). Wh
rht' l ,' ,' IO thnr of electrons. In lhe . •type crystnl the c:hnrge corrfers ere tht• holes. The
c'(HIIP•'n . ed I I f absence of l'Xtt-mol bntterv no cummt flows Lhrough the Junction. (fl~.
(1:1 1 h)
! •ror 1s us n P nee o a Junction di0dt\~ tJle.l
one terminal of the transistor Is left unconnecrec1 M·
·" '
•
rr,,ns -~
p N Em tter
• • • •
•• ••• •• • •• • p N p
Free End
• • •
o Holo (-1) • Eloctron (-)
Transistor as II Diode
ca, <b>
(Fig. 1)

CIRCUIT DIAGRA M
The p-n junction diode can be connected across an external battery In rwo ways :
ao<l neg;
1. Forwa rd Biasing : In which the positive terminal of external battery is connected to P-rype crySrnl
terminal of battery to N-type crystal of the diode (Fig. 2).
/( -
Mllllemmeter
p N p

low +
Potential _::c_
Battery _

(Fig. 2)

2 Reverse Biasing : In which the positive terminal of the external battery is connecte
d to N-type cry5tal anl
negative terminal of the battery to P-type crystal of the diode (Fig. 3).
K p N P
Mlcroammeter

High -.:C:- Voltmeter

Potentlal --::r-
Battery --:C-
+

(Ffg. 3) •
ROCEDURE
) Forward Basing :
battery, rh
I. Prepare the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 2 by connecting the diode (or the transistor),
milliammeter, voltmeter, etc. In the present case transistor has been used (in place of junction diode).
voltages are
2. Apply different values of voltages on the device by means of rheostat (Rh). The values of these
from the voltmeter. The current corresponding to each voltage is noted from the milliarnmeter.
Nootan Physics Lab Manual-XII
3. On increasing the applied voltage, a state is reached when ~e current_ begins to incre~ r, .
4. Take the applied voltage on X-axis and the current on Y-axis. By taking proper scales, Pl ~
and by joining them a smooth curve is obtained (Fig. 4). ot ~
•:•1::•..1••········.........................
:·::n:::::::::1: I ••••••:■1111111■111111
111
.
111, . . . . . . .
IIHIUlllul•■ ••ttlll■■■ III Ill:■ fH ■IIUI
1IHHII It
""""I•
........ i '"I:":'"'"'
.. u ••••• • ~:"'""'.,.,,.,.,
■ t11:•:•11H ■Hl ■ IIIIIII
• ......................... • I"'""'.
• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ■ Ill
::::.:,1 ·:::":::::::: .. ::::::::::::::::::::::::,::::
,,...,.s,1 ••,!! ....,... •• '" 1111 11111
tllH UHt■ iJHHll ■ I . . . . . . . .•••••••••••••••"
. . . . . . . . . . .Hl■I ,a11e■
:::::■::::::::: :::::::: •I :•:::1:·:::::::::::::::•:r::::::
....:..:!••····....... ,..:...................:........
.:....:::::::.; ::::::::::::: ~ ,:::::::::::::::::::.:::::::·
::::.1·••■■ •••11••······
::::::::::::::1
.........................
•••••••••••••••••••••::::::::
::: ...::::::::::::::::::::r ••••••••
D ••••••••·••••••••••·H•■•■•••
.................... ,........
' ...:::::::::::::::::::,:::::::::
1■•11•■•H ■·l•l• ■■1••••••
·········1···..·········
:::::::::.:::::::::::::: •••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••
........................
■u••••••••••••••••••••• • s··················'··········
•••••••••••••••••.. •••••••••••
::...:J1................... a•······"·········•,·••·-······
: : : : · • · : : : : : : : : :: : : : :: : : : : : : : :: : : : :: : : : : : : ,1 : : : : : :: : : :

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:: :::::::::::::::~•:::: :·::::::::
···~•11r1•11:t•&-1•. .·····"·"·'·······••1111••·••11
:•:..:1:-.1:~:ii.:li:iM::::~!~!!:::;::.::.:::::,:::::::
..•~6...............
...........--' h••:a!l";!Ai•w~;\!1.1:~••
·•·:Y.1 ..!r.Yl"r..c!~:r.Yr.r.11..

