MA8353 TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LTPC4004

OBJECTIVES :
To introduce the basic concepts of PDE for solving standard partial differential equations.
To introduce Fourier series analysis which is central to many applications in engineering apart
from its use in solving boundary value problems.
To acquaint the student with Fourier series techniques in solving heat flow problems used in
various situations.
To acquaint the student with Fourier transform techniques used in wide variety of situations.
To introduce the effective mathematical tools for the solutions of partial differential equations
that model several physical processes and to develop Z transform techniques for discrete time
systems.

UNIT I PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 12

Formation of partial differential equations – Singular integrals - Solutions of standard types of first
order partial differential equations - Lagrange’s linear equation - Linear partial differential equations of
second and higher order with constant coefficients of both homogeneous and non-homogeneous types.

UNIT II FOURIER SERIES 12

Dirichlet’s conditions – General Fourier series – Odd and even functions – Half range sine series –Half
range cosine series – Complex form of Fourier series – Parseval’s identity – Harmonic analysis.

UNIT III APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 12

Classification of PDE – Method of separation of variables - Fourier Series Solutions of one
dimensional wave equation – One dimensional equation of heat conduction – Steady state solution of
two dimensional equation of heat conduction.

UNIT IV FOURIER TRANSFORMS 12

Statement of Fourier integral theorem – Fourier transform pair – Fourier sine and cosine transforms –
Properties – Transforms of simple functions – Convolution theorem – Parseval’s identity.

UNIT V Z - TRANSFORMS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 12

Z-transforms - Elementary properties – Inverse Z-transform (using partial fraction and residues) –
Initial and final value theorems - Convolution theorem - Formation of difference equations –
Solutionof difference equations using Z - transform.

TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
OUTCOMES :
Upon successful completion of the course, students should be able to:
Understand how to solve the given standard partial differential equations.
Solve differential equations using Fourier series analysis which plays a vital role in engineering
applications.
Appreciate the physical significance of Fourier series techniques in solving one and two
dimensional heat flow problems and one dimensional wave equations.
Understand the mathematical principles on transforms and partial differential equations would
provide them the ability to formulate and solve some of the physical problems of engineering.
Use the effective mathematical tools for the solutions of partial differential equations by using
Z transform techniques for discrete time systems.

TEXT BOOKS :
1. Grewal B.S., “Higher Engineering Mathematics", 43rd Edition, Khanna Publishers, New
Delhi,2014.
2. Narayanan S., Manicavachagom Pillay.T.K and Ramanaiah.G "Advanced Mathematics for
Engineering Students", Vol. II & III, S.Viswanathan Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, 1998.
REFERENCES :
1. Andrews, L.C and Shivamoggi, B, "Integral Transforms for Engineers" SPIE Press, 1999.
2. Bali. N.P and Manish Goyal, "A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics", 9th Edition, Laxmi
Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2014.
3. Erwin Kreyszig, "Advanced Engineering Mathematics ", 10th Edition, John Wiley, India, 2016.
4. James, G., "Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics", 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, 2007.
5. Ramana. B.V., "Higher Engineering Mathematics", McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd, New
Delhi,2016.
6. Wylie, R.C. and Barrett, L.C., “Advanced Engineering Mathematics “Tata McGraw Hill Education
Pvt. Ltd, 6th Edition, New Delhi, 2012.
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

UNIT -I
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART – A (2-Marks Questions)
1. Explain the formulation of PDE(Partial differential equation) by elimination of
arbitrary conditions.
Solution:
Let f ( x, y, z , a, b)  0 …. (1) Be an equation which conditions two arbitrary
Constants ‘ a’ and ‘ b ’. Partially differentiating (1) with respect to (w .r .to) x and y We get
two more equations using these three equations we can eliminate the two arbitrary constants
a and b and finally we get the required PDE
2. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from z= ax + by
Solution:
Given z  ax  by ….. (1)
z
 a  p  a …… (2)
x
z
 b  q  b …… (3)
y
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get z  px  qy which is the required PDE
3. Eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from z  ax  by  ab
Solution:
Given z  ax  by  ab ….. (1)
z
a pa …… (2)
x
z
bqb …… (3)
y
Substituting (2) in (1) & (3) in (1), we get z  px  qy  pq , which is the required PDE
4. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from z  ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2
Solution: [AU M/J 2009, 2007]
2 2
Given: z  ( x  a)  ( y  b) ….. (1)
z p
p  2( x  a )  x  a  …… (2)
x 2
z q
q  2( y  b)  y  b  …… (3)
y 2
2 2
 p q
Substituting (2)&(3) in(1), we get z       , 4 z  p 2  q 2 , which is the required
 2  2
PDE
5. Form a PDE by eliminating a and b form z  ( x 2  a 2 )( y 2  b 2 )
Solution: [AU M/J 2007 N/D 2009]
2 2 2 2
Given: z  ( x  a )( y  b ) ….. (1)
z p
p  2 x( y 2  b 2 )  y 2  b 2  …… (2)
x 2x
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 1
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

z q
q  2 y( x 2  a 2 )  x2  a2  ….. (3)
y 2y
q p
Substituting (2)&(3) in (1), we get z 
2 y 2x
pq  4 xyz , which is the required PDE
6. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants in z  ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  1
Solution: [AU M/J 2011 N/D 2007,2008]
Given:
z  ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  1 ….. (1)
z p
p  2( x  a )  x  a  .....( 2)
x 2
z q
q  2(y-b)  y-b  .....(3)
y 2
2 2
 p q
Substituting (2)&(3) in(1), we get z        1
 2  2
2 2
4 z  p  q  4 , which is the required PDE
7. Form a partial differential equation by eliminating the constants a and b from
z  ax n  by n
Solution: [AU M/J 2008, 2009]
Given:
z  ax n  by n ….. (1)
z p
p  anx n 1  a  n 1 …… (2)
x nx
z q
q  bnyn 1  b  n 1 ….. (3)
y ny
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get
p q
z  n1 x n  n1 y n
nx ny
1
z   px  qy 
n
px  qy  nz , which is the required PDE
8. Form a partial differential equation by eliminating the constants a and b form
z  ax 2  by 2
Solution: [AU N/D 2013]
2 2
Given: z  ax  by ….. (1)
z p
p  2ax  a  …… (2)
x 2x
z q
q  2by  b  ….. (3)
y 2y

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 2

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get

p 2 q 2
z x  y
2x 2y
1
z   px  qy 
2
px  qy  2 z , which is the required PDE
9. Form a partial differential equation by eliminating the constants a and b from
z  ax 3  by 3
Solution: [AU M/J 2014]
3 3
Given: z  ax  by ….. (1)
z p
p  3ax 2  a  2 …… (2)
x 3x
z q
q  3by 2  b  2 ….. (3)
y 3y
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get
p q
z  2 x3  2 y3
3x 3y
1
z   px  qy 
3
px  qy  3 z , which is the required PDE
10. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from z  ( 2 x 2  a)(3 y  b)
Solution: [AU A/M 2008,2009]
Given z  2 x  a 3 y  b 
2
….. (1)
z p
p  4 x 3 y  b    3y  b …… (2)
x 4x
z q
q  
 2 x2  a  3   2 x 2  a ….. (3)
y 3
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get pq  12 xz , which is the required PDE
11. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from ( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2  z 2  1
Solution: [AU M/J 2011, N/D 2007,2008]
Given ( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2  z 2  1 ….. (1)
Partially differentiating with respect to (P.d.w.r.to) ‘ x ’ & ‘ y ’ we get
2( x  a )  2 zp  0  x  a   zp …… (2)
2( y  b)  2 zq  0  y  b   zq ….. (3)
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get
(  zp ) 2  (  zq ) 2  z 2  1
 z 2 ( p 2  q 2  1)  1 , which is the required PDE
12. Find the PDE of the family of sphere having their center on the line x  y  z
Solution: [AU N/D 2004]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 3

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

The equation of the sphere is ( x  a ) 2  ( y  a ) 2  ( z  a ) 2  r 2 ….. (1)

P.d.w.r.to ‘ x ’ & ‘y’ we get
2( x  a)  2( z  a) p  0
x  a  ( z  a) p  0
( x  zp)  a(1  p)  0
x  zp
a(1  p )  x  zp  a  …… (2)
1 p
2( y  a )  2( z  a ) q  0
y  a  ( z  a )q  0
( y  zq )  a(1  q )  0
y  zq
a(1  q)  y  zq  a  ….. (3)
1 q
x  zp y  zq
From (2) & (3)  
1 p 1 q
( x  zp )(1  q )  (1  p)( y  zq )
x  qx  zp  zpq  y  zq  py  pqz
 p ( z  y )  q( x  z )  y  x , which is the required PDE.
13. Obtain the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constant a and b from
z  xy  y x 2  a 2  b
Solution: [AU N/D 2011, A/M 2007]
1
Given: z  xy  y ( x 2  a 2 )  b 2
….. (1)
1
z 1 
p  y  y ( x 2  a ) (2 x) …… (2)
2 2
x 2
1
z 2 2 2
q  x  (x  a ) ….. (3)
y
1
(3)  (x2  a2 ) 2  q  x
( x 2  a 2 )  ( q  x ) 2 ….. (4)
Substitute (4) in (2), we have
1

p  y  xy q  x  
2 2

1
 y  xyq  x 
xy y ( q  x )  xy
 y 
qx qx
p ( q  x )  yq  xy  xy
p( q  x)  qy
14. Find the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function f from the

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 4

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

relation z  f ( x 2  y 2 )
Solution: [AU A/M 2008, N/D 2017]
Given:
z  f (x2  y 2 ) ….. (1)
d.p.w.r.to‘ x ’ & ‘y’ we get ,
z
p  f ' ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)
x
p
 f '(x 2  y 2 )  …… (2)
2x
z
q  f ' ( x 2  y 2 ) ( 2 y )
y
q
 f '(x 2  y 2 )  ….. (3)
2y
From (2) & (3), we have
p q
  py   qx
2x 2 y
py  qx  0 , which is the required PDE
 y
15. Form a PDE by eliminating the function from the relation z  f  
x
Solution: [AU N/D 2005, 2014]
 y
Given: z  f   ….. (1)
 x
P.d.w.r.to ‘ x ’ & ‘ y ’ we get,
z  y   y 
p  f '   2 
x  x  x 
2
 y   px
 f '   …… (2)
x y
z  y  1 
q  f '   
y  x  x 
 y
 f '    qx ….. (3)
x
From (2) & (3) we get,
 px 2
 qx   px 2  qxy
y
px  qy  0 , which is the required PDE
16. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function f from the relation
1 
z  x 2  2 g   log x 
y 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 5

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Solution: [AU N/D 2011, A/M 2007]

1 
Given: z  x 2  2 g   log x  ….. (1)
y 
P.d.w.r.to ‘ x ’ & ‘ y ’ we get,
z 1  1 
p  2 x  2 g '   log x   …… (2)
x y  x 
z 1   1 
q  2 g '   log x  2 
y y  y 
1 
2 g '   log x   qy 2 ….. (3)
y 
Substitute (3) in (2), we have
qy 2 2 x 2  qy 2
p  2x   px  2 x 2   qy 2
x x
2 2
px  qy  2x
 xy 
17. Eliminating the arbitrary function f from z  f   and form the PDE.
 z 
Solution: [AU A/M 2004, 2007]
 xy 
Given z  f  
 z 
P.d.w.r.to x &y we get,
z  xy  zy  xyp 
p  f '   2  ….. (1)
x  z  z 
 xy  pz 2
f '   …… (2)
 z  zy  xyp
z  xy  zx  xyq 
q  f '   2 
y  z  z 
 xy  qz 2
f '   …… (3)
 z  zx  xyq
From (2) & (3), we have
pz 2 qz 2

zy  xyp zx  xyq
qy ( z  xp)  px( z  yq)
qyz  pqxy  pxz  pqxy
px  qy , which is the required PDE
18. Eliminating the arbitrary functions f and g from z  f ( x  iy)  g ( x  iy) to obtain a
partial differential equation involving x, y, z .
Solution:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 6

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Given z  f ( x  iy)  g ( x  iy)

z
p  f ' ( x  iy )  g ' ( x  iy )
x
z
q  if ' ( x  iy )  ig ' ( x  iy )
y
2z
r  f ' ' ( x  iy)  g ' ' ( x  iy)
x 2
2 z
t  2   f ' ' ( x  iy)  g ' ' ( x  iy)
y
2 z 2 z
 0
x 2 y 2
z
19. Solve  sin x [AU A/M 2007, 2008]
x
Solution:
z
Given:  sin x
x
Integrating partially with respect to y
z
 x   sin xx   sin xdx
z   cos x  c , where f (x ) is arbitrary. function
2z
20. Solve 0
xy
Solution:
2z
Given: 0
xy
  z 
 0
x  y 
Integrating partially with respect to ‘ x ’
 z 
   f ( y )
 y 
Again integrating  z   f ( y )y
z  F ( y)  d ( x)
 F ( y)   f ( y ) y
21. Solve p  q  1 [AU A/M 2008, N/D 2017]
Solution:
Given p  q  1 ….. (A)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 7

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

This is of the type F ( p , q )  0

 The trial solution is z  ax  by  c ….. (1)
To find complete integral (C.I):
z 
p  a
x 
(1)   ….. (2)
z
q  b
y 
 a  b 1 [Using (2) in (A) ]
b  (1  a )
b  (1  a ) 2 ….. (3)
Substitute (3) in (1) we get z  ax  (1  a ) 2 y  c ….. (4)
Which is a Complete Integral.
To find singular Integral (S.I):
There is no S.I for this type
To find general Integral (G.I):
Let c  f (a ) in (4), we get
z  ax  (1  a ) 2 y  f (a ) ….. (5)
z  1 
 0  x  2(1  a )  y  f ' (a )  0 ) ….. (6)
a 2 a 
Eliminating ‘ a ’ from (5) & (6) we get the general solution of the given pde.
22. Find the complete integral and Solve z  px  qy  2 pq [AU A/M 2018, N/D 2004]
Solution:
Given z  px  qy  2 pq ….. (1)
This is of the type
z  px  qy  f ( p , q ) (Clairaut’s form)
The C.I is z  ax  by  2 ab
To find singular Integral (S.I):
z b
(1)  0x 0
a a
b
x ….. (2)
a
z a
0 y 0
b b
a
y ….. (3)
b
Eliminating ‘ a ’ & ‘ b ’ from (2) & (3) we get
xy  1 , which is singular integral

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 8

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

3 z x y
23. Solve z  px  qy  ( pq ) 2
(OR ) Find the Complete int egral of    pq
pq q p
[AU N/D 2005, 2009 , N/D 2016]
Solution: Multiply both sides by pq
3
2
Given z  px  qy  ( pq )
3
Complete integral is z  ax  by  (ab ) 2

z  px  qy  p 2  q 2
24. Find the complete integral of
Solution: [AU N/D 2008]
Given z  px  qy  p 2  q 2
This is the type z  px  qy  f ( p, q)
The C.I is z  ax  by  a 2  b 2

25. Solve p  q  x  y [AU N/D 2007, A/M 2008]

Solution:
Given p  q  x  y
x p  q y  k
x  p  k, q  y  k
p  x  k, q  k  y
z  pdx   qdy
  ( x  k ) dx   ( k  y )dy
( x  k ) 2 (k  y ) 2
 
2 2
2 z  ( x  k )  (k  y ) 2
2

26. Solve the equation yp  2 yx  log q [AU N/D 2001, A/M 2005]
Solution:
Given yp  2 yx  log q
F1 ( x, p)  F2 ( y, q )  k
y ( p  2 x )  log q
log q
p  2x  k
y
p  2x  k log q  ky  0
p  2x  k log q  ky
ky
qe

z  pdx   qdy
ky
  ( 2 x  k ) dx   e dy

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 9

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

e ky
z  ( x 2  kx)  c
k
This is C.I. there is no S.I
27. Solve the equation p tan x  q tan y  tan z
Solution:
Given: p tan x  q tan y  tan z
Lagrange’s type Pp  Qq  R
Here p  tan x , Q  tan y , R  tan z
dx dy dz
The S.E is  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
tan x tan y tan z
Take

dx dy dy dz
 
tan x tan y tan y tan z
cot xdx  cot ydy
Integrating on both sides cot ydy  cot zdz
log(sin x )  log(sin y )  log c1 log(sin y )  log(sin z )  log c 2
 sin x   sin y 
log   log c1 log   log c2
 sin y   sin z 
sin x sin y
u c1 v c2
sin y sin z

The solution of the given PDE is

 sin x sin y 
  ,   0
 sin y sin z 
28. Find the solution of p x  q y  z [AU A/M 2006, 2007,2010]
Solution:
Given p x  q y  z
Lagrange’s type Pp  Qq  R here p  tan x , Q  tan y , R  tan z
dx dy dz
The S.E is  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
x y z
Taking

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 10

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

dx dy dy dz
 
x y y z
dx dy dy dz
 x

y  y

z
2 x  2 y  2c1 2 y  2 z  2c2
x  y  c1 y  z  c2
x  y  c1 y  z  c2
u x y v y z

The solution of the given PDE is   x  y, y  z  0 

29. Write the subsidiary equation for x 2 p  y 2 q  ( x  y) z
Solution:
dx dy dz
2
 2 
x y ( x  y) z
2z 2z 2z
30. Find the general solution of 4  12  9 0
y 2 xy 2 y
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is 4 m 2  12 m  9  0
12  144  144
m
8
m  3 , 3  Equal roots
2 2
  3    3 
 z  f1  y   x    xf 2  y   x  
  2    2 
2 2
 z  z
31. Find the solution of 4 2  2  0 [AU A/M 2005, 2006]
x y
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is 4 m 2  1  0
m2  1  m   1
4 2
  1    1 
 z  f 1  y   x   f 2  y   x 
  2    2 
2 3
32. Solve the equation ( D3  3DD '  2 D' ) z  0 [AU A/M 2018]
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m 3  3m  2  0

(m  1) m2  m  2  0 
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 11
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

(m  1)  m  1 m  2  0
m  1,1,  2
 z  f1  y  x   xf 2  y  x   f 3  y  2 x 
2  
33. Solve ( D 3  4D 2 D '  4 DD ' ) z  0 where D  '
, D' 
x y
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m 3  4 m 2  4 m  0
m(m2  4m  4)  0
m  0, 2, 2
 z  f1  y   f 2  y  2 x  xf 3  y  2 x 
34. Find the P.I of ( D  4DD' ) z  e x
2

Solution:
1 a  1, b  0
P.I  2 ex
D  4 DD '
1
 2 '
e x0 y Replace D  1, D '  0
D  4 DD
1
 e x 0 y
1  4(1)(0)
P.I  e x
35. Find the P.I of ( D 2  DD' ) z  e x  y
Solution:
To find P.I:
1
P.I  e x y
( D  D' ) 2
1
 e x y
1  1 2

x
 e x y
2 D D '

2
x x y
P.I  e , D  1, D '   1
2
36. Find C.F of ( D 2  2 DD' ) z  0
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m 2  2 m  0
m ( m  2)  0
m  0, m   2
C.F  f1 ( y  0 x )  f 2 ( y  2 x )
37. What is the C.F of ( D 2  4DD '  4 D 2 ) z  x  y
Solution:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 12

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

The auxiliary equation is m 2  4 m  4  0

(m  2) 2  0
m  2, 2
C.F  f 1 ( y  2 x )  xf 2 ( y  2 x)
38. Write the particular integral of ( D 2  DD ' ) z  sin( x  y)
Solution:
1
P.I  2 '
sin( x  y ) replace D 2 by  1, DD' by 1, D' 2 by  1
D  DD
1 x
 sin( x  y )  sin( x  y )
1  1 (2 D  D)
x
 cos( x  y )
2
39. Find the PDE of the family of spheres having their centers on the z-axis.
Solution: [AU N/D 2015]
Let the centre of the sphere be (0,0,c) a point on the z-axis and its radius.
Its equations is
( x  0) 2  ( y  0) 2  ( z  0) 2  k 2
ie., x 2  y 2  ( z  c) 2  k 2 .............(1)
Here c and k are arbitrary constants
Differentiating (1) w.r.to x, we get
z
2 x  2( z  c ) 0
x
x  p( z  c)  0 …… (2)
z
2y  2( z  c) 0
y
2 y  2q( z  c)  0
y  q( z  c)  0 …. (3)
Eliminate ‘c’ from (2) & (3), we get
( 2)  x  p ( z  c )  0
x
zc 
p
y
(3)  z  c 
q
x y

p q
qx  py
40. Solve the equation ( D  D ' ) 3 z  0
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 13

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

(m 1)3  0
m  1,1,1
 z  1 ( y  x)  x 2 ( y  x )  x 23 ( y  x )
 x
41. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function from z 2  xy  f  
z
Solution:
 x
The given equation is z 2  xy  f   ….. (1)
z
Diff (1) p.w.r.to x, we get
 z 
z (1)  x 
z  x  x
2 z  y  f '   
x  z  z2 
 
 x   z  xp 
2 zp  y  f '    2  ….. (2)
 z  z 
Diff (1) p.w.r.to y, we get
 z 
 z (0 )  x 
z  x y
2 z  x  f '   2

y  z  z 
 
 x    xq 
2 zq  x  f '    2  …. (3)
 z  z 
(2) 2 zp  y z  xp
 
(1) 2 zq  x  xq
 2 xzpq  xyq  2 z 2 q  2 xzpq  xz  x 2 p
xyq  2 z 2 q  xz  x 2 p
x 2 p  2 z 2 q  xyq  xz
x 2 p  ( xy  2 z 2 )q  xz
42. Find the complete integral of p  2qx
Solution:
Given p  2qx , this equation is of the form f ( x, p, q)  0
Let q  a
Then p  2ax
Put dz  pdx  qdy
dz  2ax dx  ady
Integrating on both sides we get,
z  ax 2  ay  c …. (1)
Equation (1) is the complete integral of the given equation.

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 14

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Since the number of a.c =number of I.V

Differentiating p.w.r.to c, we get 1 0
Hence there is no singular integral.
General integral can be found out in the usual way.

43. Solve ( D  1)(D  D'1) z  0 [AU N/D 2012]

Solution:
Given ( D  1)(D  D'1) z  0
[D  0 D'1][D  D'(1)]z  0
by working rule,
If ( D  mD  c) z  0, then z  e cx f ( y  mx), where c is abitrary costants
here, m1  0, c1 1
m2  1, c2  1
z  ex f1( y  0x)  ex f2 (y  x)
z ex f1(y) ex f2(y x)
 2 z  2 z z
44. Solve   0 [AU N/D 2013]
x 2 xy x
Solution:
 2 z  2 z z
Given 2   0
x xy x
D2  DD  D  0
D(D  D  1)  0
The roots are m = 0, 1 and c = 0, -1
z  e0 x f1 ( y  0 x)  e x f 2 ( y  x)
z  f1 ( y)  e x f 2 ( y  x)

 
45. Solve D 4  D' 4 z  0 [AU M/J 2014]
Solution:
Given: ( D 4  D' 4 ) z  0
The auxiliary equation is m 4  1  0
(m2  1)(m 2  1)  0
m  1,1, i,i
z  1 ( y  x)  2 ( y  x)  3 ( y  ix)  4 ( y  ix)
46. Find the complete integral of q  2px [AU M/J 2015]
Solution:
Given q  2px, this equation is of the form
F1 (x, p)  F2 (x, p)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 15

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Let q 2px  k
q k 2px k
k
p
2x
z   pdx   qdy
k 1
 dx   kdy
2x
k
 log x  ky  b
2
Which is the complete integral of the given equation.
Hence there is no singular integral.

47. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants ‘a’ and
‘b’ from log(az  1)  x  ay  b [AU A/M 2015]
Sol:
log(az  1)  x  ay  b....................(1)
Partially differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ and ‘y’ we get
1
ap  1
az  1
ap  (az  1)
a( z  p)  1
1
 a ..................(2)
z p
1
aq  a
az 1
 q  az  1..................................(3)
Sub. (2) in (3), we get
z
 q 1
zp
zz p

z p
q( z  p)  p
qz  pq  p
qz  p  pq
p(q  1)  zq
48. Find the complete solution of p  q  1 . [AU N/D 2014]
Solution:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 16

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

p  q  1...............(1)
This is of the type F ( p, q)  0
The trial solution is z  ax  by  c................(2)
z 
p  a
x 
z ...................(3)
q  b
y 
Sub. (3) in (1), we get
a b 1
b  1  a.......... .......... .......( 4)
Using (4) in (2), we get
z  ax  (1  a) y  c Which is C.I
49. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary functions from
f ( x 2  y 2 , z  xy )  0 [AU M/J 2016]
Solution:
Given f ( x 2  y 2 , z  xy )  0
u  x2  y 2 v  z  xy
ux  2x vx  p  y
uy  2y vx  q  x
u u
x y
 0
v v
x y
2x 2y
 0
p  y q  x
2 x (q  x )  2 y ( p  y )  0
2 xq  2 x 2  2 yp  2 y 2  0
2 xq  2 yp  2 x 2  2 y 2
xq  yp  x 2  y 2 , which is the required PDE
50 Find the complete solution of the partial differential equation p 3  q 3  0
Solution: [AU M/J 2016]
Given:
p3  q3  0
f ( p, q )  0
z  ax  by  c

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 17

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Here p  a, q  b
a3  b3  0
a3  b3 ab
 z  ax  ay  c
51. Solve ( D  D'1)(D  2 D'3) z  0 [AU N/D 2015]
Solution:
Given
(D  D'1)(D  2D'3) z  0
[D  (1) D'1][D  2D'(3)]z  0
by working rule,
If ( D  mD  c) z  0, then z  e cx f ( y  mx), where c is abitrary costants
here, m1  1, c1 1
m2  1, c2  3
 z  e f1(y  x)  e3x f 2 (y  2x)
x

52. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary function ‘f’ from
z  e ay f ( x  by ) [AU A/M 2017]
ay
Solution: Given z  e f ( x  by ) -------(i)
Differentiate Partially (i) w.r.t x, and y
p  e ay f ( x  by )    ( 2)
q  e ay af ( x  by ) b    (3)
Compare 2 and 3
q
q  ab e ay f ( x  by )  q  ab p   ab
p
2
53. Solve ( D 3  D 2 D '  8DD '  12D 3 ) z  0 [AU A/M 2017]
3 2 ' '2 3
Solution: Given ( D  D D  8DD  12D  ) z  0
3 2
The auxillary eqn. is m  m  8 m  12  0
The three roots are m = 2, 2, -3
C.F  z  f1  y  2 x   xf 2  y  2 x   f 3  y  3 x 
54. Find the PDE of all spheres whose centre lie on the x-axis. [AU N/D 2016]
Solution: The eqn. of the sphere whose centre lie on the x-axis is
( x  a) 2  y 2  z 2  1
Diff. partially w.r.to x and y is
2( x  a)  2 zp  0
2 y  2 zq  0
y  zq  0 Which is the required PDE

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 18

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

PART –B

PROBLEMS BASED ON LANRANGE’S LINEAR EQUATIONS

1. Solve x ( y  z ) p  y ( z  x ) q  z ( x  y ) [AU N/D 2011, 2014 A/M 2018]

Solution:
Given x ( y  z ) p  y ( z  x ) q  z ( x  y )
Lagrange’s type Pp  Qq  R
dx dy dz
The S.E is  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
x( y  z ) y( z  x) z ( x  y)
Choosing 1, 1, 1 as a Lagrange’s multipliers, we get each of ratio are equal to
dx  dy  dz dx  dy  dz

xy  xz  yz  xy  zx  zy 0
d (x  y  z)  0
 d (x  y  z)  0
x  y  z  c1
u  x y z
1 1 1
Choosing , , as Lagrange’s Multipliers, we get
x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
dx  dy  dz dx  dy  dz
x y z x y z

yz z x x y 0
dx dy dz
  0
x y z
dx dy dz
 x  y  z 0
log x  log y  log z  log c2
log( xyz )  log c2 ; xyz  c2
v  xyz
Result: The solution of given PDE is  ( x  y  z , xyz )  0

2. Solve (mz - ny)p + (nx - lz)q = ly - mx [AU N/D 16 , A/M 16]

Solution:
Given (mz - ny)p + (nx - lz)q = ly - mx
This is of the form Lagrange’s type
Pp  Qq  R

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 19

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

dx dy dz
The S.E is = =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= =
(mz - ny) (nx - lz) (ly - mx)
Choosing l , m , n as Lagrange’s multipliers we get
(ldx + m dy + ndz) ldx  mdy  ndz

l (mz - ny) + m(nx - lz) + n(ly - mx) 0
ldx  mdy  ndz  0
 ldx   mdy   ndz  0
lx  my  nz  C1
lx  my  nz  u
Using Lagrange’s multipliers x, y, z we get each of above ratio is equal to
(x dx + y dy + z dz) xdx  ydy  zdz

(x(mz - ny) + y(nx - lz) + z(ly - mx)) 0
x dx + y dy + z dz = 0
 xdx +  y dy +  z dz = 0
x 2 y2 z2
+ + = C 2 ; x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2C 2
2 2 2
v = x2 + y2 + z2
Result: The solution of given PDE is  (u, v) = 0
 (lx + my + nz, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 0
z z
3. Solve (3z - 4y) + (4x - 2z) = 2y - 3x [AU N/D 2008 ,M/J 2000]
x y
Solution:
z z
Given (3z - 4y) + (4x - 2z) = 2y - 3x
x y
Lagrange’s type + =
dx dy dz
The S.E is = =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= =
3z - 4y 4x - 2z 2y - 3x
Using x, y, z as Lagrange' s multiplier s, each of the above ratio
x dx + y dy + z dz x dx + y dy + z dz
=
3xz - 4xy + 4xy - 2yz + 2yz - 3xz 0
x dx + y dy + z dz = 0
 xdx +  y dy +  z dz = 0

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 20

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

x 2 y 2 z 2 c1
+ + = ; x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c1
2 2 2 2
u = x 2 + y2 + z2
Choose 2, 3, 4 as Lagrange' s multiplier each above ratio is equal to
2 dx + 3 dy + 4 dz 2 dx + 3 dy + 4 dz
=
(6z - 8y + 12x - 6z + 8y - 12x) 0
2 dx + 3 dy + 4 dz = 0
2  dx + 3  dy + 4  dz = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = c 2 ; v = 2x + 3y + 4z
Result: The Solution of given PDE is  (u, v) = 0
 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ,2x + 3y + 4z) = 0
2 2 2
4. Solve (x - yz)p + (y - zx)q = z - xy [AU N/D 2007,10,A/M 2002,2015, 2016]
Solution:
Given (x 2 - yz)p + (y 2 - zx)q = z 2 - xy
Lagrange' s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
The S,E is = =
P Q R
dx dy dz
2
= 2 = 2 .......... .......... .1
(x - yz) (y - zx) (z - xy)
Method of grouping is not possible
Using two set of multipliers x,y,z: 1,1,1 each to the ratio in (1)
x dx + y dy + z dz
= 3
x + y3 + z 3 - 3xyz
dx + dy + dz
= 2
x + y 2 + z 2 - xy - yz - zx
xdx + y dy + zdz dx + dy + dz
= 2
(x + y + z)( x + y + z - xy - yz - zx) x + y 2 + z 2 - xy - yz - zx
2 2 2

xdx + y dy + zdz dx + dy + dz
=
(x + y + z) 1
x dx + y dy + z dz = ( x + y + z).d(x + y + z)
 x dx +  y dy +  z dz =  ( x + y + z). d (x + y + z)
x 2 y2 z 2 (x + y + z)2
+ + =
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z x +y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
2
+ + =
2 2 2 2
xy + yz + zx = c1
u = xy + yz + zx

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 21

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Using two sets of multipliers 0,1,-1 each of the ratio in (1)

dx - dy (dy - dz)
= 2
(x -yz) - (y - zx) (y - zx) - (z 2 - xy)
2 2

dx - dy dy - dz
2 2
= 2 2
(x -y ) + z(x - y) (y - z )  x(y - z)
d(x - y) d(y - z)
=
(x + y)(x - y) + z(x - y) (y + z)(y - z) + x(y - z)
d(x - y) d(y - z))
=
(x - y)(x + y + z) (y - z)(x + y + z)
d(x - y) d(y - z)
 (x - y) =  (y - z)
log(x - y) = log(y - z) + logc 2
 (x - y) 
log   = logc2
 (y - z) 
(x - y)
= c2
(y - z)
(x - y)
Result: v =
(y - z)
 (x - y) 
The general solution is   xy + yz + zx,  = 0
 (y - z) 
2 2 2 2
5. Solve x(y + z)p - y(x + z)q = z(x - y ) [AU N/D 2008 , M/J 2013]
Solution:
Given x(y2 + z)p- y(x2 + z)q= z(x2 - y2 )
Lagrange' s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
The S.E is = =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= =
x(y + z) - y(x + z) z(x 2 - y 2 )
2 2

using x, y,-1 as lagrange' s multiplier s we get each of ratio

x dx + ydy - dz
=
x (y + z) - y 2 (x 2 + z) - z(x 2 - y 2 )
2 2

x dx + y dy - dz
=
0
x dx + y dy - dz = 0
 x dx +  y dy -  dz = 0
x 2 y2
+ - z = c1
2 2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 22

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

x2  y 2  2 z  u
1 1 1
, , we get
Taking the Lagrange’s multipliers x y z
dx dy dz dx dy dz
+  + 
x y z x y z
2 2 2 2

(y + z)  (x + z)  (x - y ) 0
dx dy dz
+  0
x y z
logx + logy + logz = logc 2
log(xyz) = logc 2
xyz  c 2
v  xyz
Result: Solution of given PDE is  ( x 2 + y 2 - 2z, xyz) = 0
6. Solve (x 2 - y 2 - z 2 )p + 2xyq - 2xz = 0 [AU N/D 2001]
Solution:
Given (x 2 - y 2 - z 2 )p + 2xyq - 2xz = 0
Lagrange' s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
The S.E is = =
P Q R
dx dy dz
2 2 2
= =
(x - y - z ) 2xy 2xz
Taking 2nd and 3rd member we get
dy dz
=
y z
dy dz
 y = z
logy = logz + log c 1
logy - logz = log c 1
y
log  = log c 1
z
y
= c1
z
y
u=
z
using x, y, z as lagrange' s multiplier we get each of above ratio is equal to
x dx + y dy + z dz dz
2 2 2 2 2

x(x - y - z ) + 2xy + 2xz 2 zx

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 23

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

2xdx  ydy  zdz  dz


 2 2 2 2
x x  y  z  2 y  2z 2
zx 

d x  y  z2
2

dz 2


2 2
x x +y +z 2
zx 
d x 2
 y2  z2 = dz
 x2 + y2 + z2  z
log(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = log z  logc 2
 x2 + y2 + z2 
log  = logc 2
 z 
2 2 2
x +y +z x 2 + y2 + z2
=c v= 2
z , z
 y x 2 + y2 + z2 
Result: The solution of given PDE is   ,  = 0
z z 
7. Solve ( y - xz)p + (yz - x)q = (x + y)(x - y) [AU M/J 2004, 2005]
Solution:
Given (y - xz)p + (yz - x)q = (x + y)(x - y)
Lagrange' s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
The S.E is = =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= = 2 2
(y - xz) (yz - x) (x - y )
Choosing x, y, z as lagrange' s multiplier s, we get each above ratio is equal to
x dx + y dy + z dz
=
xy - x z + y 2 z - xy + zx 2 - zy2
2

x dx + ydy + z dz = 0
 x dx +  y dy +  z dz =0
x 2 y2 z 2
+ + =c
2 2 2
x + y +z 2 = c1 , c 2 = 2c
2 2

u = x 2 + y 2 +z 2
Choosing y , x ,1 as Lagrange’s Multiplier, we get
ydx  xdy  dz

y  xyz  xyz  x 2  x 2  y 2
2

y dx + x dy + dz = 0 ; d(xy) + dz = 0
d (xy + Z) = 0
 d(xy + z) = 0
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 24
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

xy + z = c 2 ; v = xy + Z
Result: The required solution is  ( x 2 + y 2 +z 2 , xy + z) = 0
8. Solve pzx + qzy = y 2 - x 2 [AU N/D 2008, A/M 2009]
Solution:
Given pzx + qzy = y 2 - x 2
Lagrange' s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
= = 2 2
zx zy y - x
dx dy
Consider =
zx zy
dx dy
=
x y
dx dy
 x = y
logx = logy + logc1
logx - logy = logc1
x
`log  = logc1
y
x
  = c1
y
x
u =  
y
choose x,-y, z as a lagrange' s multiplier s, then the ratio are equal to
x dx - y dy + z dz xdx  ydy  zdz
2 2 2 2

zx  zy  zy  zx 0
0 = x dx - y dy + z dz
0 =  x dx -  y dy +  z dz
x2 y2 z2
c2 = - +
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 c2 = x - y + z
x 2 - y 2 + z 2 = c2
v = x 2 - y2 + z2
x 
Result: The Solution of given PDE is   , x 2 - y 2 + z 2  = 0
y 
9. Solve x (z  y ) p  y (x  z ) q  z (y  x )
2 2 2 2 2 2 [AU N/D 2016]
Solution:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 25

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Given x (z 2  y 2 ) p  y (x 2  z 2 ) q  z (y 2  x 2 )
Lagrange’s type Pp  Qq  R
dx dy dz
Formula The S.E is  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
x(z  y ) y(x  z ) z(y  x 2 )
2 2 2 2 2

Choosing x, y, z as a Lagrange’s multipliers, we get each of ratio are equal to

xdx  ydy  zdz xdx  ydy  zdz
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

x z x y  y x  y z z y z x 0
 ( xdx  ydy  zdz )  0
x2 y 2 z 2
   c1
2 2 2
u  x2  y 2  z 2
1 1 1
Choosing , , as Lagrange’s Multipliers, we get
x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
dx  dy  dz dx  dy  dz
x y z x y z
2 2 2 2 2 2

z y x z  y x 0
dx dy dz
  0
x y z
dx dy dz
 x  y  z 0
log x  log y  log z  log c2
log( xyz )  log c2 ; xyz  c2
v  xyz
Result: The solution of given PDE is  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , xyz )  0
10. Solve x 2 ( y  z ) p  y 2 ( z  x )q  z 2 ( x  y ) [AU N/D 2010]
Solution:
Given x 2 ( y  z ) p  y 2 ( z  x ) q  z 2 ( x  y )
Lagrange’s type Pp  Qq  R
dx dy dz
The S.E is  
P Q R
dx dy dz
2
 2  2
x ( y  z ) y ( z  x) z ( x  y )
1 1 1
Choosing , , as Lagrange’s Multipliers, we get
x y z
We get each ratio in (1),

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 26

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1 1 1 1 1 1
dx  dy  dz dx  dy  dz
x y z x y z

x( y  z )  y ( z  x)  z ( x  y ) 0
dx dy dz
Hence,   0
x y z
dx dy dz
 x  y  z 0
log x  log y  log z  log a
log(xyz)  log a
 a  xyz
1 1 1
Taking the Lagrange’s multiples are x 2 , y 2 , z 2
We get each ratio in (1),
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
dx  2 dy  2 dz 2
dx  2 dy  2 dz
x y z x y z

( y  z )  ( z  x)  ( x  y ) 0
1 1 1
Hence, 2
dx  2 dy  2 dz  0
x y z
1 1 1
 x 2 dx   y 2 dy   z 2 dz  b
2 2
x dx  y dx   z 2 dx  b
x 1 y 1 z 1
  b
 1 1  1
1 1 1
x 1  y 1  z 1  b     b
x y z
Result: Hence, the general solution is f (a, b)  0
 1 1 1
i.e, f  xyz, , ,   0 , where f is arbitrary
 x y z
11. Solve the partial differential equation ( x  2 z ) p  (2 z  y)q  y  x
Solution: [AU N/D 2011,17]
Given ( x  2 z ) p  (2 z  y)q  y  x
This equation is of the form lagrange's linear equation
Lagrange' s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= = ….. (1)
x - 2z 2z - y y - x

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 27

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

taking the lagrange' s mulipliers are 1,1,1 we get

dx  dy  dz dx  dy  dz
each ratio in (1)  
x - 2z  2z - y  y - x 0
hence d ( x  y  z )  0
integrating we get x  y  z  a
Taking the lagrange's mulipliers are y, x,2z we get
ydx  xdy  2 zdz ydx  xdy  2zdz
each ratio in (1)  
xy - 2zy  2xz - xy  2 zy - 2zx 0
Hence, ydx  xdy  2 zdz  0
i.e, d ( xy)  2 zdz  0 [ d ( xy)  xdx  ydy]
Integrating we get
2z 2
xy   b  xy  z 2  b
2
Result: Hence the general solution is f (a, b)  0
f ( x  y  z, xy  z 2 )  0
12. Find the general solution of x( y 2  z 2 )  y( z 2  x 2 ) q  z ( x 2  y 2 )
Solution: [AU A/M 2001]
2 2 2 2 2 2
Given x( y  z ) p  y ( z  x )q  z ( x  y ) ….. (1)
Lagrange’s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= = 2 ….. (2)
x( y  z ) y( z  x ) ( x  y 2 )
2 2 2 2

Taking the Lagrange’s multipliers are x, y, z we get each ratio in (2)

xdx  ydy  zdz xdx  ydy  zdz
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

x ( y  z )  y (z  x )  z (x  y ) 0
xdx  ydy  zdz  0
Integrating we get,  xdx   ydy   zdz  0
x2 y2 z2 a
  
2 2 2 2
x2  y2  z2  a
1 1 1
Use the Lagrange’s multipliers , , we get
x y z
Each ratio in (2)
1 1 1 1 1 1
dx  dy  dz dx  dy  dz
x y z x y z
 2 2 2 2 2 2

y z z x x y 0

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 28

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1 1 1
i.e, dx  dy  dz  0
x y z
1 1 1
Integrating we get,  dx   dy   dz  0
x y z
log x  log y  log z  log b
log( xyz )  log b
i.e, xyz  b
Result: Hence the general solution is f (a, b)  0
i.e, f ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , xyz )  0 Where f is arbitrary.
13. Solve: (y2+z2)p – xyq + xz = 0 [AU N/D 2013]
Solution:
Given: (y2+z2)p – xyq + xz ….. (1)
Lagrange’s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
2 2
= = ….. (2)
y +z  xy  xz
Taking the Lagrange’s multipliers are x, y, z we get each ratio in (2)
xdx  ydy  zdz xdx  ydy  zdz
 2 2 2 2

xy  xz  xy  xz 0
xdx  ydy  zdz  0
Integrating we get,  xdx   ydy   zdz  0
x2 y 2 z 2 a
  
2 2 2 2
x2  y2  z2  a
x2  y2  z2  a
Taking 2nd and 3rd member , we get
Each ratio in (2)
dy dz

 xy  xz
dy dz

y z
1 1
Integrating we get,  dy   dz
y z
log y  log z  log b
 y
log   log b
z

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 29

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

y
b
i.e,
z
Result: Hence the general solution is f ( a, b)  0,
y
i.e, f ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , )  0 Where f is arbitrary.
z
14. Solve the Lagrange’s equation  x  2 z  p  2 xz  y q  x 2  y.
Solution: [AU M/J 2014]
Lagrange’s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= = 2
x  2z 2 xz  y x  y
Choose multipliers x,-1,-1
xdx - dy - dz xdx - dy - dz
2 2
=
x  2xz - 2xz  y - x  y 0
xdx - dy - dz  0
 xdx -  dy -  dz  0
x2
 y  z  C1
2
Choose Multipliers y,x,-2z
ydx  xdy - 2zdz ydx  xdy - 2zdz
2 2
=
yx  2yz  2x z - xy - 2zx  2 zy 0
ydx  xdy - 2zdz  0
 ydx   xdy -  2zdz  0
xy  xy  z 2  C2
z 2  C2
Result:
The general solution is
  C1 , C 2   0
 x2 
   y  z, z 2   0
 2 
15. Find the general solution of ( z 2  y 2  2 yz ) p  ( xy  zx)q  ( xy  zx)
Solution: [AU N/D 2015, A/M 2017]
Given ( z 2  y 2  2 yz ) p  ( xy  zx)q  ( xy  zx) ….. (1)
Lagrange’s type Pp + Qq = R
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 30

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

( z 2  y 2  2 yz ) p  ( xy  zx)q  ( xy  zx)
dx dy dz
2 2
= = ….. (2)
( z  y  2 yz ) ( xy  zx) ( xy  zx)
Taking the Lagrange’s multipliers are x, y, z we get each ratio in (2)
xdx  ydy  zdz xdx  ydy  zdz
 2 2 2 2

xz  xy  2 xyz  xy  xyz  xyz  xz 0
xdx  ydy  zdz  0
Integrating we get,  xdx   ydy   zdz  0
x2 y2 z2
   c1
2 2 2
x2  y2  z2  u
Taking 2nd and 3rd ratio
dy dz

xy  zx xy  zx
dy dz

yz yz
ydy  zdy  ydz  zdz
ydy  zdz  d ( yz )
Integrating,
 ydy   zdz   d ( yz)
y2 z2
i.e,   yz  c2
2 2
2 yz  y 2  z 2  v
Result: Hence the general solution is f (u , v )  0
i.e, f ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ,2 yz  y 2  z 2 )  0
Homogeneous Partial Differential Equation
2
16. Solve (D 2 - DD ' - 30D ' )y = xy + e 6x  y [AU M/J 2004, 2009]
Solution:
Auxillary Equation is m 2 - m - 30 = 0
m - 6m  5  0
m = 6 ,-5
Complementary function = f 1 (y + 6x) + f 2 (y - 5x)
Particular Integral = P.I1 + P.I 2
1
P.I1 = 2
xy
(D - DD ' - 30D' )
2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 31

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1
= xy
  D ' 30D '2
2 

D 1-  + 
 D D2 
  
1
1   D ' 30D'2  
= 1 -  +   xy
D2  D D 2 
  
2
1   D ' 30D'2   D ' 30D'2  
= 2 1 +  + + +  + ……… xy
D   D D 2   D D2 
 
 
1  D' 
= 1 +  xy
D2  D
1  x
=2  xy + 
D  D
1 1
= 2 (xy) + 3 x
D D
3 4
x x
= y +
6 24
1
P.I2 = e (6x+y)
2 ' 12
(D - DD - 30D )
1
= e (6x+ y)
36 - 6 - 30
Condition fails
x
= '
e (6x + y)
(2D - D )
x
= e 6x  y 
12 - 1
x (6x + y)
= e
11
x3 x4 x (6x + y)
P.I = y + + e
6 24 11
Result: The Complete solution is
z = c.f + P.I
x3 x4 x (6x+y)
= f1 (y+ 6x)+ f2 (y- 5x)+ y + + e
6 24 11
2
17. Solve (D2 - 6DD' - 5D' )z = e x sinhy + xy [AU N/D 2006 , A/M 1997]
Solution:
AuxillaryEquation is m 2 - 6m + 5 = 0

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 32

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

(m - 1)(m - 5) = 0
m = 1 ,5
Complementary function is
C.F = f 1 (y + 6x) + f 2 (y  5x)
Particular Integral = P.I 1 + P.I 2
1
P.I1 = 2 ' '2
e x sinhy
D - 6DD - 5D
y -y
1 x e -e 
= 2 e  
D 2 - 6DD' - 5D'  2 
1 1
= 2
2 D - 6DD - 5D ' '2
e (x + y) - e (x - y) 

1 1 1 1
= 2 ' '2
e (x + y) - 2 ' '2
e (x - y)
2 D - 6DD - 5D 2 D - 6DD - 5D
1 1 1 1
= e (x + y) - e (x- y)
2 (1 - 6 - 5) 2 (1  6 - 5)
1 (x + y) 1 (x- y)
= e - e
- 20 4
1 (x + y) 1 (x - y)
P.I1 = e - e
- 20 4
1
P.I 2 = 2 2 xy
D - 6DD' - 5D'
1
= 2
xy
2
 6D ' 5D ' 
D 1 - - 2 
 D D 
2
1
1   6D' 5D'  
= 2 1-  2 xy
D   D D  
2
1  6D ' 5D ' 
= 2 1  2 xy
D  D D 
1  6x 
= 2  xy + 
D  D 
3 4
yx 6x
= +
6 24
Particular Integral = P.I1 + P.I 2
1 (x y) 1 (x-y) yx3 6x4
=- e - e + 
20 4 6 24
Result: The Complete Solution is

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 33

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Z = C.F  P.I
1 (xy) 1 (x-y) yx3 6x4
= f1 (y + 6x)+ f 2 (y - 5x)- e - e + 
20 4 6 24
2
18. Solve (D 3 - 4D 2 D ' + 4DD ' )z = 6sin(3x + 6y) [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2009]
Solution:
2
Given (D 3 - 4D 2 D ' + 4DD' )z = 6sin(3x + 6y)
Auxillary equation is m 3 - 4m 2 + 4m = 0
m(m2 - 4m + 4) = 0
m = 0,2,2
C.F  f1 (y) + f 2 (y + 2x) + xf 3 (y + 2x)
Particular Integral
1
P.I = 2
6sin(3x + 6y)
D 3 - 4D 2 D ' + 4DD '
1
=6 sin(3x + 6y)
- 9D - 4(-9) D ' - 144D)
1
=6 sin(3x + 6y)
- 153D + 36D '
6 1
= '
sin(3x + 6y)
9 4D - 17D

=
2 4D ' + 17D sin(3x + 6y)
3 (16D' 2 - 289D2 )
(multiplyand divide by (4D' +17D)
2 (4D ' + 17D)
= sin(3x + 6y)
3 (-576 + 2601)
2
= (4D ' + 17D) sin(3x + 6y)
6075
2
= 24cos(3x + 6y) + 51cos(3x + 6y) 
6075
2  75
= cos(3x + 6y)
6075
6
= cos(3x + 6y)
243
2
P.I = cos(3x + 6y)
81
Result:
Hence the general solution is Z = C.F+P.I
2
Z = f 1 (y) + f 2 (y + 2x) + xf 3 (y + 2x)  cos(3x + 6y)
81
19. Solve r + s -6 t= y c o s x ( o r) (D 2 + D D ' -6 D ' 2 )Z = y c o s x
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 34
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Solution: [AU M/J 2013, 2014, N/D 2016, A/M 2018]

2 2 2
 z  z  z
2
+ - 6 2 = ycosx
x xy y
2
(D 2 + DD ' - 6D ' )Z = y cosx
Auxillary equation is
m2 + m -6 = 0
(m + 3)(m - 2) = 0
m = - 3,2
Complement ary function,
f1 (y - 3x) + f 2 (y + 2x)
Particular Integral
1
P.I = 2
y cosx
D + DD' - 6D'
2

1
= y cosx
(D - 2D )(D + 3D' )
'

1
D - 2D ' 
= (C + 3x)cosx dx
1
= (c + 3x)sinx - 3 (-cosx) 
D - 2D '
1
= (c + 3x)sinx + 3 cosx 
D - 2D '
1
= [ ysinx + 3 cosx]
D - 2D '
= (c 1 - 2x)sinx + 3 cosx dx
= c 1 sinx dx - 2  x sinx dx + 3  cosx dx
= - c 1cosx + 3 sinx - 2  x sinx dx
= - c 1cosx + 3 sinx - 2  x d(-cosx)
= -c 1 cosx + 3 sinx - 2 - xcosx +  cosx dx 
= - c 1cosx + 3 sinx + 2xcosx - 2sinx
= - ycosx - 2xcosx + 3 sinx + 2xcosx - 2sinx
P.I = sinx - ycosx
Result: Complete solution is
z = C.F + P.I
z = f 1 (y - 3x) + f 2 (y + 2x) + sinx - ycosx
20.Solve D 2
 5DD1  6 D12  z  y sin x [AU N/D 2017]
Solution:
Given PDE is

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 35

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

D 2
 5DD  6 D2  Z  y sin x
Complete Solution= CF+PI

To find CF:
The Auxiliary equation is
m 2  5m  6  0
 m  2 m  3  0
m  2, 3
Therefore
C.F  f1  y  2 x   f 2  y  3x 

To find PI
1
P.I  2 y sin x
 D  5DD  6 D2 
1
 IPeix oy y
D  5 DD  6 D2
2

1
 IPeix  oy 2
y
 D  i  5  D  i  D  6 D2
1
 IPeix  0 y y
1  D  2iD  5 DD  5iD  6 D2
2

1
  1 IP  cos x  i sin x  1   D 2  2iD  5 DD  5iD  6 D2   y
:
  1 IP  cos x  i sin x  1  D 2  2iD  5iD  5DD  6D2  y
  1 IP  cos x  i sin x   y  5i 
 5cos x  y sin x
Result: The general solution is
z  C.F  P.I
 f1  y  2 x   f 2  y  3x   5cos x  y sin x

3 2 ' 2x 2
21. Solve ( D  2 D D ) z  2 e  3 x y [AU N/D 2001]
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is
(m 3  2 m 2 )  0
m 2 ( m  2)  0
m  0, 0, 2
C .F  1 ( y )  x  2 ( y )   3 ( y  2 x )

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 36

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1
P .I 1  3 2 '
2 e 2 x 0 y ( replace D by 2 and D ' by 1 )
(D  2D D )
1 1
 2 e2x  e 2x
8 4
1
P.I 2  3 2 '
3x 2 y
( D  2D D )
1
3 2 x2 y
D ( D  2D ' )
1 1
3 3 x2 y
D  2D' 
1  
 D 
1
1  2D '  2
 3 3 1   x y
D  D 
2
1  2D '  2D '  
 3 3 1  
 
  ... x2 y
D  D  D  

1  1  1  x3 
 3 3  x2 y  2 x2   3 3 x 2 y  2 
D  D  D  3
1  x3 y 2 x 4  1  x 4 y 1 x5 
3 2      3   
D  3 3 4  D  12 6 5 
 x5 y 1 x6  x5y x6
 3    
 60 30 6  20 60
Result:  z  C .F  PI 1  PI 2
1 x5 y x6
1 ( y)  x2 (y) 3 (y  2x)  e2x  
4 20 60
 
22. Solve the equation D 3  D 2 D'4 DD' 2 4D'3 z  cos(2 x  y) [AU N/D 2010]
Solution:
 
Given D 3  D 2 D'4 DD' 2 4D'3 z  cos(2 x  y)
The auxiliary equation is
m3  m2  4m  4  0 replace D by m D' by 1
m2 (m  1)  4(m  1)  0
(m  1)(m2  4)  0
(m  1)(m  2)(m  2)  0
m  1, m  2, m  2
C.F  1 ( y  x)  2 ( y  2 x)  3 ( y  2 x)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 37

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1
P.I  cos( 2 x  y ) (replace D 2 by - 2 2 , DD' by - 2, D'2 by - 1)
D  D D '4 DD '2 4 D '3
3 2

1
 cos( 2 x  y )
 4 D  4 D ' 4 D  4 D '
1
 cos( 2 x  y ) (ordinary rule fails)
0
1
x 2 2
cos( 2 x  y ) (replace D 2 by - 2 2 , DD' by - 2, D' 2 by - 1 )
3 D  2 DD '4 D '
1 -x
x cos( 2 x  y )  cos( 2 x  y )
- 12 - 4  4 12
Result: The general solution is z=C.F+P.I
x
z  1 ( y  x )   2 ( y  2 x )   3 ( y  2 x )  cos( 2 x  y )
12
3 2 3
23. Solve the equation ( D  7 DD' 6D' ) z  cos(x  2 y )  x
Solution: [AU N/D 2011,2012]
3 2 3
Given ( D  7 DD' 6 D' ) z  cos(x  2 y)  x
The Auxiliary equation is
m3  7m  6  0
Put m  1, we get1  7  6  0
Put m  1, we get - 1  7  6  0

-1 0 0 7 6
0 1 1 6

0
 m  1 is a root
Remaining equation is
m2  m  6  0
i.e, m  1  0, m2  m  6  0
 m  1,2,3
C.F  1 (y - x)  2 (y - 2 x)  3 (y  3x)
1
P.I1  3 2 3
cos(x  2 y ) replace D2by 12  1
[ D  7 DD' 6 D' ]
1
 cos(x  2 y) DD' by  (1)(2)  2
 D  7(2) D'6(4) D'
1
 cos( x  2 y ) DD' by  (1)(2)  2
 D  14 D ' 24 D '
38D' D
 cos(x  2 y)
(38D' D)(38D' D)
 1444 D1' 2  D 2  76 sin( x  2 y )  sin( x  2 y )

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 38

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

 1444 D1'2  D 2  77 sin( x  2 y ) 

77
 77 1444( 14) ( 1) sin( x  2 y)  sin( x  2 y)
5775
1
P. I 1  sin( x  2 y )
75
1 1
P.I 2  3 x x
[ D  7 DD '2 6 D '3 ] 3 7 D ' 2 6 D '3 
D 1  2  3 
 D D 
1
1  7 D' 6 D'3  1   7 D' 6 D'3  
 3 1  2  3  x  3 1   2  3       x
D  D D  D  D D  
1  7  1 x4
 3  x  2 (0)      3 x 
D  D  D 24
Result:
Hence, the general solution is z = C.F + P.I
x4 1
z  1 (y - x)  2 (y - 2 x)  3 (y  3x)   sin( x  2 y )
24 75

 
24. Solve D 2  DD'2 D' 2 z  2 x  3 y  e 2 x 4 y [AU N/D 2013]
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m 2  m  2  0
m  1m  2  0
m  1, 2
C.F  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)

To find P.I

1
P.I1  2 x  3 y 
D  DD'2D' 2
2

1
 2 x  3 y 
2
  D ' 2 D ' 2 
D 1    2 
 D D 
1
1   D ' 2 D ' 2 
 2 1    2  2 x  3 y 
D  D D 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 39

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

2
1   D' 2 D ' 2   D ' 2 D ' 2  
 2 1    2     2   ... 2 x  3 y 
D  D D  D D  

1  D' 
 2 1   2 x  3 y 
D  D
1  D' 
 2 x  3 y  2 x  3 y 
D 2  D 
1  3
 2 2 x  3 y  
D  D
1  2x2 3x2 
   3 xy  
D 2 2 
5 x3  9 x 2 y
P.I1 
6
1 D  2 
P.I 2  e 2 x 4 y  D'  4
D  DD'2 D' 2
2
 
e 2 x 4 y

4  8  32
e 2 x 4 y
P.I 2  
36
Result:  Z = C.F + P.I
5 x3  9 x 2 y e2 x4 y
Z = f1(y - x)+f2 (y+2x)+ 
6 36

 
25. Solve: D 2  2DD ' z  x 3 y  e 2 x  y [AU N/D 2014]
Solution:

The A.E is m 2  2m  0
m(m  2)  0
m  0,2
 C.F  f1 ( y  0 x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)
P.I  P.I 1  P.I 2
1
P.I 1  2 '
x3 y
D  2DD
1
 '
x3 y
 D  2DD 
2
D2  
 D2 
1
 '
x3 y
 2D 
D 2 1  
 D 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 40

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1
1 2D '  3
 21   x y
D  D 
2
1  2D 4 D ' 
'
 2 1   2  ......... x 3 y
D  D D 
1  2 2
 2 x 3 y  x 
D  D 
1 3 2
 2 x y   3  x 
3

D D
5 6
x y 2x
 
20 120
x5 y x 6
 
20 60
1
P.I 2  2 '
e 2 x y
D  2DD
1
 2
e 2 x y
(2)  2(2)(1)
1 2 x y
 e
44
1
 e 2 x y
8
Result:  z  C.F  P.I1  P.I 2
yx5 x 6 e 2 x y
 f1 ( y  0 x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)   
20 60 8

26. Solve the equation ( D 3  7 DD' 2 6 D'3 ) z  sin( x  2 y)

Solution: [AU N/D 2011,2012,2014]
3 2 3
Given ( D  7 DD' 6 D' ) z  sin( x  2 y)
Put m  1, we get1  7  6  0
Put m  1, we get - 1  7  6  0
 m  1 is a root

-1 0 0 7 6
0 1 1 6

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 41

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

i.e, m  1  0
m  1
Re maining equation is m2  m  6  0
(m  2)(m  3)  0
m  2, 3
 m  1,2,3
 C.F  1 (y - x)   2 (y - 2 x)  3 (y  3x)
1
P.I1  sin( x  2 y) replace D2by 12  1
[ D  7 DD' 2 6 D'3 ]
3

1
 sin( x  2 y ) DD' by  (1)(2)  2
 D  28D  24D'
1
 sin( x  2 y ) DD' by  (1)(2)  2
27 D  24 D '
D
 sin(x  2 y)
27D  24DD'
2

D sin( x  2 y )

 27  48
cos( x  2 y )

 75
Result:
z = C.F + P.I
1
z  1 (y - x)  2 (y - 2 x)  3 (y  3x)  cos(x  2 y)
75
27.Solve the equation ( D 2  4 DD ' 5D '2 ) z  sin( x  2 y )  e2 x  y
Solution: [AU A/M 2018]
2 2 2 x y
Given ( D  4 DD ' 5D ' ) z  sin( x  2 y )  e
A.E is m2  4m  5  0
(m  5)(m 1)  0
m  5,1
 m  5,1
 C.F  1 (y-5x)  2 (y+x)
1
P.I1  sin( x  2 y ) replace D2by 12  1
[ D  4 DD ' 5 D '2 ]
2

1
 sin( x  2 y) DD ' by  (1)(2)  2
1  4(2)  5(4)
sin( x  2 y )
 replace D2by  22  4
27
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 42
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

e2 x  y
P.I 2 
[ D 2  4 DD ' 5 D '2 ]
e2 x  y

[22  4(2)(1)  5(1)2 ]
e2 x  y

9

Result:
z = C.F + P.I
1 e2 x  y
z  1 (y-5x )  2 (y+x) + sin( x  2 y ) 
27 9

28. Solve: ( D 2  3DD'2D' 2 ) z  (2  4 y )e x 2 y [AU A/M 2015]

Solution:
Given ( D 2  3DD'2D' 2 ) z  (2  4 y )e x 2 y
The A.E is m 2  3m  2  0
(m  1)(m  2)  0
m  1,2
 C.F  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)
1
P.I  2 2
( 2  4 x) e x  2 y
[ D  3DD'2 D' ]
1
 e x2 y (2  4 x )
( D  1)  3( D  1)( D'2)  2( D'2) 2
2

1
 e x 2 y 2
( 2  4 x)
D  2 D  1  3DD  6 D  3D '  6  2 D '  8D '  8
2 '

1
 e x2 y 2
(2  4 x )
D 2  4 D  3DD '  5 D '  2 D '  3
1
 e x 2 y (2  4 x )
 ' ' '2 
4 3D 5 D 2 D 3
D 2 1    2  2  2
 D D D D D 
-1
e x  2 y   4 3D ' 5D ' 2 D '
2
3 
 1       ( 2  4 x)
D 2   D D D2 D2 D 2 
 
2
e x  2 y   4 3D ' 5 D ' 2 D ' 3 
 1       (2  4 x )
D 2   D D D2 D2 D 2 
 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 43

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

e x2 y  4 3 
 ( 2  4 x )  D ( 2  4 x)  D 2 ( 2  4 x) 
D2  
e x 2 y

D2
2  4 x  8 x  32x 2
 3x 2  2 x 3 
e x2 y

D2
2  12x  29x 2
 2x 3 
 2
x2 y 3 29 4 x 5 
e x  2x  x  
 12 10 
Result: The general solution is z  C.F  P.I
x 2 y  2 3 29 4 x 5 
z  f 1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  e  x  2x  x  
 12 10 
29. Solve: D 3  2 D 2 D ' z  2e 2 x  3 x 2 y [AU M/J 2016]
Solution:
Given:
D 3  2 D 2 D ' z  2e 2 x  3 x 2 y
The Auxillary equation is
m 3  2m 2  0
m  2 m 2  0
m  0,0,2
 C.F  f1 ( y  0 x)  xf 2 ( y  0 x)  f 3 ( y  2 x)
1
P.I1  3 2
2e 2 x 0 y
[ D  2 D D' ]
1
 2e 2 x  0 y
[8  0]
1
 e 2 x 0 y
4
1
P.I 2  3 2 '
(3x 2 y)
D  2D D
3
 '
x2 y
 2D 
D 3 1  
 D 
-1
3  2D'  2
 3 1  D  x y
D  
2
3  2D ' 4D '  2
 3 1   2 x y
D  D D 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 44

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

 2 3 2x 2 
 x y  
 D3 D 
3 x2
 3 x2 y  6 4
D
 
D
5 6
x x
 3y 6
60 360
5 6
x y x
 
20 60
Result:  Z  C .F  P.I 1  P.I 2
e 2 x x5 y x 6
 Z  f1 ( y  0 x)  xf 2 ( y  0 x)  f 3 ( y  2 x)   
4 20 60

 2

30. Solve D 2  D 1 z  x 2 y 2 [AU N/D2015]
Solution:
Given that
D 2 2

 D1 z  x 2 y 2
Auxiliary equation is m 2  1  0
m 2  1
m  i
C.F  f1 ( y  ix)  f 2 ( y  ix )
1
P.I = 2
x2 y2
D2  D'
1
= 2
x2 y2
 D  '
D 2 1  2 
 D 
-1
1  D'2  2 2
= 1  2  x y
D2  D 
1  D'2 D '4  2 2
= 1  2  4  .............. x y
D2  D D 
1  2 2 D'2 2 2 
=
D2
x y  2 x y 
D
 
 
1  2 2 2x 2 
= x y  2 
D2  D 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 45

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1 2 2 2x 4 
= x y  
D2
 12 
1  2 2 x4 
= x y  
D2  6
1  x3 y 2 x5 
=   
D 3 30 
 x3 y 2 x5 
=   
 12 180 

Result: Complete solution

Z = Comp. function + Particular Integral
 x3 y 2 x5 
 f 1 ( y  ix)  f 2 ( y  ix )    
 12 180 
 2

31. Solve D 2  2 DD 1  D 1 z  2 cos y  x sin y [AU N/D 2015]
Solution:
Given PDE is
D 2  2 DD   D  2 Z  2 cos y  x sin y
Complete Solution= CF+PI1-PI2

To find CF:
The Auxiliary equation is
m 2  2m  1  0
m  1m  1  0
m  1,1
Therefore
C .F  f1  y  x   xf 2  y  x 

1
PI 1  2 cos y
To find PI1: 
D  2 DD   D  2
2

1
 2 2 cos y

0  2(0)  12 
 2 cos y
To find PI2:
1
P.I 2  x sin y
 D  2DD  D2 
2

1
 2
xIPe0 x iy
 D  D 
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 46
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1
 IPe0 x iy 2
x
 D  D  i 
1
 IPe0 x iy 2 2
x
1  D  D  2iD  2iD  2 DD
1
  1 IP  cos y  i sin y  1   D 2  D2  2iD  2iD  2 DD   x


  1IP cos y  i sin y  1  D 2  D  2  2iD  2iD   2 DD  x 
  1IP cos y  i sin y x  2i 
 2 cos y  x sin y
Result: The general solution is
z  C.F  P.I
 f 1  y  x   xf 2  y  x   2 cos y  2 cos y  x sin y
 f1  y  x   xf 2  y  x   4 cos y  x sin y

32. Solve D 2  2 DD   D  2 z  x 2 y  e x  y [AU A/M 2017]

Solution:
Given that
D 2  2 DD   D  2 z  x 2 y  e x y
Auxiliary equation is (m  1) 2  0
m  1, 1

C.F  f1 ( y  x)  xf 2 ( y  x )
1
P.I1 = x2 y
2 ' '2
D  2 DD  D
1
P.I1 = 2
x2 y
 D 2  2 DD '  D ' 
D2  
 D 2 
 
-1
2
1   2D ' D '  2
= 1   2  x y
D 2   D D 
 
2
1   2D D ' ' 
= 1    ..............x2 y
2
D  D  D 2 


1  2 2D ' 
= 2 
D 
x y 
D
x2 y  


Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 47

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1 2 2x 2 
=  x y  
D2
 D 
1  2 2x 3 
= x y  
D2  3 
1  2 2x 3 
=  x y  
D2  3 
1  x3 y 2x 4 
=   
D 3 3* 4
 x4 y x5 
P.I1 =   
 12 30 
x-y
e
P.I 2 = 2
D 2  2DD '  D '
Put D= 1 and D’ = -1
ex-y ex-y
P.I 2 = =
(1) 2  2(1)(1)  (1) 2 0

xe x - y xe x - y xe x - y
P.I 2 =  
D  2D 2(1)  2(-1) 0
x 2ex - y
P.I 2 =
2
Result :
Z = Comp. function + Particular Integral
 x4 y x 5  x 2e x y
 f1 ( y  x )  xf 2 ( y  x )    
 12 30  2
33. Solve  
D 2  2DD  D2 z  xy  ex  y [AU N/D 2017]
Solution:
Given that
D 2
 2DD  D2  z  xy  ex  y
Auxiliary equation is (m  1) 2  0
m  1, 1

C.F  f1 ( y  x)  xf 2 ( y  x )
1
P.I1 = 2 xy
D  2 DD'  D'2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 48

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1
P.I1 = 2 ' '2
xy
2  D  2 DD  D 
D  
 D2 
-1
1   2D' D'2  
= 1    2   xy
D2   D D 
1   2D' D'2  
= 1    2   .............. xy
D2   D D  
1  2D ' 
=  xy   xy  
D2  D 
1  2x 
=
D2  xy  D 
1  2x 2 
=  xy 
D2  2 
1
=  xy  x 2 
D2 
1  x2 y x3 
=  
D  2 3
 x3 y x4 
P.I1 =   
 6 12 
ex-y
P.I 2 = 2
D 2  2DD '  D '
Put D= 1 and D’ = -1
ex-y ex-y
P.I 2 = =
(1) 2  2(1)(1)  (1) 2 0

xe x - y xe x - y xe x - y
P.I 2 =  
D  2D 2(1)  2(-1) 0
x 2ex - y
P.I 2 =
2
Result :
Z = Comp. function + Particular Integral
 x3 y x 4  x 2 e x  y
z  f1 ( y  x)  xf 2 ( y  x)    
 6 12  2

Non- Homogeneous Partial Differential Equation

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 49
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

34. Solve ( D 2  DD'2D) z  e2 x  y  4 [AU N/D 2012]

Solution:
Given ( D 2  DD'2D) z  e 2 x  y  4
D( D  D'2) z  e2 x y  4e0 x0 y
( D  0 D'0)[ D  D'(2)]z  e 2 x y  4e0 x0 y
By working rule,
cx
If ( D  mD'c) z  0 , then z  e f ( y  mx ) where c is arbitrary.
m1  0, c1  0
m2  1, c2  2
C.F  e0 x f1 ( y  0 x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)
 f1 ( y)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I1  2
e 2 x y
D  DD '2 D
1 1
 e 2 x  y  e 2 x  y ( D  2, D '  1)
424 6
1
P.I 2  2 4e 0 x  0 y
D  DD ' 2 D
1 1
x 4e 0 x  0 y  x 4e 0 x  0 y  2 x
2 D  D ' 2 2
Result:  z  C .F  P.I
1
z  f 1 ( y )  e  2 x f 2 ( y  x)  2 x  e 2 x  y
6
2 2 '
35. Solve: ( D  2 DD' D' 2 D  2 D ) z  sin( x  2 y ) [AU M/J 2016]
Solution:

Given ( D 2  2 DD' D' 2 2D  2 D ' )  D  D ' D  D '  2  
If ( D  m1 D'1 ) ( D  m2 D' 2 ) z  0 then
1 x 2 x
Formula : z  e f1 (y  m1 x)  e f 2 (y  m 2 x)
Here m1  1, 1  0
m2  1, 2  2
 C.F  e f 1 (y - 1x)  e 2 x f 2 (y - 1x)
0x

 f1 (y - x)  e 2 x f 2 (y - x)
1
P.I1 
D  D D  D '  2 sin(x  2 y )
'

1
 I .P e i ( x  2 y )
D  D D  D  2
' '

1 ix i 2 y
 I .P
D  D D  D '  2 e
'

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 50

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1
 I .P e ix  i 2 y Re place D  i, D '  2i
 
i  2i i  2i  2 
'

1
 I .P e ix  i 2 y
3i 3i  2
 I .P
i 3i  2 e ix i 2 y
3 (3i  2)3i  2 
 i 3i  2
 I .P e ix i 2 y
3 94
 3  2i
 I .P e ix i 2 y
39
 3  2i
 I .P cosx  2y  i sinx  2 y 
39
3 2
 sin x  2 y   cosx  2 y 
39 39
Result:
The general solution is
z = C.F + P.I
3 2
z  f1 (y - x)  e 2 x f 2 (y - x) sin x  2 y   cos x  2 y 
39 39
2 2
36. Solve ( D  3 DD '  2 D '  2 D  2 D ' ) z  Sin ( 2 x  y ) [AU A/M 2017]
Solution:
Given ( D 2  3 DD '  2 D ' 2  2 D  2 D ' ) z  Sin ( 2 x  y )
To find C.F:
Take ( D  2 D ' )( D  D ' 2 ) z  0
By working rule,
If ( D  m1 D 'c1 )( D  m 2 D'c 2 ) z  0
Then z  e c1 x f 1 ( y  m 1 x )  e c 2 x f 2 ( y  m 2 x )
Here m1  2 c1  0
m 2  1 c 2  2
C.F  e 0 x f1 ( y  2 x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I  sin(2 x  y) replace D 2 by  2 2  4
[( D  3DD'2 D' 2 2 D  2 D' )]
2

1
P.I  sin(2 x  y) DD' by  (2)(1)  2
[(4)  3(2)  2(1)  2 D  2 D' )]
1
 sin( 2 x  y ) D'2 by  (1) 2  1
2 D  2 D'
(2 D  2 D' )
 sin( 2 x  y )
( 2 D  2 D ' )( 2 D  2 D ' )

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 51

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

( 2 D (sin( 2 x  y ))  2 D ' (sin( 2 x  y ))


(4 D 2  4 D ' 2 )
( 2(Cos ( 2 x  y ) 2)  2(Cos (2 x  y ))

( 4( 4)  4( 1))
6Cos ( 2 x  y )

 12
Result:
z = C.F + P.I
1
z  f1 ( y  2 x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)  cos(2 x  y)
2

37. Solve (2D 2  DD' D' 2 6D  3D' ) z  xe y [AU N/D 2010]
Solution:
Given (2D 2  DD' D'2 6 D  3D' ) z  xe y
 (2D  D' )( D  D' )  3(2D  D' )z  xe y
(2D  D' )( D  D'3) z  xe y
To find C.F : (2 D  D' )(D  D'3) z  0
   1 
  D   D'  D  D'(3)z  0
  2 
1
here , m1  1, c1  3, m 2  , c2  0
2
1
C .F  e  3 x f 1 ( y  x )  f 2 ( y  x )
2
P.I  2D2 DD'D1 '2 6D3D' xey
ey 2D2D(D'1)(D1'1)26D3(D'1) x replaceD' by D'1

 ey 2D2DD'DD'212D'16D3D'3 x
 ey 25DD'21D2DD'D'2 x
 
ey  1 
  x
2  1


1  5 D  D ' 2 D 2  DD ' D ' 2
2



1
ey  1 2 

2
 2
1  2 5D  D'2 D  DD ' D '  x
 
ey  1

2
 2
1  2 5D  D'2D  DD'D'
2
 x


Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 52

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

ey  1 y
 e  5 e y
 x  5(1)  0  0  2  x  2   4 (2 x  5)

2  2
Result: The general solution is z=C.F+P.I
1 ey
z  e 3 x f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  (2 x  5)
2 4

38. Solve ( D 2  2 DD '  D ' 2  3 D  2 D ' 2 ) z  e 2 x  y [AU N/D 2001]

Solution:
Given ( D 2  2 DD ' D ' 2  3 D  2 D ' 2 ) z  e 2 x  y
To find C.F:
Take ( D  D ' 1)( D  D ' 2 ) z  0
By working rule,
If ( D  m1 D 'c1 )( D  m 2 D'c 2 ) z  0
Then z  e c1 z f 1 ( y  m 1 x )  e c 2 z f 2 ( y  m 2 x )
Here m1  1 c1  1
m2  1 c 2  2
C.F  e x f1 ( y  x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)
1
P .I  e 2 x y
( D  D '1)( D  D '2 )
1 1
 e 2 x y  e 2 x  y
(2  1  1)(2  1  2) 2
Result:  z  C.F  PI
1
z  e x f1 ( y  x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)  e 2 x y
2
Formation of Partial Differential Equation
39. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants  from
 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , ax  by  cz)  0
Solution: [AU N/D 2010]
2 2 2
Given u  x  y  z v  ax  by  cz
u z v z
 2x  2z ac
x x x x
u v
 2 x  2 zp  a  cp
x x
u z v z
 2 y  2z bc
y y y y
u v
 2 y  2 zq  b  cq
y y
Required PDE is given by,
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 53
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

u v
x x
u v  0
y y
2x  2zp a  cp
0
2 y  2zq b  cq
(2 x  2 pz)(b  cq)  (a  cp)(2 y  2qz)  0
2bx  2cqx  2 pbz  2 pczq  2ay  2aqz  2cpy  2cpqz  0
(2bz  2cy) p  (2cx  2az)q  2ay  2bx
(bz  cy) p  (cx  az)q  ay  bx
40. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function ‘f’ and ‘g’ from
z = x2 f(y) + y2g(x).
Solution: [AU N/D 2013]
z  x f  y   y g x 
2 2
...1
z
p  2 xf  y   y 2 g '  x  ...2
x
z
q  x 2 f '  y   2 yg  x  ...3
y
z
r  2 xf '  y   2 yg '  x  ...4 
xy
2z
s  2  2 f  y   y 2 g ' ' x  ....5
x
2z
t  2  x 2 f ' '  y   2 g x  ....6 
y

3  f '  y   q  2 g2 x y ....7 

x
2  g ' x   p  2 f2  y x ....8
y
Substituting (7) and (8) in (4),
 q  2 g x y   p  2 f  y x 
r  2x 2   2 y 
 x   y2 
 y q  2 g  x  y   x p  2 f  y x  
 2 
 xy 
 
xyr  2 qy  px  2 y 2 g  x   x 2 f  y  
xyr  2 px  qy  2 z 

41. Form a PDE eliminating the arbitrary function from the relation

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 54

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

1 
z  y 2  2 f   log y 
x 
Solution: [AU N/D 2011, M/J 2007, 2014]
1 
Given: z  y 2  2 f   log y 
x 
P.d.w.r.to ‘ x ’ & ‘ y ’ we get,
z 1  1 
p  0  2 f '   log y   2 
x x  x 
2 1 
 2 f '   log y 
x x 
2
 px 1 
 f '   log y  ....(1)
2 x 
z 1  1 
q  2 y  2 f '   log y  
y x  y 
2f '1 
 2y    log y 
y x 

q  2 y y  1
f '   log y 

...(2)
2 x 
2
  px 
 
1   2   1
2  q  2 y  y
2
 px 2
1
q  2 y  y
Result:  px 2  qy  2 y 2
px 2  qy  2 y 2 is the required p.d .e.
 y
42. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating f and  form z  xf    y  x 
x
[AU N/D 2016]
Solution:
 y
Given: z  xf    y  x 
x
Differentiate with respect to ‘x’ and ‘y’

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 55

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

 y  y   y
p  xf '    2   f    y '  x 
 x  x   x
y y  y
p   f '    f    y '  x  .... 1
x x  x
 y  1 
q  xf '       x 
 x  x 
 y
q  f '      x  .... 2 
 x
Differentiate once again with respect to ‘x’ and ‘y’
2 z
r  2  .....
x
Differentiate (2) with respect to ‘x’
2 z  y  y 
s  f ''    2    '  x  ....  3
xy  x  x 
2 z  y  1 
t  2  f ''    .....  4 
y  x  x 
1  x   2  y gives
 y y  y
px  qy   yf '    xf    xy '  x   yf '    y  x 
x x x
 y
 xy '  x   xf    y  x 
x
px  qy  xy '  x   z.....  5
use (4) in (3)
y
s    t  ' x
x
xs  yt
  '  x  use this  '  x  in (5)
x
 xs  yt 
px  qy  z  xy 
 x 
px  qy  z  xys  y 2t
z  px  qy  xys  y 2 t is the required equation.
Result: z  px  qy  xys  y 2t

43. Find the Partial differential equation of all planes which are at a constant distance
‘k’ from the origin. [AU N/D 2016]
Solution:
The equation of the plane in normal form is lx  my  nz  k ... 1

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 56

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Where l, m ,n are direction cosines of the normal form the origin to the plane.
Then l 2  m 2  n 2  1  or  n  1  l 2  m2
 (1) becomes
lx  my   1  l 2  m2 z  k  ...  2 
Differentiating (2) partially with respect to ‘x’ and ‘y’ we get
l  1  l 2  m2 p  0   1  l  m  q  0...3
and m  2 2

l    1  l  m  p and m    1  l  m  q...  4 
2 2 2 2

Let us consider, l  m   1  l  m   p  q 
2 2 2 2 2 2

l 2  m 2  p 2  q 2   l 2  m 2  p 2  q 2 
l 2
 m 2 1  p 2  q 2   p 2  q 2
p 2  q2
l 2  m2 
1  p 2  q2
2 2 p2  q2
1 l  m  1
1  p2  q 2
1

1  p2  q 2
p q
From (4), l   and m  
2 2
1 p  q 1  p2  q 2
Substituting the values of l , m and 1  l 2  m 2 in (2) we get
px qy 1
   zk
1  p 2  q2 1 p2  q2 1 p2  q2
z  px  qy  a 1  p 2  q 2 is the required PDE.
Result: z  px  qy  a 1  p 2  q 2

Non-Linear Partial Differential Equation

44. Solve p 2 + q 2 = x 2 + y 2 [AU N/D 2009 M/J 2003, 2005]
Solution:
Given p 2 + q 2 = x 2 + y 2
Type (4) = F1 (x, p) = F2 (y, q)
Let p2 - x 2 = y2 - q 2 = a 2
p2 - x 2 = a 2 , p = x 2 + a 2

y2 - q 2 = a 2 , q = y 2 - a 2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 57

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Sub (1) and (2) in (3) We know that Z =  p dx +  q dy

z =  x2 + a 2 dx +  y 2 - a 2 dy

a2 -1  x  x x 2 + a 2 y y2 - a 2 a 2 y
Result: z = sinh   + + - cosh -1 + b
2 a 2 2 2 a
Which is C.I there is no S.I
45. Solve 9pqz4 = 4 (1 + z3 ) [AU M/J 2007, 2008]
Solution:
Given 9pqz4 = 4 (1 + z 3 ) ……… (1)
4 3
Type F(z, p, q) = 0 9pqz = 4 (1 + z )
Let Z = f(x + ay) be the solution of (1)
put x + ay = U
u u
=1 ; =a ……… (A)
x y
z = f(u)
z z u z 
p= =  = 1 
x u x u 
z z u z using (A)  (2)
q= = . = a 
y u y u 
Sub (2) in (1)we get
 z  z 
9  a  z 4 = 4 (1 + z 3 )
 u  u 
2
 dz  4(1 + z 3 )
  =
 du  9az 4
4 (1 + z 3 )
=
9a z4
dz 2 1 + z3
 =
du 3 a z4
a 3z 2 dz
=  du
2 1 + z3
put 1 + z3 = t
3z 2 dz = dt
a dt
2  t
=u+b

a
2 t = x + ay + b
2
Result: a 1 + z 3 = x + ay + b ( t = 1 + z 3 )

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 58

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

Which is C.I
46. Solve x 2 p 2 + xpq = z 2 [AU M/J 2009,2010]
Solution:
Given x 2 p 2 + xpq = z 2
(xp)2 + (xp)q = z 2 ….. (1)
Type (5), F(z, x m , p, yn q) = 0
Here m = 1
put X = logx
X 1
=
x x
X
let P =
x
 z z X
Now =
x  X  x
1
p=P
x
xp = P …. (2)
sub (2) in (1) we get
P 2 + Pq = z 2 …. (3)
f(z, p, q) = 0
let Z = f( X + ay)
u = X + ay
u u
=1 ; =a
x y
z z u z 
P= =  =  
x u x u 
z z u z  …. (4)
Q= = . = a 
y u y u 
Sub (4)in (3)
2
 dz  dz dz
  + .a = z2
du
  du du
2
 dz  2
  (1 + a) = z
du
 
dz z
=±
du (1 + a)
dz du
=±
z (1 + a)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 59

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

dz du
 z
=±
(1 + a)
1 1
logz = ± (u) + b = ± (X + ay) + b [  U = X + ay]
(1 + a) (1 + a)
1
Result: logz = ± logx + ay + b
(1 + a)
Which is C.I
2 2 2 2 2
47. Solve x p + y q = z [AU M/J 2014]
Solution:
Given x 2 p 2 + y 2 q 2 = z 2
(xp)2 + (yq) 2 = z 2 ….. (1)
Type (5), F(z, x m , p, yn q) = 0
Here m = 1 , n=1
put X = logx Put Y = logy
X 1 Y 1
= =
x x y y
z z
let P = Q=
X Y
z z X z z Y
Now = . = .
x X x y Y y
1 1
p=P q=Q
x y
xp = P yq = Q
sub in (1) we get
P 2 + Q2 = z 2 …. (2)
f(z, p, q) = 0
u = X + aY
u u
=1 ; =a
x y
z z u z 
P= =  =  
x u x u 
z z u z  …. (3)
Q= = . = a 
y u y u 
Sub (3)in (2)
2 2
 dz   dz  2
  + a  =z
 du   du 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 60

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

2
 dz  2 2
  (1 + a ) = z
du
 
dz z
=±
du (1 + a 2 )
dz du
=±
z (1 + a 2 )
dz du
 =±
z (1 + a 2 )
1
logz = ± (u) + b
(1 + a 2 )
1
= ± (X + ay) + b [  U = X + ay]
2
(1 + a )
1
Result: logz = ± (logx + alogy) + b
(1 + a 2 )
which is C.I

48. Find the singular integral if z  px  qy  1  p 2  q 2

Solution: [AU N/D 2010, 2013 M/J 2013]
2 2
Given z  px  qy  1  p  q
This is of the form z  px  qy  f ( p, q) (Clairaut’s form)
Hence, the complete integral is z  ax  by  1  a 2  b 2
Where a and b are arbitrary constants.
Singular solution is found as follows.
z  ax  by  1  a 2  b 2 ….. (1)
Diff (1) w.r.to a & b, we get
a
0 x
1 a2  b2
b
0 y
1  a 2  b2
a
x ….. (2)
1 a2  b2
b
y ….. (3)
1 a2  b2
a2  b2
x2  y 2 
1  a2  b2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 61

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

a 2  b2
1 (x2  y2 )  1
1  a 2  b2
1  a 2  b2  a 2  b 2
1  x2  y 2 
1  a 2  b2
1
1 x2  y2 
1  a 2  b2
1
1  x2  y 2 
1 a2  b2
1
1 a2  b2 
1  x2  y 2
(2) & (3) because
x  a 1  x 2  y 2
y  b 1  x 2  y 2
x y
a ,b 
2 2
1 x  y 1  x2  y 2
sub in (1), we get
- x2 - y2 1
z  
1 x2  y2 1  x 2  y2 1 x2  y2
1 x2  y2

1 x2  y2
z  1 x2  y2
z 2  1  x 2  y2
x 2  y 2  z 2  1 is the singular solution
Note : Put b   (a) in (1)
z  ax   ( a ) y  1  a 2  [ ( a )] 2 …. (4)
Diff (4) P.w.r.to‘ a ’, we get
[2a  2 (a ) ' (a )]
0  x   ' ( a) y  …. (5)
2 2
2 1  a  [ (a )]
Eliminate ‘ a ’ between (4) & (5), we get the general solution.
49. Find the general solution of z  px  qy  p 2  pq  q 2 [AU A/M 2017, 18]
Solution:
Given: z  px  qy  p 2  pq  q 2
This is of Clairraunt’s form
The complete solution is z  ax  by  a 2  ab  b 2 .....(1)
Diff. partial with respect to ‘a’ and ‘b’

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 62

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

z
 x  2a  b  2a  b  x  0
a
z
 y  a  2b  a  2b  y  0
b

Solving for ‘a’ and ‘b’

a b 1
 
1 x x 2 2 1
2 y y 1 1 2
a b 1
 
y  2x x  2 y 4 1
a b 1
 
y  2x x  2 y 3
a 1 b 1
 and 
y  2x 3 x  2y 3
ie
y  2x x  2y
a and b
3 3

Sub. in (1)
2 2
xy  2 x2 xy  2 y 2  y  2 x   y  2 x  x  2 y   x  2 y 
z    
3 3 9 9 9

1
z  3xy  6 x 2  3xy  6 y 2  y 2  4 xy  4 x 2  xy  2 y 2  2 x 2  4 xy  x 2  4 xy  4 y 2 
9
9 z  3xy  3x 2  3 y 2
3z  xy  x 2  y 2
Which is a Singular Integral.
Result: 3z  xy  x 2  y 2

50. Solve z2(p2+q2)= x2+y2 [AU N/D 2011, ‘15]

Solution:
Given z 2 ( p 2  q 2 )  x 2  y 2
( zp) 2  ( zq) 2  x 2  y 2 …. (1)
This equation is of the form f1 ( x, z p) f 2 ( y, z m q) (type 6)
m

here m  1
 Z  z m 1
Z  z2
 Z Z z

 x z x

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 63

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

P
p  2 zp   zp
2
Q
Similarly  zp
2
substitutein equation(1), we get
2 2
 P Q 2 2
     x  y
2 2
P 2  Q2  4( x 2  y 2 )
P 2  4x 2  4 y 2  Q2
This equation is of the form f 1 ( x, P )  f 2 ( y , Q ) (type 4)
 P 2  4 x 2  4 y 2  Q 2  4a 2 ( say)
P 2  4 x 2  4a 2 , Q  4 y 2  4 a 2
p  2 x2  a2 , Q  2 y2  a2
dZ  Pdx  Qdy
dZ  2 x 2  a 2 dx  2 y 2  a 2 dy

 dZ  2 x 2  a 2 dx  2  y 2  a 2 dy
x 2 a2 1 x y a2 y
Z  2 2
x  a  sinh  y  a  cosh1   b
2 2

2 2 a 2 2 a
x y
Result: z 2  x x 2  a 2  a 2 sinh 1  y y 2  a 2  a 2 cosh 1  b
a a
 x y
 x x 2  a 2  y y 2  a 2  a 2 sinh 1  cosh 1   b
 a a
51. Solve z  px  qy  p 2 q 2 and obtain its singular solution. [AU A/M 2015]
Sol:
z  px  qy  p 2 q 2
This is of the type
z  px  qy  f ( p, q)
The C.I is
z  ax  by  a 2 b 2 .........................(1)
To find singular integral:
z
(1).........  0  x  2ab 2  0....................(2)
a
z
 0  y  2a 2 b  0....................(3)
b
(2)  x  2ab 2 .............................(4)
(3)  y  2a 2 b.............................(5)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 64

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

x y 1
  2ab  ( say)
b a k
a  ky , b  kx .................(6)
Put (6) in (4)
x  2kykx
2

 2k 3 yx2
1
k3  .......................(7)
2 xy
Put (6) in (1)
2 2
z  kyx  kxy  ky kx
 2kxy  k 4 x 2 y 2
 1  2 2
 2kxy  k   x y from (7)
 2 xy 
1
 2kxy  kxy
2
3
 kxy
2
3
3 3 
z   kxy 
2 
27
 k 3 x3 y 3
8
27   1  3 3
  x y
8  2 xy 
27
  x2 y2
16
Result: 16z 3  27 x 2 y 2  0 is the sin gular solution
52. Find the singular integral of z  px  qy  p 2  q 2 [AU N/D 2014,17]
Solution:
z  px  qy  p 2  q 2
This is of the type
z  px  qy  f ( p, q)
The C.I is
z  ax  by  a 2  b 2 .........................(1)
To find singular integral:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 65

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

z x 
(1).........  0  x  2a  0  a 
a 2 
.......................(2)
z  y
 0  y  2b  0  b 
b 2 
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
 x 2 y 2  x2 y 2
z   
2 2 4 4
2 2
x y
 
4 4
2 2
Result: y  x  4 z Which is the S.I

53. Obtain the complete solution of p 2  x 2 y 2 q 2  x 2 z 2 [AU A/M 2015]

Solution:
Given p 2  x 2 y 2 q 2  x 2 z 2
 x2 
x 2 p 2  y 2 q 2  z 2
x p   yq
1 2 2
 z 2 ....................(1)

This is of the type F z , x m p, y n q  0
Here m  1, n  1
Put X  x11 Y  log y
2
X x
X Y 1
 2x 
x y y
z z
Let P  Q
X Y
z z X z z Y
Now  
x X x y Y y
1
p  P(2 x) q Q
y
1
x p  2P...................(2) yq  Q....................(3)
Sub. (2) and (3) in (1), we get
4P 2  Q 2  z 2 ....................(4)
Let z  f  X  aY  be the solution of (4)
u u
Put u  X  aY   1, a
X Y
 z  f (u )

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 66

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

z dz u z dz u
P  , Q 
X du X Y du Y
dz dz
P Q  a ...................(5)
du du
Sub. (5) in (4)
2 2
 dz   dz 
4   a 2    z 2
 du   du 
2
 dz  z2
  
 du  4  a2
 dz  z
 
 du  4  a2
dz du dz du
  
z 4  a2 z 4  a2
u
log z  b
4  a2
X  aY
log z  b
4  a2

x 2  a log y
Result: log z  b
4  a2 , Which is the Complete Integral.
ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
1. Solve x( y  z) p  y ( z  x)q  z( x  y ) [AU N/D 2011, 2014, A/M 2018] [Pg. no.19]
2. Solve (mz - ny)p + (nx - lz)q = ly - mx [Pg. no.19]
z z
3. Solve (3z - 4y) + (4x - 2z) = 2y - 3x [AU N/D 2008 ] [Pg. no.20]
x y
4. Solve (x 2 - yz)p + (y 2 - zx)q = z 2 - xy [AU N/D,,2015, 2016] [Pg. no.21]
5. Solve x(y2 + z)p - y(x 2 + z)q = z(x 2 - y 2 ) [AU M/J 2013] [Pg. no.22]
2 2 2
6. Solve (x - y - z )p + 2xyq - 2xz = 0 [AU N/D 2001] [Pg. no.23]
7. Solve ( y - xz)p + (yz - x)q = (x + y)(x - y) [AU M/J 2005] [Pg. no.24]
2 2
8. Solve pzx + qzy = y - x [AU A/M 2009] [Pg. no.25]
9. Solve x (z 2  y 2 ) p  y (x 2  z 2 ) q  z (y 2  x 2 ) [AU N/D 2016] [Pg. no.26]
10. Solve x 2 ( y  z ) p  y 2 ( z  x )q  z 2 ( x  y ) [AU N/D 2010] [Pg. no.26]
11. Solve the partial differential equation ( x  2 z ) p  (2 z  y)q  y  x
[AU N/D 2017] [Pg. no.27]
2 2 2 2 2 2
12. Find the general solution of x( y  z )  y( z  x ) q  z ( x  y ) [Pg. no.28]
2 2
13. Solve: (y +z )p – xyq + xz = 0 [AU N/D 2013] [Pg. no.29]
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 67
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

14. Solve the Lagrange’s equation  x  2 z  p  2 xz  y q  x 2  y. [AU M/J 2014] [Pg. no.30]
15. Find the general solution of ( z 2  y 2  2 yz ) p  ( xy  zx)q  ( xy  zx)
[AU N/D 2015, A/M 2017] [Pg. no.31]
2 ' '2 6x  y
16. Solve (D - DD - 30D )y = xy + e [AU M/J 2004, 2009] [Pg. no.31]
2
17. Solve (D2 - 6DD' - 5D' )z = e x sinhy + xy AU N/D 2006 , A/M 1997] [Pg. no.33]
2
18. Solve (D 3 - 4D 2 D ' + 4DD ' )z = 6sin(3x + 6y) [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2009] [Pg. no.34]
2 ' '2
19. Solve r + s -6 t= y c o s x ( o r) (D + D D -6 D )Z = y c o s x
AU M/J 2013, 2014, N/D 2016, A/M 2018] [Pg. no.35]
 2 1 12
20. Solve D  5DD  6 D z  y sin x  [AU N/D 2017] ] [Pg. no.36]
3 2
2x '2
21. Solve ( D  2 D D ) z  2 e  3 x y [AU N/D 2001] [Pg. no.37]

22. Solve the equation D 3  D 2 D'4 DD' 2 4D'3 z  cos(2 x  y)  [AU N/D 2010] [Pg. no.38]
23. Solve the equation ( D 3  7 DD' 2 6D'3 ) z  cos(x  2 y )  x
[AU N/D 2011,2012] [Pg. no.38]
 2
24. Solve D  DD'2 D' z  2 x  3 y  e2
 2 x4 y
[AU N/D 2013] [Pg. no.39]
25. Solve: D 
 2DD' z  x 3 y  e 2 x y
2
[AU N/D 2014] [Pg. no.40]
3 2 3
26. Solve the equation ( D  7 DD' 6 D' ) z  sin( x  2 y)
[AU N/D 2011,2012,2014] [Pg. no.41]
27. Solve the equation ( D  4 DD ' 5D ' ) z  sin( x  2 y )  e2 x  y [AU A/M 2018] [Pg. no.42]
2 2

28.Solve: ( D 2  3DD'2D' 2 ) z  (2  4 y )e x 2 y [AU A/M 2015] [Pg. no.43]

29. Solve: D 3  2 D 2 D ' z  2e 2 x  3 x 2 y [AU M/J 2016] [Pg. no.44]
 2
30. Solve D 2  D 1 z  x 2 y 2  [AU N/D2015] [Pg. no.45]
31. Solve D
2 12
 2 DD 1  D z  2 cos y  x sin y  [AU N/D2015] [Pg. no.46]
32. Solve D 2  2 DD   D  2 z  x 2 y  e x  y [AU A/M 2017] [Pg. no.47]
33.Solve D 2
 2DD  D2  z  xy  ex  y [AU N/D 2017] [Pg. no.49]
34. Solve ( D 2  DD'2D) z  e2 x  y  4 [AU N/D 2012] [Pg. no.50]
35. Solve: ( D 2  2 DD' D' 2 2 D  2 D ' ) z  sin( x  2 y ) [AU M/J 2016] [Pg. no.50]
36. Solve ( D 2  3 DD '  2 D ' 2  2 D  2 D ' ) z  Sin ( 2 x  y ) [AU A/M 2017] [Pg. no.51]
37. Solve (2D 2  DD' D' 2 6D  3D' ) z  xe y [AU N/D 2010] [Pg. no.52]
2 2 2x y
38. Solve ( D  2 DD '  D '  3 D  2 D ' 2 ) z  e [AU N/D 2001] [Pg. no.53]
39. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants  from
 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , ax  by  cz)  0 [AU N/D 2010] [Pg. no.54]

40. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function ‘f’ and ‘g’ from

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 68

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

z = x2 f(y) + y2g(x). [AU N/D 2013] [Pg. no.54]

41. Form a PDE eliminating the arbitrary function from the relation
1 
z  y 2  2 f   log y  [AU N/D 2011, M/J 2007, 2014] [Pg. no.55]
x 
 y
42. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating f and  form z  xf    y  x 
x
[AU N/D 2016] [Pg. no.56].
43. Find the Partial differential equation of all planes which are at a constant distance
‘k’ from the origin. [AU N/D 2016] [Pg. no.57]
2 2 2 2
44. Solve p + q = x + y [AU N/D 2009 M/J 2003, 2005] [Pg. no.58]
45. Solve 9pqz4 = 4 (1 + z3 ) [AU M/J 2007, 2008] [Pg. no.58]
2 2 2
46. Solve x p + xpq = z [AU M/J 2009,2010] [Pg. no.59]
2 2 2 2 2
47. Solve x p + y q = z [AU M/J 2014] [Pg. no.60]
48. Find the singular integral if z  px  qy  1  p 2  q 2 [AU 2013 M/J 2013] [Pg. no.61]
49. Find the general solution of z  px  qy  p 2  pq  q 2 [AU A/M 2017, 2018] [Pg. no.63]
50. Solve z2(p2+q2)= x2+y2 [AU N/D 2011, ‘15][Pg. no: 64]
2 2
51. Solve z  px  qy  p q and obtain its singular solution. AU A/M 2015] [Pg. no.65]
52. Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  p 2  q 2 [AU N/D 2014,2017] [Pg. no.66]
53. Obtain the complete solution of p 2  x 2 y 2 q 2  x 2 z 2 [AU A/M 2015] [Pg. no.66]

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART – A (2-Marks Questions)

1. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from z  ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2 [Mar/Apr

2009]]
2. Form a PDE by eliminating a and b form z  ( x 2  a 2 )( y 2  b 2 ) [Nov 2009]
3. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants in z  ( x  a)2  ( y  b) 2  1 [Apr 2011]
4. Form a partial differential equation by eliminating the constants a and b form
z  ax n  by n
5. Form a partial differential equation by eliminating the constants a and b form
z  ax 3  by 3 [AU M/J 2014]
6. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from z  (2 x 2  a)(3 y  b)
7. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants in ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  z 2  1 Apr
2011,
8. Find the PDE of the family of sphere having their center on the line x  y  z
[AU Nov 2004]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 69

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

2 2
9. Obtain the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constant a and b from z  xy  y x  a  b
[AU Nov 2011, Apr 2007]
10. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function from z  f ( x 2  y 2 ) [AU Apr 2008, ]
11. Form a P.D.E by eliminating the arbitrary function from z  f ( x 2  y 2 ) [ AU Apr 2008]

12. Form a PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function  from  ( x  y , x  y  z )  0

[AU Nov 2005, May 2004]
 xy 
13. Eliminating the arbitrary function f from z  f   and form the PDE. [Apr 2007]
 z 
z
14. Solve  sin x [May 2008, Apr 2007]
x
15. PDE by Form a eliminating the arbitrary function f from the relation
1 
z  x 2  2 g   log x 
y 
16.Solve p  q 1 [May 2010, Mar
2008]
17.Find the singular integral of p  q  log( x  y ) [Oct 95]
18. Solve z  px  qy  2 pq [Mar 2007, Dec 2004]
19. Solve the equation yp  2 yx  log q [Apr 2005, Nov 2001]
20. Solve the equation p tan x  q tan y  tan z
21. Find the solution of p x  q y  z [May 2010/ Mar 2007/2006]
2z 2z
22. Find the solution of 4  0 [Apr 2006, May 2005]
x 2 y 2
23. What is the C.F of ( D 2  4DD '  4 D 2 ) z  x  y [Oct 98]
24. Write the particular integral of ( D 2  DD ' ) z  sin( x  y)
2
25. Solve ( D 2  DD '  2 D ' ) z  0 [Nov 2009, May2007]
26. If the auxiliary equation f ( m )  0 has r equal roots m1  m2  m3      mr
27. what is the corresponding part in the complementary function?
2
28. Find the P.I of ( D 2  2 DD '  D ' ) z  e x  y [BDN, Apr 97]
29.Find the PDE of the family of spheres having their centers on the z-axis.
30. Solve the equation ( D  D ' ) 3 z  0
 x
31. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function from z 2  xy  f  
z

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 70

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

32. Solve ( D 2  7 DD'6 D' 2 ) z  0

33. Find the complete integral of p  2qx
34. Solve ( D  1)( D  D'1) z  0 [Nov/Dec 2012]
 2 z  2 z z
35. Solve   0 [AU N/D 2013]
x 2 xy x

36. Solve D 4  D' 4 z  0  [AU M/J 2014]
37. Define Clairaut’s form
38. When PDE is said to be Linear
39.Distinguish between homogenous and non-homogenous p.d.e
40.Solve p cot x + q cot y = cot z
PART-B

1. (a)Solve x ( y  z ) p  y ( z  x ) q  z ( x  y ) [Dec 2011, Apr 2008, May 2018]

(b)Solve (mz - ny)p + (nx - lz)q = ly - mx [Nov 86 / Apr 86]
z z
2.(a) Solve (3z - 4y) + (4x - 2z) = 2y - 3x [Dec 2008 / May 2000]
x y
(b) Solve the partial differential equation ( x  2 z ) p  (2 z  y)q  y  x
[AU N/D 2017]
2 2 2 2
3.(a)Solve x(y + z)p - y(x + z)q = z(x - y ) [Nov 2008 /May/June 2013]
2 2 2
(b).Solve (x - y - z )p + 2xyq - 2xz = 0
4. (a).Solve ( y - xz)p + (yz - x)q = (x + y)(x - y) [May 2005,Apr 2004]

(b)Solve pzx + qzy = y 2 - x 2 [Dec 2008,Apr 2009]

5. (a) Solve D 2
 2DD  D2  z  xy  ex  y [AU N/D 2017]

(b). Solve D 2
 5DD1  6 D12  z  y sin x [AU N/D 2017]
2
6. (a).Solve (D 3 - 4D 2 D ' + 4DD ' )z = 6sin(3x + 6y) [Dec 2010,May 2009]
(b).Solve r + s - 6t = ycosx [AU M/J 2013, 2014, 2018]

7. (a). Solve the equation ( D 2  4 DD ' 5D '2 ) z  sin( x  2 y )  e2 x  y [AU A/M 2018]

(b). Form the PDE by eleminatin g the arbitary function g from relating
y 
g  , x 2 + y2 + z2  = 0 [Mar 2007/Apr 2001]
x 
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 71
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

8 . (a).Solve p 2 + q 2 = x 2 + y 2 [Dec 2009 / May 2005, 2003]

(b).Solve 9pqz4 = 4 (1 + z3 ) [May 2008,June 2007,Mar 2003]

9. (a).Solve x 2 p 2 + xpq = z 2 [Apr 2010 / 2009]

2 2 2 2 2
(b).Solve x p + y q = z [AU M/J 2014]

10. (a)Solve ( D 3  2 D 2 D ' ) z  2e 2 x  3 x 2 y [Nov/Dec 2001]

(b).Solve ( D 2  2 DD '  D ' 2  3 D  2 D ' 2 ) z  e 2 x  y [Nov/Dec 2001]

11.(a) Find the singular integral if z  px  qy  1  p 2  q 2 [M/J 2013,N/D 2013]

(b).Solve x 2 ( y  z ) p  y 2 ( z  x ) q  z 2 ( x  y ) [Nov/Dec 2010]

12.(a).Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants  from

 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , ax  by  cz)  0 [Nov/Dec 2010]

(b).Solve (2D 2  DD' D' 2 6 D  3D' ) z  xe y [Nov/Dec 2010]

13.(a)Solve the equation D 3  32 D'4DD'2 4D'3 z  cos(2 x  y)  [Nov/Dec 2010]
Find the general solution of z  px  qy  p 2  pq  q 2 [AU A/M 2017, 2018]
(b).
14.(a).Solve the equation ( D 3  7 DD' 2 6D'3 ) z  cos(x  2 y )  x
(b).Solve the partial differential equation ( x  2 z ) p  (2 z  y)q  y  x [N/D 2011/2012]

15. (a).Solve ( D 2  DD'2D) z  e2 x  y  4 [Nov/Dec 2012]