..........................
•·:......................... .. · -.·•.....
;i:::::::::::::::::::..." ·
•u••••••••t■••••••••••••••·■ el:•
... ::
..........................
,..................... fil,
.. ····················· ······••·••···················
...........................
...........................
II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.........................
•
I •

a•1111■11••••1t••·••n••····

·············••·••··········
I • ,. ,llj ••

Zener :::::::: :::::::::::::::: 11•::::::::::::::=-::::::::::::

·····••■•■••·••■■•■••··· •I fit:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ft■t•■•■•■••········••■••■••
........................
Volta e ::1:::::::::::::::::::::
........................ ..............................
. . . . . . . . H■H•■••·••• ■ttl
...........................
l:IHlll■•IHl■•■■■ IIHlllll•t

........................ .. ..M••••••••••••••••••••••••••
:::::::::::::::·:::~:1::: . •
.
............................
::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::
,.

..:::,:::::::::::::::::::::
.................... •II 11••:::::::::::
••••••••••••••••11••• ■■•
:::::::·::::::::::::::::: ..............................
w::::::::::::::::::::::::::.
'
:::::::::::::::
........................ .·WJ··························
..........................
.................................
......................... 111.
.........................
..........................
• .........................

:::::::= :::::::::::::::::::\,:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
···············•··••·····--······••--■•••"·••······. .·••·•--

(Fig. 4)
Reverse Biasing :
1. Prepare the circuit diagram is prepared as shown in Fig. 3. In place of milliarnmetei; use
circuit "!IC;RDli,

2. Using the rheostat, apply different voltages on the devic~ and not~ the values from VO
corresponding values of current from micro~eter.
3. Draw graph between the values of voltage and current and obtain smooth curve (Fig 4). In this
the current first remains almost constant and at some voltage, current suddenly increases to a

Forward Blasing Reverse Bf

Applied Voltage V Applied Voltage V
(volts) Current (I) (in rnAJ
(volts)
.....
I I I

(
·"
...
...,.. .,.I
()
b. ! ,
1.: 1.:
0 . ., ~ .-

The V-i curves for both the cases are shown in Fig. 4.
TIONS
In the forward biasing, the voltage applied should be very much low so that junction may not
Current in the diode or tr~istor should not be passed for long time, otherwise it will bum.
 -.
Sec tion

Ac tiv itie s A
1·\Cl'l \Tf\'
--- --- -
1
I \It,

To measure the resistance and Impedance of an Inductor with and without Iron core.
, ,...,._.._..,1u, RFQUh UO
I·~• r
r, a key. rheosta t. a batt
D.C. volnn~ter, D.C. ammeter, step down transformer, AC. voltmeter, AC. ammete
inductor, a soft iron core (capable of being inserted into the inductor).

p,.,~:,:o>I E
then the resistan ce
If voltage Vis applied across the coil and I is the current flowing through the circuit
(without the core) is given by
V
R=-
1 thout car
through the coil wi
In the A.C. circuit, if Va.c. is the voltage across the inductor and la.c. is the current
impedance
V.
Z=~
la.c.
and current change s to r a
When the iron core is introduced inside the coil, let the voltage changes to V'ac
impedance Z' is given by f /

z• = Va.c.
1~.c.

We have
z = .jR2 + XL2 = ✓R2 + L2w2
Z' = .jR2 + xi2 = ✓R2 + L'2w2
and
Since (I)= 2ef, where /=frequ ency of AC.
L = ~n Al
2 A =area of cross-section of the coil.
and
2
L' = µn Al l = length of coil
Also,
2
= ~µ, n :Al n = number of turns per unit length of coil
µ, = relative permeability
and

Pt-.~CL OURE •
To measure the resistance of the inductor
1. Make connections as shown in Fig. 1.
2. Note the least count and the zero error of D.C. ammeter and D.C. voltmeter.
3. Insen the plug key K. Note the readings of V and A.
4. By changing current in the circuit take different readings of V and A.
5. Calculate the resistance R = V.
I
ootan Physics Lab Manual-XII
To me.:isure the impedance of the inductor
1. Remove the plug key Kand make connections as shown in Fig. 2.
2. Note the least count and the zero error of A.C. ammeter and A.C. voltmeter.
3. Insen the plug key K.
4. Keep the A.C. voltmeter at the minimum measurable value Va.c. and note the corresponding A.C,
reading la.c..
5. Take different sets of readings by changing Va.c. and reading corresponding Ia.,.·
6. Now insen soft iron inside the core of inductor and repeat the experiment to obtain sets of Vet c. and r
•c.•
A.C.Maln

+
•1
I<
a.Jr--< - J V V V \ -
Rh
+
CJ
_,,,,,.....,..__ Step Down
Transformer
A 0.C.
I Ammeter

A.C. Vo,'tmeter A A.C.