(b).Find the general solution of x( y 2  z 2 )  y( z 2  x 2 ) q  z ( x 2  y 2 ) [ Apr 2001]

2
 2

16.(a)Solve D  DD'2D' z  2 x  3 y  e
2 x4 y

[AU N/D 2013]

(b)Solve: (y2+z2)p – xyq + xz = 0 [AU N/D 2013]

17.(a). Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function ‘f’ and ‘g’ from
Z = x2 f(y) + y2g(x). [AU N/D 2013]
(b).PDE by Form a eliminating the arbitrary function from the relation
1 
z  y 2  2 f   log y  [Nov 2011, May 2007, M/J 2014]
x 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 72

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equation s Unit – I Partial Differential Equation

18. a). Solve the Lagrange’s equation  x  2 z  p  2 xz  y q  x 2  y. [AU M/J 2014]

b). Solve (D – D’ – 1)(D – D’ – 2) z = e2x – y
19. a) . Solve (2DD’ + D’2 -3D’) z = 3 cos (3x – 2y)
b). Solve x 2 p + y2q = z
2 2 2 2 2
20. a).Solve z (p + q ) = x + y
b). Solve (zp + x)2 + (zq + y)2 = 1
21.a) Solve z  px  qy  p 2 q 2 and obtain its singular solution. [AU A/M 2015]

b)Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  p 2  q 2 [AU N/D 2014, 2017]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 73

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

PART-A

1. State the sufficient condition for f (x ) to be expressed as a Fourier series.

Solution: [A.U A/M 2017]
Any function f (x ) can be developed as a Fourier series
ao  
  an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n1 n 1

where ao , a n , bn are constants provided it satisfies the following Dirichlet’s conditions

(i) f (x ) is periodic, single valued and finite.
(ii) f (x ) has a finite number of finite discontinuities in any one period and has no
infinite discontinuity.
(iii) f (x ) has at the most a finite number of maxima and minima.
2
2. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function f ( x)  x ,    x  
Solution: [A.U NOV. 2009]
2
Given f ( x)  x ,    x  
Here f ( x)  ( x ) 2 , therefore f (x ) is an even function.
Hence b n  0
a0 
So we get f (x ) =   an cos nx
2 n 1
a0
First term of the Fourier series is   a1 cos x ............(1)
2

2
a0   f ( x )dx
 0

2
  x 2 dx
 0

2  x3 
  
  3 0
2
a0   2
3

2 2
an   x cosn xdx
 0

2
a1   x 2 cos xdx
 0

2 2
 x d (sin x )
 0
2 2 


 
x  sin x   2 x   cos x   2   sin x 
0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 1

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2
 2 (1)

a1  4
2 2

sub.in (1) f ( x)  3  (4) cos x
2
2
  4 cos x
3

2 
 1n 1 1 1 2
3. If x 2   4 2 cos nx , deduce that 2  2  2  ......  . [A.U.MAY 2010]
3 n 1 n 1 2 3 6
Solution:
Deduction : Put x   is a point of continuity
2 
1 n n
2   4 2  1  1
3 n 1 n

2 
1
2   4 2
3 n 1 n
2
 1 1 1 
2   4  2  2  2  .....
3 1 2 3 
2
 1 1 1 
  2  2  2  .....
6 1 2 3 
1 1 1 2
(i.e., ) 2  2  2  ...... 
1 2 3 6

4. Find the constant term in the expansion of cos 2 x as a Fourier series in the interval
(  ,  ) .
Solution: [A.U.NOV. 2010]
1  cos 2 x
Given f ( x )  cos 2 x  is an even function in the interval (  ,  )
2
To find a o :

2
a0   f ( x )dx
 0

2 1  cos 2 x
 dx ,
 0 2
 
1 1 sin 2 x 
a0   (1  cos 2 x)dx   x   1
 0  2 0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 2

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

5. Find the Root mean square value of f ( x )  x 2 in (0 , l ) [A.U.NOV. 2010]

b
2
 [ f ( x )]
a
dx
Solution: R.M.S value 
ba
l
2 2
 (x
0
) dx

l0
l
4
x
0
dx

l
l
 x5 
 
 5

  0
l
l2

5
6. Give the expression for the Fourier series coefficient bn for the function f (x ) defined in
(2,2) .
Solution: [A.U MAY 2011]
Here 2l  4, l  2
l
2 n x
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
2
2 n x
  f ( x ) sin dx
20 2
2
n x
  f ( x ) sin dx
0
2
7. Without finding the values of a0 , an , bn the Fourier coefficients of Fourier series, for the
2
function f ( x )  x 2 in the interval (0,  ) Find the value of a     .
0

2 2

2 a b
n 1
n n

Solution: [A.U MAY 2011]

 2
1 2
We know that
   f ( x) dx  a
0 4
0

1 

2 n 1
a 2
n
bn
2
 ……………….(1)

 2
2 a
2

(1)x2    f ( x )  dx  0
  a n  b n 
2 2

 0 2 n 1
 2
2 4
x dx  a0  


a 2
 bn
2

 0 2 n 1 n

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 3

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


2
5
2 x  a    

 
 5 

2
0
a b n 1
2
n
2
n 
  0

2 4 a 20 
5
  
2

2 n 1 a n b n

2
 
8. Find the RMS value of the function f ( x)  x in (0, l ) . [A.U.DEC 2011]
Solution:
b
2
 [ f ( x )]
a
dx
R.M.S value 
ba
l
2
 ( x)
0
dx

l0
l
2
x
0
dx

l
l
 x3 
 
3

  0

l
l

3
9. Define RMS value of a function f (x ) over the interval ( a, b ) . [A.U A/M 2018]
Solution:
b
2
 [ f ( x)]
a
dx
Let f (x ) be a function defined in an interval ( a, b ) then is called the
ba
RMS value.
10. Determine the value of an in the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)  x3 in (  ,  ) .
Solution: [A.U MAY 2008]
3
Let f ( x)  x
f (  x)   x 3
  f ( x)
Therefore f (x ) is an odd function
Hence a0  0 and an  0
11. If f ( x )  2 x in the interval (0, 4) , then find the value of a2 in the Fourier series
expansion .
Solution: [A.U NOV.2008]
Here 2l  4, l  2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 4

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2l
1 nx
an   f ( x ) cos dx
l 0 l
4
1 n x
an   f ( x ) cos dx
20 2
4
1 2x
a2   2 x cos dx
20 2
4
  x cos xdx
0
4
  sin  x  cos  x 
  x  
    2  0

0

sin nx
12. The Fourier series expansion of f (x ) in (0, 2 ) is f ( x)   . Find the RMS
n 1 n
value of f (x ) in the interval (0, 2 ) . [A.U NOV.2008]

sin nx
Solution: f ( x)  
n 1 n
1
From this we get a0  0, an  0, bn 
n
RMS of f ( x ) in (0, 2 ) is
2
1 
y  a0   a 
2 2 2
n
 bn
4 2 n 1
2
1  1
  
2 n 1  n 
1  cos x
 , 0  x 
13. Let f (x ) be defined in the interval (0,2 ) by f ( x)     x
 cos x,   x  2
f ( x  2 )  f ( x) . Find the value of f ( ) . [A.U MAY 2009]
Solution: Is the discontinuous point in the middle .
f ( )  f (  )
f ( x)  ................(1)
2
lim 1  cos x 1  cos 0
 
x    x   0
By using L Hospital rule
lim  sin x lim
 sin x  0
x   1 x 
0  cos  1
1  f ( x )  
2 2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 5

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

14. Find bn in the expansion of x 2 as a Fourier series in ( ,  ) [A.U A/M 2018]
Solution:
Given f ( x)  x 2 is an even function in the interval ( ,  )  bn  0
15. If f  x  is an odd function defined in  l , l  ,what are the values of a0 , an.
Solution: [AU Dec 2005]
Given f (x ) is an odd function in the interval (  l , l )
 a0  0, an  0
16. In the Fourier series expansion of
 2x
1   ,    x  0
f ( x)   in (  ,  ) Find the value of bn . [A.U MAY 2005]
2x
 1 , 0  x  
 
 2x
1  ,    x  0
Solution: Given f ( x)   
2x
 1 , 0  x  
 
 ( x ),    x  0
Let f ( x)   1
 2 ( x), 0  x  
2x 2x
Where 1 ( x)  1 , 2 ( x)  1
 
2x
Here 2 (  x )  1   1 ( x )

The function f (x ) is an even function. Hence bn  0 .
17. Find the half range sine series for f ( x )  k in 0  x   . [A.U MAY 2001]
Solution: The sine series of f (x ) in (0,  ) is given by

f ( x)   bn sin nx.........................(1)
n 1

2
Where bn   k sin nxdx
0

2k   cos nx 
bn   
  n 0
2k
 cos n  cos 0  2k 1   1n  
n n
 0 when n is even

bn   4k
 n when n is odd

4k 4k  sin(2n  1) x
f ( x)   sin nx f ( x)  
n isodd n  n 1 (2n  1)

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 6

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

18. If f ( x)  3 x  4 x3 in  2  x  2 then find the value of a1 . [A.U DEC. 2009 ]

Solution:
In the Fourier series expansion
f ( x)  3 x  4 x3 in  2  x  2
f ( x)  3( x)  4( x )3

f (  x )   3x  4 x3 
  f (x)
Therefore given function is odd function.
Hence a0  0, an  0
Therefore a1  0 .
19. Write down the complex form of the Fourier series for f ( x ) in ( l , l ) .
Solution: [A.U N/D 2017]
The complex form of the Fourier series for f ( x ) in ( l , l )
in x

f ( x)  Ce
n 
n
l

 in x
l
1
Where Cn   f ( x)e l dx for all n  0, 1, 2,......
2l  l
20. State the Parseval’s theorem in Fourier series. [A.U MAY 2011]
Solution:
Let f (x ) be a periodic function with period 2 defined in the interval (  ,  ) .
Then
 2 2 
1 a 1
  f ( x) dx  o   an  bn 
2 2

2 4 2 Where ao , an and bn are Fourier coefficients of f(x)

 n 1

 0 for    x  0
21. If the Fourier series of f ( x)   is
sin x for 0  x  
1 2   2nx 1 
f ( x )     cos 2  sin x  . Find bn . [A.U MAY 2011]
  n 1  4n  1 2 
Solution:

a
We know that f ( x)  o   an cos nx  bn sin nx 
2 n 1
1 2   2nx 1 
Given: f ( x )     cos 2  sin x 
  n 1  4n  1 2 
Comparing we get bn  0 (if n  1)
1
b1  


Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 7

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

l
2
22. If f (x ) is expanded as a half range cosine series, Express   f ( x) dx in terms of
0

a0 and an .
l
1 2 a02 1  2
     an
l o
Solution: f ( x ) dx
4 2 n1
23. Find the RMS value of f ( x)  1  x in 0  x  1 [A.U MAY 2010]
Solution:
Given f ( x )  1  x in 0  x  1
b 2
2 1
y 
ba   f ( x) dx
a
1 2
2 1
y  1  x dx
1  0 0
1
2

y   1  2 x  x 2 dx 
0
1
 2 x 2 x3 
 x   
 2 3 0
2 1
y 
3
1
y 
3
24. If f (x ) is an odd function in the interval (1,1) , what are the values of a0 and an .
Solution: [A.U MAY 2010]
 f  x  is an odd function
a0  0 and an  0 .
25. Check whether f ( x )  1  x  x 2 is odd or even.
Solution:
f ( x)  1  x  x 2
f (  x )  1  x  ( x ) 2
f ( x)  1  x  x 2
f (  x )   f ( x)
 It is neither even nor odd.
26. Find the coefficient a8 of cos 8x in the F.C.T of the function f ( x )  sin 8 x in (0,  ) .
Solution:
Given f ( x )  sin 8 x is an odd function.
 an  0
a8  0 Since it is odd function.

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 8

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1
27. Determine bn in Fourier series expansion f ( x)    x  in the interval
2
0  x  2 .
Solution:
2
1   x 
bn     sin nxdx
 0 2 
2
1    cos nx    sin nx  
   x     1 2 
2   n   n 0
1  cos 2n  cos 0 
   
2  n n 

 1  1
2 n
1
bn 
n
 sin x sin 2 x  
1 2
28. If x  2   ............ in 0  x   . Prove that  2  .
 1 2  n 1 n 6
Solution:

 1
n1

The sine series of f ( x)  x is given by f ( x)  2 sin nx

n 1 n
The Parseval’s Identity

2 2
 n    f (x) dx
b 2

0


1 2  x3 
4 2   
n 1 n   3 0

4 2 2

n 1 n
2

3

1 2

n 1 n
2

6

29. Find an in expanding e  x as Fourier series (  ,  ) .

Solution: Given f ( x )  e  x
f (  x)  e  (  x )  e x
 f (x ) is neither even nor odd function

1
 an   f ( x) cos nxdx
 

1 x
  e cos nxdx
 

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 9

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


1  e x 
   cos nx  n sin nx
   1  n
2 2
 
1   e    e 
 
 1  n 2
 ( 
1) n
 0   
 2
 ( 1) 
n
 0  
 1  n 
n  n 
1   (1) e (1) e 
  2
 
  1 n 1  n2 
(1) n (1)n

 (1  n2 )
e

 e 
 
 (1  n2 )
2 sinh  
30. Find the value of a0 in the fourier series expansion of f(x) = e x in (0,2 ) .
Solution: [AU Nov 2013]
x
Given f ( x)  e
2
1
a0   f ( x)dx
 0
2
1
e x dx
 0
1 1
 e x 0  e 2  1

2


 
31. What is the sum of the Fourier series at a point x  xo where the function f (x) has
a finite discontinuity .
Solution:
Let f (x) can be expanded has a Fourier series
ao   nx nx 
   an cos  bn sin  in (c, c  2l )
2 n 1  l l 
In the series converges to
f ( xo ) if xo is a po int of continuity
f ( xo  0)  f ( xo  0)
if ' xo ' is a po int of discontinuity
2
32. In the expansion of f ( x)  sinh x in ( , ) as a Fourier series, find the
coefficient of bn .
Solution:
f ( x)  sinh x , f ( x)  sinh( x)  sinh x  f ( x)
Since f (x)  even function, the Fourier coefficient bn  0 .
33. Find the Fourier constants bn for x sin x in (  ,  ) . [A.U DEC 2013]
Solution:
Given f ( x )  x sin x in (  ,  )
f (  x)   x sin(  x)
 x sin x

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 10

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

f ( x) = f (x )
f (x ) is an even function
Hence bn  0

34. State Parseval’s Identity for the half range cosine expansion of f (x ) in (0,1) .
1
2 a02 1  2
Solution:   f ( x) dx 
0
  an
4 2 n1
35. State whether y  tan x can be expanded as a Fourier series. If so how ?If not why?
Solution:
Tan x cannot be expanded as a Fourier series. Since tan x does not
satisfies Dirichlet’s condition.

36. Write a0 , an in the expansion of x  x3 as a Fourier series in (  ,  ) . [A.U DEC 2010]

Solution:
f (x )  x  x 3
f ( x )   x  x 3
 ( x  x 3 )
  f (x)
 f (x ) is an odd function in ( ,  )
Hence a0  0 and an  0
37. If f (x )  x  x 2 is expressed as a Fourier series in the interval (2, 2) to which the
value this series converges at x  2 . [A.U MAY2003]
Solution:
x  2 is a point of discontinuity in the extreme.
f ( x) f (2)  f (2)
 
at x  2 2
[(2)  (2)]  [22  2]
2

2
[ 4  2]  [ 4  2]

2
4

38. Find the sine series of function f  x   1, 0  x   . [A.U N/D 2015, N/D 2016]
Solution:
The Sine series of f (x) in (0,  ) is given by

f ( x )   bn sin nx
n 1

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 11

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2
Where bn  sin nx dx
 0

2   cos nx 
  
  n 0
2
 cos nx0
n
2

n
 1n  1 
2

n
 
1   1
n

 0 if n is even

bn   4
if n is odd
 n

4
 f ( x)   sin nx
n  odd n

4  1
f ( x)   sin nx
 n  odd n
4  sin  2n  1 x
f ( x)  
 n 1,2,3,... 2n  1
39. Find the half range sine series expansion of f(x) = 1 in (0, 2) [A.U Nov 2013]
Solution:
In Sine series of f (x) in (0, 2)

nx
f ( x )   bn sin
n 1 l
Here l  2
22 nx
Where bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 2
2
 nx 
 cos
2  2 
  
2  n 
2
  0
2
2 nx 
 cos 
n  2 0
2  2 n  2
 cos
n 
 1  
(1) n  1
2  n
2

n
1  (1)n 

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 12

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

40. What do you mean by Harmonic analysis? [A.U MAY 2010/MAY2013]

Solution:

The process of finding Euler Constants for a tabular function is known as Harmonic
analysis.

 cos x if 0  x  
41. If f ( x)   and f ( x)  f ( x  2 ) for all x Find the sum of the
50 if   x  2
Fourier series of f ( x ) at x   . [A.U NOV 2007]

Solution:
To Find f ( x) at x   :
x   is a discontinuous point in the middle
f ( )  f (  )
f ( )  .................(1)
2
lim lim
f ( )  f ( x  h)  f (  h)  1
h0 h0
lim lim
f (  )  f ( x  h)  50  50
h0 h0
 1  50 49
(1)  f ( )  
2 2

42. To which the value, the half range sine series corresponding to f ( x)  x 2 expressed in
the interval (0, 2) converges at x  2 ?
Solution:
Given f ( x)  x 2
x  2 is a point of discontinuity and also it is an end point.
 x2 , 0  x  2
Since f ( x )   2
 x ,  2  x  0
The half range sine series corresponding to f ( x)  x 2 expressed
in the interval (0, 2)
f (0)  f (2)
converges at x  2 is
2
f ( x) f ( 0)  f ( 2)
(I.e.,) 
at x  2 2
04

2
2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 13

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

 0 if 0  x  
43. If the Fourier series for the function f ( x)  
sin x if   x  2
1 2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x  1
f ( x)        ......  sin x
   1.3 3. 5 5.7  2
1 1 1  2
Deduce that    ......  [A.U MAY 2004]
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
Solution:

Put x  is a point continuity.
2
1 2 1 1 1  1
0        ...... 
   1.3 3.5 5.7  2
1 2 1 1 1  1
      ...... 
  1.3 3.5 5.7  2
1 1 21 1 1 
      ......
 2  1.3 3.5 5.7 
2 2 1 1 1 
     ......
2  1.3 3.5 5.7 
1 1 1   (2   )  
   .....   
1. 3 3. 5 5. 7  2  2
 2
 .
4
44. If f ( x)  1  cos x in 0  x  2 has a Fourier series expansion,
2 2 4 2  1 
1

  2

 n 1 4n  1
cos nx , find the value of
  4n
n 1
2
.
1
2 2 4 2  1
Solution: Given: f (x ) 

  2
 n 1 4n  1 cos nx.......................(1)

Put x  0 (is a point of continuity)
f ( x) 
  1  cos x  1  1  0
at x  0
2 2 4 2  1
(1) implies 0  
 2
 n 1 4n  1 
2 2 4 2  1


  
 n 1 4n2  1 
1  1

2 n 1 4n 2  1

1 1

n 1 4 n  1
2

2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 14

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

45. State the Dirichlet’s conditions for the existence of the Fourier expansion of f ( x ) , in
the interval (c, c  2l ) . [A.U.NOV 2011, N/D 2016, N/D 2017]
Solution: Any function f (x ) can be developed as a Fourier series in c  x  c  2l

ao n x  n x
  an cos   bn sin where ao , a n , bn are constants provided it
2 n 1 l n 1 l
satisfies
the following Dirichlet’s conditions
(i) f (x ) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points
in (c, c  2l ) .
(ii) f (x ) is periodic in (c, c  2l ) .
(iii) f (x ) and f 1 ( x) are piecewise continuous in (c, c  2l ) .
(iv) f (x ) has no or finite number of maxima and minima (c, c  2l ) .

2 
cos nx 
1
46. If (  x ) 2   4  2 in 0  x  2 then deduct that n 2
3 n 1 n n1
[AU NOV/DEC 2014]
2
Solution: Let f ( x )  (  x ) and x  0 is point of discontinuity
2 
1
2 4 2
3 n 1 n
2 
 1
2  4 2
3 n 1 n
2 
 1
 2
6 n 1 n
f (0)  f (2 )
 f ( x) 
2

 2  2
  2
2
47. If the fourier series of the function f ( x )  x ,    x  x with period 2 is given by
 sin 2 x sin 3x sin 4 x  1 1 1
f ( x)  2 sin x     ... then find the sum of the series 1     ...
 2 3 4  3 5 7
[AU A/M 2015]

Solution: let x  is point of continuity
2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 15

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

  sin 2 2  sin 3 2  sin 4 2  

 2 sin  2     ...
2  2 3 4 

 1 1 1  
1     ...  
 3 5 7  4
48. The instantaneous current "i " at time t of an alternating current wave is given by
i  I1 sin ( t   1 )  I 3 sin ( t   3 )  I 5 sin ( t   5 )  ... find the effective value of the
current "i " [A.U A/M 2015]

Solution: i   I n sin ( t   n )
n 1

1 2
R.M.S value of i2 
   f ( x )
0
dx


1 2
i   f ( x) dx
 0
(or )
t0  T
1 2
ieff 
T  V (t )
t0
dt

49. Find the root mean square value of f  x   x (l  x ) in 0  x  l. [A.U. N/D 2015]
Solution: Given f  x   x  l  x 
b
2
  f  x 
a
dx

ba
l
2
  x  l  x 
0
dx

l 0

 x3 2 x 4 x5 
 l  2l  
 3 4 5 

l

 l5 l5 l5 
  2  
 3 4 5

l
2
l

30

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 16

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

0 in  c,0
50. Find the value of the Fourier series of f  x    at the point of
1 in 0, c 
discontinuity x=0. [A.U. M/J 2016]
Solution:
0 in  c,0
Given f  x    at x=0 is a discontinuity point,
1 in 0, c 

f  c   f  c 
f x  
2
0 1
f x  
2
1

2
 x   in   ,0 
51. Find the value of bn in the Fourier series expansion of f  x   
 x   in 0,  
[A.U. M/J 2016]
 x   in   ,0 
Solution: Given f  x   
 x   in 0,  
1  x   x  
 2 x    x  
1  x    x     2  x 
 f  x  is an even function
 bn  0.
52. If the Fourier series of the function f (x)  x  x 2 , in the interval ( ,  ) is
2  4 2  1 1 1
  (1)n  2 cos nx  sin nx  then find the value of the infinite series 2  2  2  .........
3 n 1 n n  1 2 3

Solution: [A.U. A/M 2017]

2  4 2 
Given f (x)    (1) n  2 cos nx  sin nx 
3 n1 n n 
let x   is point of discontinuity
 2  4   2   2
 2  2
3 n 1 n 2
2

4 2  2 2

n 1 n
2
  
3

3
2
1 1 1 
2
 2  2  ......... 
1 2 3 6

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 17

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

PART-B

PROBLEMS IN THE INTERVAL (0,2 )

a0  
FORMULA : f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

1 2
a0   f ( x ) dx ,
 0
1 2
an  f ( x ) cos nx dx
 0
1 2
bn  f ( x) sin nx dx
 0
x for 0  x  
1. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) =  Also, deduce that
2  x for   x  2
1 1 1 1 2
    ......... 
12 3 2 5 2 7 2 8
Solution:
a  
Formula: Fourier series f(x)  0   a n cosnx   b n sinnx
2 n 1 n 1
To find a0:
1 2
a0   f ( x) dx
 0
  2 
1  2  1  x 2  
 x 2  
   x dx   ( 2  x ) dx     2x 
 0     2  0  2  
 
 
1  2 4 2  2  2  1  2π2 
   4 2   2  
 2 2  2   π  2 
    
a0  
To find an:
1 2π
an   f(x) cosnx dx
π 0
1 π 2π 
   x cosnx dx   (2π  x) cosnx dx 
π 0 π 
 π 2π 
1    sinnx   cosnx     sinnx   -cosnx   
 x       2π  x      1  2   
π   n   n2 0   n   n π 
 

1  (1)   n 1   1   (1)  n  2
  0 
π  2
 0 
  2
  0 
  2
 0 
  2
 
 2

 1n  1 
n   n   n   n  πn

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 18

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

 4
 if n is odd
an    n2

 0 if n is even
To find bn:
1 2π
bn   f(x) sinnx dx
π 0
1 π 2π 
   x sinnx dx   (2π  x) sinnx dx 
π 0 π 
 π 2π 
1    cosnx   sinnx     cosnx   sinnx  
 x       2π  x    
π   n   n 2  0   n   n 2  π 
 
n n
1   π 1 π 1 
   
π n n 
bn  0
a  
Hence required Fourier series is f(x)  0   a n cosnx   b n sinnx
2 n 1 n 1
π  4
f(x)    cosnx
2 n odd πn 2
π 4  1
f(x)    cosnx
2 π n odd n 2
π 4  1
f(x)    cos(2n  1)x
2 π n 1 2n  12
2nd part:
Put x=0 is a point of discontinuity
f(0)  f(2π) 0  0
f(x)   0
2 2
π 4  1
0  
2 π n 1 2n  12
4  1 π
  
π n 1 2n  12 2

1 1 1 1 π2
    ......... 
Result: 12 3 2 5 2 7 2 8

Hence Proved.

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 19

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1 for 0  x  
2. Find the Fourier series for f(x)   [AU Nov 2013]
2 for   x  2

a
Solution: Formula: f(x)= 0   a n cos nx  bn sin nx ....(1)
2 n 1
2
1
To find a0: a0   f ( x)dx
 0
 2
1 1
  f ( x)dx   f ( x )dx
 0  
 2
1 1
  1 dx   2dx
 0  

1  1
 x 0  2 x 2
 
a0  3
To find an:
2
1
an   f ( x) cos nx dx
 0
 2
1 1
  cos nx dx   2 cos nx dx
 0  
 2
1  sin nx  2  sin nx 
  
  n  0   n 
 
an  0
2
1
To find bn: bn   f ( x) sin nx dx
 0
 2
1 1
  f ( x) sin nx dx   f ( x) sin nx dx
 0  
 2
1 1
  sin nx dx   2sin nx dx
 0  
 2
1   cos nx  2   cos nx 
   
  n  0   n 

n

bn 
 1 1
n
 2
 , n is odd
bn   n
0 , n is even
3 2 
(1)  f ( x)    cos nx
2 n n odd

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 20

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

3. Find the Fourier Series of period 2 for the function f  x   x cos x in 0  x  2

[A.U. A/M 2017]
Solution: Given f  x   x cos x
 
a0
Formula: f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
To find a0:
2
1
a0 
  f  x  dx
0
2
1
 x cos x dx
 0
1 2
  x  sin x   1  co s x   0

1
 1  1

a0  0
To find an:
2
1
an 
  f  x  cos nx dx
0
2
1
  x cos x cos nxdx
 0
2
1

2  x co s  n  1 x  co s  n  1 x  dx
0
2 2
 sin nx  cos nx 
Consider  x cosn x dx     n2 
0  n  0
1
 2  cos 2n  cos 0   0
n
1
an  0  0   0, n  1 ------------------(1)
2


1
Now, an  x co s x cosn x dx
 0
2
1 2
But a1   x sin x dx
 0
2
1  1  cos 2 x 
  x   dx
2 0 2 
2 2
1  
  x dx   x cos 2 x dx 
2  0 0 

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 21

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2
1  x2 
   0 u sing (1)
2  2 0
 4 2 
   
 4 
To find bn:
2
1
bn 
  f  x  sin nx dx
0
2
1
  x cos x sin nxdx
 0
2
1

2  x sin  n  1 x  sin  n  1 x  dx
0
2 2
  xcos nx  sin nx 
Consider  x sinn x dx     n2 
0  n  0
1 2
  2 cos 2n  
n n
1  2 2 
Now, bn  
2  n  1 n  1 
 1 1 
   
 n  1 n 1
 2n 
   2  for n  1
 n 1
2
1
To find b1: b1  x co s x sin x dx
 0
2
1
  x sin 2 x dx
2 0

1  2  1
    
2  2  2
 
a
f  x   0  a1 cos x  b1 sin x    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 2 n2


sin x n sin nx
Result: f  x    cos x   2 2
2 n 2 n  1

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 22

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

PROBLEMS IN THE INTERVAL (  ,  )

 
a0
f x     a n cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

1  1 
a0  f  x  dx, an  f  x  cos n x dx
   
 ,    x  0
4. Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined by f ( x)  
 x, 0  x  
2
1 1 1 
Deduce that 2  2  2  ...    [A.U NOV 2009]
1 1 1 8
 ,   x  0
Solution: Given f ( x)  
 x, 0  x  
for    x  0, f (  x )    f ( x )
for 0  x   , f (  x)   f ( x)
Therefore f(x) is neither even nor odd.

a
Formula: f ( x )  0   (an cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
To find a0:
2
1
a0   f ( x)dx
 0

10 
   dx   x dx 
   0 

1 0  x2   1  2 
   ( x )         0  ( )     0 
  2 0     2 

1   2  1 2 
   ( )        2  
  2    2 

a0 
2

To find an:

1
an   f ( x) cos nxdx
 

1 0 1
 (  ) cos nxdx  x cos nxdx
   0
0 
1   sin nx    sin nx   cos nx   
       x   1.   2   
   n     n   n  0 

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 23

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1  (1) n 1 
  2
  n 2 n 
1
an  2
[(1) n  1]
n
 2
 if n is odd
a n   n 2
 0 if n is even
To find bn:
1 
bn  f ( x ) sin nxdx
 
1 0 1
  ( )sin nxdx   x sin nxdx
   0
0 
1    cos nx     cos nx   sin nx   
       x   1.   2   
   n     n   n  0 
  n
 1   1  (1) n 
n  
1 n
bn  1  2  1 
n 
 
  
2 
1
2
 f ( x)  
n
  cos nx   1  2  1  sin nx        (1)
2 n  0 dd  n
2
n 1 n
 

Deduction: Put x=0 in f(x),

We get at x=0 is a point of discontinuity in the middle.
f (0)  f (0 )
 f ( x) at x  0 
2
(   0)
f ( x) 
2

f ( x)  
2
  2  1 
1 n
(1)      2 .1   1  2  1  .0
2 4  n 0 dd n n 1 n
 
  2  1
   
2 4  n 0 dd n 2

  2  1
    2
2 4  n0 dd n

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 24

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2 1 1 1
    ...
8 12 32 52
1 1 1 2
ie., 2  2  2  ...   
1 3 5 8
Hence proved.
5. Expand the function f  x   x sin x as a Fourier series in the interval   ,   .
[A.U. Nov 2000]
Solution: Given f  x   x sin x is an even function
 bn  0

a
Formula: f ( x )  0   a n cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1

a
Let the required Fourier series be f  x   0   an cos nx
2 n 1
To find a0:

2
a0   f  x  dx
 0

2
 x sin x dx
 0
2 
  x   cos x   1  sin x   0

2
  

2
a0  2
To find an:

2
an  f  x  cos nx dx
 0

2
 x sin x cos nx
 0

2
  x cos nx sin x dx
 0

2
 x sin  n  1 x  sin  n  1 x  dx
2 0 

1
 x sin  n  1 x  sin  n  1 x  dx
 0 

1    cos  n  1 x cos  n  1 x    sin  n  1 x sin  n  1 x  
 x     2
 2

  n 1 n 1   n  1  n  1 
  0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 25

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1  cos n cos n  

  n  1  n  1    0  0     0  0  0
   
n  n  1  n  1
  1  2 
 n 1 
n  2 
  1  2  , n 1
 n  1
 2  n
an   2   1 , n  1
 n  1
n 1  2 
an   1  2 , n 1
 n  1

2
To find a1: a1  x sin x cos x dx
 0

2
  x sin 2 x dx
2 0

1    cos 2 x    sin 2 x  
 x  1 
  2 4 0

1   cos 2 x   sin 2 x  
  x  
  2 4 0
1    
    0    0  0 
  2  
1  1
    
  2 2

a
f  x   0  a1 cos x   an cos nx
2 n2

2 1 
 n  1
 2 
  cos x    1  2  cos nx
2 2 n2   n  1 

1 
 n  1
 1 
 1  cos x  2  1  2  cos nx
2 n2   n  1 
1  cos 2 x cos 3 x cos 4 x 
Result: f  x   1  cos x  2     ... 
2  1.3 2.4 3.5 
6. Find the Fourier series of f x   x in    x   . [A.U. M/J 2016]

Solution: Let f x   x , f  x    x   f x 

Therefore f  x  is an odd function in   ,  

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 26

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

Hence a0  0 and a n  0 for all n  0,


a0
Formula: f ( x )    a n cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1
Let the required Fourier series be

f x   b n sin nx
n 1

2
Where bn 

 f x sin nx dx
n 1

2
  x sin nx dx
 0
By applying Bernoulli’s formula

ux ; v  sin n x
 cos nx
u'  1 ; v1 
n
 sin nx
u ''  0 ; v2  2
n
' ''
 uv dx  uv  u v1  u v 2  ...

2   cos nx  sin nx   
  x   2   
  n  n   0
2     1n  
   0   0  0 
  n  
n 1
2 1
bn 
n

f  x    bn sin nx
n 1
n 1

2 1
 sin nx
n 1 n
n 1

Result: f  x   2

 1 sin nx
n 1 n

7. Find the Fourier series for f(x)  cos x in the interval   ,   . [A.U M/J 2016]
Solution:
Given f(x)  cos x
f(x) is an even function , bn =0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 27

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


a0
Formula: f ( x )    a n cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1
a0 
f ( x)    an cos nx      (1)
2 n 1
To find a0:
 
1 2
a0   f ( x)dx   cos x dx
   0

2 
2 2
  cosx dx  cosx dx
 0
 
2

2

   
sin x 0 2    sin x  2 
2
 1  1

4
a0 

To find an:

1
an 
 
f ( x) cos nxdx

2
  cos x cos nx dx
 0

2 
2 2
  cosx cos nx dx  cosx cos nx dx
 0
 
2

1  2  
 
    cos(n  1)x  cos( n  1) x  dx    cos(n  1)x  cos(n  1) x  dx 
  0  
2

1   sin(n  1)x sin(n  1)x  2  sin(n  1)x sin(n  1)x  


     
  n  1 n  1  0  n  1 n  1   
 2

 n n  
cos cos
2 2 2 
   
  n 1 n 1 
 
n
2cos
 2  1  1 
  n  1 n  1 
n n
2cos 4 cos
2  2  2
  n 2  1  an   when n  1
  (n 2  1)

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 28

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

When n=1,

1
a1  f ( x) cos xdx
 

2
  cos x cos x dx
 0

2  2 

2 2
 cos x dx  c os x dx 
  0 
 
 2 

2  2 1  cos2x 1  cos2x 

 dx  dx
  0 2 
 2 
 2 

1  sin 2 x  2  sin 2 x  


  x   x 
  2  0  2   
 2

a1  0
n
4 cos
Result: 2  2 cos nx
f ( x)   
 n 2  ( n 2  1)
8. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x )  x  x 2 in ( ,  ) and hence deduce the value
1 1 1
of    ... [A.U. N/D 17]
12 2 2 32
Solution: Given f ( x)  x  x 2
f ( x )   x  x 2
f ( x )  f ( x)
Therefore, f ( x ) is neither even nor odd in (  ,  )

a
Formula: f ( x )  0   a n cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1
To find a0:
1 
a0   f ( x)dx
 
1 
  ( x  x 2 )dx
 
2 2
 x dx sin ce x is odd and x 2 is even
 0

2  x3 
  
  3 0
2 2
a0 
3

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 29

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

To find an:
1 
an   f ( x) cos nxdx
 
1 
  ( x  x 2 ) cos nxdx
 
2 2
  x cos nxdx [ x cos nx is odd x 2 cos nx is even]
 0

2   sin nx    cos nx    sin nx  
  x2    2x  2   2 3 
  n   n   n  0
4 n
an  2  1
n
To find bn:
1 
bn   f ( x) sin nxdx
 
1 
  ( x  x 2 ) sin nxdx
 
2
  x sin nxdx [ x sin nx is even x 2 sin nx is odd ]
 0

2    cos nx    sin nx  
 x    (1)  2 
  n   n  0
2 n
bn   1
n
 
a
(1)  f ( x)  o   an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
n n
 2  4  1 
2  1
  2
cos nx   sin nx
3 n 1 n n 1 n
n n

Result: f  x 
2 
 1
 4 2 cos nx  2

 1 sin nx
3 n 1 n n 1 n
Deduction:
x 
2 
1 f ( )  f ( )
 4 2 
3 n 1 n 2
2
 
1        2 2
2 2
 4 2   2
3 n 1 n 2 2
2 2 2

1  3   2 2
4 2   2   
n 1 n 3 3 3

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 30

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


1 2
n 1 n
2

6
1 1 1 2
   ... 
12 2 2 32 6
9. Find the Fourier series for f ( x )  x 2 in    x   . Hence show that
1 1 1 1 4
    ...  [A.U. 2013, Nov 2014, N/D 2016, A/M 18]
14 2 4 3 4 4 4 90
Solution:
Given : f ( x)  x 2
2
f ( x )    x   x 2  f  x 
Therefore f(x) is an even function in (-π ,π). bn = 0

a
Formula: f ( x )  0   a n cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1

a
 The Fourier series of is f ( x )  0   an cos nx
2 n 1
To find a0:

2
a0  f ( x )dx
 0

2 2
a0  x dx
 0

2  x2  2 2
   a0 
  3 0 3
To find an:

2
an  f ( x) cos nxdx
 0

2
  x 2 cos nxdx
 0

2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx  
  x 2      2x  2   2  n3  
  n   n    0
4 n
an  2  1
n
2  4 n
f ( x )    2  1 cos nx
3 n1 n
Parseval identity is

2 2 a0 2  2
 f  x   dx    an
   2 n 1

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 31

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


 a 2 

   x 2  2 dx   0  a 2
n 

2 2 n 1 

 x5    1  4 4   16 2n 
        4  1 
 5   2  2  9  n 1 n 
 5   2 4  
1
5
 
2  9 
  16  4 
n 1 n 

2 4 2 4  16
  4
5 9 n 1 n
4 
8 16
 4
45 n1 n

1 4
n 1 n
4

90
1 1 1 1 4
    ... 
14 2 4 3 4 4 4 90
Hence proved.
1  x,  x  0
10 . If f ( x)   find the Fourier series of f(x) and hence deduce
 1  x,0  x  
1 1 2
that   ...... 
12 32 8 [A.U. MAY 2011, NOV 2013]
Solution:
Given that
1  x for    x  0
f(x) =  , which is an even function bn = 0
1  x for 0  x  

a
Formula: f ( x )  0   a n cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1
So, the required Fourier series is

a
f ( x)  0   an cos nx          (1)
2 n 1
To find a0:

2
a0   f ( x)dx
 0

2
 (1  x ) dx
 0

2 x2 
 x  
 2 0
a0  2  

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 32

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

To find an:

2
an   f ( x) cos nx dx
 0

2
 (1  x ) cos nx dx
 0

2  sin nx    cos nx  
 1  x     1  2 
  n   n 0
2  (1)n 1 
  2
  n 2 n 
2
an  2  ( 1) n  1
n
 4
 if n is odd
an =   n 2
0 if n is even

2 4
f ( x)    2 cos nx          (2)
2 n  odd n 
2 nd part:

Put x=0, f(x) =1


2 4
1   2
2 n  odd n 

2   4  1
1
2
 
 n odd n2

 2  2      1

 2
    
 4  n  odd n
2

2 
1
  2
8 nodd n
1 1 2
  ...... 
12 32 8
Hence proved.
11. Find the Fourier series of f ( x)  sin x in    x   of periodicity 2 .[AU A/M 2015]
 sin x 0 x
Solution: Given f ( x )  sin x  
 sin x    x  0
f ( x)  sin(  x)  sin x  f ( x )
Therefore f (x ) is even function .hence bn  0

a0
Formula: f ( x )    a n cos nx  bn sin nx
2 n 1

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 33

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

a0 
Let the required fourier series is f ( x)    a n cos nx ----------------(1)
2 n 1
To find a0:
 
2 2 2 
a0   f ( x) dx   sin x dx    cos x 0
 0  0 
4
a0 

To find an:
2
a n   sin x cos nx dx
 0

2
an 
2  sin (n  1) x  sin( n  1) x dx
0

1   cos(n  1) x cos(n  1) x 
   
 n 1 n 1 0
1   cos (n  1) cos (n  1)    1 1 
     
  n 1 n  1   n  1 n  1 
1  1 1   1 1 
 (1) n     
  n  1 n  1   n  1 n  1 
1 1 1 
    [1  (1) n ]
  n  1 n  1
2
 [1  (1) n ] , n  1
 (n 2  1)
 4
 if n is even
a n   (n 2  1)
 0 f n is odd
To find a1 :
 
2 2  sin 2 x 
a1   sin x cos x dx     dx
 0  0 2 

1   cos 2 x  1
      cos 2 x 0
  2  0 2
a1  0

a
f ( x)  0   a n cos nx
2 n 1

a
f ( x )  0  a1 cos x   a n cos nx
2 n 2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 34

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


2 4
Result: f ( x)    cos nx
 n even  (n 2  1)
2 4  cos nx
f ( x)   
  n even (n 2  1)

PROBLEMS IN THE INTERVAL ( l , l )

12. Find the Fourier series expansion the following periodic function of period 4
2 x 2  x  0 1 1 1 2
f x    . Hence deduce that 2  2  2  ...  . [A.U. N/D 2015]
 2x 0 x 2 1 3 5 8
Solution: Let 1  x   2  x ;  2  x   2  x
  x  ;  2  x  0
f x   1
  2 x  ; 0  x  2
1  x   2  x   2  x 
 f  x  is an even function
 bn  0.

a0
Formula: f ( x )    (an cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
Let the required Fourier series be

a
f  x   0   a n cos nx
2 n 1
To find a0:
2
2
a0  f  x  dx
l 0
22
  2  x  dx
20
2
 x2 
 2 x  
 2 0
4
 4
2
 42
a0  2
To find an:
2l nx
an   f x  cos dx
l 0 l
22
  2  x  cos nx dx
20 2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 35

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2
nx
  2  x  cos
0
2
dx

By applying Bernoulli’s equation

nx
Here u 2  x ;  dv  cos 2
nx  2 
u'  1 ; v  sin  
2  n 
2
nx  2 
v1   cos  
2  n 
2
 2
 2  x  sin nx    cos nx  24 2 

 n  2   2  n   0
2
 4  nx  
  2 2  cos 
n   2   0
 4 
  2 2 cos   cos 0 
n  
 4 
 n
  2 2  1  1  
n  
 8
 ; if n is odd
a n   n 2 2
0 ; if n is even
8
an  2 2
n 

a
f x   0   a n cos nx
2 n  odd

2  x   2  82  cos2nx
2  n  odd n
Put x=0
8  cos 0
2  1 2 
 n odd n 2
8  1
1 2  2
 n odd n


1 2

n odd n2

8
1 1 1 2
Result:    ... 
12 3 2 5 2 8

Hence proved.

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 36

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

PROBLEMS IN THE INTERVAL (0,  )


a
Formula f ( x)  0   a n cos nx
2 n 1

2
a0   f ( x ) dx
0
2
an  f ( x) cos nx dx
 0
 2
2 a02  2
 
f ( x ) dx    an
 0 2 n1

2
13. Find the half-range cosine series of f  x      x  in (0, π). Hence find the sum of the

1 1 1 [A.U NOV 2009 , N/D 2015]

Series    ..............
14 24 34

2
Solution: Given f  x      x 
a0 
Formula: f ( x)    an cos nx          (1)
2 n 1

To find a0:

2
a0  f ( x)dx
 0

2
  (  x ) 2 dx
 0

2  (  x )3 
 
  3  0
2 2
a0 
3
To find an:

2
an   f ( x) cos nx dx
 0

2
  (  x) 2 cos nx dx
 0

2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx  
  (  x) 2     2   x   2   2  n3  
  n   n   0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 37

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2  2 

  n 2 
4
an  2
n
2 
 4
f ( x)    2 cos nx
3 n 1 n
2nd part
By Parseval’s identity
 2
2 a02  2
 
f ( x ) dx    an
 0 2 n1
 4
1  4 1  16
    x  dx 
0
 
9 2 n 1 n 4

1  (  x )5  4 
1
     8  4
 5  0 9 n 1 n

4 4 
1
  8 4
5 9 n 1 n


1 4

n 1 n
4

90
1 1 1 4
Result:    ........................................ 
14 24 34 90

14. Find the half-range cosine series of the function f  x   x    x  in the interval
1 1 1 4
0  x   . Hence deduce that 4  4  4  ...  . [A.U. A/M 2018]
1 2 3 90
Solution: Given f  x   x    x  in 0  x   .
f  x   x  x2

a0
Formula: f  x    an cos nx
2 n 1
To find a0:

2
a0 
  f  x  dx
0

2

 0
 x  x2  dx

2  x2 x3 
  
  2 3  0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 38

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2   3  3  
      0  0 
  2 3  
2 3 1 1
    
  2 3
2 3  2 
 3  
  6 
2
a0 
3
To find an:

2
an 
  f  x  cos nx dx
0

2
  x  x  cos nx dx
2

 0

2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx  
   x  x 2       2 x   2    2   3 
  n   n   n  0

2  sin nx   cos nx   sin nx  
   x  x 2       2 x   2   2  3  
  n   n   n  0
2   cos n    
  0  2
 0    0  2  0 
  n   n 
2   cos n  
   2
 n2 n 
 2   
    2   cos n  1
   n 
 2  n
   2   1  1
n   
 0 if n is odd

 an   4
 n 2 if n is even
a0 
 f  x    an cos nx
2 n 1
2 
1
  4  2 cos nx
6 n  2,4,... n

Using parseval’s identity


2 2 a02  2
 f  
x  dx    an
 0  2 n 1

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 39

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

a02  4

4 36
 2
4 1  16 1
  4
   x  x 2  dx
36 2 n  even  2n   0

4 1  1 1
  4     2 x 2  2 x 3  x 4  dx
36 2 n  even n  0

1  2 x 3 x4 x5  
    2    dx
  3 4 5 0
1   5  5  5  
    
  3 2 5 
4

30
1  1 4 4
  4  
2 n1 n 30 36

1 4 4

n 1 n4
 
15 18

1 4

n 1 n4

90
1 1 1 4
   ... 
14 2 4 34 90
Hence proved.

15. Obtaion the half-range cosine series for f  x   x in  0,   and hence Prove that
1 1
  ... [A.U N/D 2017]
12 32
Solution: The half range cosine series is given by

a
Formula: f  x   0   a n cos nx
2 n 1
To find a0:

2
a0   f  x  dx
 0
2
 x dx
 0

2  x2 
   
  2 0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 40

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

To find an:
2
an  x cos nx dx
 0

2   sin nx    cos nx 
  x   1 2 
  n   n  0

2  sin nx cos nx 
 x 
 n n 2  0

2  cos nx 
  x sin nx  n 
n  0

n

2 

 1   1 
   0  
 0   
n  n  n 
0
n
2   1 1 2
 
n  n
 
n
 2  1  1
n 
n
 
 0 if n is even

an  4
 n 2 if n is odd

 4
f x     2 cos nx
2 n  odd n 

 4  1
Result: f  x     cos  2n  1 x
2  n  odd  2n  1 2

 4
f x     2 cos nx
2 n  odd n 

 4
x ,     2 cos n
2 n  odd n 
 
4(1)n
   
2 n  odd n 2

 4
    2
2 n  odd n 

 4
    2
2 n  odd n 
2 
1
  2
8 n  odd n
1 1 2
  ... 
12 32 8

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 41

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

x for 0  x  1
16. Expand f(x) =  as a series of cosines in the interval (0,2).
2  x for 1  x  2
Solution: [A.U. N/D 2016, A/M 2017]
x for 0  x  1
Given f(x) = 
2  x for 1  x  2
a0  n x
Formula: Fourier series f(x)    a n cos
2 n 1 2
Here l=2

To find a0:
22
a0   f ( x) dx
20
 1 2
1 2   x 2   x2  
   x dx   (2  x ) dx       2x  
0 1   2 0  2  
1 
 
1 4  1 
   4    2      2 
2 2  2   2 
a0  1
To find an:
22 n x
an   f(x) cos dx
20 2
1 n x 2 n x 
   x cos dx   (2  x) cos dx 
0 2 2 
 2
1 2
 2  n x    2  n x    2  n x   n x   
2    n 
  x  sin  cos  2  x   sin    1   cos 2   
 n  2    n   0   2    1 

4  n n 
  2 cos 2   1  1
π2n 2 
an  0 if n is odd
4 4
a2   2 cos  1 1   2
π n2
2

4
a4 
2 2
 2 cos 2  1 1  0
πn
4 16
a6   2cos3  1  1 
π n2
2 62  2
1 4  1 6 x 
f ( x)   2 cos  x  0  cos
2   9 2 
1 4  1 
f ( x)   2 cos  x  cos 3 x 
Result: 2   9 

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 42

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

17. Find the half range cosine series of f(x) = x in 0 < x< π. [A.U DEC 2010]
Solution:
Half range cosine series is

a0
Formula: f ( x)    a n cos nx
2 n 1
To find a0:

2
a0 
 0
f ( x) dx

 
2 2  x2 
a0   xdx     
 0   2 0

To find an:

2
an  f ( x ) cos nx dx
 0
 
2 2   sin nx    cos nx  
  x cos nx dx   x  
 0    n   n 2   0
2  ( 1) n 1  2
  2
 2   2 ( 1) n  1
 n n  n
4
 if n is odd
a n   n 2
0 if n is even


Required half range cosine series is


 4
f ( x)    cos nx
2 n  odd  n 2
 4  1
f ( x)    2 cos nx
2  n odd n
Result:
 4  1
f ( x)    cos(2n  1) x
2  n 1 2n  12

 x 0 x 
18. Find the half range sine series of f ( x)  2 . Hence deduce the sum of
  x   x  
2

1
the series  . [AU A/M 2015]
n 1 2n  1
2

Solution: Let the half range sine series be

b
f  x   b sin nx n       1
n 1

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 43

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

To find bn:
2
bn  f  x sin nx dx
 0

22 

bn    x sin nx dx   (  x) sin nx dx 
  0 
2 
 
2
2    cos nx    sin nx   2    cos nx    sin nx 

  x   (1) 2     x     1 2 
  n   n  0    n   n  
2

  nx   nx     nx   nx  
cos   sin  cos   sin  
2  x  2  
2   0  0   2      2  2
        0  0        
  2  n   n2     2
  n   n 2

           
  n  
 sin  
2   2 
 2
  n2 
 
 
 4  n 
 2 sin   if n is odd
bn   n   2 
 0 if n is even

Deduction

4  n 
f ( x)  
n  odd
2
n 
sin 
 2 
 sin nx


4  2n  1 
f ( x)   sin   sin 2n  1x
n 1 2n  1 
2
 2 
4 sin 3 x sin 5 x 
Result: f ( x)  sin x  2  2
   
 3 5 

PROBLEMS IN THE INTERVAL (0, l )

19. Find the half range sine series f ( x)  lx  x 2 in  0, l  [AU Nov 2013]
Solution:

 n x 
Formula: f  x    bn sin   ....(1)
n 1  l 
To find bn:
l
2  n x 
bn   f ( x) sin   dx
l 0  l 

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 44

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

l
2  n x 
  (lx  x 2 ) sin   dx
l 0  l 
l
   n x     n x     n x   
  cos    sin   cos 
2 
 l   
 l   
 l   
  lx  x 
 2
  l  2x   2 2
  2   3 3
l  n   n 2   n  3 
  l   l   l 
      0
n
2  2l  1 2l 
3 3
   
l  n3 3 n3 3 
4l 2  n
 3 3 
1   1 
n 
 8l 2
 , n is even
bn   n3 3
0 , n is odd


Result:
8l 2 
 n x 
(1)  f ( x) 
n3 3
 sin 
n  even l 

2
20. Find the half-range cosine series for f ( x)   x  1 in 0  x  1.
Solution: [A.U. MAY 2013, Nov 2014]

The required Fourier cosine series be


a
Formula: f ( x)  0   an cos n x..............(1)
2 n 1

2
a0 
 0
f ( x) dx
1
2
 2  x  1 dx
0
1
  x  13 
 
 3  0
  13  2
 2 0   
 3  3
To find an:

2
an  f ( x ) cos nx dx
 0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 45

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1
2
 2   x  1 cos n xdx
0
1
 2  sin n x    cos n x    sin n x  
 2  x  1    2  x  1  2 2   2  n3 3  
  n   n   0
4
an  2 2
n 
1  4
(1)  f ( x)    2 2 cos n x
3 n 1 n 

Result:

1 4 1
f ( x)   2
3 
n
n 1
2
cos n x

1 1 1
21. Obtain fourier cosine series of f ( x)  x , 0  x  4 hence deduct that    ...  
14 34 5 4

Solution: Given f ( x)  x , 0  x  4 [AU NOV 2014]


a
Formula: f ( x )  0   a n cos nx
2 n 1 l
 
Here l  4
To find a0:
2l
a0  f  x  dx
l 0
24
 x dx
4 0
4
1  x2 
  
2  2 0
1  42 
   0
2 2 
1
 8
2
a0  4
To find an:
2l
an 
l 0 l

x cos nx dx 
24
an 
4 0 4

x cos nx dx 
Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 46
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2 4
1  4  
 x 
2   n 
 
 4 
 sin nx 4  
 n
 cos nx 4

  
 0
1  16 
  0   1n    0  16
2 2  
2  n   n  
16
 2 2 ( 1) n  1
n
 0 if n is even

a n    16
 n 2 2 if n is odd
By Parseval’s identity
l
2 2 a0 2  2
 f  
x  dx    an
l 0  2 n 1
2
14 2
x dx 
16 1
  4 4
16

40 4 2 n  odd n 
4
1  x3  128 1
   4  4  4
4  3 0  n  odd n
1  43  128 1
  0   4  4  4
4 3   n  odd n
16 128 1
 4 4  4
3  n  odd n
4 128 1
 4  4
3  n  odd n
1 1 1 4
Result:    ... 
14 3 4 5 4 96

 x for 0  x  1
22. Obtain the Fourier series for the function f(x)=  2  x for 1  x  2


 x for 0  x  1
f(x)= 
(or) Expand  2  x for 1  x  2 as a series of cosine in the interval (0,2)
[A.U MAY 2011, 2013,N/D 2016, A/M 17]
Solution:

 x for 0  x  1
Given f(x)= 
2  x for 1  x  2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 47

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

Here l 1

a0  n x  n x
Formula: f ( x)    an cos   bn sin
2 n 1 l n 1 l
To Find a0:
2l
1
a0   f ( x )dx
l 0
2
1
  f ( x )dx
10
1 2
  f  x  dx   f  x dx
0 1
1 2
  xdx    2  x dx
0 1

2 1 2
x   x2 
    2 x  
 2 0  2 1
1    1 
   0    4  2    2   
2    2 
a0  1
To find an:
2
1 n x
an   f ( x) cos dx
l0 l
1 2
  x cos n xdx    2  x  cos n xdx
0 1
1 2
  cos n x     cos n x   
sin n x sin n x
   x   1  2
    2  x    1  2
 
 n   n   
   n    0    n   1 
n n


 1 1  1
 2 2 2 2  2 2
1
2 2
n n n n
n
  1  1 
an  2  2 2 
 n  
0 , if n is even

an   4
 n 2 2 , if n is odd
To find bn:

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 48

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2l
1 n x
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l0 l
1 2
  x sin n xdx    2  x  sin n xdx
0 1
1 2
  sin n x     sin n x   
 cos n x  cos n x
   x   1      2  x    1   
 n   n  2    n   n 2   
  0    1 
 cos n cos n
 
n n
bn  0
1  4 n x  n x
f ( x)    2 2 cos   0sin
2 n 1 n  l n 1 l
1  4 n x
f ( x)    2 2 cos
2 n 1 n  l
l  x for 0  x  l
f(x)= 
23. Obtain the Fourier series for the function 0 for l  x  2l
[A.U N/D 17]
Solution:
l  x for 0  x  l
f(x)= 
Given 0 for l  x  2l

a0  n x  n x
Formula: f ( x)    an cos   bn sin
2 n 1 l n 1 l
To Find a0:
2l
1
a0  f ( x )dx
l 0
1 2
1 
   f  x  dx   f  x dx 
l 0 1 
l
1 
   (l  x)dx 
l 0 
l
1  (l  x )2 
 
l  2  0
1
  l 2 
2l
l
a0 
2

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 49

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

To find an:
2l
1 n x
an   f ( x ) cos dx
l 0 l
l
1 n x 
   (l  x) cos dx 
l0 l 
l
   
 n x
sin n  x   cos  
1 l   1  l  
   l  x 
l  n   n  2  
     
 l   l    0 

n
  1 1
 2 2  2 2
n n
0 , if n is even

an   2l
 n 2 2 , if n is odd
To find bn:
2l
1 n x
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l0 l
l
1 n x 
   (l  x) sin dx 
l 0 l 
l
    
 n x n x
 cos  sin  
1  l   1  l  
  l  x 
l  n   n 2   
     
 l   l  0 
 
1

n


l 2l n x   1  n x
f ( x)    2 2 cos     sin
4 n  1,3,5,... n  l n  1  n  l

 x for 0  x  l
 2
24. Obtain the sine series for the function f  x   
l  x for l 2  x  l
Solution: [A.U. May 2011, 2013]

The sine series for the function f x  in 0, l  is given by

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 50

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


nx
Formula: f x   b n sin
n 1 l
To find bn:
l
2 n x
bn   f  x  sin dx
l 0 l
l
2 l
2 n x 2 n x

l 
0
x sin
l
dx 
l   l  x  sin
l l
dx
2
l
2   l  n x   l 2   n x   2
 x   cos     sin 
l   n  l   n 2 2   l  0
l
2  l  nx   l2  nx  
 l  x    cos   1 2 2   sin 
l  n  l  n   l  l
2
2 2
2  l n l n x  
  cos  2 2 sin    0  0  
l  2n 2 n 2  
2  l2 n l2 n 
   0  0   
  cos  sin 
l  2 n
2 2
2 n  2 
2  l2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
2  l2 n  4l n
  2 2 2 sin   bn  2 2
sin
l n 2  n 2

 4l n  n x
f  x   n 2 2 sin 2  sin l
n 1

4l   1 n  n x
 2   2 sin  sin
 n 1  n 2  l

4l 1 n  nx
f  x   0 when n is even f x     n 2 sin 2  sin l
2 n  odd

4l   1  2n  1   sin  2n  1  x
f  x  2  2
sin 
 n0
  2n  1 2  l
n
4l    1  2n  1x
Result: f x     2 
sin
2 n 0  2n  1  l

25. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x)=1-x2 in the interval (-1,1) [A.U DEC 2010]
Solution:
Given f(x) = 1-x2 in (-1,1), Which is an even function hence bn=0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 51

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

The required Fourier series is


a0 nx
Formula: f ( x)    a n cos
2 n 1 l
Here 2l  2  l  1
To find a0:
21
a 0   f ( x ) dx
10
1
1 2  x3   1 2
= 2  (1 - x ) d x = 2  x -  = 2 1 -  = 2  
0  3   3 3
0
4
a0 
3
To find an:
1
an  2 (1  x 2 ) cos nx dx
0
1
  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 

 2 1  x2    ( 2 x ) 2 2   ( 2) 3 3 
  n   n   n  0
n
 2( 1) 
 2  2 2 
 n 
4( 1) n
an  
n 2 2
Required Fourier series is
4 3   
4(1) n
f(x) =
2

n 1 n 2 2
cos nx

2 4 
(1) n 1
Result: f(x) =  2
3 

n 1 n2
cos nx

[A.U. M/J 2016]

26. Find the half range sine series of f  x   x cos  x in  0,1 .

Solution: Given f  x   x cos x in 0,1.


n x
Formula: f  x    bn sin
n 1 l
l
2 n x
bn   f  x  sin dx
l 0 l
1
2 n x
  x cos x sin dx
10 1

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 52

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1
 2  x cos x sin n  x dx
0
1
 2  x sin n  x cos x dx
0
1
  x 2 sin n  x cos x  dx
0
1
  x sin n  1x  sin n  1x dx
0

By applying Bernoulli’s formula

ux ;  dv  sin n  1x  sin n  1x

cos n  1x cos n  1x
u'  1 ; v  
n 1 n 1

sin n  1x sin n  1x

u ''  0 ; v1   
n  12 n  12
'
 uv dx  uv  u v 1  u '' v 2  ...
1
  cos n  1x cos n  1x   sin n  1x sin n  1x 
  x    
  n  1 n  1   n  1 n  1  0
  cos n  1 cos n  1   sin n  1 sin n  1 
  1      
  n  1 n  1   n  1 n  1 
   1n1  1n1  
  1    0  0 

  n 1 n 1  

n 1  1 1 
  1 1   
 n 1 n 1

n 2  n 1  n  1 
  1  2 
 n 1 

n  2n 
bn   1  2 
 n 1
put n  1
1
b1  2  x cos  x sin  x dx
0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 53

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1
  x 2 sin x cosx dx
0
1
  x sin 2x dx
0

By applying Bernoulli’s formula

ux ;  dv  sin 2x
cos 2x
u'  1 ; v
2
sin 2x
u ''  0 ; v1  
4
' ''
 uv dx  uv  u v1  u v 2  ...
1
 cos 2 x sin 2 x 
  x 
 2 4  0
 cos 2   sin 2 
  1   0  0 
 2 4 


 11
2
1
b1 
2

n x
f  x    bn sin
n 1 l

n x
 b1   bn sin
n 2 l
1  n  2n 
Result : f x      1  2  sin nx
2 n2  n 1

PROBLEMS IN COMPLEX FORM

 i n x
FORMULA f  x   Cn e l

n  

l  i n x
1
Cn  f  x  e l
dx
2l l

27. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f  x   e  x in  1  x  1

Solution: [A.U. N/D 2009, A/M 2015]
Given f  x   e in  1  x  1
x

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 54

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

 i n x
Formula: f  x   Cn e l

n  
l  in  x
1
Cn   f  x  e l dx
2l l
Here l  1,

 f x   C n ei n x
n  
1
1
Cn   e  x e i n  x dx
2 1
1
1
  e 1 i n  x dx
2 1
1
1  e 1i n  x 
  
2   1  i n   1
1

21  i n  
 1
e 1i n  x 1 
1

21  i n  

e 1i n    e 1 i n   
1
  e1 e i n   e1 ei n  
2 1  i n  
1  e 1  1n  e1  1n 

2 1  i n    
n
  1  e 1  e1 

1  i n    2 


Cn 
 1 sinh 1 
n

1  i n  
  1n 
f x     sinh 1  e i n  x
n    1  i n  
n
   in  x
Result: f  x   sinh1  
 1 1  i n  
e
n   
 1  n 2 2 

28. Find the complex form of Fourier series for the function f  x   e ax in the interval

  ,  

 1n 
Where a is a real constant. Hence, deduce that 
n  
2
a n 2

a sin h a
.


Solution: Formula: f x   C n ei n x [A.U.N/D 2015]
n  

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 55

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


1 i n x
Where C n 
2
 f x  e
n  
dx


1 inx
  e
ax
e dx
2 

1  a i n  x
  e dx
2 

1  e a  in x 
  
2  a  in  
1

2 a  in 

e a  in x 




1
2 a  in 

e a  in   e 
a  in 


1
2 a  in 
 a
e a e i n   e  e i n  

1
2 a  in 
 n
e a  1  e   1
a n


 1n  e a   e a    e  e  
 sin h  
 a  in   2 
  2 


Cn 
 1n a  in  sin h a
 a 2  n 2 

f x  
 1 a  in 
n
sin h a ein x
 a  n
2 2


sin h a n a  in i n x
Result: i.e., e a x 

  1
n   a2  n2
e

29.Expand f  x  e  ax
in the interval   ,   as a complex form of Fourier series
Solution:
Given f  x   e ax

Formula: f x   C n ei n x [A.U.N/D 2016]
n  

1 i n x
Where C n 
2
 f x  e
n  
dx


1 a x
 e e  i n x dx
2 

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 56

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series


1   a i n  x
 e dx
2 

1  e  a  in  x 
  
2   a  in  
1  e  a  in  x 


2  a  in    
1 e  a  in  e    a  in 

2  a  in   
1
 e  a e i n  e a  ei n  
2  a  in 
1 e  a  1n  e a  1 n 

2  a  in   
n 1


 1  ea  e a    e  e  
 sin h  
  a  in   2 
  2 

n 1

Cn 
 1  a  in  sin h a
  a 2  n2 
n 1

f  x 
 1  a  in  sin h a ei n x
 a  n 2 2


sin h a n 1 a  in i n x
Result: i.e., e  a x    1 e
 n   a 2  n2
30. Find the complex form of Fourier series f  x   e ax in the interval l  x  l
Solution:
Given f  x   e ax l  x  l
i n x

Formula: f  x   C n e l
[A.U.A/M 2017]
n  
l  in x
1 l
Where Cn  f (x) e dx
2l l
l i n x
1 a x 

2l l
e e dx
l
l  al in 
1  l 
x
 e  dx
2l  l

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 57

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

l
  al  in x 
1 e l 
  
2l  al  in 
 l  l
1  e  al  in   e  al  in ( 1) 

2  al  in   

1
 e  al e i n  e a l ei n  
2  al  in  
1  e  al  1 n  e al  1 n 

2  al  in   
n


 1 sinh al
 e  e  
 sin h   
 al  in   2 
n

Cn 
 1  al  in  sin h a
 (al ) 2
 (n )2 
i n x

al  in n
i.e., f (x)  sin h al   1 e l

n   (al )2  (n )2
i n x

a x al  in n
Result: i.e., e  sin h al   1 e l

n   (al ) 2  (n )2
31. Find the complex form of the Fourier series f ( x)  cos ax in    x   .
Solution: [A.U. MAY 2013]

Given the Complex form of Fourier series of

f ( x)  cos ax in    x   is given by

inx
Formula: f ( x)  Ce
n 
n .....................(1)
 
1 1
Cn   f ( x )e  inx dx   cos axe
 inx
dx
2 
2 

1  e inx 
2 
  2 2 in cos ax  a sin ax 
2  i n  a  

1  e in ein 
2   2 2  in cos ax  a sin ax 
  2 in cos ax  a sin ax 
2 a  n a n  
1
 2 2 
 in cos a (e in  ein )  a sin a (ein  e in ) 
2 (a  n )

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 58

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1
  2in cos a sin n  2a sin a cos n 
2 (a 2  n 2 )
1
  2a sin a cos n   sin n  0
2 (a 2  n 2 )
n


 1 a sin a
...........................(2)
 (a  n 2 )
2

Substituting (2) in (1) we get,

n

 1 sin a .a
f ( x)   .einx
n   a  n 2 2

n
sin a .a   1 .einx
Result: cos ax  
 2
n   a  n
2
 
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
FORMULA: (T-FORM)
a0
f  x   f   
 a1 cos   b1 sin   a2 cos 2  b2 sin 2  a3 cos 3  b3 sin 3  ...
2
 y    y cos     y sin     y cos 2 x 
a0  2   , a1  2   ,b 1  2  , a2  2  ,
 n   n   n   n 
  y sin 2 x 
b 2  2 
 n 
32. Compute upto first harmonics of the fourier series of f(x) given by the following table:

x 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T

f(x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
Solution: [A.U NOV 2009]
x 2x y y cos  y sin 
 
T
0 0= 0 0 1.98 1.98 0
T  = 60 0 1.30 0.65 1.1258
6 3
T 2 = 0 1.05 -0.525 0.9093
3 3 120
T  = 180 0 1.30 -1.3 0
2
2T 4 = 0 -0.88 0.44 0.762
3 3 240
5T 5 = 300 0 -0.25 -0.125 0.2165
6 3
 y  4.5  y cos  1.12  y sin   3.0136

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 59

 MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

 y   4. 5 
a0  2    2    1. 5
 n   6 
  y cos   1.12 
a1  2    2   0.3733
 n   6 
  y sin    3.0136 
b 1  2   2   1.0045
 n   6 
a
Formula: y  0  a1 cos  b1 sin 
2
1. 5
  0.373 cos   1.0045 sin 
2
2 x
Result: y  0.75  0.373cos   1.0045sin  where  
T

33. Determine the first two harmonics of Fourier series for the following data:
x: 0  2  4 5
3 3 3 3
f  x  : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25
Solution: [A.U.N/D 2015]
x y y cos x y sin x y cos 2x y sin 2x

00 1.98 1.98 0.000 1.98 0.000

 = 60 0 1.30 0.65 1.126 -0.65 1.126
3
2 = 0 1.05 -0.525 0.909 -0.525 -0.909
3 120
 = 180 0 1.30 -1.30 0.000 1.30 0.000
4 = 240 0 -0.88 0.44 0.762 0.44 -0.762
3
5 = 300 0 -0.25 -0.125 0.217 0.125 0.2167
3
 y  4.5  y cos x  1.12  y sin x  3.014  y cos 2 x  2.67  y sin 2 x  0.328

 y   4. 5 
a0  2    2    1. 5
 n   6 
  y cos x  1.12 
a1  2   2   0.373
 n   6 
  y cos 2 x   2.67 
a 2  2   2   0.89
 n   6 

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 60

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

  y sin x   3.014 
b 1  2   2   1.005
 n   6 
  y sin 2 x    0.328 
b 2  2   2   0.109
 n   6 
a
Formula: y  0  a1 cos x  b1 sin x   a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x 
2
1. 5
  0.373 cos x  1.005 sin x   0.89 cos 2 x  0.109 sin 2 x 
2

Result: y  0.75   0.373cos x  1.005sin x    0.89cos 2 x  0.109sin 2 x 

HARMONIC ANALYSIS
FORMULA: (L-FORM)
a  x x  2 x 2 x 
y  0   a1 cos  b1 sin    a2 cos  b2 sin   .......
2  l l   l l 
2 2 x 2 2 x
a0   y , a1   y cos , a2   y cos
n n l n l
2 x 2 2 x
b1   y sin , b2   y sin
n l n l
34. Find the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic to represent the function f(x)
with period given in the following table. [A.U DEC 2010, 2012, N/D 2016, A/M 17]
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
Solution:
Here the length of the interval is 2l  6, l  3
The required Fourier series is
a  x x   2x 2x 
Formula: y  0   a1 cos  b1 sin    a 2 cos  b2 sin   .......
2  l l   l l 
x y x x 2x 2x x x 2x 2x
cos sin cos sin y cos y sin y cos y sin
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
0 9 1 0 1 0 9 0 9 0
1 18 0.5 0.866 -0.5 0.866 9 15.588 -9 15.588
2 24 -0.5 0.866 -0.5 -0.866 -12 20.785 -12 -20.785
3 28 -1 0 1 0 -28 0 28 0
4 26 -0.5 -0.866 -0.5 0.866 -13 -22.517 -13 22.517
5 20 0.5 -0.866 -0.5 -0.866 10 -17.321 -10 -17.321
∑ 125 -25 -3.465 -7 0.0004
a0 x x 2 x 2 x
y   a1 cos  b1 sin  a2 cos  b2 sin
2 3 3 3 3
2 2
a0   y  (125)  41.67
n 6

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 61

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2 x 2
a1 
n
 y cos
3 6
 ( 25)  8.33
2 2 x 2
a2   y cos  ( 7)  2.333
n 3 6
2 x 2
b1   y sin  (3.465)  1.16
n 3 6
2 2 x 2
b2   y sin  (0.0004)  0.00013
n 3 6
41.67 x x 2 x 2 x
y  8.33 cos  1.16 sin  2.333 cos  0.00013sin
2 3 3 3 3
x x 2x 2x
Result: y  20.84  8.33 cos  1.16 sin  2.333 cos  0.00013 sin
3 3 3 3
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
FORMULA: (2  -FORM)
a0
y   a1 cos x  b1 sin x  a2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x
2
2 2 2
a0   y, a1   y cos x, a2   y cos 2 x
n n n
2 2
b1   y sin x, b2   y sin 2 x
n n
35. Find the Fourier series up to second harmonic for y = f(x) from the following values

x 0  2  4 5 2
3 3 3 3
y 1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1
Solution: [A.U NOV 2013, 2014,N/D 2017, A/M 2018]
a0
Formula: y    a1 cos x  b1 sin x    a2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x 
2
x y cos x sin x cos 2 x sin 2 x y cos x y sin x y cos 2 x y sin 2 x
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
 1.4 0.5 0.866 -0.5 0.866 0.7 1.2124 -0.7 1.2124
3
2 1.9 -0.5 0.866 -0.5 -0.866 -0.95 1.6454 -0.95 -1.6454
3
 1.7 -1 0 1 0 -1.7 0 1.7 0
4 1.5 -0.5 -0.866 -0.5 0.866 -0.75 -1.299 -0.75 1.299
3
5 1.2 0.5 -0.866 -0.5 -0.866 0.6 -1.0392 -0.6 -1.0392
3
8.7 -1.1 0.5196 -0.3 -0.1732

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 62

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2 2
n

a0 y  (8.7)  2.9
6
2 2
a1   y cos x  ( 1.1)  0.37
n 6
2 2
a2   y cos 2 x  ( 0.3)  0.1
n 6
2 2
b1   y sin x  (0.5196)  0.17
n 6
2 2
b2   y sin 2 x  ( 0.1732)  0.06
n 6
2.9
y  0.37 cos x  0.17 sin x  0.1 cos 2 x  0.06 sin 2 x
2
y  1.45  0.37 cos x  0.17 sin x  0.1 cos 2 x  0.06 sin 2 x
36. Find the Fourier cosine series up to third harmonic to represent the function given by
the following data:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 4 8 15 7 6 2
Solution: [A.U. M/J 2016]

Here the length of the interval is 2l=6, i.e., l=3

The required Fourier series is
Formula:
a0  x x  2 x 2 x   3 x 3 x 
y   a1 cos  b1 sin    a2 cos  b2 sin    a3 cos  b2 sin 
2  l l   l l   l l 
a0 x x 2x 2x 3x 3x
y  a1 cos  b1 sin  a 2 cos  b2 sin  a 3 cos  b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3

x y x x 2x 2x 3 3 x y cos x x 2x 2x 3x 3x

cos sin cos sin cos sin y sin y cos y sin y cos y sin
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
0 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 4 4 0 0 0
1 8 0.5 0.866 -0.5 0.866 -1 0 4 -4 -8 6.928 6.928 0

2 15 -0.5 0.866 -0.5 -0.866 1 0 -7.5 -7.5 15 -12.99 -12.99 0

3 7 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 -7 7 -7 0 0 0

4 6 -0.5 -0.866 -0.5 0.866 1 0 -3 -3 6 5.196 5.196 0

5 2 0.5 -0.866 -0.5 -0.866 -1 0 1 -1 -2 -1.732 -1.732 0

∑ 42 -8.5 -4.5 8 -2.598 -2.598 0

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 63

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2 2
a0 
n
 y  (42)  14
6
2 x 2
a1   y cos  ( 8.5)  2.833
n 3 6
2 2 x 2
a2   y cos  ( 4.5)  1.5
n 3 6
2 3 x 2
a3   y cos  (8)  2.667
n 3 6
2 x 2
b1   y sin  (2.598)  0.866
n 3 6
2 2 x 2
b2   y sin  ( 2.598)  0.866
n 3 6
2 3 x 2
b3   y sin  (0)  0
n 3 6
14 x x 2x 2x 3x
y  2.833 cos  0.866 sin  1.5 cos  0.866 sin  2.667 cos
2 3 3 3 3 3

x x 2x 2x 3x

y  7  2.833 cos  0.866 sin  1.5 cos  0.866 sin  2.667 cos
3 3 3 3 3

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 64

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

x for 0  x  
1. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) =  Also, deduce that
2  x for   x  2
1 1 1 1 2
    ......... 
12 32 52 7 2 8 [Pg: No: 18]
1 for 0  x  
2. Find the Fourier series for f(x)  
2 for   x  2 [Pg: No: 20] [A.U.N/D 2013]
3. Find the Fourier Series of period 2 for the function f  x   x cos x in 0  x  2
[Pg. No: 21] [A.U. A/M 2017]
 ,    x  0
4. Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined by f ( x)  
 x, 0  x  
1 1 1 2
Deduce that    ...    [Pg: No:23] [A.U Nov 2009]
12 12 12 8
5. Expand the function f  x   x sin x as a Fourier series in the interval   ,   .
[Pg: No:25] [A.U. Nov 2000]
6. Find the Fourier series of f x   x in    x   . [Pg: No:26] [A.U. M/J 2016]

7. Find the Fourier series for f(x)  cos x in the interval   ,   .

[Pg: No: 27] [A.U M/J 2016]
2
8. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x )  x  x in ( ,  ) and hence deduce the value of
1 1 1
   ... [Pg: No:29] [A.U. DEC. 2017]
12 2 2 32
9. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)  x 2 in    x   . Hence show that
1 1 1 1 4
    ...  [Pg: No: 31] [A.U.MAY 2013,2014,2018]
14 2 4 3 4 4 4 90
1  x,   x  0
10 . If f ( x)   find the Fourier series of f(x) and hence deduce
 1  x,0  x  
1 1 2
that   ...... 
12 32 8 [Pg: No: 32] [A.U. MAY 2011, NOV 2013]
11. Find the Fourier series of f ( x)  sin x in    x   of periodicity 2 .
[Pg: No: 33] [AU A/M 2015]
12. Find the Fourier series expansion the following periodic function of period 4
2 x 2  x  0 1 1 1 2
f x    . Hence deduce that 2  2  2  ...  .
 2x 0 x 2 1 3 5 8
[Pg: No: 35] [A.U. N/D 2015]

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 65

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

2
13. Find the half-range cosine series of f  x     x  in (0, π). Hence find the sum of the

1 1 1
Series    .............. [Pg: No: 37] [A.U. N/D 2009,2015]
14 24 34
14. Find the half-range cosine series of the function f  x   x    x  in the interval 0  x   .
1 1 1 4
Hence deduce that 4  4  4  ...  .
1 2 3 90 [Pg: No: 38] [A.U. M/J 2010, A/M 2018]

15. Obtaion the half-range cosine series for f  x   x in  0,   and hence Prove that
1 1
  ...
12 32 [Pg: No: 40][A.U. N/D 2007, 2012,N/D 2017]
x for 0  x  1
16. Expand f(x) =  as a series of cosines in the interval (0,2).
2  x for 1  x  2
[Pg. No. 42][A.U. N/D 2016, A/M 2017]

17. Find the half range cosine series of f(x) = x in 0 < x< π.
[Pg: No: 43] [A.U. N/D 2010]
 x 0 x 
18. Find the half range sine series of f ( x)  2 . Hence deduce the sum of
  x   x  
2

1
the series  . [Pg: No: 43] [AU A/M 2015]
n 1 2n  1
2

19. Find the half range sine series f ( x)  lx  x 2 in  0, l  [Pg: No: 44] [AU Nov 2013]
2
20. Find the half-range cosine series for f ( x)   x  1 in 0  x  1.
[Pg: No: 45] [A.U.M/J 2013, N/D 2014]
21. Obtain fourier cosine series of f ( x)  x , 0  x  4 hence deduct that
1 1 1
   ...   [Pg: No: 46] [AU N/D 2014]
14 34 5 4

 x for 0  x  1
22. Obtain the Fourier series for the function f(x)=  2  x for 1  x  2


 x for 0  x  1
f(x)= 
(or) Expand  2  x for 1  x  2 as a series of cosine in the interval (0,2)
[Pg. No: 47] [A.U MAY 2011, 2013,N/D 2016, A/M 17]

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 66

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

l  x for 0  x  l
f(x)= 
23. Obtain the Fourier series for the function 0 for l  x  2l
[Pg. No: 49] [A.U N/D 17]

 x for 0  x  l
 2
24. Obtain the sine series for the function f  x   
l  x for l 2  x  l
[Pg:No:50] [A.U. May 2011, 2013]
25. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x)=1-x2 in the interval (-1,1)
[Pg: No: 51] [A.U DEC 2010]

26. Find the half range sine series of f  x   x cos  x in  0,1 . [Pg: No: 52][A.U.M/J 2016]
27. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f  x   e  x in  1  x  1
[Pg: No: 54] [A.U. N/D 2009, A/M 2015]
28. Find the complex form of Fourier series for the function f  x   e ax in the interval

  ,  

 1n 
Where a is a real constant. Hence, deduce that 
n  
2
a n 2

a sin h a
.

[Pg: No: 55] [A.U. N/D 2015]

29.Expand f  x  e  ax
in the interval   ,   as a complex form of Fourier series
[Pg: No: 56] [A.U. N/D 2016]
 ax
30. Find the complex form of Fourier series f  x   e in the interval l  x  l
[Pg: No: 57] [A.U. A/M 2017]
31. Find the complex form of the Fourier series f ( x)  cos ax in    x   .
[Pg: No:58] [A.U. M/J 2013]
32. Compute upto first harmonics of the fourier series of f(x) given by the following table:

x 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T

f(x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
[Pg: No: 59][A.U. N/D 2009]
33. Determine the first two harmonics of Fourier series for the following data:
x: 0  2  4 5
3 3 3 3
f  x  : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25
[Pg: No: 60] [A.U. N/D 2015]
34. Find the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic to represent the function f(x)
with period given in the following table.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
[Pg: No: 61][A.U. N/D 2010,2012, 16, 17]

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 67

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

35. Find the Fourier series up to second harmonic for y = f(x) from the following values

x 0  2  4 5 2
3 3 3 3
y 1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1
[Pg: No: 62] [A.U MAY 2015, NOV 2013, 2014,2017, A/M 2018]
36. Find the Fourier cosine series up to third harmonic to represent the function given by
the following data:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 4 8 15 7 6 2
[Pg: No: 63] [A.U. M/J 2016]

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

PART-A

1. State the sufficient condition for f (x ) to be expressed as a Fourier series. [A.U NOV. 2009 ],
4. Find the Root mean square value of f ( x )  x 2 in (0 , l ) [A.U.NOV. 2010]
5. Give the expression for the Fourier series coefficient bn for the function f (x ) defined in
(2,2) . [A.U MAY 2011]
6. Without finding the values of a0 , an , bn the Fourier coefficients of Fourier series, for the
2
function f ( x )  x 2 in the interval (0,  ) Find the value of a     .
0

2 2

2 a b
n 1
n n

[A.U MAY 2011]

7. Find the RMS value of the function f ( x )  x in (0, l ) . [A.U.DEC 2011]

8. Define RMS value of a function f (x ) over the interval ( a, b ) . [A.U DEC 2012]
9. Determine the value of a n in the Fourier series expansion of f ( x )  x 3 in (  ,  ) .
[A.U MAY 2008]
1  cos x

10. Let f (x ) be defined in the interval (0,2 ) by f ( x)     x , 0  x  
 cos x,   x  2
f ( x  2 )  f ( x) . Find the value of f ( ) . [A.U MAY 2009]
11. In the Fourier series expansion of
 2x
1  ,    x  0
f ( x)    in ( ,  ) Find the value of bn . [A.U MAY 2005]
2x
 1 , 0  x  
 
12. Write down the complex form of the Fourier series for f ( x ) in ( c, c  2 ) .
[A.U DEC 2010]
13. State the Parseval’s theorem in Fourier series. [A.U MAY 2011]

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 68

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

 0 for    x  0
14. If the Fourier series of f ( x)   is
sin x for 0  x  
1 2  2nx 1
f ( x)    cos 2  sin x . Find bn . [A.U MAY 2011]
  n 1 4n  1 2
15. Find the RMS value of f ( x)  1  x in 0  x  1 [A.U MAY 2010]
16. If f (x ) is an odd function in the interval (1,1) , what are the values of a0 and an .
[A.U MAY 2010]
2
17. Check whether f ( x )  1  x  x is odd or even.
18. Find the coefficient a of cos 8x in the F.C.T of the function f ( x)  sin 8 x in (0,  ) .
8

 sin x sin 2 x  
1 2
19. If x  2   ............ in 0  x   . Prove that  2  .
 1 2  n 1 n 6
20. Find the value of a0 in the fourier series expansion of f(x) = e x in (0,2 ) . [AU Nov 2013]

21. In the expansion of f ( x)  sinh x in ( , ) as a Fourier series, find the

coefficient of bn
22. Find the Fourier constants bn for x sin x in (  ,  ) . [A.U DEC
2013]
23. State Parseval’s Identity for the half range cosine expansion of f (x ) in (0,1) .
24. State whether y  tan x can be expanded as a Fourier series. If so how ?If not why?
25. Write a0 , an in the expansion of x  x3 as a Fourier series in (  ,  ) . [A.U DEC
2010]
26. Find the sine series of function f  x   1, 0  x   . [A.U N/D 2015]
27. Find the half range sine series expansion of f(x) = 1 in (0, 2) [A.U Nov 2013]
28. What do you mean by Harmonic analysis? [A.U MAY 2010,2013]
 0 if 0  x  
29. If the Fourier series for the function f ( x)  
sin x if   x  2
1 2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x  1
f ( x)        ......  sin x
   1.3 3. 5 5.7  2
1 1 1  2
Deduce that    ......  [A.U MAY 2004]
1.3 3.5 5.7 4

30. Suppose the function x cos x has the series expansion b
n 1
n sin nx find the value of

b1 in ( ,  ) .
31. If f ( x ) is an odd function of x in (-2, 2), what are the value of a0 , an ?

32. Find bn in the expansion x 4 of as a Fourier series in (  ,  ) .

2 
cos nx 
1
33. If (  x ) 2   4  2 in 0  x  2 then deduct that n 2
[AU NOV/DEC 2014]
3 n 1 n n 1

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 69

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

34 . If the fourier series of the function f ( x)  x ,    x  x with period 2 is given by

 sin 2 x sin 3x sin 4 x  1 1 1
f ( x)  2 sin x     ... then find the sum of the series 1     ...
 2 3 4  3 5 7
[AU A/M 2015]
35. The instantaneous current "i " at time t of an alternating current wave is given by
i  I1 sin ( t   1 )  I 3 sin ( t   3 )  I 5 sin ( t   5 )  ... find the effective value of the
current "i " [A.U A/M 2015]
36. Find the root mean square value of f  x   x (l  x ) in 0  x  l. [A.U. N/D 2015]
0 in  c,0
37. Find the value of the Fourier series of f  x    at the point of
1 in 0, c 
discontinuity x=0. [A.U. M/J 2016]
 x   in   ,0 
38. Find the value of bn in the Fourier series expansion of f  x   
 x   in 0,  
[A.U. M/J 2016]
39. What is the sum of the Fourier series at a point x  xo where the function f (x) has
a finite discontinuity .
2
40. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function f ( x)  x ,    x  
[A.U NOV. 2009]
PART-B
x for 0  x  
1. (a). Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) =  Also, deduce that
2  x for   x  2
1 1 1 1 2
    ......... 
12 32 52 7 2 8
1 for 0  x  
(b). Find the Fourier series for f(x)   [AU Nov 2013]
2 for   x  2
 ,    x  0
2. (a). Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined by f ( x)  
 x, 0  x  
2
1 1 1 
Deduce that 2  2  2  ...    [A.U NOV 2009]
1 1 1 8
(b). Expand the function f  x   x sin x as a Fourier series in the interval   ,   .
[A.U. Nov 2000]
3. (a). Find the Fourier series of f x   x in    x   . [A.U. M/J 2016]

(b). Find the Fourier series for f(x)  cos x in the interval   ,   .
[A.UM/J 2016]
2
4. (a). Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x )  x  x in ( ,  ) and hence deduce the value
1 1 1
of    ... [A.U. DEC. 2017]
12 2 2 32
(b). Find the Fourier series for f ( x)  x 2 in    x   . Hence show that

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 70

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

1 1 1 1 4
    ...  [A.U., 2013, Nov 2014,2018]
14 2 4 3 4 4 4 90

1  x,   x  0
5. (a). If f ( x)   find the Fourier series of f(x) and hence deduce
 1  x,0  x  
1 1 2
that   ...... 
12 32 8 [A.U. MAY 2011, NOV 2013]
(b). Find the Fourier series of f ( x)  sin x in    x   of periodicity 2 .
[AU A/M 2015]
6.(a). Find the Fourier series expansion the following periodic function of period 4
2 x 2  x  0 1 1 1 2
f x    . Hence deduce that 2  2  2  ...  .
 2x 0 x 2 1 3 5 8
[A.U. N/D 2015]

2
(b). Find the half-range cosine series of f  x     x  in (0, π). Hence find the sum of the

1 1 1 [A.U NOV 2009 , N/D 2015]

Series 4
 4  4  ..............
1 2 3
7. (a).Find the half-range cosine series of the function f  x   x    x  in the interval
1 1 1 4
0  x   . Hence deduce that 4  4  4  ...  . [A.U. May 2018]
1 2 3 90

(b). Obtaion the half-range cosine series for  

f x  x in  0,  
and hence Prove that
4
1 1 
1  4  4  ...  [A.U Nov 2007, 2012,2017]
2 3 96
8. (a). Find the half range cosine series of f(x) = x in 0 < x< π. [A.U DEC 2010]
 x 0 x 
(b). Find the half range sine series of f ( x)  2 . Hence deduce the sum of
  x   x  
2

1
the series  . [AU A/M 2015]
n 1 2n  1
2

9. (a). Find the half range sine series f ( x)  lx  x 2 in  0, l  [AU Nov 2013]
2
(b). Find the half-range cosine series for f ( x)   x  1 in 0  x  1.
[A.U. MAY 2013, Nov 2014]
10. (a). Obtain fourier cosine series of f ( x)  x , 0  x  4 hence deduct that

1 1 1
   ...   [AU NOV 2014]
14 34 5 4

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 71

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

 x for 0  x  1
(b). Obtain the Fourier series for the function f(x)=  2  x for 1  x  2

[A.U MAY 2011, 2013]
l  x for 0  x  l
11. (a). f(x)=  [A.U. N/D 2017]
Obtain the Fourier series for the function 0 for l  x  2l
 x for 0  x  l
 2
(b). Obtain the sine series for the function f  x   
l  x for l 2  x  l
[A.U. May 2011, 2013]
2
12. (a). Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x)=1-x in the interval (-1,1)
[A.U DEC 2010]

(b). Find the half range sine series of f  x   x cos  x in  0,1 .

[A.U. M/J 2016]
13. (a). Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f  x   e in  1  x  1
x

[A.U. N/D 2009, A/M 2015]

(b). Find the complex form of Fourier series for the function f  x   e ax in the interval

  ,  

 1n

Where a is a real constant. Hence, deduce that 
n   a  n
2
a sin h a
.2


[A.U.N/D 2015]
14. (a). Find the complex form of the Fourier series f ( x)  cos ax in    x   .
[A.U. MAY 2013]
(b). Compute upto first harmonics of the fourier series of f(x) given by the following
table:

x 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/35T/6 T

f(x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88
-0.25 1.98
[A.U. NOV 2009]
15. (a). Determine the first two harmonics of Fourier series for the following data:
x: 0  2  4 5
3 3 3 3
f  x  : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25
[A.U.N/D 2015]

(b). Find the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic to represent the function f(x)
with period given in the following table.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
[A.U DEC 2010, 2012]
16.(a). Find the Fourier series up to second harmonic for y = f(x) from the following values

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 72

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit- II Fourier Series

x 0  2  4 5 2
3 3 3 3
y 1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1
[A.U MAY 2015, 2014,2017,2018]
(b). Find the Fourier cosine series up to third harmonic to represent the function given by
the following data:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 4 8 15 7 6 2
[A.U. M/J 2016]

Department Of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 73

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

PART-A
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. What are the possible solutions of one-dimensional wave equations?
[AU –M/J 2006, Nov/Dec 2009/MAY-2014]
Solution:

y( x, t )  (c1e px  c 2 e  px ) ((c3 e pat  c4 e  pat )

y( x, t )  (c5 cos px  c6 cos px) ((c7 cos pat  c8 sin pat

y( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) ((c11t  c12 )

2 y 2
2  y
2. In the wave equation  c what does c 2 ? [AU Nov/Dec 2011, June 2013]
t 2 x 2
Tension
Solution: c2 
Mass
3. What is the basic difference between the solution of one dimensional wave equation
and one dimensional heat equation? [AU-N/D 2017]
Solution:
Solution of one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature. But solution of
the one dimensional heat equation is not of periodic in nature.
4. Classify the Partial differential equation

1  x z2
xx  2 xyz xy  (1  y 2 ) z yy  xz x  3 x 2 yz y  2z  0

Solution: [AU – Nov-2014, May - 2015]

A  1  x2   B   2 xy C  (1  y 2 )
Here
B 2
- 4AC   2 xy 2 
 4[ 1  x 2
(1  y 2 )]

 4x2y 2
 4[1  x 2  y 2
 x2y2]

 4x2y 2
 4  4x 2
 4 y 2
 4x2y 2

2 2
 4x  4 y  4
x  1, y  1  2
  B  4 AC  0 (  ve )  Hyperbolic
x   1, y   1 
When x  0 , y  0 , B 2  4 AC  0 (  ve )  Elliptic
5. A rod 30 cm long has its ends A and B kept at and respectively until steady
1
Page

state conditions prevail. Find the steady state temperature in the rod.

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Solution: [AU-May 2009, Apr 2008, May-2015]

Let l=30 cm.

 2u
When the steady state condition prevail the heat flow equation is  0
x 2
u ( x )  ax  b .......... .......... .......... ....( 1 )
When the steady state condition exists the boundary conditions are
u ( 0)  20; u (l )  80 .......... ......( 2)

Applying (2) in (1), we get

A=20, u (0 )  b  20 .
60
a
l
60
u( x)  x  20 , l  30 cm
l
6. State the laws assumed to derive the one dimensional heat equation. (OR) State the
assumption in deriving the one dimensions heat flow equation (Unsteady State).
[AU- MAY /2014]
Solution:
1 .Heat flows from a higher temperature to lower temperature.

2. The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body

is proportional to the mass of the body and to the temperature change.
3. The rate at which heat flows through an area is proportional to the area and to
the temperature gradient normal to the curve.
2 y 2 y
7. Given 3 possible solutions of the equation  a 2 2 ( Or) Write down the various
t x
possible solutions of one dimensional heat flow equation.
[AU. Nov – 2014, M/J 2016,N/D 2016,A/M 2017, A/M 18]

(i ) u ( x, t )  (c1 x  c 2 )
2
p 2t
(i ) u ( x, t )  e  (c 3 e px  c 4 e  px )
2
p 2t
( i ) u ( x , t )  e  ( c5 cos px  c 6 sin px )

8.Explain the term “steady state”. [A.U.NOV 2013]

2
Page

Solution:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

When the heat flow is independent of time‘t’, it is called steady state. in steady state the
heat flows only with respect to the distance ‘x’.
9. write down the p.d.e equation that represents steady state heat flow two dimensional
and name the variables involved. [A.U.M/J 2012]
 2u  2u
Solution:  0
x 2 y 2

10.A rod 40 cm long with insulated sides with insulated sides has its ends A and B kep at
20  c and 60  c .Find the steady state temperature at a location 15 cm from A.
[A.U. A/M 2011]
Solution.
b a
u (x)    x  a , 0  x  40
 l 
 60  20 
u (x)    x  20 , 0  x  40
 40 
u (15 )  15  20  35
11. write down the three possible solutions of Laplace equations in two-dimensions.
Solution: [A.U. N/D 2010, 2011, 17]
y( x, y )  (c1e px  c2 e  px ) ((c3 cos py  c 4 sin py)

y( x, t )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) ((c7 e py  c8 e  py )

y( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) ((c11 y  c12 )

12. Write down the boundary conditions for the following boundary value problem “If a
string of length 'l ' initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its point is

 y  3  x 
given the velocity    0  v 0 sin   in 0  x  l
 t t  l 
Determine the displacement function y  x , t  ? [A. U. A/M 2010]
Solution:
The boundary conditions are
(i) y (0, t )  0, t  0

(ii) y (l , t )  0, t  0
(iii) y ( x,0)  0,0  x  t
3
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

  y ( x ,0 )  3  x 
(iv)    0  v 0 sin   in 0  x  l
 t   l 
 2u u
13. Classify the Partial differential equation 4 2
 [A.U. N/D 2009]
x t
Solution:

 2u u
4 2 2 
 x t

A=4, B=0, C=0

B 2  4 AC  0  4 ( 0 )( 0 )  0
14. Classify the Partial differential equation U xy  U xU y  xy
Solution: [AU –A/M 2018]
A 0 B 1 C 0
Here
B 2
- 4 A C  (1 ) 2  0
Which is hyperbolic equation.
15. Classify the Partial differential equation.
[AU – A/M-2008]
3U xx  4U xy  2U x  3U y  0
Solution:
A 3 B 4 C 0
2
B - 4AC  ( 4 ) 2  4 ( 3 )( 0 )  16  0
Which is heperbolic equation.
16. A rod 50 cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20 and 70 degree respectively until
steady state conditions prevail. Find the steady state temperature in the rod.
Solution: [AU-,N/D 2008]

 2u
When the steady state condition prevail the heat flow equation is  0
x 2
u ( x )  ax  b .......... .......... .......... ....( 1 )
When the steady state condition exists the boundary conditions are
4

u ( 0)  20; u (l )  70 .......... ......( 2 )

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Put x=0 in (1) u ( x )  0 x  b  b  20

u ( l )  al  b  70
Put x= x  l in (1) 50
 al  20  70  a 
l
Applying (2) in (1), we get
50
a , b  20 . l  50
l
u ( x )  x  20

17. A rod 10 cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20 and 70 degree respectively until
steady state conditions prevail. Find the steady state temperature in the rod.
Solution: [AU-,M/J 2008]

 2u
When the steady state condition prevail the heat flow equation is  0
x 2
u ( x )  ax  b .......... .......... .......... ....( 1 )
When the steady state condition exists the boundary conditions are
u ( 0)  20; u (l )  70 .......... ......( 2 )

Put x=0 in (1) u ( x )  0 x  b  b  20

u ( l )  al  b  70
Put x= x  l in (1) 50
 al  20  70  a 
l
Applying (2) in (1), we get
50
a , b  20 . l  10
l
u ( x )  5 x  20

18. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation.

[AU-Nov 2005, M/J 2006]

Solution:
When the steady state conditions exists the heat flow equation

 2u u
2

x  t …………………………………(1)
In a steady state condition, the temperature u depends only on x and not time t
5

u
Hence 0
Page

t

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

 2u
(1) Reduces  0 ………………………………………………………………(2)
x 2

The general solution is u ( x )  ax  b

19. State one dimensional heat equation with the initial and final boundary conditions.
Solution: [AU-N/D 2006]

2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
u ( x , t ) is the temp, time t at a point distance x from the left end of the rod.
The following boundary &initial conditions

(i) u(0, t )  k1 c t 0

(ii) u(l , t )  k 2 c  t  0,  t  0
(iv) u ( x,0)  f ( x ) 0 xl

20. Write the boundary conditions and initial conditions for solving the vibration of
string equation, if the string is subject to initial displacement f(x) and initial
velocity g(x).
Solution: [AU-N/D 2006,2007]
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem , we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    g ( x)  0  x  l
 t   x ,0 
(iv) y ( x,0)  f ( x)
21. Classify the Partial differential equation

y 2U xx  2 xyU xy  x 2U yy  2U x  3U y  0
Solution: [AU – Nov-2009]

A  y2 B   2 xy C  x2
Here
2
B - 4AC  (  2 xy ) 2  4 ( y 2 )( x 2 )  4 x 2 y 2
 4x2y  0
6

Hence the function is parabolic

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

22. An insulated rod of length l=60 cm has its ends at A and B maintained at and
respectively. Find the steady state solution
[AU – Nov-2012]
Solution:
 2u  2u
The heat flow equation is   0
x 2 y 2
 2u
When steady state condition exist the heat flow equations becomes  0
x 2
 2u
When the steady state condition prevail the heat flow equation is  0
x 2
u ( x )  ax  b .......... .......... .......... ....( 1 )
When the steady state condition exists the boundary conditions are
u ( 0)  30; u (l )  40 .......... ......( 2)

Put x=0 in (1) u ( 0 )  0 x  b  b  30

Put x=l in (1) u (l )  al  b  40
40
al  30  40  a 
l
40
a , b  30 . l  60
l
40
u ( x)  x  30
l
23. A rectangular plate is bounded by the linear line x=0,y=0,x=l and y=l .Its surface is
insulated. The edge coinciding with x-axis is kept at 100  c .The edge coinciding
with y-axis is kept at 50  c .The other two edges are kept at 0  c . Write down the
boundary conditions that are needed for solving two dimensional heat flow equation.
[AU Nov/Dec 2012, 2011]
Solution:
2 y 2 y
The two dimensional wave equation is  0
x 2 y 2
From the given problem, we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) u ( x,0)  100  C ,  0 xl

(ii) u (0, y )  50  C ,  0xl

(iii) u ( x, l )  0  C  0 xl

(iv) u (l , y )  0  C  0 xl
7

24. Write down the two dimensional heat equation both in transient and Steady state.
Page

Solution: [AU May/Jun 2012]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

u K  2 y 2 y 
   0
t C  x 2 y 2  Transient state

2 y 2 y 
 2  2   0
 x y  Steady state
25. Write down the boundary conditions and initial conditions when a taut string of
length 2l is fastened on both ends. The midpoint of the string is taken to a height b
and released from the rest in that position.
Solution. [AU-N/D 2015]
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem , we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y ( 2l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    0,  0  x  2l
 t   x , 0 

 bx
 , 0 xl
(iv) y x,0   l
b2l  x 
 , l  x  2l
 l
26. Explain the initial and Boundary value problems. [AU-Apr 2009]
Solution:
In Ordinary differential equations, first we get the general solution which contains the
arbitrary constants and then we determine these constants from the given initial values. These
types of problem are called initial value problems.
In many physical problems, we always seek a solution of the differential equations,
whether it ordinary or partial, which satisfies some specified equations called boundary
conditions. Any differential equations together with these boundary conditions are called
boundary value problems.

27. State the assumptions made in the derivation of one dimensional wave equation.
Solution: [AU N/D 2016]

(i) The mass of the string per unit length is constant.

(ii) The string is perfectly elastic and does not offer any resistance to bending.
(iii) The tension caused by stretching the string before fixing it at the end points is so
large that the action of the gravitational force on the string can be neglected.
8
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

28. State Fourier law of conduction. [AU-Apr 2010]

Solution:
The rate at which heat flows across an area A at a distance x from one end of a bar is
given by
 u 
Q  iKA  x
 x 
 u 
K is Thermal conductivity and   x means the temperature gradient at x.
 x 
29. Distinguish between steady and unsteady states condition in one dimensional heat
flow equation.
Solution:
STEADY STATE UNSTEADY STATE
1.
Temperature depends only Temperature depends on distance
on distance and time
2.
2
 2u u 2  u
Equation is 0 Equation is 
x 2 t x 2
 2u  2u
30.Write all possible solutions of two dimensional heat equation x 2  x 2  0

[AU-N/D 2015]
y( x, y )  (c1e px  c2 e  px ) ((c3 cos py  c 4 sin py)

y( x, t )  (c5 cos px  c6 sin px) ((c7 e py  c8 e  py )

y ( x, t )  (c9 x  c10 ) ((c11 y  c12 )

u u
31. By the method of separation of variables solve 3 x  2y 0
x y
Solution: [AU-N/D 2015]
u u
Given 3x  2y 0 ………………………….  (1)
x y
Let Z = X(x) Y(y) be the solution of (1).