Ammeter
Inductor
Inductor I(

11 .. , "

ISERVATIONS

1. Resistance of inductor coil

Least count of D.C. voltmeter = .... V
Zero error of D.C. voltmeter= .... V
Least count of D.C. ammeter = .... A
Zero error of D.C. ammeter = .... A
Voltmeter Reading V(volt) Ammeter Reading/ (amp) V
Resistance, R • -(
Observed Corrected Observed Corrected I

2. Impedance of inductor coil (without iron core)

Least count of AC. voltmeter= .... V
Zero error of AC. voltmeter= .... V
Least count of AC. ammeter = .... A
Zero error of A.C. ammeter= .... A.
Voltmeter Reading V(volt) Ammeter Reading 10 , (amp)
Observed Corrected Observed
Resistance. Z•
Corrected

-
-
-
 r ,..h ManU
Noo tan PbYsiCS 1,.0U
98 f indu ctorcoil (W1.th iron core)
3. trnPedance o
r1 v. (
5J~0.
Voltmeter Reading V' a.c. (volt)
Observed Corrected
Amm eter Read lngfa.c. (amp)
Observed Corrected
~, ,.
Z' == - -
-

1
.... .... .... - -.
2
.... .... .... --
_,

.... .... --
3 .... -
Mea nZ'

,l, '"' .• l
• A comparison indicates that R < Z < Z'.

-'P.E.C:"I.UTlONS
1. zero error of amm eter and voltmeter must be carefully determine
d with sign.
2. Connections must be tight.
 (: i,,,
t\{' J •\ t 1\ .:
- - ·-

To measure resiSlance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and che~k continuity of a given circuit using muHimeter.
J\r p ,RA fUS REQU! nEO
Given carbon resistors, an eliminator with tappings (2 V, 4 V and 6 V), a step down transformer, a multim eter
plug key. •
PHINCIP LE
A resistor is the tool which opposes the flow of current. The resistance
of resistors may vary from a fraction of ohm to several mega ohm and the 1 2 3
power rating from a low value of 0.1 W to a high value of many hundred watt.
Commonly used resistors are made of mixture of carbon and graphite. The
value of resistance is marked in the fonn of coloured rings on the body with
colour code as follows.
ootan Physics Lab Manual-XII
lour Black Brown Blue Violet Grey White
R~d Orange Yellow Green
Ring 1 0 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5
8 9
..
Ring 2 7
0 1 2 3 4 5
5
6
6 7 8 109 10-1
..
RJng 3 10• 101 102 10
3 10• 10 10 10 10

The 4th ring indicates the tolerance as follows

Gold ± 5%
Silver ± 10%
No Colour ± 20%
When D.C. potential difference is applied across the ends of a resistors, D.C. current flows through it and With,._
urcc connected, A.C. flows through the resistors.
AOCEDU~ f
Measurement of Resistance
1. Mark the given resistors R1, R2, R3 etc. and note the respective colour code.
2.. After connecting the leads to the multimeter (black lead to the common
terminal and red lead to the positive terminal); turn the terminal ~djust'
such that the meter needle shows full deflection. Black Red
3. Connect the metallic ends of the probes to the metallic ends of the resistor
[Fig. 2 (a)]. o Multimeter
◄• Read the deflection of the pointer and note the reading.
(Fig. 2 a)
S. Repeat the experiment for different resistors.
6. Compare the obtained values with the decoded values from colour codes.
) Measurement of D.C. Voltage :
1. Take the D.C. source (either a battery or battery eliminator.)
2. Turn the selector switch towards D.C. to the range IO V.
3. Connect the metallic ends of the probes to the two terminals of battery (i.e.,
Red Black
black on the negative terminal and red on the positive terminal) [Fig. 2 (b)].
4. Note the reading of the multimeter. .
5. Repeat the experiment for different values of D.C. voltages. To Multimeter
Measurement of A.C. Voltage
(f"lg. 2b)
1. Turn the selector switch of the multimeter towards A.C. to the range 250 V.
2.. Now connect the metallic ends of the probes to the two terminals of battery
[Fig. 2 (c)].
3. Note the readings of the multimetet
4. Repeat the experiment for different values of A.C. voltages.
Measurement of Continuity of given Circuit.
1. Turn the selector switch of the multimeter towards MO(Part A).
2. Connect the metallic ends of the probes to the two selected points (A and B, To Multimeter
Band C, C and D, etc.) of the given circuit (Fig. 2 (d)].
(Ag. 2 e)

A B R C
Given Circuit 1-----"'rvvi..r.r---

• Note the full scale deflection indicating continuity.