3 xYX '  2 yXY '  0

X' Y'
3x  2 y  K ( say )
X Y
X' X' k
3x k 
X X 3x
1 dX k

X dx 3 x
1 k
9

 X dX   3x dx
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

k
log X  log x  log c1
3
Y'
2y K
Y
Similarly the above steps
k
log Y  log y  log c 2
3
 2u  2u
32 . Classify the Partial differential equation   f (x, y)
 xx  xy
[A.U. N/D 2009,2016]
Solution:

 2u  2u
  f (x, y)
 xx  xy

A=1, B=1, C=0

B 2  4 AC  1 2  4 (1 )( 0 )  1 (  ve )
Which is a hyperbolic
u u
33. By the method of separation of variables solve  2 u
x t where u(x,0) = 6e-3x

Solution: [AU-M/J 2017]

u u
Given  2 u
x t

X 'T  2 XT '  XT  0
X ' 2T '  T
  K ( say )
X T
X'
 k  X '  KX
X
1 dX
 kdx
X dx
1
 X dX   kdx
log  kx  loga
10
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

PART-B
1. ZERO INITIAL VELOCITY (METHOD-1)
Key Words (I) Displacement of any point of the string (II) Initially Displacement
1. Tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at x  0 and x  l apart. Motion is

Started by displacing the string in to the from y  k (lx  x 2 ) from which it is released at
time t=0. Find the displacement of any point of the string at a distance of x from one
end at time t. [AU - May -2013,N/D2013, MAY-2015, N/D 17, A/M 18]
Solution:
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem ,we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    0,  0  x  l
 t   x , 0 

(iv) y (x,0)  k (lx  x 2 ) 0  x  l

The correct solution on the boundary condition is
y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ……………….(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Therefore, either c 2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.
11

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n  p
l
n
Substituting p in (2) we get
l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(I)
Differentiating (3) partially w. r. t ‘t’.
nx na
y( x, t )
 c 2 sin (c 3  sin nat )  c 4 na cos nat )
t l l l l l …………..(3)
Applying condition (iii in (3) , we get
y ( x,0) nx na
 c 2 sin (c 4 )0
t l l

Here c2  0 already explained ,

nx nx
sin  0 it is defined forall x ,  0 all are cons tan ts
l l

there fore c4  0

Substituting c 4  0 in (I) we get

nx nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 3 sin cos
l l
nx nat
 cn sin cos , Where c2c3  cn
l l
The most general solution (4) is

nx nat
y ( x, t )   c n sin cos ……………………………………(4)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in (4) we get


nx
y ( x,0)   cn sin  k (lx  x 2 )
n 1 l …………………………………(5)
To find expand Cn : expand k (lx  x 2 ) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval
0xl

nx
k (lx  x 2 )   bn sin
l …………………………………………(6)
12

n 1

2 l nx
Page

where bn   k (lx  x 2 ) sin dx

l 0 l

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

From equations (5) and (6) , we get bn  cn

2 l nx
cn   k (lx  x 2 ) sin dx
l 0 l
l
2k   l nx   l2  nx  l3  nx 
cn  
 lx  x
2

  cos   l  2 x   2 2  sin  (2) 3 3  cos 
l   n l   n  l n   l 0

2k  2l 3 2l 3 
 0  0  3 3 cos n  3 3 
l  n n  

2k  2l 3  4kl 2
  3 3  1  cos n   3 3 1  (1) n
l n   n
 
 0 when n is even
c n   8kl 2
 n 3 3 when n is odd


8kl 2 nx nat
Substituting the value of cn in equation (4) y ( x, t )  
n odd
3 3
n
sin
l
cos
l

8kl 2 nx nat
Result: y ( x, t )  
n even
3 3
n
sin
l
cos
l
2. A Tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at x  0 and x  l . At the time t=0 ,

the string is given by a shape defined by f ( x)  kx2 (l  x), where k is constant , and then
released from rest . Find the displacement of any point ‘x’ of the string at any time t>0.
Solution: [AU / MAY -2010,2008]
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem ,we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    0,  0  x  l
 t   x , 0 

(iv) y (x,0)  kx 2 (l  x) 0  x  l
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
13

y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat).........( 1)

Page

Applying condition (i) in (1), we get

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ……………….(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Therefore, either c2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n   p
l
n
Substituting p  in (2) we get
l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(I)
Differentiating (I) partially w. r. t ‘t’.
nx na
y ( x, t )
 c 2 sin (c 3  sin nat )  c4 na cos nat )
t l l l l l …………..(3)
Applying condition (iii in (3) , we get
y ( x,0) nx na
 c 2 sin (c 4 )0
t l l

Here c2  0 already explained ,

nx nx
sin  0 it is defined forall x ,  0 all are cons tan ts
l l

there fore c4  0

Substituting c4  0 in (I) we get

nx nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 3 sin cos
14

l l
nx nat
Page

 c n sin cos , Where c2c3  cn

l l

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

The most general solution is


nx nat
y ( x, t )   c n sin cos ……………………………………(4)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in (4) we get

nx
y ( x,0)   cn sin  kx 2 (l  x)
n 1 l …………………………………(5)
To find expand kx 2 (l  x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval 0  x  l

nx
kx 2 (l  x)   bn sin
n 1 l …………………………………………(6)

2 l 2 nx
where bn 
l 0
kx (l  x ) sin
l
dx

From equations (5) and (6) ,we get bn  cn

2 l 2 nx
cn 
l 0
kx (l  x ) sin
l
dx

l
 2 3 l nx   l2 nx   l3 nx 
(lx  x )( cos )  (2lx  3 x 2 ) 2 2 sin   (2l  6 x) 3 3 cos 
2k  n l n  l  n  l 

l   l4  
 6 4 4 sin nx  
  n  l   0

2k   l3  l3 
   4l 
 n 3 3 cos n   
 n 3 3 (2l )
l    

2k l3
  3 3  4l cos n  2l 
l n 

 4kl 3
cn 
n3 3

1  2( 1) n 
………………………………………………………(7)
Substituting (7) in (4) , We get

 4kl 3 nx nat
y( x, t )   3 3

1  2( 1) n sin
l
cos l
n 1 n 


 4kl 3 nx nat
RESULT: y ( x , t )   3 3

1  2( 1) n sin 
l
cos
l
n 1 n 

3. A Tightly stretched string with fixed end point x  0 and x  l is initially in a position
x
15

given by y( x,0)  y0 sin 3 . If it is released from rest from this position.

l
Page

Find the displacement y at any distance x from one end at any time t. [AU / DEC -2012]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Solution:
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem ,we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    0,  0  x  l
 t   x , 0 
x
(iv) y (x,0)  y 0 sin 3 . 0 xl
l
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)..........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ……………….(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Therefore, either c2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n   p
l
n
Substituting p in (2) we get
l
16

nx nat nat

y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(I)
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Differentiating (I) partially w. r. t ‘t’.

nx na
y( x, t )
 c 2 sin (c 3  sin nat )  c 4 na cos nat )
t l l l l l …………..(3)
Applying condition (iii in (3) , we get
y ( x,0) nx na
 c 2 sin (c 4 )0
t l l

Here c2  0 already explained ,

nx nx
sin  0 it is defined forall x ,  0 all are cons tan ts
l l

there fore c4  0

Substituting c 4  0 in (I) we get

nx nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 3 sin cos
l l
nx nat
 cn sin cos , Where c2c3  cn
l l
The most general solution (4) is

nx nat
y ( x, t )   c n sin cos ………………………………………..(4)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in (4) we get

nx x
y ( x,0)   c n sin  y 0 sin 3
n 1 l l ……………………………………...(5)

3 1
We know that sin x  (3 sin x  sin 3x)
4
x 1  x 3x 
sin 3   3 sin  sin 
l 4 l l  ……………………………(6)

From (5) and (6) we get


nx y 0  x 3x 
c
n 1
n sin
l

4 
 3 sin
l
 sin
l 


x 2x 3x y  x 3x 

c1 sin  c 2 sin  c 3 sin  .....  0  3 sin  sin 
l l l 4  l l 
3y0
Equating like coefficients on either side, we get c1  ,
4
17

 y0
Page

c 2  0 , c3  , c 4  0 , c5  0 , c 6  0
4

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

x  at 2x 2 at 3x 3 at 4x 4 at

y( x, t )  c1 sin cos  c2 sin cos  c3 sin cos  c4 sin cos .....(5)
l l l l l l l l
3y0  y0
Substituting the above values of c1  , c 2  0 , c3  , c 4  0 , c5  0 , c 6  0 in (5)
4 4
3y0 x  at y 0 3x 3 at
y( x, t )  sin cos  sin cos
4 l l 4 l l
4. A string of length 2l is fastend at both ends. The mid point of the string is taken to a
height b and then released from rest in that position. Show that the displacement is

y  x, t  
8b 
 1n1 sin  2n  1x  cos 2n  1 at
2

n 1 2n  2 
2

 2l
 
  2l


[AU A /M -2017]

Solution:
Y

Dl , b

X
A(0,0) C l ,0 B(2l,0)

Equation of AD is
y  y1 x  x1

y 2  y1 x 2  x1
y 0 x 0

b0 l 0
b
y x
l
Equation of DB is
y b  xl  bl bx bx  2l  x 
  b  y b   2b  y  b  ,
0b  l  l l l  l 
18
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

 bx
 , 0 xl
y  x, t    l
b2l  x 
 , l  x  2l
 l
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem ,we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y ( 2l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    0,  0  x  2l
 t   x , 0 

 bx
 , 0 xl
(iv) y x,0   l
b2l  x 
 , l  x  2l
 l
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)..........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ………………….(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(2l, t )  c2 sin 2 pl (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Therefore, either c 2  0 (or ) sin 2 pl =0

Suppose, we take c 2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin 2 pl  0

n
sin 2 pl  0 ,2 pl  sin n ,2 pl  n  p
19

2l
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

n
Substituting p in (2) we get
2l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c 3 cos  c 4 sin )
2l 2l 2l …………………………(I)
Differentiating (I) partially w. r. t ‘t’.
nx na
y ( x, t )
 c 2 sin (c 3  sin nat )  c 4 na cos nat )
t 2l 2l 2l 2l 2l …………..(3)
Applying condition (iii in (3) , we get
y( x,0) nx na
 c 2 sin (c 4 )0
t 2l 2l

Here c2  0 already explained ,

nx na
sin  0 it is defined forall x ,  0 all are cons tan ts
2l 2l

there fore c4  0

Substituting c4  0 in (I) we get

nx nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 3 sin cos
2l 2l
nx nat
 c n sin cos , Where c2c3  cn
2l 2l
The most general solution (4) is

nx nat
y ( x, t )   c n sin cos ……………………………………..…(4)
n 1 2l 2l
Applying condition (iv) in (4) we get

nx
y( x,0)   c n sin
n 1 2l ……………………………………………….(5)

To find expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval 0  x  2l
 bx
 , 0 xl 
l nx
 b2l  x    bn sin
2l …………………………………………(6)
 , l  x  2l n1
 l
From equations (5) and (6) ,we get bn  cn
2l
1 nx
20

c n   f  x  sin dx
l 0 2l
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

b2l  x 
l 2l
1  bx nx nx 
   sin dx   sin dx 
l 0 l 2l l
l 2l 
l 2l
b nx b nx
 2  x sin
l 0 2l
dx  2
l  2l  x sin
l 2l
dx

l 2l
       
   cos nx    sin nx     cos nx    sin nx 
b
 2  x 2l   1 2l   b 2l  x  2l    1 2l 
l   n   2 
l 2    n    2 

     n          n  
2l  2l   2l 
       0    2l       l

l 2l
2 2
b   2l  nx  2l  nx  b   2l  nx  2l  nx 
 2   x  cos    sin   2  2l  x   cos    sin 
l   n  2l  n  2l 
0
l   n  2l  n  2l 
l

b   2l 2 n 
2
b   2l 2 n 4l n   n 4l 2
 2  cos  2 2 sin    0  0  2 0  0  cos  2 2 sin 
l  n 2 n 2 l   n 2 n 2 
  

b   2l 2 n 4l 2 n  2l 2 n 4l 2 n 
  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l2  n 2 n  2 n 2 n  2 


b  8l 2 n  8b n
 2  2 2 sin  ie.., c n  2 2
sin
l  n  2  n  2

8b n
cn  2 2
sin
n  2
8b n
cn  2 2
sin if n is odd.
n  2
Substitute the value of cn in equation (4) we get

8b n n x n  at
Re sult : y x , t    sin sin cos
n  odd n 2 2
2 2l 2l

l
5. A taut string of length L has its ends x  0 and x  l fixed . The point where x 
3
21

2 y 2
2  y
is drawn aside a small distance h , the displacement y ( x, t ) satisfies  a .
t 2 x 2
Page

Determine y ( x, t ) at any time t. [AU / MAY -2010]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

solution:
First we find the equation of the string in its initial position.
The equation of the line ( or string ) OB
y  y1 x  x1

y 2  y1 x 2  x1
y 0 x0

h0 l
0
3
3xh l
y , 0 x 3.
l
The equation of the line ( or string ) BA is
y  y1 x  x1

y 2  y1 x 2  x1

l
x
yh 3

h 2
l
3
3h l
y (l  x ).,  xl
2l 3

 3xh 0  x  3l
 l
f ( x)  
3h l
 (l  x) ,  xl
 2l 3
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem ,we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    0,  0  x  l
 t   x , 0 

 3xh 0  x  3l
 l
(iv) y( x,0)  
3h l
 (l  x) , xl
 2l 3
22

The correct solution on the boundary condition is

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)............(1)

Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) …………………..(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Therefore, either c 2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n   p
l
n
Substituting p in (2) we get
l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(I)
Differentiating (I) partially w. r. t ‘t’.
nx na
y( x, t )
 c 2 sin (c 3  sin nat )  c 4 na cos nat )
t l l l l l …………..(3)
Applying condition (iii) in (3) , we get
y ( x,0) nx na
 c 2 sin (c 4 )0
t l l

Here c2  0 already explained ,

nx nx
sin  0 it is defined forall x ,  0 all are cons tan ts
l l

there fore c4  0
23

Substituting c 4  0 in (I) we get

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

nx nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 3 sin cos
l l
nx nat
 c n sin cos , Where c2c3  cn
l l
The most general solution is

nx nat
y ( x, t )   c n sin cos ……………………………………(4)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in (4) we get

nx
y( x,0)   c n sin
n 1 l ……………………………………………(5)

To find expand f(x) in a half range Fourier sine series in the interval 0  x  l
l
 3xh 0 x 3

nx  l
 bn sin
l

3h l
n 1  (l  x) ,  x  l …………………………….(6)
 2l 3
From equations (5) and (6) ,we get bn  cn
l
2 n x
cn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l

 l l

2 3 nx n x 
   f ( x) sin dx   f ( x ) sin dx
l 0 l l l
 
 3 
 l l

2  3 3hx nx 3h n x 
  sin dx   (l  x) sin dx 
l 0 l l l 2l l
 
 3 

 l l

2  3 3hx nx 3h n x 
  sin dx   (l  x) sin dx 
l 0 l l l 2l l
 
 3 

6h  nx  
l l
l2 l2
3
l nx nx  1 l nx
 2  x cos  2 2 sin    (l  x) cos  2 2 sin  
l  n l n l 0 2  n l n l l 
 3
24
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

 l 2 n l2 n  
  cos  2 2 sin  (0  0) 
6h   3n 3 n 3  
 2 
l  2

 1 (0  0)  ((l  l ) l cos n  2l 2 sin n ) 
 2  3 n 3 n 3  

6h  l 2 n l2 n 1 2l 2 n l2 n 
 2 
 cos  2 2
sin  cos  2 2
sin 
l  3n 3 n  3 2 3n 3 2n  3 

6h  3 l 2 n 
 2  2 2
sin 
l 2 n  3 

9h n
cn  2 2
sin
n  3 ……………………………………………(7)

Equation (7) in (4)


9h 1 n nx nat
y ( x, t ) 
2
n
n 1
2
sin
3
sin
l
cos
l.

RESULT:

9h 1 n nx nat
y ( x, t ) 
2
n
n 1
2
sin
3
sin
l
cos
l.
6. A String is stretched and fastened to points at a distance l apart the motion is
x
started by displace the string in form y  a sin ,. 0  x  l from which it is released at
l
a time t = 0 find the displacement at any time t [AU / MAY -2014]
Solution:
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem ,we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    0,  0  x  l
 t   x , 0 
x
(iv) y (x,0)  a sin . 0 xl
l
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
25

y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)..........(1)

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Applying condition (i) in (1), we get

y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ………………….(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Therefore, either c2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n   p
l
n
Substituting p  in (2) we get
l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(I)
Differentiating (3) partially w. r. t ‘t’.
nx na
y( x, t )
 c 2 sin (c 3  sin nat )  c4 na cos nat )
t l l l l l …………..(3)
Applying condition (iii) in (I) , we get
y ( x,0) nx na
 c 2 sin (c 4 )0
t l l

Here c2  0 already explained ,

nx nx
sin  0 it is defined forall x ,  0 all are cons tan ts
l l

there fore c4  0

Substituting c4  0 in (I) we get

26

nx nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 c 3 sin cos
l l
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

nx nat
 c n sin cos , Where c2c3  cn
l l
The most general solution (4) is

nx nat
y ( x, t )   c n sin cos ……………………………………(4)
n 1 l l
Applying condition (iv) in (4) we get

nx x
y ( x,0)   c n sin  a sin
n 1 l l ………………………………….(5)

The most general solution is


nx x
y( x,0)   c n sin  a sin ………..(6)
n 1 l l
x 2x x
c1 sin  c 2 sin  ......  a sin
l l l
Equating the coefficients, we get
c1  a , c2  0 , c3  0
x  at 2x 2 at 3x 3 at 4x 4 at
y( x, t )  c1 sin cos  c2 sin cos  c3 sin cos  c4 sin cos .....(C)
l l l l l l l l

Substituting c1  a , c2  0 , c3  0 in (3) we get

x  at
y( x, t )  a sin cos
l l
2. NON ZERO VELOCITY (METHOD-2)
KEY WORDS (i) Equilibrium Position (ii) Given velocity (iii) Initially at rest
7. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = 1 is initially at rest in its
equilibrium Position. It is set vibrating string giving each point a velocity x1  x 
Solution: [AU / MAY -2013]
2 2
 y  y
The one dimensional wave equation is 2
 a2 2
t x
From the given problem we get the following boundary conditions are
(i ) y 0, t   0,  t  0

(ii) yl , t   0, t  0

(iii). y  x,0  0,0  x  l

27

y
(iv). x,0  xl  x   f ( x) ,0  x  l.
Page

t

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

The correct solution on the boundary condition is

y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)...........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ………………...(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Therefore, either c2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n   p
l
n
Substituting p  in (2) we get
l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(3)
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n x
y  x,0   c 2 sin c3  0
l
n x
Here sin 0 [ It is defined for all x]
l
c2  0 [ c2 = 0 we already explained]
Therefore c3  0

Substitute C3 = 0 in equation (3) we get

n x n at
y  x, t   c 2 c 4 sin sin
l l
28

n x n at
 c n sin sin , where c 2 c 4  C n
Page

l l

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

The most general solution we get


nx n at
y x, t    C n sin sin ………………………….(I)
n 1 l l
Partially diff w. r. to ‘t’ we get

y
x, t    C n sin nx cos n at  na 
t n 1 l l  l  -----------------------------(4)

Now we apply condition (iv) in (4) we get


y
x,0   Cn  na  sin nx  xl  x 
t n 1  l  l ………………………………..(5)
Now to find cn expand xl  x  in a half-range Fourier series , we get

nx
f ( x)   bn sin  xl  x  ……………………………………...(6)
n 1 l

From equations (5) and (6) we get


 na  nx  nx

n 1
cn 
 l 
 sin
l
  bn in
n 1 l

Equating like co-efficients, we get

 n a 
Cn  bn  
 l  ……………………………………………….(7)
l
2 nx
bn   xl  x  sin dx
l 0 l
l
 n x   n x   n x  
     
  cos  sin cos

2 

lx  x 2  l   l  2 x  l    2  l 
 
l   n    n  2    n  3  
       
 l    l     l    0


2 3 l
2   l  nx  l  n x  l  n x
 
 lx  x
2

  cos  l  2 x   sin  2  cos 
l   n  l  n  l  n  l 
0

3 3
2   l  n
   l  
  0  0  2   1    0  0  2
   
l   n     n  

3 3
2   l   l  
  1  2
n
  2  
l   n   n  
29
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

3
2  l  4l 2
 2
n

 1   1  3 3 1   1
l  n  n

n
 
2
 n a 4l
cn  
 l  n
 3 3
1   1 
n

cn  0 if n is even.
8l 2 is n is odd…………………………………….(8)
cn 
n3 3

Substituting (8) in (7)

l 8l 3
c n  bn  …………………………………………...(9)
na a n 4 4
Substituting (9) in (I)

8l 3 n x n at
y x, t    4 4
sin sin
n  odd an  l l

8l 3 n x n at
RESULT y x, t    4 4
sin sin
n  odd an  l l
8. A string is stretched between two fixed points at a distance 2l apart and the points of the
 cx
 in 0  x  l
string are given initial velocities v where v   l
c (2l  x)
 in 0  x  2l
 l
x being the distance from one end point. Find the displacement of the string at any time.
[AU / DEC -2010]
(OR)
PUT C=1
A string is stretched between two fixed points at a distance 2l apart and the points of the
 x
 in 0  x  l
string are given initial velocities v where v   l
(2l  x)
 in 0  x  2l
 l
x being the distance from one end point. Find the displacement of the string at any
time. [AU A/M -2016]
2 y 2 y
Solution: The one dimensional wave equation is 2
 a2 2
30

t x
From the given problem we get the following boundary conditions are
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

( i ) y 0, t   0,  t  0

(ii) y2l , t   0, t  0

(iii). y  x,0  0,0  x  l

y
(iv). x,0  f ( x) ,0  x  2l.
t
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)..........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ………………...(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(2l, t )  c2 sin 2 pl (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Therefore, either c 2  0 (or ) sin 2 pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c 2  0 and sin 2 pl  0

n
sin p 2l  0 ,2 pl  sin n , 2 pl  n  p
2l
n
Substituting p  in (2) we get
2l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c 3 cos  c 4 sin )
2l 2l 2l …………………………(3)
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n x
y  x,0   c 2 sin c3  0
2l
n x
Here sin 0 [ It is defined for all x]
2l
31

c2  0 [ c2 = 0 we already explained]
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Therefore c3  0

Substitute C3 = 0 in equation (3) we get

n x n at
y  x, t   c 2 c 4 sin sin
2l 2l
n x n at
 c n sin sin , c2 c4  cn
2l 2l
The most general solution we get

nx n at
y x, t    c n sin sin ………………………….(I)
n 1 2l 2l
Partially diff w. r. to ‘t’ we get

y nx  n a  n  at
x , t   c n sin   cos
t n 1 2l  2l  2l ---------------------------…………….(4)
Now we apply condition (iv) in (4) we get
 cx
  in 0xl
y
x,0   c n sin nx na   c l
t n 1 2l 2l  2l  x in l  x  2l ………………………..(5)
l
Now to find cn expand f(x) in a half-range Fourier series , we get

 cx

nx  in 0xl
f ( x)   bn sin  l ……………………………………...(6)
2l c
n 1  2l  x in l  x  2l
l

From equations (5) and (6) we get


 na  nx  nx
n 1
cn 
 2l 
 sin
2l
  bn Sin
n 1 2l

Equating like co-efficients, we get

 n a 
cn  bn  
 2l  ……………………………………………….(7)

To find Bn expand f(x) in a Half range Fourier sine series in the interval (0, 2l)
2l
2 n x
bn  f  x  sin dx
2l  0 2l

l 2l
1  cx n x c n x 
bn    sin dx   2l  x sin dx 
l 0 l 2l l
l 2l 
32

l 2l
c  n x 
 2 
x sin dx   2 l  x  sin n  x dx 
Page

l 0 2l l
2l 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

l 2l
  
    cos n  x  n x    n x   n x  
    sin    cos    sin 
c 
 2  x  2 l   1 2 l    2 l  x  2 l    1 2l  
   
l    n     n  2    n    n 
2
  
              
    2l     2l     2l     2 l   l 


2 l
c   2l  n x  2l  n x
 2  x  cos    sin 
l   n  2l  n  2l 
0

2 2l
c   2l  n x   2l  n x
 2  2l  x   cos 
   sin 
l   n  2l   n  2l 
l

2
c  2l 2  n l   2l  n   
  cos     sin   0  0 
l2   n   2l   n   2  

2
c   2l 2 n   2l  n   
  0  0    cos   sin 
l2   n  n  2  

2
c  2l 2 n 
2
n  2l  n 2l 2 n  2l 
 2  cos   sin  cos   sin 
l  n 2l  n  2 n 2  n  2 
 

c   2l  2 n  8c n
  2  sin   2 2 sin
l2   n  2  n  2

na
bn  cn
2l
2l 2l c n 16 cl n
cn  Bn  sin  3 3 sin
na n  a n 2 2
2 n  a 2

16 cl n nx n  at
 (5)  y  x , t    3 3
sin sin sin
n 1 n  a 2 2l 2l

16 cl 1 n nx n  at ..
y x , t    sin sin sin
 3a n 1 n3 2 2l 2l

n nx n  at
RESULT: y  x , t   16 3cl 
1
3
sin sin sin
 a n 1 n 2 2l 2l

9. A string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and motion is started by
giving each of its points a velocity given by
 l
cx if 0  x 
v 2
cl  x  if l  x  l
 2
33

Find the displacement function y (x,t). [AU M/J 2007, N/D 2010]
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

2 y 2
2  y
Solution: The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem we get the following boundary conditions are
( i ) y 0, t   0,  t  0

(ii) yl , t   0, t  0

(iii). y  x,0  0,0  x  l

y
(iv).  x,0   f ( x ) ,0  x  l .
t
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)..........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ………………….(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Therefore, either c 2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n   p
l
n
Substituting p  in (2) we get
l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(3)
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
34

n x
y  x,0   c 2 sin c3  0
l
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

n x
Here sin 0 [ It is defined for all x]
l
c2  0 [ c2 = 0 we already explained]
Therefore c3  0

Substitute C3 = 0 in equation (3) we get

n x n at
y  x, t   c 2 c 4 sin sin
l l
n x n at
 c n sin sin , c2 c 4  c n
l l
The most general solution we get

nx n at
y x, t    c n sin sin ……………………………...(I)
n 1 l l
Partially diff w. r. to ‘t’ we get

y n x n  a n  at
x, t   c n sin cos
t n 1 l l l ---------------------------………………...(4)
Now we apply condition (iv) in (4) we get
 l
cx if 0  x 
y 
nx na  2
x,0   cn sin 
t n 1 l l l
cl  x  if  x  l …………………...(5)
 2
Now to find cn expand f(x) in a half-range Fourier series , we get

 l
cx if 0  x 

n  x  2 ………………………….(6)
f ( x )   b n sin  
n 1 l  c l  x  if l  x  l
 2

From equations (5) and (6) we get

 
 na  nx nx

n 1
cn 
 l 
 sin
l
  bn in
n 1 l

Equating like co-efficients, we get

 n a 
c n  bn  
 l  ………………………………………………….(7)
l
2  2 n x 
l
n x
 
l  0 
bn  cx sin dx  c l  x sin dx
l l l 
 2 
35
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

l
2c  2 n x 
l
n x
 
l  0 
 x sin dx  l  x sin dx
l l l 
 2 
l
 2
l 
  n x   n x    n x   n x  
 cos  sin    cos   sin 
2 c    
l   1  
l   l  x  l    1 l  
 x   n  2 

n   n   
2
l     n      
         
    l     l     l     l   l 
  2 

2
2c   l 2  n  l  n 
    cos   sin 
l   2 n  2  n  2 

2
2c   l 2  n   l  n 
 0     cos   sin 
l   2n  2   n  2 

2
2c   l  n  4lc n
 2  sin   2 2 sin
l   n  2  n  2

l l 4lc n 4cl 2 n
cn  bn  2 2
sin  3 3
sin
na na n  2 n a 2

4cl 2 n nx nat
 (I)  y  x, t    3 3
sin sin sin
n 1 n  a 2 l l

4cl 2 
1 n nx nat
y x, t   n sin sin sin ..
 3a n 1
3
2 l l

4cl 2 
1 n nx nat
RESULT: y x, t   n sin sin sin
 3a n 1
3
2 l l
10. If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is
 y  x
given the velocity    v0 sin 3 , 0  x  l , determine the transverse displacement (or)
 t  t 0 l
displacement of a point distant x from one end at time‘t’.
Solution: [AU N/D 2008/NOV-2013,2014]
2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem we get the following boundary conditions are
(i ) y 0, t   0,  t  0

(ii) yl , t   0, t  0
36

(iii). y  x,0  0,0  x  l

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

y
(iv). x,0  xl  x   f ( x) ,0  x  l.
t
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)...........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ………………….(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Therefore, either c 2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n   p
l
n
Substituting p  in (2) we get
l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(3)
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n x
y x,0   c2 sin c3  0
l
n x
Here sin 0 [ It is defined for all x]
l
c2  0 [ c2 = 0 we already explained]
Therefore c3  0

Substitute C3 = 0 in equation (3) we get

37

n x n at
y  x, t   c 2 c 4 sin sin
Page

l l

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

n x n at
 c n sin sin , c2 c 4  c n
l l
The most general solution we get

nx n at
y  x , t    c n sin sin ………………………….(I)
n 1 l l
Partially diff w. r. to ‘t’ we get

y n x n  a n  at
x, t   c n sin cos
t n 1 l l l ---------------------------…………….(4)
Now we apply condition (iv) in (4) we get

y
x,0   c n sin nx na vo sin 3 x
t n 1 l l l ……………………………..(5)

nx x
b n sin  v0 sin 3
n 1 l l

x 2x 3x v   x   3x 

b1 sin  b2 sin  b3 sin  ...  0 3 sin l   sin l 
l l l 4     
Equating the co-efficient on both sides
3v0 v
b1  , b3   0 b2  b4  b5  ...  0
4 4
a 3v0
 b1  c1 
l 4
l  3v0 
c1 
a  4 

 3a  v0
b3  c3  
 l  4
l  v0  lv
c3     0
3a  4  12a
From equation (I), we get
x at 3x 3at
y  x, t   C1 sin sin  C3 sin sin
l l l l
3v 0 l x at v l 3x 3at
y  x, t   sin sin  0 sin sin
RESULT : 4a l l 12a l l
11. A Tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at x  0 and x  l . At the time t=0 ,
 2kx l
 l if 0  x 
38

2
the string is given by a shape defined by y( x,0)   where k is constant
2 k  2kx if l  x  l
Page

 l 2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

, and then released from rest . Find the displacement of any point ‘x’ of the string at any
time t>0.

Solution: [AU / NOV -2015]

2 y 2
2  y
The one dimensional wave equation is  a
t 2 x 2
From the given problem ,we get the following boundary &initial conditions.
(i) y ( 0, t )  0,  t  0
(ii) y (l , t )  0,  t  0

 y 
(iii)    0,  0  x  l
 t   x , 0 

 2kx l
 l if 0  x 
(iv) y(x,0)   2
 2k  2 kx l
if  x  l
 l 2
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)...........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ………………...(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Therefore, either c 2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n  p
l
39

n
Substituting p  in (2) we get
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

nx nat nat

y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(3)
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n x
y  x,0   c 2 sin c3  0
l
n x
Here sin 0 [ It is defined for all x]
l
c2  0 [ c2 = 0 we already explained]
Therefore c3  0

Substitute C3 = 0 in equation (3) we get

n x n at
y x, t   c 2 c4 sin sin
l l
n x n at
 c n sin sin , where c 2 c 4  C n
l l
The most general solution we get

nx n at
y x, t    C n sin sin ………………………….(I)
n 1 l l
Partially diff w. r. to ‘t’ we get

y
x, t    C n sin nx cos n at  na 
t n 1 l l  l  -----------------------------(4)

Now we apply condition (iv) in (4) we get

 2kx l
  if 0  x 
y  na  nx  l 2
x,0   Cn   sin 
t n 1  l  l 2 k  2 kx l
if  x  l
 l 2

………………………………..(5)
 2kx l
 l if 0  x 
2
Now to find cn expand  in a half-range Fourier series , we get
2k  2kx if l  x  l
 l 2
 2kx l
  if 0  x 
nx  l 2 ……………………………………...(6)
f ( x)   bn sin 
n 1 l 2k  2 kx l
if  x  l
 l 2
40

From equations (5) and (6) we get

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations


 na  nx  nx

n 1
cn 
 l 
 sin
l
  bn in
n 1 l

Equating like co-efficients, we get

 n a 
Cn  bn  
 l  ……………………………………………….(7)
l
2  2 2kx  n x 
l
n x  2kx 
bn  sin dx  2 k  sin dx
l  0  l  
   
l l  l  l 
 2 
l
2k  2 n x 
l
n x
 2  x sin dx   l  x  sin dx
l 0 l l l 
 2 
l
 2 l 
  n x   n x    n x    n x 
 sin    
 cos   cos  sin
2 k    
l   1 l   l    1  l  
 2  x    l  x   
l    n     n  2    n    n  2 
      
       
 l     l     l     l   l 
  2 

2
2k   l 2  n  l  n 
 2    cos   sin 
l   2n  2  n  2 

2
2k   l 2  n   l  n 
 0     cos   sin 
l 2   2n  2   n  2 

2
2k   l  n  8k n
 2 2  sin   2 2 sin
l   n  2  n  2

8k n nx nat
 (I)  y x, t    2 2
sin sin cos
n 1 n  2 l l

8k n nx nat
RESULT: y  x, t    2 2
sin sin cos
n 1 n  2 l l ]

12. If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is
 y   3x   x 
given the velocity    v 0 sin   cos  , , 0  x  l , determine the transverse
 t  t 0  l   l 
displacement (or) displacement of a point distant x from one end at time‘t’.
Solution: [AU N/D 2016]
2 y 2
2  y
41

The one dimensional wave equation is  a

t 2 x 2
Page

From the given problem we get the following boundary conditions are

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

( i ) y 0, t   0,  t  0

(ii) yl , t   0, t  0

(iii). y  x,0  0,0  x  l

 y   3x   x 
(iv).    v 0 sin   cos  , , 0  x  l
 t  t 0  l   l 
The correct solution on the boundary condition is
y( x, t )  (c1 cos px  c 2 sin px) (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)...........(1)
Applying condition (i) in (1), we get
y(0, t )  c1 (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat)  0

c1  0 , (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Substituting c1  0 in eqn (1)

y( x, t )  c 2 sin px (c3 cos pat  c4 sin pat) ………………….(2)
Applying condition (ii) in (2), we get
y(l, t )  c2 sin pl (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat)  0

Here, (c3 cos pat  c 4 sin pat )  0

Therefore, either c 2  0 (or ) sin pl =0

Suppose, we take c2  0 and already we have c1  0 then we get a trivial

Solution.

we consider c2  0 and sin pl  0

n
sin pl  0 , pl  sin n , pl  n   p
l
n
Substituting p  in (2) we get
l
nx nat nat
y ( x, t )  c 2 sin (c3 cos  c 4 sin )
l l l …………………………(3)
Applying condition (iii) in equation (3) we get
n x
y  x,0   c 2 sin c3  0
l
n x
Here sin 0 [ It is defined for all x]
l
42

c2  0 [ c2 = 0 we already explained]
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Therefore c3  0

Substitute C3 = 0 in equation (3) we get

n x n at
y x, t   c 2 c4 sin sin
l l
n x n at
 c n sin sin , c2 c 4  c n
l l
The most general solution we get

nx n at
y x, t    c n sin sin ………………………….(I)
n 1 l l
Partially diff w. r. to ‘t’ we get

y n x n  a n  at
x, t   c n sin cos
t n 1 l l l ---------------------------…………….(4)
Now we apply condition (iv) in (4) we get

y
x,0    c n sin nx na vo sin 3 x
t n 1 l l l ……………………………..(5)

nx  3x   x 
b
n 1
n sin
l
 v 0 sin 
 l 
 cos  
 l 

x 2x 3x v   4x   2x  

b1 sin  b2 sin  b3 sin  ...  0 sin    sin  
l l l 2  l   l 
Equating the co-efficient on both sides
v0 l
 b1 
2a
v 
c1   0 
2
B3  B 2  0
c3  c 2  0

v0
 C4 
2
v l 
B4   0 
 8a 
From equation (I), we get
v0l x at v 0 l 4x 4at
y  x, t   sin sin  sin sin
2a l l 8a l l
43

v0l x at v 0 l 4x 4at

y  x, t  
Page

sin sin  sin sin

RESULT : 2a l l 8a l l

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

3. HORIZONTALLY INFINITE PLATE

KEY WORDS (i) An infinitely Plate (iii) A long rectangular plate (ii) short edge x  0
13. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide. The two long
edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge x  0 is

20 y , for 0  y  5
kept at temperature given by u   find the steady state
20 (10  y ) , for 5  y  10
temperature distribution in the plate [AU / MAY -2014]
Solution:
 2u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is   0            (*)
x 2 y 2 .
From the given problem we have the following boundary conditions
(i ) u ( x,0)  0 for all x
(ii ) u ( x, l )  0 for all x
(iii ) u ( , y )  0 for x  , u  0

 l
2l y , for 0  y 
2
(iv) u (0, y )  
2l (l  y ) , for l  y  l
 2
The correction solution of (*) which satisfies the first three boundary conditions is

u ( x, y )  Ae px
 Be px
C cos py  D sin py                (1)
Applying condition (i) in (1) we get,

u ( x,0)  Ae px
 Be  p x  C  0

C 0 
 Ae px

 Be  p x  0 (it is defined for all x)

Substituting C=0 in (i) we get,


u( x, y)  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin py               (2)
Applying condition (ii ) in (2) we get,

u( x, l )  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin pl  0

 Ae px
 Be  px
  0 it is defined for all x
D0  if D  0 , alredy C  0 Then we get trivial solution
 sin pl  0 sin n  0
44

n
Page

p
l

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

n
Substituting p
l in (2) we get,
n x n x
 
l   ny 

u ( x, y )   Ae l  Be   D sin                (3)
  l 
 
Applying condition( iii ) in (3) we get,
 ny 

u (, y )  Ae   Be    D sin
l 

 0

ny
sin  0 it is defined for all y
l
D0 (if D=0 already explained )
As y   , u  0 (condition (iii) )
This is possible only when A0  if B  0 we get u  
Substituting A=0 in (3) we get,
n x
 l   ny 
u ( x, y )   Be    D sin
  
  l 
n x
  ny 
  cn e l
sin , c n  BD
 l 

The most general solution can be written as
 n x
ny 
u ( x, y )   c n sin e l
            (4 )
n 1 l

Applying condition ( iv ) in (4) we get,


ny
u (0, y )   c n sin  f ( y)             (5)
n 1 l

To find cn expand f(y) in a half range sine series


ny
f ( y )   bn sin                  (6)
n 1 l

cn  bn u sin g (5) & (6)               (7)

l
2 ny
Now, bn  l  f ( y ) sin l dy
0

 2l l
2 ny ny
45

  2ly sin dy   2l (l  y) sin dy

l 0 l l l
Page

 2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

l
   ny   ny  2   ny   ny  
l

    cos l    sin l   

  cos    sin
l   (1) l 


 4  y   1    ( l  y ) 
   n   n 2 2
     n   n 2 2  l
       0      
l   l2   l   l2  2

   n   n 
      
  n 
  l  cos 2  sin
2  
 cos n   sin n
 l 
 cos
2

 4     1     (l  l )      (l  )  
  2  n   n 2 2
 

    n

  n 2 2
 
 

2  n



   l   l2     l   l2   l 
 n  
 sin 

  2 22  
 n  
  
 l2 
 l2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
 4 cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
 2n 2 n  2 2n 2 n  2 

 2l 2 n 
bn  4  2 2 sin 
n  2 

 8l 2 n 
c n   2 2 sin                    (8)
n  2 

Substituting (8) in (4) we get,

 n x

8l 2 n ny
u ( x, y )   2 2
sin sin e l

n 1 n  2 l

Replace l by 10 we get,
  n x
800 n ny
u ( x, y )   2 2
sin sin e 10

n 1 n  2 10
  n x
800 n ny
RESULT: u ( x, y )   2 2
sin sin e 10

n 1 n  2 10

14. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 20cm wide. The two long
edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge x  0 is

10 y , for 0  y  10
kept at temperature given by u   find the steady state
10 (20  y ) , for 10  y  20
temperature distribution in the plate [AU A/ M -2017]
l
Solution: l  20,  10
46

2
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

 2u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is   0            (*)
x 2 y 2 .
From the given problem we have the following boundary conditions
(i ) u ( x,0)  0 for all x
(ii ) u ( x, l )  0 for all x
(iii ) u ( , y )  0 for x  , u  0

l l
 2 y , for 0  y 
(iv) u (0, y )   2
l l
 (l  y ) , for  y  l
 2 2
The correction solution of (*) which satisfies the first three boundary conditions is

u ( x, y )  Ae px
 Be px
C cos py  D sin py                (1)
Applying condition (i) in (1) we get,

u ( x,0)  Ae px
 Be  p x  C  0

C 0 
 Ae px

 Be  p x  0 (it is defined for all x)

Substituting C=0 in (i) we get,


u( x, y)  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin py               (2)
Applying condition (ii ) in (2) we get,

u( x, l )  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin pl  0

 Ae px
 Be  px
  0 it is defined for all x
D0  if D  0 , alredy C  0 Then we get trivial solution
 sin pl  0 sin n  0
n
p
l
n
Substituting p
l in (2) we get,
n x n x
 
l   ny 

u ( x, y )   Ae l  Be   D sin                (3)
  l 
 
Applying condition( iii ) in (3) we get,
 ny 

u (, y )  Ae   Be    D sin  0 
47

 l 
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

ny
sin  0 it is defined for all y
l
D0 (if D=0 already explained )
As y   , u  0 (condition (iii) )
This is possible only when A0  if B  0 we get u  

Substituting A=0 in (3) we get,

n x
 l   ny 
u ( x, y )   Be    D sin
  
  l 
n x
  ny 
  cn e l
sin , c n  BD
 l 

The most general solution can be written as
 n x
ny 
u ( x, y )   c n sin e l
            (4 )
n 1 l

Applying condition ( iv ) in (4) we get,


ny
u (0, y )   c n sin  f ( y)             (5)
n 1 l

To find cn expand f(y) in a half range sine series


ny
f ( y )   bn sin                  (6)
n 1 l

cn  bn u sin g (5) & (6)               (7)

l
2 ny
Now, bn  l  f ( y ) sin l dy
0

 2l l

2 l n y l n y 
   y sin dy   (l  y ) sin dy 
l 0 2 l l 2 l 
 2 
l l
  n y   n y   2   n y   n y   2
   cos   sin    cos   sin 
 y l   1 l    (l  y )  l   (1)  l 
n  2 2    n  2 2 
    n   
    n



  l   l2  0   l   l2  0
48
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

  n   n        n 
 l  cos 2   sin 2    cos n    sin n   l 
cos
2 
     1 2 2    (l  l )  n  2 2    (l  )   
 2  n   n  
     n  

 2  
n 
  l   l2    l   l2   l 

 n 
 sin 
  2 22  
 n 
 2 
 l 
 l2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
 2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 

 2l 2 n 
bn   2 2 sin
n  2 

 2l 2 n 
cn   2 2 sin                   (8)
n  2 

Substituting (8) in (4) we get,


2l 2 n n y  nl x
u ( x, y )   2 2
sin sin e
n 1 n  2 l

Replace l by 10 we get,
  n x
800 n ny
u ( x, y )   2 2
sin sin e 10

n 1 n  2 10
  n x
800 n ny
RESULT: u ( x, y )   2 2
sin sin e 10

n 1 n  2 10

15. An infinitely long metal plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines
y  0 and y   for x  0 . The temperature is zero along the edges y  0 and y   and at
0
infinity. If the edges x  0 is kept at a constant temperature T0 C ,find the steady state

temperature at any point of the plate? [AU / DEC -2009]

Solution:
 2u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is   0            (*)
2 x 2 y
From the given problem we have the following boundary conditions are
(i ) u ( x,0)  0 for all x
49

(ii ) u ( x,  )  0 for all x

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

(iii ) u ( , y )  0 for x  , u  0

(iv) u(0, y)  T0 , 0  y  
The correction solution of (*) which satisfies the first three boundary conditions is
 
u ( x, y )  Ae p x  Be  p x C cos py  D sin py                (1)
Applying condition ( i ) in (1) we get,
u ( x,0)  Ae  px
 Be px
 C  0

C 0  Ae  px

 Be  p x  0
Substituting C=0 in (1) we get,

u( x, y)  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin py               (2)
Applying condition ( ii ) in (2) we get,

u( x,  )  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin p   0
D0  if D  0 we get trivial solution
 sin p  0 or p  n 
pn
Substituting p = n in (2) we get,

u( x, y)  Ae n x  Be  n x  D sin ny               (3)
Applying condition ( iii ) in (3) we get,

u(, y)  Ae   Be    D sin ny  0
As y   , u  0 (condition (iii) )
This is possible only when A0  if B  0 we get u  

Substituting A=0 in (3) we get,


u( x, y)  Be  n x  D sin ny

 cn e n x
sin ny , c n  BD
The most general solution can be written as

u ( x, y)   c n sin ny e  n x      (4)
n 1

Applying condition ( iv ) in (4) we get,


u (0, y)   cn sin ny  T0  f ( y )                  (5)
n 1
50

To find cn expand T0 in a sine series in 0 ,  

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations


T0   bn sin ny                  (6)
n 1

cn  bn u sin g (5) & (6)               (7)


2
bn  f ( y ) sin ny dy
 0

2

 0
T0 sin ny dy


2T0   cos ny 

  n  0

2T0   cos n  1

  n 

2T0 1  (1) n 

  n 


0 , when n is even

bn   4T0
  , when n is odd

0 , when n is even

(7)  c n   4T0              (8)
  , when n is odd

Substituting (8) in (4) we get,


4T0
u ( x, y )   sin ny e  nx
n 1, 3, 5,... 


4T0
u ( x, y)   sin (2n  1) y e ( 2n 1) x
n 1 

4T0
RESULT: u ( x , y )   sin (2n  1) y e ( 2n 1) x
n 1 
16. An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges and an end at
right angle to them. The breadth of this edge x  0 is  , this end is maintained at

temperature as u  k (y  y 2 ) at all points while the other edges are at zero temperature.
Determine the temperature u(x,y) at any point of the plate in the steady state if u satisfies
51

Laplace equation? [AU / MAY -2010]

Page

Solution:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

 2u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is   0            (*)
x 2 y 2
From the given problem we have the following boundary conditions
(i ) u ( x,0)  0 for all x
(ii ) u ( x,  )  0 for all x
(iii ) u ( , y )  0 for x  , u  0

(iv) u(0, y)  k (y  y 2 ) , 0  y  

The correction solution of (*) which satisfies the first three boundary conditions is
u ( x, y )  Ae  px

 Be  p x C cos py  D sin py                (1)
Applying condition ( i ) in (1) we get,
u ( x,0)  Ae  px
 Be px
 C  0

C 0 
 Ae px
 Be px
0
Substituting C=0 in (1) we get,

u( x, y)  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin py               (2)
Applying condition ( ii ) in (2) we get,

u( x,  )  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin p   0
D0  if D  0 we get trivial solution
 sin p   0 or p  n 
pn
Substituting p = n in (2) we get,

u( x, y)  Ae n x  Be  n x  D sin ny               (3)
Applying condition ( iii ) in (3) we get,

u(, y)  Ae   Be    D sin ny  0
As y   , u  0 (condition (iii) )
This is possible only when A0  if B  0 we get u  

Substituting A=0 in (3) we get,


u( x, y)  Be  n x  D sin ny
 c n e n x
sin ny , c n  BD

The most general solution can be written as

52
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations


n x
u ( x, y )   c n sin ny e      ............................................. (4)
n 1

Applying condition ( iv ) in (4) we get,


u (0, y)   c n sin ny  k (y  y 2 )              (5)
n 1

To find cn expand k (y  y ) in a half range sine series in 0 ,  

2


k (y  y 2 )   bn sin ny              (6)
n 1

From (5) and (6) we get, c n  bn                  (7)


2
bn  f ( y ) sin ny dy
 0

2
bn  k (y  y 2 ) sin ny dy
 0

2k     cos ny    sin ny   cos ny  
bn   (y  y 2 )   (  2 y ) 2   ( 2) 3  
    n   n   n  0

2k    cos n   sin n   cos n     sin 0   cos 0   

   ( 2   2 )   (  2 ) 2   2 3      (  0) 2   2 3   
    n   n   n   0  n   n   
2k   2 cos n   2  
   3  
  n3  n  
4k
 3
n

1  ( 1) n 
0 , when n is even

bn   8k
 n 3 , when n is odd

0 , when n is even

 c n   8k
 n 3 , when n is odd

Substituting this value of Cn in (4) we get,


8k
u ( x, y )   3
sin ny e  n x
n 1, 3, 5... n 

8k  1
53

  sin (2n  1) y e ( 2 n1) x

 n 1 (2n  1) 3
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

8k  1
RESULT: u( x, y )   sin (2n  1) y e ( 2 n1) x
 n 1 (2n  1) 3
17. An infinitely long plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines
y  0 and y for positive value of x. The temperature is zero along the edges
y  0 and y   and the edge at infinity. If the edge x  0 is kept at the temperature
f ( y )  ky , 0  y   find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate?
Solution: [AU / MAY -2010]
 2 u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is   0             (*)
x 2 y 2
From the given problem we have the following boundary conditions
(i ) u ( x,0)  0 for all x
(ii) u ( x,  )  0 for all x
(iii ) u ( , y )  0 for x  , u  0
(iv) u(0, y)  ky , 0  y  
The correction solution of (*) which satisfies the first three boundary conditions is
u ( x, y )  Ae  px

 Be  p x C cos py  D sin py                (1)
Applying condition ( i ) in (1) we get,
u ( x,0)  Ae  px
 Be px
 C  0

C 0 
 Ae px
 Be px
0
Substituting C=0 in (1) we get,

u( x, y)  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin py               (2)
Applying condition ( ii ) in (2) we get,

u( x,  )  Ae p x  Be  p x  D sin p   0
D0  if D  0 we get trivial solution
 sin p   0 or p  n 
pn
Substituting p = n in (2) we get,

u( x, y)  Ae n x  Be  n x  D sin ny               (3)
Applying condition ( iii ) in (3) we get,
54


u(, y)  Ae   Be    D sin ny  0
Page

As y   , u  0 (condition (iii) )

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

This is possible only when A0  if B  0 we get u  

Substituting A=0 in (3) we get,


u( x, y)  Be  n x  D sin ny

 cn e  n x sin ny , c n  BD

The most general solution can be written as


u ( x, y)   cn sin ny e  n x             (4)
n 1

Applying condition ( iv ) in (4) we get,


u (0, y )   c n sin ny  ky  f ( y )              (5)
n 1

To find cn expand ky in a half range sine series in 0 ,  


ky   bn sin ny              (6)
n 1

From (5) and (6) we get, c n  bn                  (7)


2
bn  f ( y ) sin ny dy
 0

2
 ky sin ny dy
 0

2 k     cos ny    sin ny  
   y   (1) 2  
    n   n  0

2k    cos n   sin n  
   2  
  n   n  
2k
   cos n 

2k
bn  ( 1) n1

2k
 cn  ( 1) n 1                      (8)

Substituting (8) in (4) we get,

2k
u ( x, y )   (1) n1 sin ny e  n x
55

n 1 n
\
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations


1
u ( x, y )  2k  (1) n1 sin ny e  n x
n 1 n

4. VERTICALLY INFINITE PLATE

KEY WORDS (i) An infinitely Plate (ii)A long rectangular plate (ii) short edge y  0

18. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10 cm wide and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing appreciable error. The
20 x for 0  x  5
u
temperature at short edge y=0 is given by  20(10  x) for 5  x  10
and all the other three edges are kept at 0  C . Find the steady state temperature at any point in
the plane. [AU / MAY -2013]
Solution:
 2u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is  0
x 2 y 2 .
From the given problem we have the following boundary conditions
(i ) u (0, y )  0 for all y
(ii ) u (l , y )  0 for all y
(iii ) u ( x,  )  0 o  x  l

 l
2l x , for 0  x 
2
(iv) u ( x,0)  
l
2l (l  x) , for  x  l
 2
The correct solution of (1) which satisfies our boundary conditions is
 
u( x, y )   A cos px  B sin px  Ce py  De  py ………………………….(1)
Applying condition (i) in (2) we get
 
u(0, y)   A Ce py  De  py  0


A  0  Ce py  De  py  0 
Substituting A  0 in (2), we get

u( x, y )  B sin px  Ce py  De  py  …………………………………….(2)
Applying condition (ii ) in (2) we get,

u(l, y)  B sin pl  Ce py  De py 
56


 Ce py
 Be  py
  0 it is defined for all y
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

B0  if B  0 , alredy A  0 Then we get trivial solution

 sin pl  0 sin n   0

n
p
l
n
Substituting p in (2) we get
l
ny  ny
 n  
u( x, y )   B sin 
x  Ce  De l
l ..........................., , (3)
 l  

Applying condition (iii) in (3), we get
 n 
u( x, )   B sin x   Ce  De    0
 l 
As y  , u  0 (condition (iii))

This is possible when C  0  if D  0 we get u  

Substituting C  0 in (4) we get
ny
 n   l
u( x, y )  B sin x .De
 l 
ny
 n   l
u ( x, y)  C n sin x e , BD  C n
 l 
The most general solution can be written as
 ny
 n  
u ( x , y )   c n sin  x e l
............................., , , ( 4)
n 1  l 
Applying Condition (iv) in (5) we get
 l
  2l x , for 0  x 
n  2
u ( x,0)   c n sin x  u ( x,0)  
n 1 l 2l (l  x) , for l  x  l
 2
To find c n , expand f(x) in a half-range Fourier sine series in ( 0, l )

n
f ( x)   bn sin x........................................(5)
n 1 l
From (6) and (7) we get
 
n n
 c n sin x   bn sin x
57

n 1 l n 1 l
Page

 c n  bn .................................(8)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

l
2 n
Now bn   f ( x) sin xdx
l 0 l

Here l  10
10
2 nx
bn   f ( x) sin dx
10 0 10
5 10
1 nx nx 
  f ( x) sin dx   f ( x) sin dx
5 0 10 5
10 

5 10
1 nx nx 
  20 sin dx   20(10  x) sin dx
5 0 10 5
10 
5 10
  nx   nx    nx   nx  
   cos    sin     cos    sin  
  10  10  10  10  
 4  x   (1)   10  x    (1)
  n   n 2 2
   n   n 2 2
 
        
 

10   100  0   10   100  5 
  10 n 100 n   10 n 100 n  
 4  .5. cos  2 2 sin  0  0    0  0  .5. cos  2 2 sin 
  n 2 n 2   n 2 n 2  
800 n
 2 2
sin ..............................(7 )
n  2
Substituting (7) in (3),
  ny
800 n nx
u ( x, y )   2 2
sin sin e 10

n 1 n  2 10
  ny
800 n nx
u ( x, y)   2 2
sin sin e 10

RESULT: n 1 n  2 10

19. A long rectangular plate has its surfaces insulated and the two long sides as well as one of
the short sides are maintained at 0  C . Find an expression for the steady state temperature
u ( x, y ) if the short side y  0 is  cm long and is kept at u 0 C .

Solution: [AU / MAY -2009]

 2u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is   0 …………………..(1)
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u (0, y )  0 for all ' y '
58

(ii) u ( , y )  0 for all ' y '

Page

(iii) u ( x,  )  0 i.e., u  0 when y  

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

(iv) u( x,0)  u0 for x in (0,  )

The correct solution of (1) which satisfies our boundary conditions is

 
u( x, y )   A cos px  B sin px  Ce py  De  py ………………………….(2)
Applying condition (i) in (2) we get

u(0, y)   A Ce py  De  py  0 

A  0  Ce py  De  py  0 
Substituting A  0 in (2), we get

u( x, y)  B sin px  Ce py  De  py  …………………………………….(3)
Applying condition (ii) in (3) we get

u( , y )  B sin p  Ce py  De  py  0 
Here B  0  B  0 we get trivial solution
 sin p  0 or p  n
pn
Substituting p  n in (3) we get

 
u( x, y)  B sin nx  Ce ny  De  ny ...........................(4)
Applying condition (iii) in (4), we get

u( x, )  B sin nx Ce  De  0 
As y  , u  0 (condition (iii))

This is possible when C  0  if D  0 we get u  

Substituting C  0 in (4) we get

u( x, y )  B sin nx.De  ny
 C n sin nxe  ny , BD  C n
The most general solution can be written as

u ( x, y )   cn sin nxe ny .............................(5)
n 1

Applying Condition (iv) in (5) we get


u ( x ,0)   c n sin nx  u 0 .............................(6)
n 1

To find c n , expand u0 in a half-range Fourier sine series in (0 ,  )

59


u 0   bn sin nx....................................(7)
Page

n 1

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

From (6) and (7) we get

 

 cn sin nx   bn sin nx
n 1 n 1

 cn  bn ............................(8)

2
bn  u 0 sin nxdx
 0
Now


2u   cos nx 
 0
  n  0
2u 0
  cos n  cos 0
n
2u 0

n

 1n 1  1 
 0, when ' n' even

bn   4u 0
 n , when ' n' odd

4u 0
cn  , when ' n' odd
n
Substituting this value of c n in (5) we get


4u 0
u ( x, y )   sin nxe ny
RESULT: n 1, 3,5 n

4u0
u ( x, y)   sin nxe ny
n 1, 3, 5 n

20. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 8 cm wide and so long compared to its width
that it may be considered infinite in the length without introducing an appreciable error. If the
x
u ( x,0)  100 sin in 0  x  8
temperature along one short edge y=0 is given by 8

While the two long edges x=0 and x=8 as well as the other short edges are kept at
0  C , find the steady state temperature function u ( x, y ) [AU / MAY -2010]
Solution:
60

 2u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is   0 …………………..(1)
x 2 y 2
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

The boundary conditions are

(i) u (0, y )  0 for all ' y '
(ii) u (l , y )  0 for all ' y '
(iii) u ( x ,  )  0 ,
x
(iv) u ( x,0)  100 sin for x in (0, l )
l
The correct solution of (1) which satisfies our boundary conditions is

u( x, y)   A cos px  B sin px Ce py  De  py  …………………….(2)
See problem number (12)
The most general solution can be written as
  ny
nx
u( x, y )   c n sin e l
.............................(3)
n 1 l
Applying Condition (iv) in (3) we get

nx x
u ( x,0)   c n sin  100 sin
n 1 l l
x x x
c1 sin  c 2 sin  ..............  100 sin
l l l

Equating like terms on both sides,

c1  100, c 2  0, c3  c 4  c5  .....  0

Substituting in (3), we get

y
x l
u ( x, y )  100 sin e
l
RESULT:
y
x l
u ( x, y )  100 sin e
l
21. An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges x=0 and x=l and
an end at right angles to them. The breadth of this edge y=0 is l and is maintained at a
f ( x )  k (lx  x 2 ) . All the other three edges are at 0  C . Find the steady state
temperature
temperature at any interior point of the plate. [AU / MAY -2010, A/M 2016]
Solution:
61

 2u  2u
The two dimensional heat flow equation is   0 …………………..(1)
Page

x 2 y 2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

The boundary conditions are

(i) u (0, y )  0 for all ' y '
(ii) u (l , y )  0 for all ' y '
(iii) u ( x,  )  0 , for all ' y '

(iv) u( x,0)  k (lx  x 2 ) for x in (0, l )

The correct solution of (1) which satisfies our boundary conditions is

u( x, y)   A cos px  B sin px Ce py  De  py  ………………….(2)
Using problem number 2
The most general solution can be written as
  ny
nx
u( x, y )   c n sin e l
.............................(3)
n 1 l
Applying Condition (iv) in (3) we get

nx
u ( x,0)   c n sin  k (lx  x 2 )............................(4)
n 1 l

To find c n , expand f ( x ) in a half-range Fourier sine series


nx
f ( x)  k (lx  x 2 )   bn sin ....................................(5)
n 1 10
From (4) and (5) we get
c n  bn ............................(6)
l
2 nx
bn   k (lx  x 2 ) sin dx
l 0 l
l
  nx   nx   nx 
  cos    sin   cos 
2k  

l 

 lx  x
2


 n
l   l  2 x 


 n 2 2
l 

  2
3 3
l
 n  
     
  l   l 2
  l 3  0

 nx   
  2 cos   
2k  l   0  0  2  
    0  0  
l  n 3 3   n 3 3  
 l3   l 3  
 

2k  2 cos n 2 
62

  3 3  3 3 
l  n n 
 l 3 
Page

3
l

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

4 kl 2
 3 3
n

1   1
n

 0, if n is even

bn   8kl 2
 n 3 3 , if n is odd

 0, if n is even
 2
 c n   8kl
 n 3 3 , if n is odd

Substituting in (3),
 ny

8kl 2 nx
u ( x, y )   3 3
n 1, 3, 5 n 
sin
l
e l

 ny
8kl 2 
1 nx
 3


n 1, 3, 5 n
3
sin
l
e l

RESULT:
 ny
8kl 2 
1 nx
u( x, y )  3


n 1, 3, 5 n
3
sin
l
e l

5.TWO DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW EQUATION (SQUARE PLATE)

22. A square plate is bounded by the lines x=0,y=0,x=20 and y=20. Its faces are insulated, the
temperature along the edge y=20 is given by x (20 - x) while the other three edges are kept at
0  C . Find the steady-state temperature distribution on the plate. [AU / DEC -2016]
Solution:
 2u  2u
The equation to be solved in  0
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i) u(0,y)=0
(ii) u(20,y)=0
(iii) u(x,0)=0
(iv) u(x,20)= x(20-x )
Suitable solution is
u( x, y)  ( A cos px  B sin px)(Ce py  De py ) ----------------------(1)
Apply (i) in (1)
63

u(0, y)  A(Ce py  De  py )  0
Page

A=0  (Ce py
 De  py )  0 
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College
MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Sub A=0 in (1)

u( x, y)  B sin px(Ce py  De py ) ------------------------------(2)
Apply (ii) in (2)
u(20, y )  B sin 20 p(Ce py  De  py )  0


Sin20p=0  (Ce  De )  0 and B  0
py  py

Sin20p = sinnπ
20P = nπ
n
p
20
Now, (2) becomes
ny ny
nx 20

20
u ( x, y )  B sin (Ce  De ) --------------------------------------(3)
20
Apply (iii) in (3)
nx
u ( x,0)  B sin (C  D )  0
20
 n 
(C  D )  0  sin 20 x  0 and B  0
 
D  C
Now, (3) becomes
n n
nx y  y
u ( x, y)  B sin (Ce 20  C e 20 )
20
nx ny
u ( x , y )  BC sin 2 sinh BC  An
20 20
nx ny
u( x, y )  An sin 2 sinh
20 20
The most general form is

nx ny
u ( x, y )   An sin sinh ………………………….(4)
n 1 20 20
Apply condition (iv) in (4)we get

nx
u ( x,20)   An sin sinh n  x ( 20  x )......................(5)
n 1 20

To find Bn expand f x  in a Fourier half range sine series

64
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations


nx
 x20  x    bn sin        6
n 1 20

From (5) and (6) we get

2 l nx
An sin hn  B n bn   f  x  sin dx
l 0 l
Bn
An 
sin hn

2 20  nx 
Bn   x 20  x  sin   dx
20 0
 20 
20
  nx   nx   nx  
   cos    sin   cos 
1 

10 

20 x  x 2 
 20   20  2 x  20
  n  2 
   2  20 
  n  3  
  n  
   20         
     20     20    0
20
1   20  nx  20  2 nx   20 
3
nx 
 
 20 x  x 2   cos 
 20  2 x   sin 
 2  cos 
10   n  20  n  20   n  20 
0

20
3 3
1   20   
   20  
   0  0  2   cos n   0  0  2  
10   n   
   n   0

3
1   20    20  3 
  2    1   2
n
 
10   n    n  
 

1 810 
3
 3. 3
10 n 
1   1 
n

1600
 3. 3
n 

1   1
n

 3200
 if n is odd
  n 3 3
 0 if n is even

Bn 3200
 An   3. 3 if n is odd .
sin hn n  sin h n
 0 if n is even.

Substitute the value of An in equation (5) we get

65


3200 nx ny
u  x, y    sin sinh
Page

3.3
n  odd n  sin h n 20 20

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

3200  1 nx ny

 3  3.
 nodd n sin h n
sin
20
sinh
20

3200  1 nx ny

u  x, y   3  3.
sin sinh
 n odd n sin h n 20 20

RESULT:
3200  1 nx ny
u  x, y   3  3.
sin sinh
 n odd n sin h n 20 20

23. A Square plate is bounded by the lines x= 0 , x=a, y = 0 and y = b. Its surfaces are
insulated and the temperature along y=b is kept at 1000 C. while the temperature along other
three edges are at 00C. Find the steady-state temperature at any point in the plate.
Solution:
[AU NOV-2014]
 2u  2u
The equation to be solved in  0
x 2 y 2

The boundary conditions are

(i) u(0,y)=0
(ii) u(a,y)=0
(iii) u(x,0)=0
(iv)u(x,b)= 100
Suitable solution is
u( x, y)  ( A cos px  B sin px)(Ce py  De py ) ----------------------(1)
Apply (i) in (1)
u(0, y)  A(Ce py  De py )  0
A=0 
 (Ce py  De  py )  0 
Sub A=0 in (1)
u( x, y )  B sin px(Ce py  De  py ) ------------------------------(2)
Apply (ii) in (2)
u(a, y )  B sin pa(Ce py  De  py )  0

Sinpa=0  (Ce py
 De  py )  0 and B  0 
Sinpa = sinnπ
Pa = nπ
n
66

p
a
Page

Now, (2) becomes

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

n n
n a
y 
a
y
u ( x, y )  B sin x(Ce  De ) ---------------------------------(3)
a
Apply (iii) in (3)
n n
n a
0 
a
0
u ( x,0)  B sin x(Ce  De )0
a
n
 B sin x(C  D)  0  e 0  1
a
 n 
 (C  D )  0  sin a x  0 and B  0

D  C
Now, (3) becomes
n n
n a
y 
a
y
u ( x, y )  B sin x(Ce  Ce )
a
n n
u ( x, y )  B sin x( 2C sinh y)
a a
n n
u ( x , y )  2 BC sin x sinh y ……………………….(4)
a a
The most general form is

n n
u ( x, y )   An sin x sinh y ………………………….(5)
n 1 a a
Apply condition(iv),we get

n n
u ( x, b)   An sin x sinh b  100
n 1 a a
Using half range Fourier sine series ,


n
B n sin
a
x  100
n 1 …………………………………………(6)
From (5) and (6) we get
n
Bn  An sinh b
a
Using half range sine series ,
a
2 nx
Bn   100 sin dx
a0 a
67
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

a
 nx 
 Cos
200  a 

Bn 
a  n 
 
 a 0

 na  n 0  
  Cos   Cos 
200  a  a 
Bn 
a  n  n 
  
 a  a 

  
  1 
200   ( 1) h 
Bn  
a  n  n 
  
 a  a 

 400
 if n  odd
Bn   n
0 if n  even

 400
 if n  odd
nb
An   n sinh
 a
0 if n  even

From eqn(5) becomes


400 n n
u ( x, y)  
n  odd nb
sin
a
x sinh
a
y
n sinh
a

400 n n
RESULT: u ( x, y)  
n  odd nb
sin
a
x sinh
a
y
n sinh
a
6. STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND NON-ZERO BOUNDARY
24. The ends of A and B of a rod 10cm long have their temperature kept at 50˚ C and 100˚ C
respectively until the steady state conditions prevail. The temperature of the end B is then
suddenly reduced to 60˚ C and kept so while the end A is raised to 90˚ C .Find the
temperature distribution function in the rod after time t. [AU N/D 2008, 2015]
Solution:
The temperature function u(x,t) is the solution of the one dimensional heat equation
2
u 2  u

x 2
68

t
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

u  2u
When the steady state condition prevails 0 hence 0
t x 2

The steady state solution u(x)=ax+b

Steady state (i)

When x=0 , u(0)= b=> b=50

When x=10 , u(10)=10a+b=>100=10a+50=> a=5

Thus, u(x,0)=f(x)=5x+50

Steady state(ii)

u(x)=ax+b

When x=0 , u(0)= b=> b=90

When x=10 , u(10)=10a+90=>60=10a+90=> a=--3
Thus, u(x,0)=f(x)=  3 x  90
u(x,t)=  3 x+90+u(x,t)
Boundary and initials conditions are
(i) u(0,t)=90 for all t≥0
(ii) u(10,t)=60 for all t≥0
(iii)u(x,0)=f(x)=5x+50 for all x
Now the suitable solution is
2
p 2t
u(x,t)=  3 x+90 +(A cospx+B sinpx) e  ------------------------------(1)
Apply condition (i) in (1)
2 2
u(0,t)=90+ A e  p t
=90
2
p 2t
A=0 [ e  ≠0]
2 2
Now (1) implies u(x,t)=  3 x +90+ B sinpx e  p t
………………………….(2)
Apply condition (ii) in (2)
2
p 2t
60= 50+90 +B sin(10p) e 
2
 p2t  2 p 2t
=Bsin(10p) e =0 [ e ≠0 and B≠0]
Sin10p =Sin nπ
n
69

p
10
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

2
 n 
nx  2  10  t
u(x,t)= -3x+90 +B sin e
10
The most general solution is
2
 2 n 
nx    t
 10 
u(x,t)=  3 x +90+  B n sin e ---------------------------------------(3)
n 1 10
Apply condition (iii) in (3)

nx
 3 x+90+  B n sin  f ( x)  5x  50
n 1 10

nx
B
n 1
n sin
10
 5x  50  3x - 90  8x - 40

Which is half range sine series in the interval (0,10)

l
2 nx
To find Bn : The half range Fourier sine series bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
10
2 nx
Bn  bn   (8 x  40) sin dx
10 0 10
10
 nx  nx 
    sin 
 cos 
2 10 10
Bn  bn  (8 x  40)    8 
10  n   n 
2

  
   
  10    10    0

      
          
2  cos n   sin n     40)   cos 0
  sin 0  
  40    8    8 2  
10   n    n  2    n   n   
              
 

10   10     10   10   

      
2    1
n
   1  
 40       40)    
10   n      n  
  10     10  
 80

n
 1n  1 
 0 if n is odd
  160
bn  
if n is even
 n
70
Page

Now equation (3) become

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

2
 2 n 
- 160 nx    t
 10 
u(x,t)=  3 x +90+  sin e
n  2 , 4 ,... n 10
2 2 2
160  1  nx   n  t
RESULT: u( x, t )  3x  90   sin e
 n 2, 4,... n  10  100
25. A bar 10cm long with insulated sides, has its ends A and B kept at 20˚ C and 40˚ C
respectively until the steady state conditions prevail. The temperature of the end
A is then suddenly reduced to 50˚ C and and at the same instant that at B is lowered to 10˚ C
.Find the subsequent temperature at any point of the bar at any time. [AU A/M 2018]
Solution:
The temperature function u(x,t) is the solution of the one dimensional heat equation
u  2u
  2 2      (1)
t x
u  2u
When the steady state condition prevails 0 hence 0
t x 2

The steady state solution u(x)=ax+b ----------(2)

(a) u(0)= 20

(b) u(l)=40

Applying condition (a) in (2) u(0)=b=20

(2) Becomes u(x)=ax+20 --------(3)

Applying condition (b) in (3)

u(l)=al+20=40

20
a      (4)
l

Applying (4) in (3)

20
u( x)  x  20      (5)
l

20
Hence steady state is u ( x)  x  20
l
71
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Now the temperature at A is raised at 50oC and the temperature at B is lowered to 10oC. that

is the steady state is changed to unsteady state. For this unsteady state the initial temperature

20
u ( x,0)  x  20
distribution is given by l

Boundary conditions are

(a) u(0,t)=50 for all t≥0
(b) u(l,t)=10 for all t≥0
(c) u(x,0)=20/l x+20 for all x
Now the suitable solution is
2
p 2t
u(x,t)= (A cospx+B sinpx) e  ------------------------------(6)
Apply condition (a)and (b) in (6)
2
p 2t 2
p 2t
u(0,t)= A e  =50------(7), u(l,t)= (A cospl+B sinpl) e  =10 -----------------------(8)
from (7) and (8) it is not possible to find the values of A and B. since we have infinite number
of values for A and b. therefore we split the solution u(x,t) in two parts
u( x, t )  us ( x)  ut ( x, t )      (9)

u  2u
Where us ( x) is a solution of the equation   2 2 and is a function of x alone
t x
and satisfying the conditions us (0)  50 and us (l )  10 and ut ( x, t ) is a transient solution

satisfying (9) which decreases as t increases.

To find us ( x)

We have us ( x)  a1 x  b1      (10)

Applying the conditions us (0)  50 in (10) we get

us (0)  b1  50
 us ( x)  a1 x  50      (11)

Applying the conditions us (l )  10 in (11) we get

 us (l )  a1l  50  10
40
a1l  10  50  40  a1        (12)
l
40
72

Substituting (12) in (11) we get, us ( x )  x  50      (13)

l
Page

To find ut ( x, t )

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

u  2u
We assume that ut ( x, t ) is a transient solution of   2 2 and satisfying the equation
t x
u( x, t )  us ( x)  ut ( x, t )

u( x, t )  us ( x)  ut ( x, t )      (14)

Now we have to find the boundary conditions for ut ( x, t )

Put x  0 in (14) we get,

u(0, t )  us (0)  ut (0, t )  ut (0, t )  50  50  0    (15)

Put t  0 in (14) we get,

ut ( x,0)  u( x, 0)  us ( x)

20  40  60
 x  20   x  50   x  30      (16)
l  l  l
Now for the function ut ( x, t ) we have the following boundary conditions,

(i) ut (0, t )  0

(ii) ut (l , t )  0

60
(iii) ut ( x, 0)  x  30
l
Solving the equation for (1) for ut ( x, t ) by the method of separation of variables we

get the solution of the form

2 2
ut ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px)e  p t
     (17)
Substituting the condition (i) and (ii) in (17) we get,the most general solution of the form,
  2 n 2 2 t
n x  l2
ut ( x, t )   Bn sin e .............(18)
n 1 l

Apply the condition (c) in (18) we get


n x 60x
ut ( x, 0)   Bn sin = -30 ..........(19)
n 1 l l
60x
find Bn exp and -30 in a half range fourier sine series
l

60x n x
-30=  Bn sin ..........(20)
l n 1 l
73

From (19) and (20) we get

Page

Bn  bn

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

l
2 nx
To find Bn : The half range Fourier sine series bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
l
2  60 x  n x
    30  sin dx
l 0 l  l
l
60 n x
2 
 20 x  l  sin dx
l 0 l

l
 n x   n x  
 
   
60
Bn  bn  2  (2 x  l )    cos l    2    sin l 2  
l  n   n   
  
 l     
   l   0
l
  
  n x   n x 
60   l   l 
 2    (2 x  l )  cos    2  sin 2 2 
l n
     n   
  l    l 2   
0

          
60    cos n   sin n     cos 0   sin 0  
 2     (2l  l )     2   2 2    (0  l )   2  
l  n   n    n   n2 2  
     
   l   l 2     l   l2  

60  l 2 l2 
 cos n 
l 2  n n 

60
 1  (1)n 
n 
 0, if n is odd

bn   120 .................(20)
 n if n is even


Sub (20) in (18).we get

  2 n 2 2 t
120 n x  l2
ut ( x, t )   sin e
n  2,4,... n l
replace l by 10.we get
74

2 2 2

120 n x   100
n  t
ut ( x, t )   sin e
Page

n  2,4,... n 10

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

u( x, t )  us ( x)  ut ( x, t ).
2 2 2

120 n x   100
n t
u( x, t )  4 x  50   sin e .
n  2,4,... n 10

7. STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND ZERO BOUNDARY

26. A rod of length lcm long has its ends A and B kept at 0˚C and 100˚ C respectively until
the steady state conditions prevail. If the temperature at B is suddenly reduced to 0˚C and
maintained at 0˚C . Find the temperature distribution u(x,t) at a distance x from A at any time
t. [AU N/D 2017]
Solution:
The temperature function u(x,t) is the solution of the one dimensional heat equation
u  2u
2 2        (1)
t x
u  2u
When the steady state condition prevails  0 hence 2  0        (2)
t x
Hence , boundary conditions are (i) u (0)  0, (ii) u (l )  100

The solution of (2) is u(x)=ax+b ---------(3)

Now applying condition (i) in (3),
u (0)  0  b
0b
u ( x )  ax      (4)
Now applying condition (ii) in (4),
u (l )  al  100
100
a      (5)
l
100
Substituting (5) in (4), u ( x )  x
l
100
Therefore in the steady state the temperature function is given by u ( x)  x . Now the end B is
l
reduced to zero. At this stage the steady state is changed into unsteady state. For this unsteady state the
100
initial temperature distribution is u ( x )  x .
75

l
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

u  2u
The heat flow equation is 2 2
t x
The new boundary conditions are
(a) u(0,t)=0 for all t≥0
(b) u(l,t)=0 for all t≥0
100x
(c) u(x,0)=
l
Now the suitable solution is
  2 n 2 2 t
n x  l2
u( x, t )   Bn sin e      (6)
n 1 l
Apply condition (c) in (6)

n x 100 x
u( x,0)   Bn sin       (7)
n 1 l l
To find Bn : The half range Fourier sine series

n x 100 x
 b sin
n 1
n
l

l
      (8)

From (7) and (8)

Bn  bn
l
2 nx
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
l
2 100 x n x
Bn  bn   sin dx
l 0 l l
l
 n x   n x  
   
200   
Bn  bn  2  x    cos l   1   sin l  
l   n  2
 n   
  
l     
   l   0

200   l cos n  
2

 2  
l  n 


200 

n  n 1

 1       (9)
76
Page

Now equation (6) become

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

n 1 2 2 2
200    1   n x   n  t
u ( x, t )    sin 
 n1  n   l 
e
l2

n 1 2 2 2
200    1   n x   n  t
RESULT: u( x, t )    sin 
 n1  n   l 
e
l2

8. FINITE PLATES
27. Find the steady state temp. distribution in a rectangular plate of sides a and b insulated at
the lateral surface and satisfying the boundary conditions u(0,y)= u(a,y)=0 for 0≤y≤b
u(x,b)= 0 and u(x,0)=x(a-x ) for 0≤x≤a [AU N/D 2012]
Solution:
 2u  2u
The equation to be solved in  0
x 2 y 2
The boundary conditions are
(i)u(0,y)=0
(ii )u(a,y)=0
(iii)(x,b)=0
(iv)u(x,0)= x(a-x )
Suitable solution is
u( x, y)  ( A cos px  B sin px)(Ce py  De  py ) ----------------------(1)
Apply (i) in (1)
u(0, y)  A(Ce py  De py )  0

A=0  (Ce py
 De  py )  0 
Sub., A=0 in (1)
u( x, y )  B sin px(Ce py  De  py ) ------------------------------(2)
Apply (ii) in (2)
u(a, y )  B sin pa(Ce py  De  py )  0


Sinpa=0  (Ce  De )  0 and B  0
py  py

Sinpa = sinnπ
Pa = nπ
77

n
p
a
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Now, (2) becomes

n n
n y  y
u ( x, y )  B sin x(Ce a
 De a
) --------------------------------------(3)
a
Apply (iii) in (3)
nb nb
n a

a
u ( x, b)  B sin x(Ce  De )0
a
n n
b  b  n 
 sin a x  0 and B  0 
a a
(Ce  De )0

n n
 b b
a a
De  Ce
2 n
b
a
D  Ce
Now, (3) becomes
n 2 n n
n a
y
a
b 
a
y
u ( x, y )  B sin x(Ce  Ce e )
a
n n
 n b  y   na y  na b n
b 
n
y 
n  y e a
e a  n e e e e a a 
u ( x, y )  BC sin x e a   n   BC sin x  n 
a  b
 a  b

 e a   e a 
n
b n  n  b  y   n
b  y  
u( x, y )   BCe a
sin x e a e a 
a  
 
n
b n n
u ( x, y)  2 BCe a
sin x sinh b  y  ……………………….(4)
a a
The most general form is

n n
u ( x, y )   A sin n x sinh b  y  ………………………….(5)
n 1 a a
Apply condition(iv),we get

n n
u ( x,0)   An sin x sinh b  x(a  x)
n 1 a a …………………..(6)
Using half range sine series ,

n n
u ( x,0)   B n sin x  x( a  x), where B n  An sinh b
n 1 a a …………………..(7)

From equation (6) and(7)

78

n
Bn  An sinh b
a
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Using half range sine series ,

l
2 nx
To find Bn : The half range Fourier sine series bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
30
2 nx
Bn  bn   (ax  x 2 ) sin dx
30 0 a
a
 nx   nx   nx  
 
     
2  a a a 
Bn  bn 
30 

(ax  x 2 )   cos
n 

  a  2 x   sin 
2 

 (2) cos
 3 
    n   n  
       
  a    a     a    0

3 3
2  a  n  a  
Bn   2  (1)  2  
a   n   n  

From equation (5)

 8a 2
 if n  odd
An   n3 3
0 if n  even


8a 2 n n b  y 
u ( x, y )   n
sin
a
x sinh
a
n  odd
n 3 3 sin
a


8a 2 n n b  y 
RESULT: u( x, y)  
n  odd 3 3 n
sin
a
x sinh
a
n  sin
a
9. ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW
u  2u
28. Solve   2 2 subject to the conditions [A.U. NOV 2013, MAY -2015]
t x
(i) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u (l , t )  0 for all t  0

x , 0  x  l / 2
(iii) u( x,0)  
l  x, l / 2  x  l
Solution: The temperature function u(x, t) satisfies the one dimensional heat
79

u  2u
equation is 2 2
Page

t x

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Hence , boundary and initials conditions are

(i) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u (l , t )  0 for all t  0

x , 0  x  l / 2
(iii) u( x,0)  
l  x, l / 2  x  l
Now the suitable solution is
2
p 2t
u(x, t)= (A cospx +B sinpx) e  ------------------------------(1)
Apply condition (i) in (1)
2 2
u(0,t)= A e  p t
=0
2
p 2t
A=0 [ e  ≠0]
2
p 2t
Now (1) implies u(x, t)= B sinpx e  --------------------------------------(2)
Apply condition (ii) in (2)
2
p 2t
u(l, t)= B sin l p e  =0
2
p 2t
sinpl =0 [ e  ≠0 and B≠0]
sinpl =Sin nπ
n
p
l
2
 n 
nx  2   t
l 
Now (2) implies u(x,t)= B sin e
l
The most general solution is
2
 2 n 
nx  
 l 
 t
u(x, t)=  B n sin e ------------------------------------------(3)
n 1 l
Apply condition (iii) in (3)

nx  x ,0  x  l / 2
u(x,0)=  B sin n   f ( x)
n 1 l l  x , l/2  x  l ……………..(4)
Which is half range sine series in the interval (0,l)

nx
f ( x)   bn sin ................................................................................(5)
n 1 l
From (4) and (5) ,we get
80

Bn=bn
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

l
2 nx
Bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
l
2  2 nx 
l
nx
 x sin dx  l  x  sin dx
l  0 l 
l l 
 2 
l
   l 

   nx   n  x  2    n x   n  x  
 cos   sin     cos    sin 
2   l   l   2    l   l  
  x  1     l  x    1  
l     n   2  l    n   2
       n           n   
   l         l     
    l   0      l   l 
 2

4l n
Bn  2 2 sin
n 2
 t
4l 1 n nx  2n 2 2 l 2
ux, t    sin sin e
2 n 1 n
2
2 l

RESULT:
 t
4l 1 n nx  2n 2 2 l 2
ux, t    sin sin e
2 n 1 n
2
2 l

81
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Anna University Important Questions

PART-B
1. ZERO INITIAL VELOCITY (METHOD-1)
1. Tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at x  0 and x  l apart. Motion is
2
Started by displacing the string in to the from y  k (lx  x ) from which it is released at
time t=0. Find the displacement of any point of the string at a distance of x from one
end at time t. Page No.11 [AU - MAY-2015, N/D 17, A/M 18]
2. A Tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at x  0 and x  l . At the time t=0 ,

the string is given by a shape defined by f ( x)  kx2 (l  x), where k is constant , and then
released from rest . Find the displacement of any point ‘x’ of the string at any time t>0.
Page No.13 [AU / MAY -2010,2008]
3. A Tightly stretched string with fixed end point x  0 and x  l is initially in a position
x
given by y ( x ,0)  y 0 sin 3 . If it is released from rest from this position .Pg. No.15
l
Find the displacement y at any distance x from one end at any time t. [AU / DEC -2012]
4. A string of length 2l is fastend at both ends. The mid point of the string is taken to a
height b and then released from rest in that position. Show that the displacement is

y  x, t  
8b 
 1n1 sin  2n  1x  cos 2n  1 at
2

n 1 2n  2 
2

 2l
 
  2l
 Page No:18[[A.U A/M 2017]
,

l
5. A taut string of length L has its ends x  0 and x  l fixed . The point where x  is
3
2 y 2
2  y
drawn aside a small distance h , the displacement y ( x , t ) satisfies  a . Determine
t 2 x 2
y ( x, t ) at any time t. Page No:21 [AU / MAY -2010]

6. A String is stretched and fastened to points at a distance l apart the motion is started by
x
displace the string in form y  a sin ,. 0  x  l from which it is released at a time t = 0
l
find the displacement at any time t. Page No:25 [AU / MAY -2014]
2. NON ZERO VELOCITY (METHOD-2)
7. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = 1 is initially at rest in its
equilibrium Position. It is set vibrating string giving each point a velocity x1  x 
82

Page No:27 [AU / MAY -2013]

Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

8. A string is stretched between two fixed points at a distance 2l apart and the points of the
 cx
 in 0  x  l
string are given initial velocities v where v  l
 c (2l  x)
 in 0  x  2l
 l
x being the distance from one end point. Find the displacement of the string at any
time. Page No:30 [AU / DEC -2010]
9. A string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and motion is started by
 l
cx if 0  x 
giving each of its points a velocity given by v   2
cl  x  if l  x  l
 2
Find the displacement function y (x,t). Page No:33 [AU M/J 2007, N/D 2010]
10. If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is
 y  x
given the velocity    v 0 sin 3 , 0  x  l , determine the transverse displacement (or)
t
  t 0 l

displacement of a point distant x from one end at time‘t’. Page No:36

[AU N/D 2008/NOV-2013,2014]

11. A Tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at x  0 and x  l . At the time t=0 ,
 2kx l
 l if 0  x 
the string is given by a shape defined by y( x,0)   2
where k is constant
2 k  2kx if l  x  l
 l 2
, and then released from rest . Find the displacement of any point ‘x’ of the string at any
time t>0. Page No:38 [AU / NOV -2015]

12. If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is
 y   3x   x 
given the velocity    v 0 sin   cos  , , 0  x  l , determine the transverse
 t  t 0  l   l 
displacement (or) displacement of a point distant x from one end at time‘t’.
Page No:41 [AU N/D 2016
3. HORIZONTALLY INFINITE PLATE

13. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide. The two long
83

edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge x  0 is
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

20 y , for 0  y  5
kept at temperature given by u   find the steady state
20 (10  y ) , for 5  y  10
temperature distribution in the plate. Page No: 44 [AU / MAY -2014]
14. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 20cm wide. The two long
edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge x  0 is

10 y , for 0  y  10
kept at temperature given by u   find the steady state
10 (20  y ) , for 10  y  20
temperature distribution in the plate Page No:46 [AU A/ M -2017]
15. An infinitely long metal plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines
y  0 and y   for x  0 . The temperature is zero along the edges y  0 and y   and at
0
infinity. If the edges x  0 is kept at a constant temperature T0 C ,find the steady state

temperature at any point of the plate?. Page No: 49 [AU / DEC -2009]
16. An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges and an end at
right angle to them. The breadth of this edge x  0 is  , this end is maintained at

temperature as u  k (y  y 2 ) at all points while the other edges are at zero temperature.
Determine the temperature u(x,y) at any point of the plate in the steady state if u satisfies
Laplace equation? . Page No: 51 [AU / MAY -2010]
17. An infinitely long plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines
y  0 and y   for positive value of x. The temperature is zero along the edges
y  0 and y   and the edge at infinity. If the edge x  0 is kept at the temperature

f ( y )  ky , 0  y   find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate?

Page No:54 [AU / MAY -2010]

4. VERTICALLY INFINITE PLATE
18. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10 cm wide and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing appreciable error. The
20 x for 0  x  5
u
temperature at short edge y=0 is given by  20(10  x) for 5  x  10
and all the other three edges are kept at 0  C . Find the steady state temperature at any point in
the plane. Page No: 56 [AU / MAY -2013]
84

19. A long rectangular plate has its surfaces insulated and the two long sides as well as one of
Page

the short sides are maintained at 0  C . Find an expression for the steady state temperature

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

u ( x, y ) if the short side y  0 is  cm long and is kept at u 0 C . Pg. No58 [AU / MAY -2009]

20. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 8 cm wide and so long compared to its width
that it may be considered infinite in the length without introducing an appreciable error. If the
x
u ( x,0)  100 sin in 0  x  8
temperature along one short edge y=0 is given by 8

While the two long edges x=0 and x=8 as well as the other short edges are kept at
0  C , find the steady state temperature function u ( x, y ) .[AU / MAY -2010] pg. no60

21. An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges x=0 and x=l and
an end at right angles to them. The breadth of this edge y=0 is l and is maintained at a
f ( x)  k (lx  x 2 ) . All the other three edges are at 0  C . Find the steady state
temperature
temperature at any interior point of the plate. Page No: 61 [AU / MAY -2010]

5.TWO DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW EQUATION (SQUARE PLATE)

22. A square plate is bounded by the lines x=0,y=0,x=20 and y=20. Its faces are insulated, the
temperature along the edge y=20 is given by x (20 - x) while the other three edges are kept at
0  C . Find the steady-state temperature distribution on the plate. Pg no:64 [AU / DEC,2011]

23. A Square plate is bounded by the lines x= 0 , x=a, y = 0 and y = b. Its surfaces are
insulated and the temperature along y=b is kept at 1000 C. while the temperature along other
three edges are at 00C. Find the steady-state temperature at any point in the plate.
Page No:63
[AU NOV-2014]

6. STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND NON-ZERO BOUNDARY

24. The ends of A and B of a rod 10cm long have their temperature kept at 50˚ C and 100˚ C
respectively until the steady state conditions prevail. The temperature of the end B is then
suddenly reduced to 60˚ C and kept so while the end A is raised to 90˚ C .Find the
temperature distribution function in the rod after time t. Pg. No.68. [AU N/D 2008, 2015)]
85

25. A bar 10cm long with insulated sides, has its ends A and B kept at 20˚ C and 40˚ C
Page

respectively until the steady state conditions prevail. The temperature of the end A is then

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

suddenly reduced to 50˚ C and and at the same instant that at B is lowered to 10˚ C .Find the
subsequent temperature at any point of the bar at any time.Pg. No; 71 [AU A/M 2018]

7. STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND ZERO BOUNDARY

26. A rod of length lcm long has its ends A and B kept at 0˚C and 100˚ C respectively until
the steady state conditions prevail. If the temperature at B is suddenly reduced to 0˚C and
maintained at 0˚C . Find the temperature distribution u(x,t) at a distance x from A at any time
t. Pg. No; 75 [AU N/D 2017]

8. FINITE PLATES
27. Find the steady state temp. distribution in a rectangular plate of sides a and b insulated at
the lateral surface and satisfying the boundary conditions u(0,y)= u(a,y)=0 for 0≤y≤b
u(x,b)= 0 and u(x,0)=x(a-x ) for 0≤x≤a .Pg. No:77 [AU N/D 2012]
9. ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW
u  2u
28. Solve   2 2 subject to the conditions [A.U. NOV 2013, MAY -2015]
t x
(i) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u (l , t )  0 for all t  0

x , 0  x  l / 2
(iii) u( x,0)   Page No:79
l  x, l / 2  x  l

86
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Anna University possible Questions

PART-A
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. What are the possible solutions of one-dimensional wave equations?
[AU –M/J 2006, Nov/Dec 2009/MAY-2014].
2 y 2
2  y
2. In the wave equation 2
 c 2
what does c 2 ? [AU Nov/Dec 2011, June 2013]
t x
3. What is the basic difference between the solution of one dimensional wave equation and
one dimensional heat equation? [AU-May/June2012, N/D 17]

4. Classify the Partial differential equation

1  x z2
xx  2 xyz xy  (1  y 2 ) z yy  xz x  3 x 2 yz y  2z  0
[AU – Nov-2014, May - 2015]
5. A rod 30 cm long has its ends A and B kept at and respectively until steady state
conditions prevail. Find the steady state temperature in the rod.
[AU-May 2009, Apr 2008, May-2015]
6. State the laws assumed to derive the one dimensional heat equation. (OR) State the
assumption in deriving the one dimensions heat flow equation (Unsteady State).
[ AU- MAY /2014]
y 2 y
7. Given 3 possible solutions of the equation  a 2 2 ( Or) Write down the various
t x
possible solutions of one dimensional heat flow equation. [AU Nov – 2014, A/M2018]

8.Explain the term “steady state”. [A.U.NOV 2013]

. 9. Write down the partial differential equation that represents steady state heat flow in
two dimensional and name the variables involved. [AU-May/June 2012]
10. write down the p.d.e equation that represents steady state heat flow two dimensional and
name the variables involved. [A.U.M/J 2012]

11.A rod 40 cm long with insulated sides with insulated sides has its ends A and B kep at
20  c and 60  c .Find the steady state temperature at a location 15 cm from A.
[A.U. A/M 2011]
87

12. write down the three possible solutions of Laplace equations in two-dimensions.
Page

[A.U. N/D 2010, N/D 17]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

13. Write down the boundary conditions for the following boundary value problem “If a
string of length 'l ' initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its point is given

 y  3  x 
the velocity    0  v 0 sin   in 0  x  l
 t t  l 
Determine the displacement function y  x, t  ? [A.U. A/M 2010]

14. Classify the Partial differential equation U XX  U X U Y  X Y [A.U. A/M 2018]

15. Classify the Partial differential equation

[AU – Nov-2008]
3U xx  4U xy  6U yy U x U y U  0
16. Classify the Partial differential equation.
[AU – A/M2008]
3U xx  4U xy  2U x  3U y  0
17. A rod 50 cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20 and 70 degree respectively until steady
state conditions prevail. Find the steady state temperature in the rod. [AU-,N/D 2008]
18. A rod 10 cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20 and 70 degree respectively until steady
state conditions prevail. Find the steady state temperature in the rod. [AU-,M/J 2008]
19. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation
20. State one dimensional heat equation with the initial and final boundary conditions.
[AU-N/D 2006]
The following boundary &initial conditions
21. Write the boundary conditions and initial conditions for solving the vibration of string
equation, if the string is subject to initial displacement f(x) and initial velocity g(x).
[AU-N/D 2006, 2007]
22. Classify the Partial differential equation
23. An insulated rod of length l=60 cm has its ends at A and B maintained at and
respectively. Find the steady state solution .
[AU – Nov-2012]
24. A rectangular plate is bounded by the linear line x=0,y=0,x=l and y=l .Its surface is
insulated. The edge coinciding with x-axis is kept at 100  c .The edge coinciding with y-axis is
kept at 50  c .The other two edges are kept at 0  c . Write down the boundary conditions that
are needed for solving two dimensional heat flow equation. [AU Nov/Dec 2012,2011]

25. Write down the two dimensional heat equation both in transient and Steady state.
88

[AU May/Jun 2012]

Page

26. Explain the initial and Boundary value problems. [AU-Apr 2009]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

27. State the assumptions made in the derivation of one dimensional wave equation.
28. State Fourier law of conduction.
29. Distinguish between steady and unsteady states condition in one dimensional heat flow
equation.
u u
30. By the method of separation of variables solve 3 x  2y 0
x y
 2u  2u
31 . Classify the Partial differential equation   f (x, y)
x 2 y 2
[A.U. N/D 2009,2016]
u u
33. By the method of separation of variables solve  2 u
x t
[AU-M/J 2017]

1. ZERO INITIAL VELOCITY (METHOD-1)

PART-B
1. Tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at x  0 and x  l apart. Motion is

Started by displacing the string in to the from y  k (lx  x 2 ) from which it is released at
time t=0. Find the displacement of any point of the string at a distance of x from one
end at time t. [AU -, MAY-2015, N/D 17, A/M 18]

2. A Tightly stretched flexible string has its ends fixed at x  0 and x  l . At the time t=0 ,

the string is given by a shape defined by f ( x)  kx2 (l  x), where k is constant , and then
released from rest . Find the displacement of any point ‘x’ of the string at any time t>0.
[AU / MAY -2010,2008]
3. A Tightly stretched string with fixed end point x  0 and x  l is initially in a position
x
given by y ( x ,0)  y 0 sin 3 . If it is released from rest from this position.
l
Find the displacement y at any distance x from one end at any time t. [AU / DEC -2012]
4. A string of length 2l is fastend at both ends. The mid point of the string is taken to a
height b and then released from rest in that position. Show that the displacement is

8b
y  x, t   2

 1n1 sin  2n  1x  cos 2n  1 at

n 1 2n  2 
2
   
89

  2l   2l 
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

l
5. A taut string of length L has its ends x  0 and x  l fixed . The point where x  is
3
2 y 2
2  y
drawn aside a small distance h , the displacement y ( x , t ) satisfies  a . Determine
t 2 x 2
y ( x, t ) at any time t. [AU / MAY -2010]

6. A String is stretched and fastened to points at a distance l apart the motion is started by
x
displace the string in form y  a sin ,. 0  x  l from which it is released at a time t = 0
l
find the displacement at any time t. [AU / MAY -2014]
2. NON ZERO VELOCITY (METHOD-2)
7. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = 1 is initially at rest in its
equilibrium Position. It is set vibrating string giving each point a velocity x1  x 
[AU / MAY -2013]
8. A string is stretched between two fixed points at a distance 2l apart and the points of the
string are given initial velocities v where
 cx
 in 0  x  l
v l
c (2l  x)
 in 0  x  2l
 l
x being the distance from one end point. Find the displacement of the string at any
time. [AU / DEC -2010]
9. A string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and motion is started by
giving each of its points a velocity given by
 l
cx if 0  x 
 2
v
l
cl  x  if  x  l
 2
Find the displacement function y (x,t). [AU M/J 2007, N/D 2010]

10. If a string of length l is initially at rest in its equilibrium position and each of its points is
 y  x
given the velocity    v 0 sin 3 , 0  x  l , determine the transverse displacement (or)
 t  t 0 l

displacement of a point distant x from one end at time‘t’.

90

[AU N/D 2008/NOV-2013,2014]

Page

3. HORIZONTALLY INFINITE PLATE

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

11. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10cm wide. The two long
edges and one short edge are kept at zero temperature, while the other short edge x  0 is

20 y , for 0  y  5
kept at temperature given by u   find the steady state
20 (10  y ) , for 5  y  10
temperature distribution in the plate [AU / MAY -2014]

12. An infinitely long metal plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines
y  0 and y   for x  0 . The temperature is zero along the edges y  0 and y   and at
0
infinity. If the edges x  0 is kept at a constant temperature T0 C ,find the steady state

temperature at any point of the plate? [AU / DEC -2009]

13. An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges and an end at
right angle to them. The breadth of this edge x  0 is  , this end is maintained at

temperature as u  k (y  y 2 ) at all points while the other edges are at zero temperature.
Determine the temperature u(x,y) at any point of the plate in the steady state if u satisfies
Laplace equation? [AU / MAY -2010]
14. An infinitely long plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines
y  0 and y for positive value of x. The temperature is zero along the edges
y  0 and y   and the edge at infinity. If the edge x  0 is kept at the temperature

f ( y )  ky , 0  y   find the steady state temperature distribution in the plate?

[AU / MAY -2010]

4. VERTICALLY INFINITE PLATE
15. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10 cm wide and so long compared to its
width that it may be considered infinite in length without introducing appreciable error. The
temperature at short edge y=0 is given by
20 x for 0  x  5
u
 20(10  x) for 5  x  10
and all the other three edges are kept at 0  C . Find the steady state temperature at any point in
the plane. [AU / MAY -2013]
16. A long rectangular plate has its surfaces insulated and the two long sides as well as one of
91

the short sides are maintained at 0  C . Find an expression for the steady state temperature
Page

u ( x, y ) if the short side y  0 is  cm long and is kept at u 0 C . [AU / MAY -2009]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

17. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 8 cm wide and so long compared to its width
that it may be considered infinite in the length without introducing an appreciable error. If the
temperature along one short edge y=0 is given by
x
u ( x,0)  100 sin in 0  x  8
8
While the two long edges x=0 and x=8 as well as the other short edges are kept at
0  C , find the steady state temperature function u ( x, y ) [AU / MAY -2010]
18. An infinitely long plane uniform plate is bounded by two parallel edges x=0 and x=l and
an end at right angles to them. The breadth of this edge y=0 is l and is maintained at a
temperature
f ( x )  k (lx  x 2 ) . All the other three edges are at 0  C . Find the steady state temperature at
any interior point of the plate. [AU / MAY -2010]

5.TWO DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW EQUATION (SQUARE PLATE)

19. A square plate is bounded by the lines x=0,y=0,x=20 and y=20. Its faces are insulated, the
temperature along the edge y=20 is given by x (20 - x) while the other three edges are kept at
0  C . Find the steady-state temperature distribution on the plate. [AU / DEC -2009,2011]
20. A Square plate is bounded by the lines x= 0 , x=a, y = 0 and y = b. Its surfaces are
insulated and the temperature along y=b is kept at 1000 C. while the temperature along other
three edges are at 00C. Find the steady-state temperature at any point in the plate.
[AU NOV-2014]
6.STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND NON-ZERO BOUNDARY
21. The ends of A and B of a rod 10cm long have their temperature kept at 50˚ C and 100˚ C
respectively until the steady state conditions prevail. The temperature of the end B is then
suddenly reduced to 60˚ C and kept so while the end A is raised to 90˚ C .Find the
temperature distribution function in the rod after time t. [AU N/D 2008, 2015)]

22. A bar 10cm long with insulated sides, has its ends A and B kept at 20˚ C and 40˚ C
respectively until the steady state conditions prevail. The temperature of the end A is then
suddenly reduced to 50˚ C and and at the same instant that at B is lowered to 10˚ C .Find the
92

subsequent temperature at any point of the bar at any time. [AU A/M 2018]
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353- Transforms and Partial differential Equations Unit-III-Applications of Partial Differential Equations

7. STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND ZERO BOUNDARY

23. A rod of length lcm long has its ends A and B kept at 0˚C and 100˚ C respectively until
the steady state conditions prevail. If the temperature at B is suddenly reduced to 0˚C and
maintained at 0˚C . Find the temperature distribution u(x,t) at a distance x from A at any time
t [AU N/D 2017]

8. FINITE PLATES
24. Find the steady state temp. distribution in a rectangular plate of sides a and b insulated at
the lateral surface and satisfying the boundary conditions u(0,y)= u(a, y)=0 for 0≤y≤b
u(x, b)= 0 and u(x,0)=x(a-x ) for 0≤x≤a [AU N/D 2012]

9. ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW

u  2u
26. Solve   2 2 subject to the conditions [A.U. NOV 2013, MAY -2015]
t x
(i) u (0, t )  0 for all t  0
(ii) u (l , t )  0 for all t  0

x , 0  x  l / 2
(iii) u( x,0)  
l  x, l / 2  x  l

93
Page

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

UNIT – IV
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
PART – A

1. State Fourier integral theorem

[A.U. April 1996, April/May 2005, May-2016]
Solution:
If f(x) is piece wise continuously differentiable and absolutely integrable in
 ,   , then
 
1
f x     f t e
is ( x  t )
dtds
2   
or equivalently
 
1
f x     f t cos  t  x dtd
 0 
This is known as Fourier integral theorem or Fourier integral formula.

2. Show that f  x   1,0  x   cannot be represented by a Fourier integral.

[A.U. April/May 2003]
Solution:
  

 f x  dx   1dx  x
0 0

0
and this value tends to  as x  

ie.,  f xdx is not convergent.
0

Hence f(x) = 1 cannot be represented by a Fourier integral.

3. Define Fourier Transform pair. [A U, March, 1996]

Solution:


1
F  f  x    f x e
isx
dx and
2 


1
f x    F ( s )e
 isx
ds
2 

4. What is the Fourier cosine transform of a function. (or)

Write down the Fourier cosine transform pair of formulae.
Solution: [A U, October / November 1996]

The infinite Fourier cosine transform f(x) is defined as


2
Fc f  x   Fc s   f  x  cos sxdx
 0

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 1

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

The inverse Fourier cosine transform is defined by


2
f ( x)  Fc  f ( x )cos sxds
 0

5. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e  ax , a  0

Solution: [A U, April, 2001]


2
Fc  f ( x )  f ( x ) cos sxdx
 0

2 ax
 
Fc e ax 
 0
e cos sxdx

2 a
 ,a  0
 s  a2
2

6. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e 3 x

Solution:

2
Fc  f ( x )  f ( x ) cos sxdx
 0

2 ax
 
Fc e  ax

 0
e cos sxdx


2 3 x
 
Fc e 3 x

 0
e cos sxdx

2 3 

  s 2  3 2 

7. Find the Fourier sine transform of e 3 x

Solution: [A U, Nov / Dec 1996, M/J 2013]


2 3 x
 
Fs e 3 x

 0
e sin sxdx

2 s 

  s 2  3 2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 2

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2  ax
Formula Fs e
 ax
   0
e sin sxdx

1
8. Find the Fourier Sine transform of [AU A/M 2015, N/D 2016, A/M 2017]
x
Solution:
We know that

2
Fs  f  x   f  x  sin sxdx
 0


1  2 1
Fs    sin sxdx
x  0 x

Let sx   x  0  0

sdx  d x     


2 s d
    sin 
 0   s

2 sin 
 d
 0 
2      sin  
      d  
 2 2  0  2

9. Define Fourier sine transform and its inversion formula.

Solution: [A.U. April/May, 2004 ]

The infinite Fourier sine transform of f(x) is defined as


2
Fs  f  x   Fs s   f  x sin sxdx
 0
The inversion formula is

2
f x   Fs s sin sxds
 0
10. Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) = e-x and hence deduce that

x sin mx 
 2
dx  e m [A U, March, 1998, 1999 & 2000]
0
1 x 2
Solution:

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 3

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2 ax 2  s 
 
Fs e  ax 
 0
e sin sxdx    a0
  a2  s2 

By the inversion formula for sine transform


2
f x   Fs s sin sxds
 0


2 2 s 
    sin sxds
 0   s2 1


x sin mx  
 2
dx  f x   e  x ,
0
1 s 2 2


x sin mx  m
 2
dx  e
0 1  s 2


11. Find Fc xe  ax and  
Fs xe  ax 
Solution:
d
(i) Fc xf  x   Fs  f  x 
ds

d

Fc xe  ax   ds
 
Fs e ax


d  2 ax

  0 e sin sxdx 
ds   

d  2 s  2  a2  s2 
  
ds   s 2  a 2    s 2  a 2 a 2   

(ii) Fs xe   ax
   dsd F e 
c
 ax


d  2  ax 
   e cos sxdx
ds   0 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 4

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

d  2 a  2 2as
  2 

2
ds   s  a   s  a2
2
 2

2
12. Show that the Fourier sine transforms of xe  x /2
is self reciprocal.
[A U, March, 1996]
Solution:

d
We know that Fs xf  x   Fc f  x 
ds
 x2

Here f x   e 2

s2
  x2  e 4a 2
 FC  f  x   Fc e 2

  a 2
2
 s2 
 d  e 4a 
Fs xf  x  
ds  a 2 
 
 
s2
s
i.e.,
Fs xf  x   e 4 a2

2 2a 3
2 2
 x  s
1 2
  se 2
Deduction : put a  . Then we have Fs  xe
2  

 x2
2
 xe is self reciprocal w.r.t Fourier sine transform.

13. If Fourier transform of f(x) is F(s), prove that the Fourier transform of f(x)
1
cos ax is F s  a   F s  a  [AU April, 2001, Nov/Dec 2014]
2
(or)
State and Prove Modulation Theorem.
Proof:
If F(s) is the F.T of f(x), then
1
F  f  x  cos ax  F s  a   F s  a 
2

1
F  f  x  cos ax   e
isx
f  x  cos axdx
2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 5

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


1  e iax  a  iax 
 e
isx
f  x   dx
2   2 
 
1 1 i  s  a x 1 is a x

  e f x dx   e f  x dx 
2  2  2   
1
F s  a   F s  a 

2
1
14. Prove that FC  f  x  cos ax  FC s  a   FC s  a  where Fc denotes the
2
Fourier cosine transform f(x). [A U April/May 2001]

Solution:

2
Fc  f  x  cos ax  f  x  cos ax cos sxdx
 0

 coss  a x  coss  a x 

2
  f  x   dx
0  2 

 
1 2 1 2
  f  x  coss  a xdx  f  x  coss  a xdx
2  0 2  0

1
 Fc s  a   Fc s  a 
2

15. If F(s) is the complex Fourier transform of f(x) then find F   x  a 

Solution: [A U, April, 2000]


1
F  x  a   e
isx
dx
2 

a h
1 1 isx
 lim  e dx
2 h0 a
h

1 1 isx  e ish  1
 lim e  
2 h0 h  ish 

e isa e  1
  lim 1
2 h 0 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 6

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

2
16. Given that ex /2
is self reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform, find (i)
2
Fourier sine transform of xe  x /2
and (ii) Fourier cosine transform of
2
x 2e x /2
[A U, DEC 1996]
Solution:
Given Fc e   x2 / 2
 e s2 / 2


Fs xe  x
2
/2
   dsd F xe  c
x2 / 2

  e   e
d s 2 / 2 s2 / 2 2
 s  se s / 2
ds


FC x 2 e  x
2
/2
 dsd F xe  s
x2 / 2


d
ds
 2
 
2 2
se s / 2  se  s / 2  s   e  s / 2 
  s 2e  s
2
/2
 e s
2
/2

 1  s 2 es  2
/2

17. If Fc s  is the Fourier cosine transform of f(x), Prove that the Fourier cosine
1 s
transform of f(ax) is Fc
a  a 
Solution:

i.e., To prove:
1 s
Fc  f ax   Fc  
a a 

2
W.K.T Fc  f ax   f ax  cos sxdx
 0
Put ax = u when x  0  u  0, x    u  
adx = du


2  su  du
  f u cos 
 0  a  a

1 2 s
  f u  cos udu
a  0 a

1 2 s
  f t  cos tdt
a 0 a

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 7

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

1 s
 Fc  
a a
18. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x), then find the Fourier transform of
f(x-a). (or) State and prove shifting theorem.
(or) If the Fourier Transform of f(x) is F[f(x)] = F(s), then show that
F[f(x-a)] =eiasF(S)
Solution: [AU N/D 2013, A/M 2015, A/M 2017]

1
Given: F s    f x e
isx
dx
2 

1
F  f ( x  a )   f x  a e
isx
dx
2 

put t = x – a as x    t  

dt = dx xt 


1 a  t 
  f t e is dt
2 

e ias
 f t e
ist
 dt
2 

 1 
e  ias
 f t e ist
dt   e F s 
ias

 2 
19. If Fs(s) is the Fourier sine transform of f(x),
1
show that Fs  f x  cos ax  Fs s  a   Fs s  a 
2
Solution:

2
Fs  f  x  cos ax   f  x  cos ax sin sxdx
 0

2
 f x sin sx cos ax dx
 0

2 1 
   f  x  sin s  a x  sin s  a x  dx
 0 2 
 
1 2 
  f  x sin s  a xdx  0 f  x sin  s  a xdx 
2  0 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 8

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 
1 2 2 
            
2   0  0
f x sin s a xdx f x sin s a xdx 

1
 Fs s  a   Fs s  a 
2
20. State the convolution theorem for Fourier transforms.

(or)
State the Faltung theorem. [A.U. April / May 2003, N/D 2017, A/M 2018]

If F(s) and G(s) are the Fourier transform of f(x) and g(x) respectively. Then the
Fourier
transform of the convolution of f(x) and g(x) is the product of their Fourier
transform.