 Manual-
Nootan Physics La b

colours of Var\ous Strips {rlngs) Value of Resistance Multimeter percentag

1 •from Colour Code Reading o1fferenc
1. 3 4
(Q} (0 )

'Jo\tage?__:,m ~ e~ a~ su r~ em :; :e n: :: :t :. .: ~ -~ ~ -- ,-
~.

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ~ -- -- -- -- -- -; ;
• Spectt\c Voltage Multimeter
t,..C./0.C S.No. Difference
between the Terminals Reading
source (V )

u.c. 1.
2.
source 3.
~ed A.C. 1.
2.
Source 3:

fp,ECA\J'T\ONS
Do not connec.t the probe ends be tw een
the ba tte ry terminals.
 A C T IV IT Y 3
A IM
three (on-011) switche s, a tuse and a power source.
,
cuit comprising of three bulbs
•
To as se mble a ho us ehold cir
ED
A PP A RA TU S R EQ U IR
10 V w ith ta pp in g of 4V, 6V, 8V, m ai n switc
of
tin g w ir es
s . (e ac h of S V. 1 W ) fuse of 0.6 A, power source
ec re e bu lb
connTh

PR IN CI PL E
ns su pp ly w ith cu rr en t ra ting of SA (l SA for
mai
eh ol d ac tiv iti es in In di a it requires 220 V. SO Hz s connected in parallel to th e m ai n supply, w hi le
For ho us ay
A.C. re
rifr
esig
. er at io ns , et c. ), All th e appliances are alw
coad
lo likteed in se
nnsec
P A O < . ·" " •t 't
,,S.
I<,. " " h ,w il.-h,- S 1, S,,
l'Afalld Wl\h •• d •
1> , lt 1, J I, ,
l, C \" " 'N t l>\,1 h '' " In ., ,1 ., lo
.."· b ,·
2, Clh
\\ \'n~nf,.,_~ <ht- l>\,lt-,,
h th e pc .,,,'C 'r so m « - a , a.hows '"
s~ri,t-,t " It
3-. <~
t, ,, ~ '1 th ~ '' '- '• h \
\\,c\l,
c-rhuc-nt.
~'~ ~ f\ .\ f~ )'( )U $ li t" th " C-ltp
\ ~ \'\ t'- .'\ lit •. s~
,n f'' l< 'h thc-n C
U m 'n t
4, (S \t 1 ,0 \\ ')
,_ .$ ti
"' ·on s
"ioUf ~
fo s- .,~ t lf b u tb $ •• 'C ' (\ f
d r•

' ... !. _l_:2 - o ,~ ,

\' ... s P ow ,.,
IC
F~
tl t f ' J t ~ 0 .6
A. Source
"n t d ra w n sh o u ld Malrl
rt
,, lh s to ta l \' U rr O lO II Jv ~
1-\v 3 t-
"•c"'"' . .__..,. ak~ ro n n tt ti o n s. ..
(l l,,i 1l

,T s to m
l' ~ i1 u u ta t" 1 il o
 4
l":: ~ lbe ~ t s of a Qlftn elec:trical cin:ult.
~~ ~T'\.J'S Rc~U ' r,\.-f\
~--,-"-
....... ~- 3.rntn e~. voltme ter. battery . ke~~ etc.
~~lJR .E

<:.::-~ eq t h e ~ and induct or in series ,,'ith the battery as

s..::0 ,,-n in Pig.. 1.
C<:l..:l :i~ the amme ter A in series for measu remen t of curren t.
Co.::ne -ct the volun eter \ • in paralle l "qth the circuit for
-.....~-~
- .. ~~ ..::...~ ent of potent ial drop.
t ,, 1 1l
 :
n Physics Lab Manual-
Noota

cted In serieris W flcJl Otf1et

jth
,l)J be conne
uld
~ "nd L sho ould be connected ,Il..l _~ ea_
111erc
r sh ld '-- nected ln I\ A -• •1eJ.
con
crcr shou ~
1• r-•111
,,111
,.
j. \\_l
11111
e - ---- ------
va- V o c
-VJ

J\lls· zero.
a - ,_ , •
t rnean s q u-...- Yaaue otA.C. vo
ita,e.
th e roo
1t indicates 'I I
.,u1s. fI

Choke coil. ,,
i\JIS•
ge.
= p e a k volta
Ans. 2Vofn, Vo

"1 nl
or Wirt ror I study CU
In potenlial drop Wltll lengtb I
Ta study the va
rfaUon ecting wi
oltmeter, joclcey and conn
a D.C. v
one way b J a battery of 3\C
t, a n~
eter, a rheosta I<

porenr
A porenriom

ial gra
of_ em f E ~
When ad~ieelnlt K 1s set up m the W
L then
~ across the
c o n nire,
en ds o f potentiometer wire, ,- - - - . 1 -

-
----1:

-----
I
--
/IE' (),---

o f wire B • ~
If the length VAl•KL t, desired p.d
. up to a A
nce l apar
fre duta
g a ny tw o points on the w
By rappinL can be obtained.
maximum o fK
ted. 0CI
Pig. 2 is mmpJe
i930
es ~----
d ia gram a s shown in
su ch that the voltmeter giv
J. The circuit d and the rheonat I, ,e t
se
Key K is clo ection. ckey.
2. nd-wend to jo
full scale fl e end of voltmeter at A a will give zero dellection.
d e
tiv eler
3. Connect posi ey a t the end A. 1be vohm cm ......... 400 cm and note
Touch the jo ck 100 cm . 15 0
cey a t SO cm,
4. e.
eter In each ca&
s. Touch the joclding readings o l the voltm
the correspon
...... A
n t o f a m m e te r • .......... .. A
Least c o u ..............
f a m m e te r•
Zero eITOr o la n e te r • ................ V
• •
n t o f v o .... .. Y
Least co u ........
volbneter • ..
Zero e rr o r oaf nt c u n e n t • .........._ .. A
v alue of const

S.No.
1.

----- ---
2.
3.
~
Nootan Physics Lab M
-
S•
6.
-
anual-XII
- -- - -- ---
7.
8.
9.
10.
y
Graph , Pl X xis and V along
y · h • ot the graph between V and l by taking l along -a
-axis, as s own in fig. 3.
Slope of line = !!E_ _ L1V
AC - =...........
V l,~
~
tI ---- -----
AL
I I

RESlll I
~ ~
1• As graph between V and l is a straight line, therefore Vex: 1•
2• The potential drop along the wire is ........... V cm-1,

PRECAt I ' ION\

1. Zero errors in instruments must be properly applied.
2. Connections must be tight.

- - - - - - - - - - - - Viva-Voce
I ' -1
( 't\Ur I • '"I
·~II1 1, I I I 11:11111i ,,,,, ·1111 ti;;• 11!:, 1,

Ans. It is change in potential per unit length unit is volt/m i.e., Vm •

C•n,·· )1·1•· ,· i /· ,,
Ir·,.··
I .,.,:i.1 ., .• :-. t'al di t · 1
c • ~ .• ,11·11·.,1 ,, ·,·I '"'• .,. t· value of poten 1 gra en at the
•11, , . , , , . , . , .•

. . . . .
Ans. The electric mtens1ty at a point 1s equal to the nega ive
,l• ' ;,., , . .. ;
()m·.,; It 1•,,/.-1111 ;I •,. ' '• t t r • ' ._ , , , ~ f , ' I •
1 • • It 't

Ans. When dV = o
dr
or dV =0 ⇒ V =constant.
i.e. potential is constant (may or may not be zero).
Qt11·, l_ \\1.i,·(, I · , .. 111- ''"! J••• • 1.1;,,,.,, ,·• •1 '''•'" '. ' •

on of
Ans. Potentiometer is superior because it gives potential difference in the open conditi
I I

Q1,,•.-: I I·,,, 11,l ••, ".,, I ·11 .,· "' '"'·'

. ·, '" • .. . •I ,-: I

Ans. By increasing the length of potentiometer wire.

:{ "'
.t.:·~ ;yh, ~}

, key, ammeter
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising of at least a battery, a resistor/rheostat
correct the circuit and circuit diagram .
the components that are not connected in proper order and

PARAn,s Hr:.QU!Fel'.O
D.C. mills ammetei;
Abattery (0 t6· 6V), a dry cell (1.SV); rheostat, resistance box, two one-way keys,

when the
An open circuit is such a combination of primary components of electrical circuit that
em is drawn from the cell.
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WIii be i •111Jch1 Plssina show

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gh ori
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b<twl
't!n dliiance 11nce.
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j
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ab t T hi , Pl<>Yes that intensity of light dee
ith dfstaace fro 1111011n,, of ll
• tance of IDR.
Llit rests
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rios dlreaiy W

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