F  f ( x) g  x   F S  GS   F  f  x F g  x 
 1 in x  a
21. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
0 in x  a [AU A/M 2018]
Solution:
We know that

1
F  f ( x)    f x e
isx
dx
2 
a a
1 isx1  e isx 
 ae dx  2  is 
2 a

1  e isa e  isa  1 2  e isa  e  ias 

      
2  is is  2 is  2 
1 2  e isa  e  ias 
  
2 s  2i 
2  sin as 
F  f ( x ) 
  s 

cos x if 0  x  a
22. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f ( x)  
 0 if x  a
Solution:
 a
2 2
Fc ( s )   cos x cos sxdx 
 0
cos x cos sxdx
0

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 9

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

a
2 1
 cos( s  1) x  cos( s  1) xdx
 2 0
a
1  sin( s  1) x sin( s  1) x 
  s  1 
2 s  1  0

1  sin( s  1) a sin( s  1) a 
 
2  s  1 s  1 
Provided s  1; s  1
23. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of e 2 x  3e  x
Solution:
We know that

2
Fc  f ( x) 
 0
f ( x) cos sxdx


2

Fc e 2 x
 3e x
  
 0
 
e 2 x  3e  x cos sxdx

 
2 2 x 2
  e cos sxdx  3 e  x cos sxdx
 0  0

2  e 2 x 
   2 cos sx  s sin sx 
 4  s2 0

2  e x 
3  1 cos sx  s sin sx 
 1  s 2 
0
2 1  2 1 
 0  (  2 )  3 0  (  1)
  4  s 2    1  s 2 
2 2  2 1 
  3
  4  s 
2
 1  s 2 
2 2 3 
  2
 2 
 4  s s  1

24. Find Fourier Cosine transform of ex .

Solution:

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 10

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2
Fc  f ( x ) 
 0
f ( x) cos sxdx


2 x
Fc e  x

 0
e cos sxdx

2 1    ax a 
 
  e cos bxdx  
 1  s 2   0 a2  b2 

25. If Fourier transform of f ( x)  F ( s ) then what is Fourier transform of

f (ax ) (OR) If F(s) is the fourier transforms of f(x), Prove that
1 s
F  f (ax)  F  (or) State and Prove a Change of scale property.
a a
[AU M/J 2013, N/D 2015, N/D 2016, N/D 2017]
Proof:
1 s
For any non zero real a , F  f ( ax )  F 
a a


1
F  f ( x )   f ( x)e
isx
dx
2 

1
F  f (ax)   f (ax)e
isx
dx
2 

 put t  ax, dt  adx

 t 
1 is  
a dt
  f (t )e
2 
a
1 s
 F
a  a 
26. If F denotes the Fourier transform operator then show that
dn
 
F x n f ( x )  ( i ) n
ds n
F s
Solution:
dn
To Prove  
F x n f ( x )  ( i ) n
ds n
F s

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 11

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


1
We have F  f ( x )   f ( x)e
isx
dx
2 
Differentiating both sides n times w.r.t ‘s’ we get

dn 1 n
F ( s )   f ( x)(ix) e isx dx
ds n 2 

in
  f ( x) x n e isx dx  i n F x n f ( x )  
2 
1 dn
n
 
F x f ( x)  n n F ( s )
i ds
Hence n
n d
 ( i ) F (s )
ds n
27. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f (x ) , show that the Fourier transform of
eiax f ( x) is F ( s  a) . [AU Nov/Dec 2014]
Solution:

1
F  f ( x)   f ( x)e
isx
dx
2 

1

F e iax f ( x)  e
iax
f ( x)e isx dx
2 

1
  e i ( s  a ) x f ( x) dx
2 
 F ( s  a)
 dn 
28. Find F  n f (x) 
 dx 
Solution:

1
F  f ( x )   f ( x )e
isx
dx
2 

1

F f 1 ( x)   f
1
( x)e isx dx
2 

1
 e d  f ( x )
isx

2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 12

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


1  isx 
 
 isx
 e f ( x)    f ( x )e (is )dx 
2   

1  isx

 (0  0)  is  f ( x)e dx 
2   

1
 (is)  f ( x )e
isx
dx  f ( x)  0 as x  
2 
 isF (s )
Similarly
 
F f ( n ) ( x)  ( is) n F ( s ) if f , f 1 , f 11 ,........ f n 1  0 as x  
29. State Parseval’s Identity for Fourier transform.
Solution:
If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f (x ) , then
 
2 2
 f ( x) dx   F ( s ) ds
 
 e ikx , a  x  b
30. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
0 x  a and x  b
Solution:
1  isx
We know that F  f ( x )   f ( x)e dx
2 
b
1
  e ikx e isx dx
2 a
b
1
  e i ( k  s ) x dx
2 a
b
1  e i( k s ) x 
  i (k  s ) 
2 a
1
 
e i( k  s )b  e i ( k s ) a 
i( k  s) 2
i
 
e i (k  s )b  e i (k s ) a 
( k  s) 2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 13

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

i
 
ei ( k s ) a  ei ( k s )b 
(k  s) 2
31. State the Fourier transform of the derivatives of a function. (OR) Find the
Fourier transform of a derivative of the function f(x) if f(x) → 0 as x → ±∞
[AU N/D 2005, M/J -2016]
1  isx
Solution: F  f ( x )   f ( x )e dx
2 
1  isx 1  isx
F  f ( x)   f ( x )e dx   e d  f ( x)
2  2 
1  isx  
=  

 e f ( x)   is  f ( x)eisx dx 
2  

= - is F(s) if f(x) → 0 as x → ±∞
where (s ) is the Fourier transform of f (x ) .
F
Therefore F [ f ( x)]  (is ) F ( s )

32. Find the Fourier sine transform of ex .

Solution: [AU M /J 2006]
We know that

2
Fs  f ( x )  f ( x ) sin sxdx
 0

2 x
Fs e x

 0
e sin sxdx

2 s 

  s 2  12 
33. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of of f (x) defined as [AU N /D 2006]
 x for 0  x  1

f ( x)  2  x for 1  x  2
 0 for x  2

Solution:
We know that

1 2
2 
   x cos sxdx   (2  x) cos sxdx 
 0 1 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 14

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

1 2
2  sin sx   cos sx   sin sx   cos sx  
  x  (1)   ( 2  x )  ( 1)  
  s  s
2
 0  s  s
2
 1 
1 2
2   sin sx  cos sx   sin sx  cos sx  
  x   2   ( 2  x )   2  
   s  s  0  s  s  1 
2   sin s cos s   1    cos 2 s   sin s cos s   
    2  2     0    2  
   s s  s    s2   s s  
2  sin s cos s 1 cos 2s sin s cos s 
   2  2   2 
 s s s s2 s s 
2  2 cos s 1 cos 2 s 
   2  
  s2 s s2 
2
 2 1  2 cos s  cos 2 s
s

34. Find the Fourier sine transform of f x   e  ax , a  0 [AU N/D 2007]

Solution:

2
Fs  f ( x )  f ( x ) sin sxdx
 0

2  ax
 
Fs e  ax

 0
e sin sxdx

2  s 
  , a0
  a2  s2 
35. State inverse theorem for complex Fourier transform.
Solution:
Let f (x) be a function satisfying Dirichlet’s conditions in every finite interval
( l , l ) .
Let F (s ) denote the Fourier transform of f (x) . Then at every point of continuity
of f (x) , we have

1  isx
f ( x)   F ( s) e
ds
2  
36. Find the function f (x) whose sine transform is e  as . [AU M/J 2010 ]
Solution:
Given FS  f ( x)   e  as
By inversion formula

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 15

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2
f ( x)  Fs  f ( x)sin sxds
 0

2  as    ax b 
 e sin sxds   e sin bxdx  2
 0

 0 a  b2 
2 x 

  a 2  x 2 
37. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e 2 x
Solution: [AU N/D 2010 ]

2
Fc  f ( x )  f ( x ) cos xdx
 0

2 2x    ax a 
Fc e   ax

 0
e cos xdx 
  e cos bxdx  
a2  b2 
 0
2 2

 s  22
2

d
38. Prove that FS xf ( x)   FC ( s ) [AU A/M 2011]
ds
Solution:

2
We know that Fc  f ( x )  f ( x) cos sxdx
 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.to s

d 2 d
Fc  f ( x)  f ( x ) cos sxdx
ds  ds 0

2 d
  f ( x) (cos sx) dx
0 ds

2
 f ( x )( x sin sx ) dx
 0

2
 xf ( x ) sin sxdx
 0
  FS xf (x)
d
(i.e., ) FS xf ( x)   FC ( s )
ds
39. Define the Fourier sine and Cosine transform of f (x ) .
Solution:
The infinite Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is defined as

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 16

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2
FC  f ( x)  f ( x) cos sxdx
 0
The infinite Fourier Sine transform of f (x) is defined as

2
FS  f ( x)  f ( x) sin sxdx
 0
 x
40. Find the Fourier transform of e ,  0 . [AU N/D 2012]
Solution:
We know that

1
F  f ( x)    f x e
isx
dx
2 

Fe   x 1
2
e
 x
e isx dx


2 x 2  

 0
e cos sxdx 
  s 2   2 
e  ax  e  bx
41. Find the Fourier sine transform of
x
Solution:
 e  ax  e  bx   e  ax e  bx 
FS    FS   
 x   x x 

 e  ax   e  bx 
 FS    FS  x 
 x   
  e  ax  2 1  s 


 S F   tan   
  x    a 
2 s 2 s
 tan 1    tan 1  
 a  b
2  1  s  1  s 
FS  f ( x )  tan    tan  
  a  b 
x
42. Find the Fourier sine transform of 2
x  a2
Solution:
We know that F.S.T of e  ax is given by

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 17

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

2 s
 
FS  f ( x)  FS e  ax 
 s  a2
2

Using inversion formula for F.S.T we get


2 2 s
e  ax   sin sxds
 0  s  a2
2


s 
s 2 2
sin sxds  e  ax , a  0
0 a 2
Changing x and s , we get

x   as
0 x 2  a 2 sin sxdx  2 e , a  0

 x  2 x
Now FS  2 2 
  sin sxdx
x  a   0 x  a2
2

2   as
e
 2
 x    as
FS  2 2 
 e
x  a  2
43. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of 5 e  2 x  2 e 5 x
Solution:
We know that

2
Fc  f ( x) 
 0
f ( x) cos sxdx


2

Fc 5e 2 x
 2e 5 x
  
 0
 
5e 2 x  2e 5 x cos sxdx

 
2 2 x 2
5  e cos sxdx  2  e 5 x cos sxdx
0  0

2  e 2 x 
5  2
 2 cos sx  s sin sx 
 4  s 0

2  e 5 x 
2  5 cos sx  s sin sx 
  5 2  s 2 
0

2 1  2 1 
5 0  (  2 )  2 0  (  5)
  4  s 2    25  s 2 
2 1 1 
 10 
  4  s 2
s  25 
2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 18

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

sin x 0  x  a
44. If f ( x)   , Find the Sine transform.
 0 xa
Solution:
The Fourier Sine transform of f (x) is given by

2
FS  f ( x)  f ( x) sin sxdx
 0
a
2
FS  f ( x)  sin x sin sxdx
 0
a
2 1
 cos(1  s) x  cos(1  s) xdx
 0 2
a
1 2  sin(1  s) x sin(1  s) x 
 
2   1  s 1  s  0
1  sin(1  s )a sin(1  s )a 
  
2  1  s 1  s 
e  as
45. Find the function f (x) whose sine transform is .
s
Solution:
We know that the inverse Fourier sine transforms of FS  f (x) is given by

2
f ( x)  Fs  f ( x)sin sxds
 0
e  as
Here FS  f ( x) 
s
  as
2 e
 f ( x)  sin sxds
 0 s
Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ on both sides, we get

d 2 e  as d
 f ( x)   sin sxds
dx  0 s dx

2 e  as
 cos sx.sds
 0 s

2  as
 e cos sxds
 0
2 a

 a  x2
2

d
ie.,  f ( x)  2 2 a 2
dx  x a
Integrating,
2 1
f ( x)  a  dx
 x  a2
2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 19

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

2 1  x
a tan 1  
 a a
2  x
f ( x)  tan 1  
 a

46. Define self reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform. [AU N/D 2013]
Solution.
If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal to f(s) then the function f(x) is
called self reciprocal.
47. State Convolution theorem. [AU N/D 2012]
Solution.
The Fourier transform of the Convolution of f(x) and g(x) is equal to the
product of their Fourier transforms.
(i.e.,) F[ f ( x) * g ( x)]  F[ f ( x)]F[ g ( x)]

s 2 ds
48. Evaluate 0 (s 2  a 2 )(s 2  b 2 ) using Fourier transforms [A.U N/D 2015]

Solution
 
By Parseval’s Identity  f ( x) g ( x)dx   Fs [ f ( x)]Fs [ g ( x )]ds …………..(1)
0 0
 ax  bx
f ( x)  e g ( x)  e
2 s  2 s 
We know that Fs [e  ax ]   2 
Fs [e bx ] 
2
 s  a    s 2  b 2 
  
( a b ) x  e ( a b ) x   1 
L.H.S  f ( x) g ( x)dx   e dx      0  
0 0   (a  b)  0  (a  b) 
 

 f ( x) g ( x)dx   Fs [ f ( x)]Fs [ g ( x )]ds

0 0

1 2 s  2 s 
 ds
(a  b) 0   s 2  a 2    s 2  b 2 

1 2  s  s 
  2 ds
(a  b)  0  s  a 2   s 2  b 2 

 s2  
0  (s 2  a 2 )(s 2  b 2 ) ds  2(a  b)

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 20

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

PART - B
PROBLEMS BASED ON FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND ITS INVERSION,
PARSEVALS IDENTITY

1
FORMULA (1) Fourier transform F s   F  f  x    f  x e isxdx
2 

1
(2) Inverse Fourier transform f x    F s e
 isx
ds
2 
 
2 2
(3) Parseval’s identity  f  x  dx   F s ds
 

a  x , for x  a
1. Find the Fourier Transform of f  x    hence deduce
 0, for x  a  0
 2  4
 sin t    sin t  
that 0  t  dt  2 , 0  t  dt  3 [AU Nov / Dec, 1996]

Solution:

1
Formula F s   F  f x    f x e
isx
dx
2 

a  x for x  a  a  x  a
Given: Here f  x   
 0, otherwise
a
1
 a  x  e
isx
f ( x)  dx
2 a
a
1

2
 a  x  cos sx  i sin sxdx
a
a
1  
 2  a  x  cos sxdx  0 Since a  x cos sx is an even function.
2  0 
a
2
 a  xcos sxdx a  x sin sx is an odd function.
 0
a
2
 a  x  sin sx   1  cos2 sx 
 s  s  0
a
2
 a  x  sin sx  cos2sx 
 s s 0
2  cos as   1 
 0  2   0  2 
  s   s 
2   cos as 1  2 1
   1  cos as 
  s 2 s 2   s2
2 1  as 
F s   2 
2 sin 2  … (1)
 s  2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 21

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

By inversion formula

1
f x    F s e
 isx
ds
2 

1 2 1 as  isx
 2 2
sin 2 e ds
2 
 s 2

2 1 as  isx
f x    2
sin 2 e ds
 
s 2
 2
 sin t 
We have to deduce that 0  t  dt in the above integrand put x  0 and a  2 we
get

2 sin 2 s
(1)  f 0    s 2 ds


4 sin 2 s sin 2 s
  2 ds  is an even function
0 s s2

sin 2 s   a  x , x a
 2
ds  f 0   2 [ f  x    f(0) = a but Here a = 2]
0 s 4 4  0 otherwise
 
2 2
By Parseval’s identity

 f x  dx   F s 

ds
2
a 
2 2 1  as 
 a x dx   2 
2 sin 2  ds
a 
 s  2
a 
2 2 1 as
2 a  x  dx   2  4 4 sin 4 ds
0  0 s 2
Put a  2 and s  t we get
2 
2 2 1 2s
2 2  x  dx   2  4 4 sin 4 ds
0
 0 s
2
2
 2  x 3  2

1

2 
   2  4 4 sin 4 s ds
  3 0  0 s

16 2 1
  2  4 4 sin 4 s ds
3  0 s
 4
 sin t  
0  t  dt  3
 2
 sin t  
Answer: 0  t  dt  2 [  s is a dummy variable]

 4
 sin t  
0  t  dt  3
Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 22
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

1  x , for x 1
2. Find the Fourier Transform of f  x    hence deduce that
 0, for x 1
 2  4
 sin t    sin t  
0  t  dt  2 , 0  t  dt  3 [AU N/D 2015, A/M 2016, N/D 2016, N/D 2017]

1
Formula F s   F  f x    f x e
isx
Solution: dx
2 

1  x for x 1  1  x  1
Given f  x   
 0, otherwise
1
1
f ( x)   1  x  e isx dx
2 1
1
1

2
 1  x  cos sx  i sin sxdx
1
1
1  
  2  1  x  cos sxdx  0  1 x cossx is an even function.
2  0 
1
2
  
1  xcos sxdx  1  x sin sx is an odd function.
 0
1
2
 1  x  sin sx   1  cos2 sx 
 s  s  0
1
2
 1  x  sin sx  cos2sx 
 s s 0
2  cos s   1 
 0  2   0  2 
  s   s 
2   cos s 1 
  2
  s 2 s 
2 1
 1  cos s 
 s2
2 1  2 s
F s   2 sin 2  … (1)
 s2  
By inversion formula

1
f x    F s e
 isx
ds
2 

1 2 1 2 s isx
 2 sin e ds
2 
 s2 2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 23

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2 1 s
f x    2 sin 2 e  isx ds
  s 2
 2
 sin t 
we have to deduce that    dt in the above integrand put x = 0 and a = 2 we
0 t 
 
2 sin 2 s 4 sin 2 s sin 2 s
get f 0    s 2 ds   0 s 2 ds [ is an even function]
 s2

sin 2 s 
0 s 2 ds  f 0    2 [ f x   1  x , x a
f(0) = a but a = 2]
4 4  0 otherwise
 2
 sin t  
0  t  dt  2 [  s is a dummy variable]

 
2 2
By Parseval’s identity  f x  dx   F s  ds
 
2
1 
2 2 1  s
 1 x dx   2 
2 sin 2  ds
1 
 s  2
a 
2 2 1 s
2 1  x  dx   2  4 4 sin 4 ds
0  0 s 2
s
Put  t ,  s  2t
2
ds  2 dt
1 
2 2 1
2 1  x  dx   2  4 4
sin 4 t  2dt
0  0 2t 
1

 1  x 3  2 1 1
2    2  4   2 4 sin 4 t dt

  3 0  16 0 t
2 2 1
  4 sin 4 t dt
3  0t
 4
 sin t  
0  t  dt  3
Result:
 2
 sin t  
   dt 
0  t  2
,
 4
 sin t  
0  t  dt  3

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 24

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

3. Find the Fourier transform of the function f(x) defined by

a 2  x 2 if x  a
f x   
 0 if x  0

sin t  t cos t 
Hence deduce that  3
dt  . Using Parseval’s Identity show that
0
t 4
 2
 sin t  t cos t  
0  t 3  dt  . [A.U. April, 1996, 2000, N/D 2012,2013]
 15
Solution:
a 2  x 2 if  a  x  a
Given: The given function can be written as f  x   
 0 otherwise

1
F s   F  f x    f x e
isx
dx
Formula:
2 
a
1
F s    a 
2
 x 2 e isx dx
2 a

a
1
 a 
2
  x 2 cos sx  i sin sxdx
2 a
a
1  
 2
 2

2  a  x cos sxdx  0  a  x cos sx is an even function.
2 2

2  0 
a
2
 
 0

a 2  x 2 cos sxdx   ( a 2  x 2 ) sin sx is an odd function.

a
2 2 sin sx   cos sx    sin sx 
 

a  x2 s
  2 x   2    2 3 
 s   s  0
2   2a
  2
cos as   23 sin as 
 s s 

2  sin as  as cos as 
F (S )  2
 
 s3 
By Fourier inversion formula we have

1
f x    F s e  isx dx
2  

1 2 sin as  sa cos as   isx
 2 e ds
2 
 s3

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 25

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 
2  sin as  sa cos as  2  sin as  sa cos as 
   3  cos sx ds  i    sin sx ds
 s   
s3 

4 sin as  as cos as
f x    cos sxds  0
 0 s3
Put a=1

4 sin s  s cos s
f x  
 0
cos sxds
s3

4 sin s  s cos s
f x    cos sxds
 0 s3
Put x=0 we get

4 sin s  s cos s
f 0    ds
 0 s3
  sin s  s cos s
= ds
4 0 s3
 
2 2
By Parseval’s identity  f  x  dx   F s  ds
 
2
1 
2 2 2
 2  sin s  s cos s 
1(a  x ) dx  2   s3
 ds


1
16   sin s  s cos s 
2 (a 2  x 2 )2 dx 
 0 
 ds
0
s3 

16 16  sin s  s cos s 
 ds
15  0 

s3 

  sin s  s cos s 
  ds
15 0  s3 


  sin t  t cos t 
  dt
15 0  t3 
Answer:

4. Find the Fourier transform of the function f(x) defined by

1  x 2 if x  1
f x   
 0 if x  1

sin s  s cos s s 3
and hence deduce that (i)  3
cos  ds 
0 s 2 16
 2
  sin t  t cos t 
(ii)    dt [AU N/D 2013, A/M 2018]
15 0  t3 

Solution:

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 26

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

1  x 2 if  1  x  1
The given function can be written as f  x   
 0 otherwise

1
Formula: F s   F  f x    f x e
isx
dx
2 
1
1
F s    1  x e
2 isx
dx
2 1
1
1
 1  x  cos sx  i sin sxdx
2

2 1
1
1  
 2
 
 2  1  x cos sxdx  0   1  x cos sx is an even function.
2

2  0 
1
2

 0

1  x 2 cos sxdx  1  x 2 sin sx is an odd function.

1
2 sin sx   cos sx    sin sx 
 

1 x2
s
   2 x   2    2 3 
 s   s  0
2  2
  2
cos s   23 sin s 
s s 

2  sin s  s cos s 
F (S )  2  
 s3 

By Fourier inversion formula we have


1
f x    F s e
 isx
dx
2 

1 2 2
 s 3
sin s  s cos s e  isx ds
2 

 
2  sin s  s cos s  2  sin s  s cos s 
   3  cos sx ds  i    sin sx ds
 s    s3 
sin s  s cos s sin s  s cos s
cos sx is an even function and sin sx is an
Since s3 s3
odd function we get

4 sin s  s cos s
f x    cos sxds  0 
0 s3

sin s  s cos s 
 3
cos sx ds  f  x 
0
s 4

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 27

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

1
put x  , we get
2

sin s  s cos s  s  1
0 3
cos   ds  f 
s  2 4 2
2
  1 
 1    
4   2  
  1
 1  
4  4
  3  3
  
4  4  16
 
2 2
By Parseval’s Identity  f  x  dx   F s  ds
 
1  2
2 2  4  sin s  s cos s 
 (1  x
1
) dx  

 
 2  s3
 ds

1  2
16  sin s  s cos s 
2 2
2 (1  x ) dx     ds
0
 0 s3 
 2
16 16  sin s  s cos s 
15  0 
   ds
s3 
 2
  sin s  s cos s 
   ds
15 0  s3 
 2
  sin t  t cos t 
Answer:    dt
15 0  t3 
1, for x  a
5. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) is given by f ( x)  
0, for x  a  0
  2
sin t   sin t  
and hence deduce that (i) 0 t dt  2 and (ii) 0  t  dt  2 .
Solution: [AU M/J 2011, 2013, A/M 2015]

1 isx
Formula: F [ f ( x )]   f ( x) e dx
2 
a
1
F s   e
isx
dx
2 a
a
1

2
 cos sx  i sin sxdx
a
 cos sx is an even function.
a
2
  sin sx is an odd function.
 0
cos sxdx

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 28

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

a
2  sin sx 

  s  0
2  sin as 
F[ f ( x)]   
 s 

(i) Using Fourier inverse formula


1  isx
f ( x)   F [ f ( x)] e ds
2  

1 2  sinas 
f (x) 
2
 
 s 
 (cossx  i sinsx) ds
  sin as 
    (sin sx) is odd function .
1  sinas  i  sinas   s 
    (cossx) ds     (sinsx) ds
  s    s 

 sin as 
There fore    (sin sx ) ds  0

s 

2  sin as 
There fore f ( x )     s 
 (cos sx ) ds
0


 sin as  
   (cos sx ) ds  f ( x )
0
s  2
 
 sin as   when x  a
0  s  (cos sx ) ds  2
0 when x  a

 sin as  
In particular if x  0    ds 
0
s  2
putting as  t when s  0 , t  0
dt
 ds  when s   , t  
a
 
 sin t  dt  
0  t  a 2
There fore  a 

 sin t  
0
t 
 dt 
2  
(ii) By Parseval’s Identity
 
2 2


f ( x) dx   F ( s ) ds

Since f ( x)  0 in    x   a and a  x  .

a  2
2 2  sin as 
a
 (1) dx    s 
  ds

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 29

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 2
a 2  sin as 
( x) a    ds
  s 

 2
2  sin as 
 ds  (a  a )
  s 


 2
 sin as  a
0  s  ds  2 putting as  t when s  0 , t  0

dt
 ds  when s   , t  
a
2
    2
 sin t  dt  a  sin t  
       dt  .
0
t  a 2 0
t  2
 a 
1, for x  2
6. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) is given by f ( x)  
0, for x  2
  2
sin t  sin t 
and hence evaluate 0 t dt and 0  t  dt .
Solution: [AU M/J 2011, 2013, A/M 2015, A/M 2017]

1
Formula: F [ f ( x )]   f ( x) e isx dx
2 
2
1
F s   e
isx
dx
2 2
2
1

2
 cos sx  i sin sxdx
2
 cos sx is an even function.
2
2
 cos sxdx  sin sx is an odd function.
 0

2
2  sin sx 

  s  0
2  sin 2s 
F[ f ( x)]   
 s 

(i) Using Fourier inverse formula

1 
f ( x)   F [ f ( x )] e  isxds
2  

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 30

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


1 2  sin2s 
f (x)     (cossx  i sinsx) ds
2  s 
  sin 2s 
    (sin sx) is odd function
1  sin2s  i  sin2s   s 
    (cossx) ds     (sinsx) ds
  s    s 
.

 sin 2s 
There fore    (sin sx) ds  0

s 

2  sin 2 s 
There fore f ( x )     s 
 (cos sx ) ds
0


 sin 2 s  
   (cos sx ) ds  f ( x )
0
s  2
 
 sin 2 s   when x  2
0  s  (cos sx) ds   2
0 when x  2

 sin 2 s  
In particular if x  0    ds 
0
s  2
putting 2 s  t when s  0 , t  0
dt
 ds  when s   , t  
2
 sin t  dt  
 
0  t  2  2
There fore  2 

 sin t  
0  t  dt  2
(ii) By Parseval’s Identity
 
2 2


f ( x) dx   F ( s ) ds

Since f ( x)  0 in    x   a and a  x  .

2  2
2 2  sin 2 s 
2
 (1) dx    s 
  ds
 2
2  sin 2 s 
( x) 2 2   ds
  s 


 2
2  sin 2 s 
 ds  (2  2)
  s 


 2
 sin 2 s  2
0  s  ds  2 putting 2 s  t when s  0 , t  0

dt
 ds  when s   , t  
2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 31

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

2
  sin t  dt  2  2

 sin t 
         dt  .
0
t  2 2 0
t  2
 2 
x2 s2
2 2
7. Show that the Fourier Transform of e is e
2
x
2
(OR) Show that e is self – reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
x2
2
(OR) Find the Fourier transform of e
[AU M/J 2013, A/M 2016, A/M 2018]
Solution:
If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal to f(s) then the function f(x) is
called self reciprocal.
x2

Given: f  x   e 2

Formula:

1
F s   F . f x    f x e
isx
dx
2 
  x2
1 2
 isx
 e dx
2 
 1 2
1 2

x  2 isx 
 e dx
2 

1
 1
2

 x  is 2   s 2 
 e dx
2 
 1
1  x  is 2  1  s 2
2 2
 e dx
2 
 1 s2
1   x is 2 
2 2
 e e dx
2 
2
s2   x  is 

1 2  2 

 e e dx
2 
x  is 1
put y  x    y   dy  dx x    y  
2 2
(i.e.,) dx  2 dy

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 32

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

  s2
1 y 2 
2
 e e 2dy
2 
s2 
1 2 y 2
 e  e dy
 
s2 
1 2
 e 2
2  e  y dy e  y2

is even
 0
s2
2   
 e 2      y2 
  2    e dy  
   0 2 
2
Answer:  e s /2

 x2 / 2
Hence f  x   e is self reciprocal with respect to Fourier transform.
 x2
 a2 x2 2
8. Find the Fourier Transform of e . Hence show that e is self –
reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[AU M/J 2000, N/D 2014, A/M 2015, N/D 2016]
Solution:
If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal to f(s) then the function f(x) is called
self reciprocal.
 a2x2
Given: f  x   e ,a  0

1
Formula: F s   F  f  x    f xe
isx
dx
2 

1 a2 x2
 e e isx dx
2 

1  a 2 2
x isx  dx
 e
2 
 2 2
is   is  
    ax     
1   2 a   2 a  
 e dx
2 
 2
is   s 2 
    ax    2 
1   2 a   4 a 

=
2
e

dx

  is  2 1
1   ax    2 s2
 2a  4a
 e e dx
2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 33

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

is
Put u  ax  x    u   x   u 
2a
(i.e.,) d u  adx
 s 2
1 u 2 2 1
 e e 4a du
2 
a
 s 2
2 u 2 4a 2
1
 e e du
2 a   u 2
0 
s2   e du  

4a 2   0 2 
2e u 2

a 2
e
0
du

s2 s2
  2
2
2e  e 4a
4a
1 1
= = , put a 
a 2 2 a 2 2
2
s

2
Answer: e

COSINE TRANSFORM

2
FORMULA (1) Fc s   F  f  x   f  x cos sxdx
 0

2
(2) f ( x )  f  x  cos sx ds
 0
 x2
2 2
a x 2
9. Show that the Fourier cosine Transform of e (OR) Show that e
is self – reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[AU N/D 1996,2012 M/J 2000, A/M 2017]
Solution:
If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal to f(s) then the function f(x) is
called self reciprocal.
 a2x2
Given: f  x   e ,a  0

2
Formula: Fc s   F . f x   f  x  cos sxdx
 0

1 2 2
 RP of  e  a x eisx dx
2 

1
RP of  e  a x  isx  dx
2 2

2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 34

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 2 2
is   is  
    ax     
1   2 a   2 a  
 RP of  e dx
2 
 2
is   s2 
   ax     2 
1  2a   4a



= RP of  e  dx
2 

  is  2 1
1   ax   s2
 2 a  4a2
 RP of e e dx
2 
is
Put u  ax  x    u   x   u 
2a
(i.e.,) d u  adx
 s2
1 u 2 2 1
 RP of e e 4a du
2 
a
 s2
2 u 2 2 1
 RP of  e e 4a du
2 0
a
s2

4a 2 
2e 2
 RP of  e u du
a 2 0
s2 s2
  2
 2
 u 2  2e 4a
 e 4a 1 1
  e du   = RP of = , put a 
 0 2  a 2 2 a 2 2
s2

2
Answer: e
x2 s2
2 2
10. Show that the Fourier cosine Transform of e is e (OR) Show that
2
x
2
e is self –reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[A.U. N/D 1996, M/J - 2000]
Solution:
If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal to f(s) then the function f(x) is
called self reciprocal.
x2

Given: f  x   e 2


2
Formula F s   F . f x   f  x  cos sx dx
 0
  x2
2 1
F s   F  f  x   e 2
cos sx dx
 2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 35

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

  x2
1 2
isx
 R.P.  e dx
2 
 1
1 2
x 2 2isx 
 R.P.  e dx
2 

1 2
x 2 2isx is 2 is 2 
 1
 R.P.  e dx
2 

1 2
x 2  2 isx  is 2  2 is 2
 1 1
 R .P.  e e dx
2 
 1 s2
1   x  is 2 
 R .P .  e 2 e 2 dx
2 
2
  x  is  s2
  
1  2 

2
 R .P .  e e dx
2 
x  is 1
put y x    y   dy  dx x    y  
2 2
 s2
1 2 
(i.e.,) dx  2 dy  R .P .  e  y e 2
2 dy
2 
 s2 
1 
2  y2
 R .P .e e dy
 

1  s 2 / 2 2


e R .P . 2  e  y dy e  y2
is even 
0

2 2     
 R . P .e   s / 2    e  y dy    2

  
 2   0 2 
2

Answer:  e s /2

2
11. Find the Fourier cosine transform of ex [A.U. N / D 2004]
Solution:

2
Fc  f  x   f x  cos sx dx
 0
Formula


Fc e  x2

2  x2
 0
e cos sx dx

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 36

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2 1 x2
 e cos sx dx
 2 

1 2
 R..P.  e  x e isx dx
2 

1 2
 R..P.  e  x  isx d x
2 

1
R..P.  e  x isx d x
2

2 
 2
is  s2 
   x   
1   2  4 
 R .. P .  e d x
2 
2
  is  s2
1  x 
 R .. P .  e  2  e 4
d x
2 
2
s2   is 
1 4
  x 
 2 
 e R .. P .  e d x
2 
is
put t  x  x    t  
2

dt = dx x t
 s2 
1 2
 e 4
R .. P .  e  t  dt
2 
2
s 
1 2
 e 4
R .. P .  e  t dt
2 
s2
1 
 e 4
R..P.    e t dt  
2

2 
2
s
1 4
 e
2
s2
Fc e  x2

1
2
e 4

Answer:
e  ax  e  ax e  bx 
12. Find the Fourier cosine transform of and hence find FC   
x  x x 
Solution: [AU NOV 2015]

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 37

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2
FC  f ( x)  f  x  cos sx dx
 0
Formula


 e  ax  2 e  ax

 0 x
FC   cos sx dx
 x 

2 e  ax
FC s  
 0 x
cos sx dx

Diff .w.r.t ‘s’

dFC s  d  2  e  ax 
   cos sx dx
ds ds   0 x 
dFC s   2  e  ax  
  cos sx dx
ds   0 x s 
dFC s   2  e  ax  
   sin sx x dx 
ds   0 x s 
dFC s   2  ax 
   e sin sxdx
ds   0 
dFC s   2 s 
  2 2 
ds   a s 
dFC s   2 s 
 ds      a 2  s 2 ds 
dF s   2 1 2s 
 dsC     2  a 2  s 2 ds 
dFC s   2 1 
 ds     2 log s  a   2 2

 1 
FC s     
log s 2  a 2 
 2 
 bx
e   1 
Similarly, FC     
log s 2  b 2  
 x   2 
 e  ax e  bx   e  ax   e bx 
FC   =
 C F  
 x x   x   x 
1 1
= log s 2  a 2   log s 2  b 2 
2 2
e
FC 
 ax

bx
e 
=
1
log 2
s  b 
2 2


Answer: 
x x  2 s  a 2 
13. Find the FCT of e  ax cos ax
Solution:
Formula:

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 38

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2
FC  f ( x)  f  x  cos sx dx
 0

2  ax

FC e  ax cos ax    0
e cos ax cos sx dx


2 1  ax
 e [cos(s  a) x  cos(s  a) x]dx
 2 0
 
1   ax 
  e cos( s  a ) xdx   e  ax cos( s  a ) xdx
2  0 0 
1  a a 
  2 2
 2 2
2  a  ( s  a) a  (s  a) 
a  a 2  (s  a) 2  a 2  (s  a) 2 
  2 2 2 2 
2  [a  ( s  a) ]{a  (s  a) }
a  4a 2  2 s 2 
=
 2 2 2 2 
2  (s  2a  2as)(s  2a  2as) 
2a  2a 2  s 2 
F
Answer: C e  ax
cos ax  =  4 4
2  s  4a 
14. Find the FCT of e  ax sin ax
Solution:

2
Formula: FC  f ( x)  f  x  cos sx dx
 0

2  ax

FC e  ax cos ax    0
e sin ax cos sx dx


2 1 ax
 e [sin( s  a) x  sin( s  a) xdx
 2 0
 
1  ax 
  e [sin( s  a ) xdx   sin( s  a ) x dx
2  0 0 
1  sa sa 
  a 2  ( s  a) 2  a 2  ( s  a ) 2 
2  
a  2a 2  s 2  2as )(s  a) (2a 2  s 2  2as )(s  a) 
  2 2
 
2  2a  s  2as ) (2a 2  s 2  2as ) 
a  4a 3  2as 2 
=  2 2 2 2
2  (2a  s )  (2as) 
Answer:

2a  2a 2  s 2 

FC e  ax sin ax =  4 4
2  s  4a 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 39

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

SINE TRANSFORM
Formula

2
FS  f ( x)  f  x sin sx dx
 0

2
f ( x)  f  x sin sx ds
 0
 ax  bx
e  ax e e 
15. Find the Fourier sine transform of and hence find FS  
x  x x 
Solution: [AU N/D 2011, N/D 2016]

2
Formula: FS  f ( x)  f  x  sin sx dx
 0

 e  ax  2 e  ax

 0 x
FS  sin sx dx
 x 

2 e  ax
FS s 
 0 x
sin sx dx

Diff .w.r.t ‘s’

dFS s  d  2  e  ax 
   sin sx dx
ds ds   0 x 
dFS s   2  e  ax d 
  sin sx dx
ds   0 x ds 
dFS s   2  e  ax 
  cos sx xdx
ds   0 x 
dFS s   
2 ax 
  e cos sxdx
ds  0 
dFS s   2 a 
 
ds   a  s2 
2

dFS s   2 a 
 ds    a
s 22
ds 

dFS s   2 a 
 ds    2
 a s 2
ds 

dFS s   2 1 s 
 ds   a tan 1    c 
 a a 
 e  ax   2 s 
FS   tan 1    c 
 x    a 
 e  bx   2 s 
Similarly FS   tan 1    c 
 x    b 
Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 40
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 e  ax e bx   e  ax   e bx   2  s   2  s 
FS    = FS   FS  =  tan 1     tan 1  
Answer: 
x x   x   x     a     b 
2  1  s   s 
 tan    tan 1   
  a
   b 
e  sa 1
16. Find f(x), if its sine transform is . Hence find reciprocal of .
s s
Solution: [A.U. N/D 2013]

2
f ( x) 
 0
Formula: FS (s) sin sxdx


2 e  as

 0 s
sin sx ds

Diff .w.r.t ‘x’


d [ f  x ] d  2 e  as 
 sin sx ds
dx   0 s
 
dx 
  sx
d [ f  x ]  2 e d 
  sin sx ds 
dx   0 s dx 
d [ f  x ]  2 e
  as

  cos sx s ds
dx   0 s 
d [ f  x ]  2 as


  e cos sxds 
dx   0 
d [ f  x ]  2 a 
 2 2 
dx   a x 
d [ f  x ]  2 a 
 dx     a 2  x 2 dx 
d [ f  x ]  2 a 

 dx    a 2  x 2 
 dx

 2 1  x
f ( x)   a tan 1   
  a a
 ax
1  e   2  x
FS    tan 1    ’=======(1)
 s    a
1
To find the F.S.T of
s
 ax
1  e   2  x
Put a=0 in (1) FS    tan 1   
 s    0
 ax
1  e   2  2  
FS    tan 1     . 
Answer:  s      2 2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 41

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS

1  x 
17. (1) Find the FCT of 2
(2) Find the FST of  x 2 1 
x 1  
Solution

2
Formula: FC  f ( x)  f  x  cos sx dx
 0

2 x
 
FC e  x 
 0
e cos sx dx

2 1
FC s  
 s2 1
 2 
f x     FC [ f ( x)] cos sx ds 
  0 

 2 2 1 
f x     2
cos sx ds 
  0  s 1 

2 1 
e x    2 cos sx ds 
 0 s  1 
 x  1 
e   2 cos sx ds 
2 0 s 1 

 s  1 
e   2 cos sx ds  xs
2 0 s  1 

2  s 2 1 
e   2 cos sx ds 
 2  0 s  1 
Answer:
 1    s 
FC  2  e 
 x  1   2 
x
(2) Fourier sine transform of 2
x 1

2
Formula: Fs  f ( x)  f x  sin sx dx
 0

2 x
 
FS e  x 
 0
e sin sx dx

2 s
FC s  
 s2 1
 2 
f x     Fs [ f ( x)] sin sx ds 
  0 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 42

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 2 2 s 
f x     2
sin sx ds 
  0  s 1 

2 s 
e x    2 sin sx ds 
 0 s  1 

 s  x 
e   2 sin sx dx s  x
2 0 x  1 

2  s 2 x 
e   2 sin sx dx 
 2  0 x  1 
Answer:
 x    s 
FS  2    e 
 x  1  2 

2 2
18. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f ( x)  e  a x and hence find the
x 2  x2
2
Fourier cosine transform of e and Fourier sine transform of xe . 2

Solution:
Formula: [A.U. N/D 2006]

2
Fc [ f ( x)] 
 0
f ( x) cos sxdx

 
2 a 2 x 2 2 1 a 2 x 2
  e cos sxdx  e cos sxdx
0  2 
 
1 a 2 x2 1 2 2
a x isx
 e cos sxdx   e R.Pofe dx
2  2 

1 a 2 x 2 isx
 R.P.of e dx
2 
s2
 4a2
1  a 2 x 2  isx e
 R.P. of e dx
s2
2  4a2
e
s2
4a2  2
e  a 2 x 2  isx s
4a2
 R.P of e dx
2 

s2
4a2 
e 
 ax  is
2a
2
 R.P of e dx
2 

put ax  is y when x    , y   
2a
adx  dy x , y

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 43

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

s2 s2
4a2  2
e  y  2 dy e 4a
 R.P of e  R.P of 
2 
a 2
s2
4a2
e
Fc [ f ( x)] 
a 2
1
a2 
2
s2 ( 1 )
 x2 4 4 s2
2
e 2
Put Fc [e ] e
1
2
2
 x2  s2
2 2
Fc [e ] e
d Fc [ f ( x )]
(ii ) Fs [ xf ( x)]  
ds
s2  s 
2
d
Fs [ xe 2 ]    e 2 
ds  
 2   2 s 
  e  s 2  
  2 
Answer :
s2
s2
 Fs [ xe 2
]  se 2
[ S is dummy Variable]

1
19. Prove that is self reciprocal under Fourier sine transform and cosine .
x
Solution [AU April, 1996, 2000, M/J 2012, Apr/May 2015]

 1  1
To prove: FC   
 x s

2
Formula: FC  f ( x)  f x cos sx dx
 0

2 n 1
FC x  
n 1

 0
x cos sx dx


w. k. t n   e  x x n1 dx
0
x  at
dx  adt x  0, x  , t  0, t  

n   e at (at ) n 1a dt
0

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 44

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


n   e  at (t ) n 1 a n dt
0

n
 e  at (t ) n 1 dt
a n 0

n
 e isx ( x) n 1 dx a  is
(is) n 0

n
  (cos sx  i sin sx )( x ) n 1 dx
 
(cos  i sin ) n s n 0
2 2
 
n (cos  i sin )  n 
2 2   (cos sx  i sin sx )( x ) n 1 dx
sn 0

Equating Real part

 
n ( cos n  i sin n ) 
2 2  (cos sx  i sin sx )( x ) n1 dx
s n 0
 
n ( cos  i sin ) n 
2 2  (cos sx  i sin sx)( x) n1 dx
sn 0
Equating Real part

n ( cos n ) 
2 2  2 (cos sx )( x ) n 1 dx
 sn  0

n ( cos n )
2 2  F [ x n1 ]....................(1)
C
 sn

Put n=1/2 in (1)

1 1
 ( cos ) 1
2 2 2 2  F [x 2 ]
1 C
 2
s
1
2  1 2
1
 FC [ x ]
 2 2
s
1
1
 FC [ x 2 ]
s
1
To prove that sine transform of
x
 
n ( cos  i sin ) n 
2 2  (cos sx  i sin sx )( x ) n 1 dx
sn 0

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 45

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

Equating imaginary part


n ( sin n ) 
2 2  2 (sin sx )( x ) n 1 dx
 sn  0

n ( sin n )
2 2  F [ x n1 ] ======= (1)
S
 sn

Put n=1/2 in (1)

1 1
 ( sin ) 1
2 2 2 2  F [x 2 ]
1 S
 2
s

1
2  1 2
1
 FS [ x ]
 2
2
Answer: s
1
1
 FS [ x 2 ]
s
20. Fourier sine transform of e  ax and hence find FCT of xe ax
[AU A/M 2000, M/J 2012]
Solution:

2
Formula:  
Fs f ( x)   f x  sin sx dx
 0

2  ax
 
FS e  ax 
 0
e sin sx dx

2 s

 s  a2
2

To find FC [ xe  ax ]
d
by property FC [ xe ax ]  [ FS [ f ( x )]
ds
d
FC [ xe  ax ]  [ FS [e ax ]
ds
d  2 s 
FC [ xe ax ]   
ds   s  a 2 
2


 
2 s 2  a 2  s.2 s
 
s2  a2
2

Answer: 

2 a2  s2 

 s 2  a2 2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 46

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

2 2
21. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of f ( x)  e  a x and hence Fourier sine
2 2
transform of xe  a x
[AU A/M 2007, N/D 2010, A/M 2018]
Solution

2
Fc [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x) cos sx dx
0
Formula:  
2 a 2 2
x 2 1 a2 x2
 e cos sx dx  e cos sx dx
 0
 2 

 
1 a 2 2
x 1 a2 x2
 e cos sx dx  e R.P of eisx dx
2  2 

1  a 2 x 2  isx
 R.P.of e dx
2 
s2
 4 a2
1 a 2 2
x  isx e
 R.P. of e s2
2  4 a2
e
s 2
4 a2  2
e  a 2 x 2  isx s
4 a2
 R.P of e dx
2 
s2
4 a2 
e 
 ax is
2a
2
 R.P of
2
e

dx

put ax  is y when x    , y   
2a
adx  dy x , y
2
s  s2
4a 2  2
e  y  2 dy e 4a
 R.P of e  R.P of 
2 
a 2
s 2
2
e 4a
Fc [ f ( x)] 
a 2
d Fc [ f ( x)]
Fs [ xf ( x)]  
ds
2
 s 4a2 
d e
Fs [ xe  a x ]    
2 2

Answer: ds a 2 

 
2 2
2 2 1  s 4a 2   2 s  s s
4a2
Fs [ xe a x
]  e  2   3 e
a 2  4a   a 2 2

Parseval’s identity in F.S.T and F.C.T

FORMULA
 
(1)  f ( x ) g ( x ) dx   Fc [ f ( x )] Fc [ g ( x )]ds
0 0

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 47

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 
2
(2)  f ( x ) dx   Fc [ f ( x )]2 ds
0 0
 
2
(3)  f ( x ) dx   FS [ f ( x )] 2 ds
0 0

dx
22. Evaluate  (x
0
2
 a )( x 2  b 2 )
2
using Fourier transforms

[A.U M/J 2006, N/D 2014]

Solution
 

By Parseval’s Identity  f ( x) g ( x)dx   Fc [ f ( x)]Fc [ g ( x)]ds …………..(1)

0 0

Let f ( x )  e  ax g ( x)  e bx
 
2 2
 0  0
Fc [ f ( x)]  f ( x) cos sx dx Fc [ g ( x)]  g ( x) cos sx dx

 
2 ax 2 bx
 e cos sx dx  e cos sx dx
 0  0
2 a  2 b 
 
  s 2  a 2    s 2  b 2 
 

 f ( x ) g ( x ) dx   e ( a b ) x dx
0 0

 e ( a b) x 
 
  (a  b)  0
 1 
  0  
 ( a  b) 
2 a  2 b 
Fc [ f ( x)]Fc [ g ( x)] 
  s 2  a 2    s 2  b 2 
2 ab

 (s  a ) (s 2  b 2 )
2 2


1 2ab 1
from (1)    ds
a b  0 ( s  a ) (s 2  b 2 )
2 2


1 
 2 2 2
2
ds 
0 ( s  a ) (s  b ) 2ab( a  b)
Answer :

1 
 2 2 2
dx 
2
[ s is dummy var iable]
0 (x  a ) (x  b ) 2 ab( a  b )

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 48

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


dx
23. Evaluate  (x
0
2
 1)( x 2  4)
using transforms. [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2017]

Solution
 
By Parseval’s Identity,  f ( x) g ( x)dx   Fc [ f ( x)]Fc [ g ( x)]ds …………..(1)
0 0
x
Let f ( x )  e g ( x)  e 2 x
 
2 2
Fc [ f ( x)]  f ( x) cos sx dx Fc [ g ( x)]  g ( x) cos sx dx
 0  0
 
2 x 2 2 x
 e cos sx dx  e cos sx dx
 0  0
2 1  2 2 
 
  s 2  12    s 2  2 2 

f ( x) g ( x)  e  ax e bx  e  ( a b ) x
 

 f ( x) g ( x) dx   e (1 2 ) x dx
0 0

 e (1 2 ) x   1 
    0  
  (1  2)  0  (1  2) 
2 1  2 2 
Fc [ f ( x)]Fc [ g ( x)] 
  s 2  12    s 2  2 2 
2 1* 2

 (s  1 ) (s 2  2 2 )
2 2


1 4 1
from (1)    (s 2
ds
1 2  0  1 ) (s 2  2 2 )
2


1 
 2 2 2 2
ds 
0 (s  1 ) (s  2 ) 4(1  2)

1 
 2 2 2
dx 
2
[ s is dummy var iable]
0
(x  1 ) (x  2 ) 12

1 
Answer:  (x 2 22 2
dx 
0
1 ) (x  2 ) 12


dx
24. Evaluate using transforms  (x 2
. [A.U. M/J 2013, N/D 2013]
0
 a2 )2
Solution
By Parseval’s Identity
 
2 2
 f ( x) dx   Fc [ f ( x)] ds
0 0

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 49

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

Let f ( x)  e  ax

2
Fc [ f ( x)]  f ( x) cos sx dx
 0

2  ax
 e cos sx dx
 0
2 a 

  s 2  a 2 
 2 

 f ( x) dx   e 2 ax dx
0 0

 e  2ax 
 
  2a  0
1

2a
 
2
 f ( x ) dx   Fc [ f ( x )] 2 ds
0 0
2
 1   2  a 


    ds
 2a  0    s 2  a 2  
 

ds 
 s  3
0
2
 a2 
2
4a

dx 
Answer:  x 
0
2
a 2 2
 4a 3

x 2 dx
25. Evaluate using transforms 0 ( x 2  a 2 ) 2 . [A.U. N/D.2009]

Solution
By Parseval’s Identity
 
2
 f ( x ) dx   Fs [ f ( x)]2 ds ………….. (1)
0 0

Let f ( x )  e  ax

2
 0
Fs [ f ( x)]  f ( x) sin sx dx


2 ax
 e sin sx dx
 0
2 s 

  s 2  a 2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 50

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 2 

 f ( x) dx   e  2 ax dx
0 0

 e  2 ax 
 
  2a  0
1

2a
 
2
 f ( x ) dx   Fs [ f ( x )] 2 ds
0 0
2
 1 
 2  s 
    ds
 2a  0    s 2  a 2  
 

s 2 ds 
 s 
0
2
 a2 
2
4a

x 2 dx 
Answer:  x 
0
2
a 2 2
 4a

26. State and Prove Convolution theorem.

Statement:
The fourier transform of the convolution of f(x) and g(x) is equal to the
poduct of their Fourier transforms.
(i.e.,) F[ f ( x) * g ( x)]  F [ f ( x)]F [ g ( x)]

Proof:
Formula:

2
Fc [ f ( x)] 
  f ( x ) cos sx dx
0
 
2 a 2 2
x 2 1 a2 x2
 e cos sx dx  e cos sx dx
 0
 2 

1
F s   F  f  x    f x e
isx
dx
2 

1
F s   F  f x  * g ( x)   [ f ( x) * g ( x)]e
isx
dx
2 
 
1 1 isx

2 
 2
 [ f (t ) g ( x  t )dt] e

dx

 1  1   
      [ f (t ) g ( x  t ) ] e isx dtdx
 2  2   
By changing order of integration, we get

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 51

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 
 1  1 
     f (t )  [ g ( x  t ) e isx dx] dt
 2  2  
 
 1    1  
    f (t )    [ g ( x  t ) e isx dx] dt 
 2    2  

 1  
    [ F [ g ( x  t )] ] f (t ) dt 
 2  

 1  
    f (t )e ist G ( s ) dt  By property
 2  

 1  
 G ( s )    f (t )e ist dt 
 2   
 G ( s ).F (s )
F[ f ( x) * g ( x)]  F[ f ( x)]F[ g ( x)]

27. State and Prove Parseval’s Identity. [ A.U. 2010, M/J 2012]
STATEMENT:
 
2 2
If F(S) is the Fourier transform of f(x), then  f ( x) dx   F ( s) ds
 
Proof:
By convolution Theorem
F[ f ( x) * g ( x)]  F[ S ].G[ S ]
[ f ( x) * g ( x)]  F 1[ F ( s ).G (s )]
 
 1  1
   g ( x  t ) f (t ) dt   F ( s ).G ( s) e isx ds
 2  2 
Put x=0, we get
 
 1   1 
   f (t )g ( t ) dt     F ( s )G ( s ) ds ………………..(1)
 2   2 
g ( t )  f (t )
G ( s)  F ( s )
 
(1)  

f (t ) f (t )dt   F ( s) F ( s)ds

 
2 2


f (t ) dt   F ( s)

ds
 
2 2
Answer:  f ( x ) dx   F (s) ds
 

28. Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine transform of f  x   e  ax , a  0 and hence
deduce the inversion formula (OR) Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 52

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


cos sx
transform of f  x   e  ax
, a  0, x  0 . Hence deduce integrals 0 s 2  a 2 ds and

s sin sx
s 2
ds
0
 a2 [A.U N/D 2012. MAY - 2016]
Solution:

2
Formula: Fc  f ( x )   f ( x) cos xdx
 0

2 ax    ax a 
Fc e  ax

 0
e cos xdx   e cos bxdx  2 
a  b2 
 0
2 a

 s  a2
2

Using inversion formula,


2
f ( x)  
 0
FC e ax cos sxds 

2 2 a 
  cos sxds
 0   a 2  s 2 

2a cos sx
 ds
 0 s 2  a 2

cos sx 
s 2 2
ds  f ( x)
0
a 2a
 ax
 e ,a  0
2a

2
FS  f ( x)   f ( x ) sin xdx
 0

2  ax   ax b 
 
FS e  ax 
 0
e sin sxdx   e sin bxdx  2 
a  b2 
 0
2 s

 s  a2
2

Using inversion formula,


2
f ( x)  
 0
 
FS e  ax sin sxds

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 53

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2 2 s 
 sin sxds
 0   a 2  s 2 

2 s sin sx
  2 ds
 0 s  a2

s sin sx 
s 2 2
ds  f ( x )
0 a 2
Answer:
  ax
 e ,a  0
2
2
29. Verify convolution theorem for f ( x)  g ( x)  e  x [A.U. M/J 2013,NOV 2015]
Solution.
F  f ( x )  g ( x )  F  f ( x )F g ( x )
2
Given: f ( x)  g ( x)  e  x

1
Formula:, F  f ( x)   f ( x) e
 isx
dx
2 

Fe   x2 1
2
e
x2
e isx dx


1 
 x 2  isx dx
 e
2 
 2
is  s 2 
   x    
1   2 4 
 e dx
2 
2
  is  s2
1   x 
 2

4
 e e dx
2 
2
s2  is 
 1     x  2 
 
F e x  e
2 
4
   e dx
 2  
is
put t  x  x    t  
2
dt  dx x  t
s2

4
 1    t2
e    e dt
 2  
s2
 1    t2

 e   2  e dt
4

 2  0
put t 2  u t  0 u  0
2t dt  du t   u  
1
dt  du
2t

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 54

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

1
dt  du
2 u
s2
  1   u 1
e 4   2  e du
 2  0 2 u
s2 1
  1   u  2
e 4    e u du
 2  0
s2  1
  1    
e 4      0 e t
t 2
dt   
 2   
s2
1 
4
F { f ( x)}  e
2

s2
1 
4
F { f ( x)}  F {g ( x)}  e
2
2 2 2
 1  s  1  s  1  s
 F { f ( x )}.F {g ( x)}   e 4  e 4   e 2            (1)
 2  2  2
  
By convolution definition,

1
f ( x) * g ( x)   f (u) g ( x  u)du
2 

 x2  x2 1 u 2
2
e *e  e e  x u  du
2 

 x2  x2 1 2
 x u  u 2
e *e  e du
2 
 2
x  x2 
  2  u    
2 2 1  2  4 
e x * e x  e du
2 
2
  x x2
 x2 x2 1  2 u  
 2

2
e *e  e e du
2 
x2 2
   x
2
 x2 x2 e  2 u  
 2
e *e  e du
2 

x
put t  u  u    t  
2
dt  du u  t
2
x
 
2
2 2 e  2t 2
e x * e x  e dt
2 
x2
 
2
2 2 e 2
e x * e x  2  e  2t dt
2 0

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 55

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

put t 2  y t 0  y0
2tdt  dy t   y
dy
dt 
2 y
x2
 
2
2 2 e  2t 2
e x * e x  e dt
2 
x2
 
2
2 2 e dy
e x * e  x  2  e 2 y
2 0 2 y
x2
 1
2 
2 2 e 
e x * e x  2 y
 e y 2 dy
2 0
x2

2 2 e 2
    2 y  12 
e x * e x    e y dy  
2 2  0 2
x2
 x2 x21 
e *e  e 2
2
2 2
1 x  1  x 
F  f ( x) * g ( x)  F  e 2
  F e 2 
 2  2  
x2

2
We know that e is self reciprocal under Fourier transform.

2 2
 x  
s

F e 2   e 2

 
Answer:
s2
1 
 F  f ( x ) * g ( x )  e 2              ( 2 )
2
we conclude that (1)=(2)
Hence convolution theorem is verified.

1 for x  1
30. Express the function f  x    as a Fourier Integral. Hence
0 for x  1
 
sin  cos x sin 
evaluate 0  d and find the value of 
0

d [A U, April, 2001]

Solution.
Formula for f(x) is
 
1
 
f x    f t e i s ( t  x ) dt d s
2    

1
f x    F ( s) e
 isx
ds .. (1)
2 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 56

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


1
F ( s )  F { f  x }   f ( x) e
isx
d x ---- (2)
2 

1, 1  x  1
Here f  x   
0 otherwise
1
1
(2)  F { f  x } 
isx

2  (1) e
1
dx

1
1
  [cos sx  i sin sx]dx
2 1
1
2
  cos sxdx
2 0
1
2
 cos sxdx
 0

1
2  sin sx 

  s  0
2  sin s 

  s 

1 sin s isx
(1)  f x    2/ e ds
2 
s

1 sin s
 [cos sx  i sin sx]ds
  s

2 sin s
  cos sxds
 0 s

2 sin 
f ( x)   cos xd  s is dummy var iable
 0 

 sin 
f ( x)   cos xd
2 0


 
sin  cos  x  for x  1
0 d   2
  0 for x  1

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 57

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


sin  
Answer: Putting x = 0 we get  d 
0
 2
31. Find the Fourier sine integral representation of the function f(x) = e  x sin x
Solution : [AU. NOV – 2015]
Given f(x) = e  x sin x
Formula: Fourier Sine Integral

2
f ( x)  f (t ) sin st sin sxdtds
 0 0
2 2
f ( x)   Fs ( S ) sin sx ds and Fs ( S )   f ( x) sin sx dx
 0  0
To find : Fs (S )
2
Fs ( S )   f ( x) sin sx dx
 0
2 x
Fs ( S )  e sin x sin sx dx
 0
2 x 1
Fs ( S )  e {cos(1  s ) x  cos(1  s ) x} dx {
 0 2
1
 sin x sin sx  (cos(1  s) x  cos(1  s) x
2
1  
Fs ( S )   x cos(1  s) xdx  1 e  x cos(1  s ) x} dx
e 
2 0 2 0

1  ex  1  ex 
  (1. cos(1  s ) x  (1  s) sin(1  s) x) 0    (1. cos(1  s ) x  (1  s) sin(1  s ) x ) 0 
2 1  (1  s ) 2  2 1  (1  s ) 2 

1  e    1  e 0 
  (1. cos(1  s)  (1  s) sin(1  s ))     (1. cos(1  s )0  (1  s ) sin(1  s )0)  
2 1  (1  s) 2   2 1  (1  s) 2
  
 
1  e    1  e 0 
  (1. cos(1  s )  (1  s ) sin(1  s )     (1. cos(1  s )0  (1  s ) sin(1  s )0  
2 1  (1  s) 2   2 1  (1  s) 2  

1  1   1  1 
 0  1  (1  s ) 2 1   0  1  (1  s ) 2 1 
2    2  
 e   0 , Cos   0 , sin   0 , cos 0  1 and sin 0  0
1  1 1 
  2
 2 
2  1  (1  s ) 1  (1  s) 
1   (1  (1  s ) 2 )  (1  (1  s ) 2 )  1   4s 
  2 2    4 
2  (1  (1  s ) )(1  (1  s ) )  2  (4  s ) 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 58

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

2   4s 
Fs ( S )  2
  (4  s 4 ) 
2
f ( x)   F ( S ) sin sx ds
 0 s
2  2   4s 
 e  x sin x  2   sin sx ds
 0   (4  s 4 ) 
4    4s 
 e  x sin x    sin sx ds
 0  (4  s 4 ) 
 s   x
 4  sin sx ds   e sin x
0  (4  s )  16
Put S = λ
    x
Answer:   4  sin x d   e sin x
0  (4   )  16

32. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transforms of a function f ( x)  e  x . Using
 
dx x 2 dx
Parseval’s identity, evaluate: (1)  2 and (2) 0 ( x 2  1)2 [AU N/D 2017]
0
( x  1) 2
Solution:
Given: f ( x)  e x
Fourier cosine transform

 ax 2  ax
Formula: Fc  e   e cos sxdx
 0

2
Fc  f ( x )  f ( x ) cos sxdx
 0

x 2 x
Fc e   e cos sxdx
 0

x 2  x
 
Fc e  
 0
e cos sxdx

2 1 

  s 2  1 
Fourier sine transform

2 ax
Formula: Fs e  
 ax

 0
e sin sxdx

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 59

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2 x
Fs  e  x   e sin sxdx
 0

2 s 

  s 2  1 

(1) By Parseval’s Identity

 
2 2
 f ( x) dx   Fc [ f ( x)] ds
0 0

Let f ( x)  e x

2
Fc [ f ( x)]  f ( x) cos sx dx
 0

2 x
 e cos sx dx
 0
2 1 

  s 2  1 
 2 

 f ( x) dx   e2 x dx
0 0

 e 2 x 
 
 2  0
1

2
 
2
 f ( x ) dx   Fc [ f ( x )] 2 ds
0 0
2
1
  2  1 
    ds
   s 2  1 
 2 0  

ds 
 2

0 s 2
 1 4

(2) By Parseval’s Identity

 
2
 f ( x ) dx   Fs [ f ( x)]2 ds ………….. (1)
0 0

Let f ( x)  e  x

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 60

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


2
Fs [ f ( x)]  f ( x) sin sx dx
 0

2 x
 e sin sx dx
 0
2 s 

  s 2  1 
 2 

 f ( x ) dx   e 2 x dx
0 0

 e 2 x 
 
 2  0
1

2
 
2
 f ( x ) dx   Fs [ f ( x )] 2 ds
0 0
2
1
  2  s 
    ds
   s 2  1 
 2 0  

s 2 ds 
 2

0 s 2
 1 4

ds 
Result: (1)  2

0 s 2
 1 4

x 2 dx 
(2)  2

0 x 2
 1 4

33.If Fs(s) and Fc(s) denote the Fourier sine and cosine transform of a function
f(x) respectively, then show that [AU N/D 2017]
1
Fs  f  x  sin ax    Fc  s  a   Fc  s  a 
2
Solution:

2
Fs  f  x  sin ax   f  x  sinax sin sxdx
 0

2 1 
   f  x   cos  s  a  x  cos  s  a  x   dx
 0 2 
 
1 2 
   f  x  cos  s  a  xdx   f  x  cos  s  a  xdx 
2  0 0 

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 61

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 
1 2 2 
  f  x  cos  s  a  xdx  f  x  cos  s  a  xdx
2   0  0


1
Fs  f  x  sin ax    Fc  s  a   Fc  s  a  
2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 62

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

a  x , for x  a
1. Find the Fourier Transform of f  x    hence deduce that
 0, for x  a  0
 2  4
 sin t    sin t  
0  t  dt  2 , 0  t  dt  3 [AU N/D 1996] [P.NO: 21]

1  x , for x 1
2. Find the Fourier Transform of f  x    hence deduce that
 0, for x 1
 2  4
 sin t    sin t  
0  t  dt  2 , 0  t  dt  3
[AU N/D 2014, N/D 2015, A/M 2016, N/D 2016] [P.NO: 23]
3. Find the Fourier transform of the function f(x) defined by
a 2  x 2 if x  a
f x   
 0 if x  0

sin t  t cos t 
Hence deduce that  3
dt  . Using Parseval’s Identity show that
0
t 4
 2
 sin t  t cos t  
0  t 3  dt  [A.U. April, 1996, 2000, N/D 2012,2013] [P.NO: 25]
 15
1  x 2 if x  1
4.Find the Fourier transform of the function f(x) defined by f  x   
 0 if x  1

sin s  s cos s s 3
and hence deduce that (i)  3
cos  ds 
0 s 2 16
 2
  sin t  t cos t 
(ii)    dt [AU A/M 2000, N/D 2013] [P.NO: 26]
15 0  t3 
1, for x  a
5. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) is given by f ( x)  
0, for x  a  0
  2
sin t   sin t  
and hence deduce that (i)  dt  and (ii )    dt  .
0 t 
0
t 2 2
[AU M/J 2011, 2013, A/M 2015] [P.NO: 28]
1, for x  2
6. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) is given by f ( x)  
0, for x  2
  2
sin t  sin t 
and hence evaluate 
0
t
dt and 0  t  dt .
[AU A/M 2017] [P.NO: 30]
 x2 s2
2 2
7. Show that the Fourier Transform of e is e
2
x
2
(OR) Show that e is self – reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 63

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

 x2
2
(OR) Find the Fourier transform of e [AU M/J 2013,A/M 2016] [P.NO: 32]
 x2
2 2
a x 2
8. Find the Fourier Transform of e . Hence show that e is self –
reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[AU M/J 2000, N/D 2014, A/M 2015, N/D 2016] [P.NO: 33]
 x2
2 2
a x 2
9. Show that the Fourier cosine Transform of e (OR) Show that e
is self – reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[AU N/D 1996,2012 M/J 2000, A/M 2017] [P.NO: 34]
 x2 s2
2 2
10. Show that the Fourier cosine Transform of e is e (OR) Show that
2
x
2
e is self –reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[A.U. N/D 1996, M/J - 2000] [P.NO: 35]
2
11. Find the Fourier cosine transform of ex [A.U. N / D 2004] [P.NO: 36]
e  ax  e  ax e  bx 
12. Find the Fourier cosine transform of and hence find FC   
x  x x 
[AU NOV 2015] [P.NO: 37]
13. Find the FCT of e  ax cos ax [P.NO: 38]
14. Find the FCT of e  ax sin ax [P.NO: 39]
e  ax  e  ax e bx 
15. Find the Fourier sine transform of and hence find FS   
x  x x 
[AU N/D 2011, N/D 2016] [P.NO: 40]
e  sa 1
16. Find f(x), if its sine transform is . Hence find reciprocal of .
s s
[A.U. N/D 2013] [P.NO: 41]
1  x 
17. (1) Find the FCT of 2 (2) Find the FST of  2  [P.NO: 42]
x 1  x 1 
2 2
18. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f ( x)  e a x
and hence find the Fourier
x 2  x2
2
cosine transform of e and Fourier sine transform of xe . [P.NO: 43] 2

1
19. Prove that is self reciprocal under Fourier sine transform and cosine .
x
[AU April, 1996, 2000, M/J 2012, Apr/May 2015] [P.NO: 44]

20. Fourier sine transform of e ax and hence find FCT of xe ax

[AU A/M 2000, M/J 2012] [P.NO: 46]
2 2
21. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of f ( x)  e a x
and hence Fourier sine
2 2
transform of xe  a x
[A.U. A/M, 2007, N/D 2010] [P.NO: 47]

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 64

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms


dx
22. Evaluate
0
 (x 2
 a )( x 2  b 2 )
2
using Fourier transforms

[A.U M/J 2006, N/D 2014] [P.NO: 48]


dx
23. Evaluate  2 2
using transforms.
0 ( x  1)( x  4)
[AU N/D 2010, A/M 2017[P.NO: 49]]

dx
24. Evaluate using transforms  2 2 2
[A.U. M/J 2013, N/D 2013] [P.NO: 49]
0 (x  a )

x 2 dx
25. Evaluate using transforms 0 ( x 2  a 2 ) 2 .[A.U. N/D.2009] [P.NO: 50]
26. State and Prove Convolution theorem. [P.NO: 51]
27. State and Prove Parseval’s Identity. [A.U. 2010, M/J 2012] [P.NO: 52]
28. Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine transform of f  x   e  ax , a  0 and hence
deduce the inversion formula (OR) Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine transform

cos sx
of f  x   e  ax
, a  0, x  0 . Hence deduce integrals s 2
ds
0
 a 2 and

s sin sx
0 s 2  a 2 ds [AU N/D 2012 A/M 2016][P.NO: 52]
2
29. Verify convolution theorem for f ( x)  g ( x)  e  x
[A.U. M/J 2013,NOV 2015] [P.NO: 54]
1 for x  1
30. Express the function f  x    as a Fourier Integral. Hence evaluate
0 for x  1
 
sin  cos x sin 
0  d and find the value of 
0

d [AU April, 2001] [P.NO: 56]

31. Find the Fourier sine integral representation of the function f(x) = e  x sin x
[AU. NOV – 2015][P.NO: 58]
32. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transforms of a function f ( x)  e  x . Using
 
dx x 2 dx
Parseval’s identity, evaluate: (1) 0 ( x 2  1)2 and (2) 0 ( x 2  1)2
[AU N/D 2017] [P.NO: 59]

33.If Fs(s) and Fc(s) denote the Fourier sine and cosine transform of a function
f(x) respectively, then show that
1
Fs  f  x  sin ax    Fc  s  a   Fc  s  a  [AU N/D 2017] [P.NO:61]
2

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 65

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

Important Questions
PART-A

1. State Fourier integral theorem

[A.U. April 1996, April/May 2005, May-2016]
2. Show that f  x   1,0  x   cannot be represented by a Fourier integral.
[A.U. April/May 2003]
3. Define Fourier Transform pair. [A U March, 1996]
4. What is the Fourier cosine transform of a function. (or)
Write down the Fourier cosine transform pair of formulae. [AU O/N 1996]
5. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e  ax , a  0 [A U, April, 2001]
6. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e 3 x
7. Find the Fourier sine transform of e 3 x
[A U, Nov / Dec 1996, M/J 2013]
1
8. Find the Fourier Sine transform of [AU A/M 2015, N/D 2016, A/M 2017]
x
9. Define Fourier sine transform and its inversion formula. [AU A/M 2004]
-x
10. Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) = e and hence deduce that

x sin mx 
 2
dx  e  m [A U, March, 1998, 1999 & 2000]
0
1 x 2

11. Find Fc xe  ax and  
Fs xe  ax 
2
12. Show that the Fourier sine transforms of xe  x
is self reciprocal.
/2

[A U, March, 1996]
13. If Fourier transform of f(x) is F(s), prove that the Fourier transform of f(x) cos ax
1
is F s  a   F s  a  [AU April, 2001, Nov/Dec 2014] (or)
2
State and Prove Modulation Theorem.
1
14. Prove that FC  f  x  cos ax  FC s  a   FC s  a  where Fc denotes the Fourier
2
cosine transform f(x). [AU A/M 2001]
15. If F(s) is the complex Fourier transform of f(x) then find F   x  a 
[AU A/M 2000]
2
16. Given that ex /2
is self reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform, find (i)
2
Fourier sine transform of xe  x /2
and (ii) Fourier cosine transform of
2
x 2e x /2
[A U, DEC 1996]
17. If Fc s  is the Fourier cosine transform of f(x), Prove that the Fourier cosine
1 s
transform of f(ax) is Fc
a  a 
18. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x), then find the Fourier transform of
f(x-a). (or) State and prove shifting theorem.
(or) If the Fourier Transform of f(x) is F[f(x)] = F(s), then show that
F[f(x-a)] =eiasF(S) [AU N/D 2013, A/M 2015, A/M 2017]

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 66

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

19. If Fs(s) is the Fourier sine transform of f(x),

1
show that Fs  f x  cos ax  Fs s  a   Fs s  a 
2
20. State the convolution theorem for Fourier transforms.
(or)
State the Faltung theorem. [A.U. April / May 2003, May 200 PT]

 1 in x  a
21. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
0 in x  a
cos x if 0  x  a
22. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f ( x)  
 0 if x  a
23. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of e 2 x  3e  x
24. Find Fourier Cosine transform of ex .
25. If Fourier transform of f ( x)  F ( s ) then what is Fourier transform of f (ax )
1 s
(OR) If F(s) is the fourier transforms of f(x), Prove that F  f ( ax)  F  (or)
a a
State and Prove a Change of scale property.
[AU M/J 2013, N/D 2015, N/D 2016]
26. If F denotes the Fourier transform operator then show that
dn
 n

F x f ( x)  ( i )
ds n
F s
n

27. If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f (x ) , show that the Fourier transform of
e iax f ( x) is F ( s  a ) . [AU Nov/Dec 2014]
 dn 
28. Find F  n f (x) 
 dx 
29. State Parseval’s Identity for Fourier transform.
 e ikx , a  x  b
30. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
0 x  a and x  b
31. State the Fourier transform of the derivatives of a function. (OR) Find the
Fourier transform of a derivative of the function f(x) if f(x) → 0 as x → ±∞
[AU N/D 2005, M/J -2016]
32. Find the Fourier sine transform of ex [AU M /J 2006]
33. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of of f (x) defined as [AU N /D 2006]
 x for 0  x  1

f ( x )   2  x for 1  x  2
 0 for x  2

34. Find the Fourier sine transform of f  x   e  ax , a  0 [AU N/D 2007]
35. State inverse theorem for complex Fourier transform.

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 67

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

36. Find the function f (x) whose sine transform is e  as . [AU M/J 2010 ]
37. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e 2 x [AU N/D 2010]
d
38. Prove that FS xf ( x)   FC ( s ) [AU A/M 2011]
ds
39. Define the Fourier sine and Cosine transform of f (x ) .
 x
40. Find the Fourier transform of e ,  0 . [AU N/D 2012]
e  ax  e  bx
41. Find the Fourier sine transform of
x
x
42. Find the Fourier sine transform of 2
x  a2
2 x
43. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of 5e  2 e 5 x
sin x 0  x  a
44. If f ( x )   , Find the Sine transform.
 0 xa
e  as
45. Find the function f (x) whose sine transform is .
s
46. Define self reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform. [AU N/D 2013]
47. State Convolution theorem. [AU N/D 2012]
 2
s ds
48. Evaluate  2 2 2 2
using Fourier transforms [A.U N/D 2015]
0
( s  a )( s  b )

PART-B
a  x , for x  a
1. Find the Fourier Transform of f  x    hence deduce that
 0, for x  a  0
 2  4
 sin t    sin t  
0  t  dt  2 , 0  t  dt  3 [AU Nov / Dec, 1996]

1  x , for x 1
2. Find the Fourier Transform of f  x    hence deduce that
 0, for x 1
 2  4
 sin t    sin t  
0  t  dt  2 , 0  t  dt  3 [AU N/D 2014, N/D 2015, A/M 2016, N/D 2016]
3. Find the Fourier transform of the function f(x) defined by
a 2  x 2 if x  a
f x   
 0 if x  0

sin t  t cos t 
Hence deduce that  3
dt  . Using Parseval’s Identity show that
0
t 4
 2
 sin t  t cos t  
0  t 3  dt  . [A.U. April, 1996, 2000, N/D 2012,2013]
 15

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 68

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

1  x 2 if x  1
4.Find the Fourier transform of the function f(x) defined by f  x   
 0 if x  1

sin s  s cos s s 3
and hence deduce that (i)  3
cos  ds 
0 s 2 16
2
   sin t  t cos t 
(ii)    dt [AU A/M 2000, N/D 2013]
15 0  t3 
1, for x  a
5. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) is given by f ( x)  
0, for x  a  0
  2
sin t   sin t  
and hence deduce that (i) 0 t dt  2 and (ii) 0  t  dt  2 .
[AU M/J 2011, 2013, A/M 2015]
1, for x  2
6. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) is given by f ( x)  
0, for x  2
  2
sin t  sin t 
and hence evaluate 0 t dt and 0  t  dt .
[AU A/M 2017]
 x2 s2
2 2
7. (a)Show that the Fourier Transform of e is e
 x2
2
(OR) Show that e is self – reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
 x2
2
(OR) Find the Fourier transform of e [AU M/J 2013,MAY-2016]
x2
 a2 x2 2
(b)Find the Fourier Transform of e . Hence show that e is self –
reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[AU M/J 2000, N/D 2014, A/M 2015, N/D 2016]
 x2
2 2
a x 2
8.(a).Show that the Fourier cosine Transform of e (OR) Show that e
is self – reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[AU N/D 1996,2012 M/J 2000, A/M 2017]
x2 s2
2 2
(b) Show that the Fourier cosine Transform of e is e (OR) Show that
2
x
2
e is self –reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform.
[A.U. N/D 1996, M/J - 2000]
2
9(a) Find the Fourier cosine transform of ex [A.U. N / D 2004]
e  ax  e  ax e  bx 
(b) Find the Fourier cosine transform of and hence find FC   
x  x x 
[AU NOV 2015]

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 69

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

10(a). Find the FCT of e  ax cos ax

(b) Find the FCT of e  ax sin ax
 ax  bx
e  ax e e 
11(a) Find the Fourier sine transform of and hence find FS  
x  x x 
[AU N/D 2011, N/D 2016]
e  sa 1
(b) Find f(x), if its sine transform is . Hence find reciprocal of .
s s
[A.U. N/D 2013]
1  x 
12. (a)(1) Find the FCT of 2 (2) Find the FST of  2 
x 1  x 1 
2 2
(b) Find the Fourier cosine transform of f ( x)  e  a x and hence find the Fourier
x 2  x2
cosine transform of e 2
and Fourier sine transform of xe . 2

1
13(a). Prove that is self reciprocal under Fourier sine transform and cosine .
x
[AU April, 1996, 2000, M/J 2012, Apr/May 2015]

(b) Fourier sine transform of e  ax and hence find FCT of xe ax

[AU A/M 2000, M/J 2012]
2 2
14(a). Find the Fourier Cosine transform of f ( x)  e a x
and hence Fourier sine
2 2
transform of xe  a x
[A.U. A/M, 2007, N/D 2010]

dx
(b). Evaluate
0
 (x 2
 a )( x 2  b 2 )
2
using Fourier transforms

[A.U M/J 2006, N/D 2014]


dx
15(a). Evaluate  2 2
using transforms. [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2017]
0 ( x  1)( x  4)

dx
(b). Evaluate using transforms  (x 2
. [A.U. M/J 2013, N/D 2013]
0
 a2 )2

x 2 dx
16(a). Evaluate using transforms 0 ( x 2  a 2 ) 2 . [A.U. N/D.2009]

(b) State and Prove Convolution theorem.

17(a). State and Prove Parseval’s Identity. [ A.U. 2010, M/J 2012]
(b) Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine transform of f x   e  ax , a  0 and hence

deduce the inversion formula (OR) Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine transform

cos sx
of f  x   e  ax
, a  0, x  0 . Hence deduce integrals 0 s 2  a 2 ds and

s sin sx
s 2
ds
0
 a2 [AU N/D 2012 A/M 2016]

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 70

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit -IV – Fourier Transforms

2
18(a).Verify convolution theorem for f ( x)  g ( x)  e  x [A.U. M/J 2013,NOV 2015]
1 for x  1
(b). Express the function f  x    as a Fourier Integral. Hence evaluate
0 for x  1
 
sin  cos x sin 
0  d and find the value of 
0

d [A U, April, 2001]

19.Find the Fourier sine integral representation of the function f(x) = e  x sin x
[AU. NOV – 2015]

Dept. of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 71

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

UNIT –V
Z-TRANSFORM AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

PART -A
1. Define Z - transform [AU A/M 2009, 2007]
Solution:
Let {f (n)} be a sequence defined for n =0, ±1, ± 2……, then
Z- transform is defined as

Z{f (n)}  f(n)z - n , (z → a complex number)
n-
This is called two sided or bilateral Z- transform
Definition:

Z{f (n)} f(n)z- n (z → a complex number)
n0
= F (Z)
This is called one sided Z - transform
Definition: Z - transform for discrete values of ‘t’

If f (t) is defined for discrete value of‘t’ where t = nT, n=0, 1, 2, 3,…T being the
sampling , then

Z{f (t)} f(nT)z-n
n0
= F (Z)

z
 
2. Prove that Z a n 
za
Solution: [AU M/J 2005, 2009, 2017]

Z [ f ( n)]   f ( n ) z  n
n0

Z {(a n )}   a n z  n
n 0
 n
a
  
n 0  z 
2
a a
 1      ...
z z
1
 a  a
 (1  x )  1  x  x  ...
1 2
 1   Here x  
 z z
1

a
1
z
1

za
z

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 1

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z

za
z
 
Z an 
za

3. Find Z (n ) (or) Find the Z-transform of {n} [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2018, 2000, 2013]
Solution:

Z [ f (n)]   f (n ) z  n
n 0

Z ( n)   nz  n
n0

n
 n
n 0 z
1 2 3
  2  3  ...
z z z
1  2 3 
= 1+ + 2 + ....
z  z z 
2
1 1
 1  
z  z 
2
   (1  x) 2  1  2 x  3 x 2  ....if x  1
1 1 
   1 1
z 1 1  Here x  i.e.,  1
  z z
 z

1 z2
 .
z ( z  1) 2
z
 Z ( n) 
( z  1) 2

n , n0
4. Find Z{f(n)} if f(n) =  [AU N/D 2008, M/J 2007]
0 , n0
Solution:

-n
Z{f (n)} f(n)z
n - 

  nz  n  f(n)  n , n  0
n 0

z
=
(z - 1)2

a n 
5. Find Z   in Z- transform [AU N/D -2005]
 n! 
Solution:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 2

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations


-n
Z{f (n)} f(n)z
n - 

a n
an 
, ≥0
Z    ( )=
 n!  n 0 n! 0, ℎ


 
 az -1 
n


 n!
n 0 


x x2
az1 (az1)2 e x  1    ...
1  .... 1! 2!
1! 2!
Here x  az 1
1
 e az
a
 ez

6. Find Z[a|n| ] [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2002, 2009]

Solution:

-n
Z {f (n)}   f(n)z
n - 

n
 a z n
n  
-1 
(-n)
 a z - n +  a n z -n
n -  n 0
n
1
a  formula : n  n( ,1)
  a z -n    
n -  n 0 z n  n(0, )
2
 a a 

 az  (az ) 2  ...  1   2  .... 
 z z 
 a  a 2 
 az 1  az  ( az )  ...  1      ....
2

 z  z  
1 (1  x) 1  1  x  x 2  ...
 a 1
 az (1  az )  1   a
 z Herex az and x 
z
1 1
 az 
1  az 1  a
z
az 1
 
1  az z  a
z
az z
 
1  az z  a
az ( z  a)  (1  az ) z

(1  az )( z  a)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 3

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

az 2  a 2 z  z  az 2

(1  az )( z  a)
z  a2z

(1  az )( z  a)

7. Find Z- 1
n
[AU M/J 2005, 2010]
Solution:
1
 
Z an 
za
1
 n
 z ( 1)  
z  ( 1)
Here a  1
1

z 1

 
8. Find Z e  an [AU M/J 2007, 2008]
Solution:
1
 
z (a) n 
z a
1

 z (e  a ) n  
z  (e  a )

9. Find Z[t]
Solution:

Z {f (n)}   f(n)z -n
n 0

 f (t )  t 
Z t    nT z n
Re place t  nT 
n    

 T  nz n
n 0
= T Z[n]
z  z 
T
( z  1) 2  z (n)  ( z  1) 2 
 
Tz
 Z t  
( z  1) 2

10. Find Z [a n -1 ]
Solution:
  
Z a n 1  Z a 1 .a n 
a 1
Z a  n

Z
 a 1.
Z a
1 Z
 .
a Z a

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 4

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

 1 
11. Find Z  
 n(n + 1) 
Solution: [AU M/J 2016, N/D 2016]
1 A B
Let = + …..(1)
n(n + 1) n n +1

1  A(n  1)  B(n)
Put n = 0 , A =1
n = -1, B = -1
1 1 1
= -
n(n + 1) n n + 1
 1  1  1 
Z   Z Z  
 n(n + 1)  n   (n + 1) 
 z   z 
 log    z log  
 z - 1  z - 1
 z 
 (1 - z)log  
 z - 1

12. Find Z and Z [AU N/D 2009, M/J 2007, ‘16]

Solution:
(z sin θ) z(z - cos )
Z sin nθ  = 2
Z cos n  = 2
( z - 2 z cosθ + 1 ) ( z - 2 z cos + 1 )
Put =
  
(z sin ) z z - cos 
 n   2  n   2
Z sin = Z cos =
 2  ( z 2 - 2 z cos  + 1 )  2  
( z 2 - 2 z cos + 1 )
2 2
2
z z
= 2 = 2
z 1 z 1

13. Find z[e at b ]

Solution:
z
Z [ e at ] 
z  e at
at  b
z[e ]  Z [ eb .e at ]

z
= Z[ ]  eb
z  e at
14. Find Z [ ] [AU N/D 2008 , M/J 2007]
Solution:
z
Z [e at ] 
z  e at
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 5
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

 Z [e 2 .e3t ]
z
 e2
z  e 3t

15. State and Prove first shifting theorem

If Z [f (t)] = F (Z) , then Z[e-at f (t )]  F [ ze at ]
Proof:

Z [ f (n)]   f(nT) z n
n 0

Z [ e  at f (t )]   e -anT f(nT) z  n
n0

  f(nT) (ze aT ) -n
n 0

 F [ ze aT ]

16. Find Z [ ]
Solution:
Z [e  iat ]  Z [e  ait .1]
 { z[1]}z  zeiat
 z 
 
 z  1 z zeiat
ze iat

ze iat  1

17. Prove that Z [n f (n)] = -Z { ( )} [AU A/M 2018]

Proof:
wkt , F ( Z )  Z [ f ( n)]

F ( Z )   f (n ) z  n
n0

d d 
F ( Z )   f ( n) z  n
dz dz n0

d
  f ( n) z n 
n 0 dz

=  f (n )(n) z  n1
n 0

1
   n. f ( n) z  n .
n0 z

d
Z F z    nf (n) z n
dz n 0

  znf (n)
d
Z nf (n)   z F ( z )
dz

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 6

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

18. Find the Z transform of n c k

Solution:
n
znCk    nC k z  k
k 0

 1  nC1 z 1  nC2 z 2  ...  nCn z  n

This is expansion of binomial theorem

 1  z 1  n

19. Find Z (n 2 ) and Z (n 3 )

[A.U M/J 2014, N/D 2016]
Solution:

 
Z n 2  Z (n  n)  
Z n 3  Z (n  n 2 )
d d
  z Z (n)
dz
 z
dz

Z (n 2 ) 
d  z  d  z2  z 
 z    z  
dz  z  12  dz   z  13 
  z  12  z.2( z  1) 
  z   z
 
  z  13 2 z  1  z 2  z 3( z  1) 2 
 
 z  14   z  16 
 z  1  2z    z  12 z  1  z  z 3 
2
  z 3 
  z 
  z  1   z  14 
z( z  1)  2 z 2  z  2 z  1  3z 2  3z 
   z 
z  13  z  14 
z2  z   z 2  4 z  1  z 2  4 z  1
   z  z 
z  13   z  1
4
   z  1 
4

20. Find Z [ an 2  bn  c]
Solution:
 
Z an 2  bn  c  az(n 2 )  bz(n)  cz(1)
z2  z z z
a b c
z  13
z  1 2
z 1

21. Find Z [ n( n  1)]

[May 2009, Apr2007]
Solution:
Z n(n  1)  Z n 2  n  
 zn   zn
2

z2  z z
 
z  1 z  12
3

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 7

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z 2  z  z ( z  1)

z  13
1
 3

z2  z  z2  z 
z  1
2z

z  13
22. Prove that the Damping Rule
z
 
Z a n f (n)  F  , F ( z )  Z  f (n )
a
Proof:

Z  f ( n)    f ( n) z  n
n 0

  
Z a n f ( n )   a n f (n ) z  n
n 0
 n
z
  f (n ) 
n 0 a
z
 
Z a n f ( n)  F  
a
n
23. Find Z [ a sin n ] [AU A/M 2005, 2007]
Solution:
z
 
Z a n f (n )  F  
a
 
Z [ a sin n  Z sin n z  z
n
a

 z sin n 
 2 
 z  2 z cos   1 z z
a

z
sin n
 2 a
z 2z
2
 cos  1
a a
az sin 

Z a n sin n  2 
z  2az cos   a 2

24. Find Z [na n ]

Solution:
  
Z na n  z a n .n 
 Z (n)z  z
a

 z 
 2 
  z  1  z  z
a

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 8

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z
 a
2
 z 
  1
a 
z
 a
z  a 2
a2
z a2
 
a  z  a 2
az

z  a 2
az
 
Z na n 
z  a 2
25. Find Z [a n t ]
Solution: [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2009]
 
z a n t  z (t )z  z
a

 Tz 
 2 
 ( z  1)  z  z
a

z
T
 a
2
z 
  1
a 
Taz

( z  a) 2
26. Find Z [e t sin 2t ]
Solution:
 
Z e  at f (t )  F ( Z )z  zeaT
Z e t
sin 2t   Z (sin 2t )  z  zeT

 z sin 2T 
 2   formula : 
 z  2 z cos 2T  1 z  zeT  
zeT sin 2T  z[sin at ]  2 z sin aT 
  z  2 z cos aT  1
z 2 e 2T  2 zeT cos 2T  1

27. Find Z [a n1 ]

Solution:

We know that,
z
 
Z an 
za

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 9

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

   ,
 Z a n 1  z 1 .Z a n
by shift property
1 z
 .
z za
1
 
Z a n 1 
za

28. Prove that Z [ f(n + 1)] = z F(z) - z f(0)

Proof: [AU N/D 2005]

Z  f ( n  1)    f ( n  1) z  n
n 0

  f ( n  1) z.z 1 .z n
n0

 z  f (n  1) z ( n 1)
n 0

n  0  m  1

Put n+1=m and we get n    m  

Z  f ( n  1)   z  f ( m) z  m  zf (0)  zf (0)
m 1

 
 z   f (m) z  m  f (0)
 m0 
 zF ( z )  zf (0)
29. Define Unit step sequence.
Solution:
A discrete unit step function is defined as
1, K  0
U (K )  
0, K  0
30. Find Z[cos(t+T)] [AU N/D 2009, M/J 2004,2008]
Solution:
z f (t  T )  ZF ( z )  Zf (0)
Here f (t )  cos(t ) , f (0)  cos 0  1
Z cos(t  T )  z.Z[cos t ]  zf (0)
z ( z  cos T )
z 2 z
z  2 z cos T  1
z 2 ( z  cos T )
 2 z
z  2 z cos T  1
z 3  z 2 cos T  z ( z 2  2 z cos T  1)

z 2  2 z cos T  1
z 2 cos T  z
 2
z  2 z cos T  1

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 10

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

31. Define unit impulse sequence [AU M/J 2004, 2005]

Solution:
A discrete unit step function is defined as
1, K  0
 (K )  
0, K  0
Now (n-k) is defined by
1, n  k
 (n  k )  
0, n  k
32. Find Z n - k  [AU M/J 2005, 2010]
Solution:

Z [ ( n  k )]    ( n  k ) z  n
n 0

  (0  k ) z 0   (1  k ) z 1   (2  k ) z 2  ....

1, n  k
 (n  k )  
0, n  k
1
 z (n  1)  z  k  k
z
Inparticular ,
1
Z [ (n  1)] 
z
33. Find Z2  n - 2 
n

Solution:
Z [2 n  (n  2)]  Z [ (n  2)]z  z
2

 Formula : 
1  
 2
 z z z  Z [ ( n  k )  1k 
2  z 
1
 2
z
 
2
4
 2
z
4
Z [2 n  (n  2)]  2
z
34. Prove the Initial value theorem [N/D 2007, M/J 2004]
Statement:
If Z[ f (n)]  F ( z) , then lim F ( z )  f ( 0)
Z 
Proof:

n
z  f (n )    f (n ) z
n0

 f (0)  f (1) z 1  f (2) z 2  ....

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 11

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

f (1) f (2)
F (Z )  f (0)   2  ....
Z z
 f (1) f (2) 
lim F ( z )  lim  f (0) 
z  z  z
 2  ....
z 
Re sult : 
 f ( 0)  
lim 1  0
 z   z 
z  z  cos aT 
35. If FZ   2
Find f(0)
z  2 z cos aT  1
Solution:
lim
f (0 )  F ( z)
z
lim z ( z  cos aT )
 2
z   z  2 z cos aT  1
lim ( z 2  z cos aT )

z   z 2  2 z cos aT  1
d 2
lim ( z  z cos aT )
 dz
z d 2
( z  2 z cos aT  1)
dz
lim ( 2 z  cos aT )

z   2 z  2 cos aT
d
lim dz (2 z  cos aT )

z d
(2 z  2 cos aT )
dz
lim 2

z2
1
1  z 1
36. Find the final value of the function F ( z )  [M/J 2007, 2009]
1  0.25 z  2
Solution:

By the final value theorem,

f ( )  lim f (t )
t 

 lim ( z  1) F ( Z )
z 1

1  z 1
 lim ( z  1).
z 1 1  0.25 z  2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 12

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

1
1
 lim ( z  1) z
z 1 0 .25
1 2
z
(1  1)(1  1)

1  0.25
0
 z2 
37. Find Z 1   , Using residue method. [AU N/D 2007, 2008, 2016]
 ( z  a)( z  b) 
Solution:
z2
Let F (Z )  , z 1F ( z )  f (n)
( z  a)( z  b)
z n 1
 z n 1F ( z ) 
( z  a)( z  b)
The poles are z  a, z  b
z n 1

Re s z n 1F ( z ) za  lim ( z  a)
( z  a)( z  b)
z a

a n 1

ab
z n 1

Re s z n 1F ( Z ) Z b  lim ( z  b)
( z  a)( z  b)
z b

b n 1

ba
f (n)  {sum of the residue of zn-1 F (z) at its poles}
1

ab

a n 1  b n 1 
 z2  1
 z 1 
( z  a )( z  b )  
a  b

a n 1  b n 1 
 

38. Form a difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant ‘A’ from
y n = A.3n [AU M/J 2007, 2009, N/D 2010]
Solution:
yn  A.3n
yn 1  A.3n 1
 3 A.3n
 3 yn
yn  1  3 yn  0
39. Define convolution of two sequences. [AU M/J 2003, 2005]
Solution:
The convolution of two sequence {f(n)} and {g(n)} is defined as
n
 f ( n)  g ( n)    f ( r ) g ( n  r ) [For right sided sequences]
r 0

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 13

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

(or)

 f ( n )  g ( n )    f (r ) g ( n  r ) [For two sided and bilateral sequence]
r  
The convolution of two 
function f(t) and g(t) is defined as
 f (t )  g (t )   f (rT ) g (n  r )T Where T is the sampling period
r  

40. State Convolution theorem on Z-transforms [A.U M/J 2015, N/D 2016]
Solution:
1.z[ f (n ) * g ( n)]  F ( Z ).G ( Z )
2.Z [ f (t ) * g (t )]  F ( Z ).G ( Z )

41. Find the Z- transform of f(n) * g(n) if f(n) = 2 n u(n) and g(n) = 2n u(n)
Solution:

Z  f ( n)   Z 2 n u ( n) 
z

z2
 F (Z )

Z g ( n )  Z 2 n u ( n ) 
z

z2
 G( z) by def. of u(n)
 Z  f (n)  g (n)  F (Z ).G ( Z )
z z
 .
z2 z2
2
 z 
 
 z 2
42. State initial and final value theorem in Z-transform
Solution: [M/J 2003, 2007, 2017, N/D 2014, 2015]
Initial value theorem
If z f (n)  F ( z ) , then lim F ( z )  f ( 0)
Z 

Final value theorem

If z [f (t)] =F (Z) then lim f (t )  lim ( z  1) F (Z )
t  z 1

43. Find the Z-Transform of 1/n [AU N/D 2013, N/D 2017]
Solution:

Z [ x( n)]   x( n) z  n
n0

1   1
Z     z n
 n  n1 n
 n
1 1 
  
n 1 n  z 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 14

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

2 3
1  1
1   z  z
          ...
z 2 3
 1
  log 1  
 z
 z  1
  log  
 z 
1
 z  1
 log 
 z 
 z 
 log  , z 1
 z  1
 z 
44. Find the inverse Z-Transform of  2 
[A.U. N/D 2013]
 (z  1) 
Solution:
 z 
Let F ( Z )   2 
 ( z  1) 
F (Z )  1 
 2 
z  ( z  1) 
 1  A B
 2 
  2
 ( z  1)  z  1 ( z  1)

1  A( z  1)  B

put z  1, then B  1

put z  0, then A  0

F (Z )  1 
 2 
z  ( z  1) 
 z 
F (Z )   2 
 ( z  1) 
 z   z 
Z 1  2 
  Z 1  2 
 ( z  1)   ( z  (1)) 
 az 
 n(1) n  Z 1  2 
 na n
 ( z  a ) 

 z 
45. Find the inverse Z-Transform of   [A.U. M/J 2013]
 ( z  1)( z  2) 
Solution:

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 15

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

 z  A B
Consider    
 ( z  1)( z  2)  z  1 z  2

z  A( z  2)  B ( z  1)
put z  2, then B  2
put z  1, then A  1

 z   1   2 
Z 1    Z 1    Z 1  
 ( z  1)( z  2)   ( z  1)   ( z  2) 

 (1) n 1  2(2) n1

 (1) n  2(2) n 1
1
46. Find the Z-Transform of [A.U. N/D 2013, 2015, A/M 2018]
n 1
Solution:

Z [ f (n)]   f (n) z  n
n 0

 1   1 n
Z  z
 n  1  n 0 n  1
 n
1 1 
  
n 0 n  1  z 
2
1  1 
z z
 1        ..........
2 3
2
 1  1  1  1  1  
 z   1        ..................
 z   2  z  3  z  
 1  1  1  1  1  2 
 z          ..................
 z  2  z  3  z  
  1 
 z  log1  
  z 
  z  1 
 z  log 
  z 
1
 z  1
 z log 
 z 
 z 
 z log  , z 1
 z  1

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 16

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

1
47. Find the Z-Transform of [A.U. N/D 2011, M/J 2016]
n!
Solution:

Z [ f (n)]   f (n) z  n
n 0

1 1
Z     z n
 n! n  0 n!
 n
1 1
  
n  0 n!  z 
2
1 1  1  1 
 1   ..........
1!  z  2!  z 
1
 ez


48. Find Z e t t 2  [A.U. N/D 2016]
Solution:

    
Z e t t 2  Z t 2 z  zeT

 T 2 z z  1
 3 
 z  1  z  zeT
T 2 ze T ze T  1

ze T  13
49. Form a difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant ‘a’ from
y n =a.2n . [AU N/D 2017]
Solution:
yn =a.2n .
yn1  a.2n+1.
 2a.2n
 2 yn
yn 1  2 yn  0

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 17

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

PART-B

PROBLEMS BASED ON CONVOLUTION THEOREM

 z2 
1. Using Convolution Theorem, Find the Z 1  
 ( z  4)( z  3) 
Solution: [AU N/D 2010, 2015]
2
 z  1  z z 
Z 1  Z  * 
 ( z  4)( z  3)   z  4 z  3
 z   z 
 Z 1    Z 1  
 z  4  z  3
 (4) n  (3) n
n
  (3) r .(4) n  r
r 0

n 
 (4) n  (3) r .(4) r 
 r 0 
r
 n 3 
 ( 4) n    
 r 0  4  
 3  3  2  3 3
n
n
 3 
 (4) 1         ...    
 4  4   4   4  
  3  n 1 
    1  formula : 
4
 (4) n      n 
 3  1  a  a 2  ....  a n 1  a  1
 4 1   a  1 
 
 3 n 1 4 n1 
 n 1 
 ( 4) n  4 
 1 
 4 

  3 n 1 4 n 1 
Result: 
 4 n 1 3 n 1 
 z3 
2. Using convolution theorem, find the value of Z 1  2 
 ( z  2) ( z  3) 
Solution: [AU N/D 2010]
 z3  1  z2 z 
Z 1  2   Z  2
. 
 ( z  2) ( z  3)   ( z  2) ( z  3) 
 z2   z 
 Z 1  2 
 Z 1  
 z  2   z  3
 n  12n  3n

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 18

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

n
  r  12r 3n  r
r 0
n r
2
 3  r  1 
n

r 0 3
2 3 n
n
  2  2 2  2 
 3 1  2   3   4   ........  ( n  1)  
  3  3 3  3  
2
Let S  1  2 x   3 x   4 x   ........  ( n  1) x  , where x 
2 3 n

3
S  1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  ........  nx n 1  ( n  1) x n
xS  x  2 x 2  3x 3  4 x 4  ........  nx n  (n  1) x n 1
 
(1  x) S  1  x  x 2  x 3  4 x 4  ........  x n  ( n  1) x n 1
n 1
1 x
  (n  1) x n1
1 x
1  x n 1 (n  1) x n 1
S 
1  x 2 1 x
  2  n 1  2
n 1
2 1
 S  91      3( n  1)  Since x  , 1 x 
  3   3 3 3
n 1
 2
 9  9  3n  3
 3
n 1
2
 9  12  3n
3
n 1
2
 9  3n  4 
3
n 1
 z3  
n  2  
 Z 1  2   3  9  3n  4   
 ( z  2) ( z  3)    3  
n 1
 2
 9.3 n  3 n 1 n  4  
 3
Result:  3  n  42
n2 n 1

 14 z 2 
3. Using convolution theorem finds the inverse Z- transform of  
 (7 z  1)(2 z  1) 
Solution:
 
 14 z 2
  z 2 
Z 1    Z 1
 
 (7 z  1)(2 z  1)   1  1 
  z  7  z  2  
 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 19

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

 
 z z 
 Z 1  . 
 1  1 
  z  7   z  2  
 
   
 z   z 
 Z 1    Z 1  
 1   1 
  z  7     z  2  
   
n n
1 1
    
7 2
n n
1 1
    
 2 7
n nr r
1 1
    
r0  2  7
n n r r
1 1 1
 
2
    
r 0  2   7 
n 2 3 n
1  2 2  2  2 
   1         ....    
 2   7  7   7   7  
  2 n 1 
n 1      Formula : 
1  7   
  n
 2   1 2  1  a  a 2  a 3  ....  a n 1  1  a 
 7   1  a 

n n 1
1 7  2 
   1    
 2  5   7  
n n n
71 7 22 1
        
5 2 5 77  2
n n
71 21
Result:      
5 2 57
 
 z 2 
4. Using Convolution Theorem Find the value of Z 1  
 1  1 
  z  4  z  2  
 
Solution: [AU A/M 2012, N/D 2017]
   
 z 2   z z 
Z 1    Z 1  . 
 1  1   1  1 
  z  4  z  2     z  2   z  4  
   

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 20

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

   
 z   z 
 Z 1    Z 1  
 1   1 
  z  2     z  4  
   
n n
1 1
    
 2 4
n n r r
1 1
    
r 0  2   4
n n r r
1 1 1
 
2
    
r 0  2   4 
n n r 2r
1 1 1
 
2
    
r 0  2   2 
n n  r  2r
1 1
 
2
  
r 0  2 
n 2 n
1  1 1 1 
   1      .....    
 2   2  2   2  
  1 n 1 
n 1      Formula : 
1   2   n 
 
 2   1 1  1  a  a 2  a 3  ....  a n1  1  a 
  1  a 
 2 
n 1 n 1
1  1 
   1    
 2    2  
n 1 n 1 n 1
1 1
   
 2 2
n 1 2n
1 1
Result:    
2 2

 z2 
5. Using Convolution theorem, Find Z 1  2 
[AU N/D 2007, M/J 2016]
 ( z  a) 
(OR)
Find Z 1
(1  az 1 2
)  [AU A/M 2015]
Solution:
 z2   z z 
Z 1  2 
 Z 1  . 
 ( z  a)  z  a z  a
 z   z 
 Z 1    Z 1  
z  a z  a
n n
 a   a 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 21

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

n
  a  .a 
r n r

r 0

 a n  a.a n 1  .....  a n
 a n  a n  .....  a n
 z2 
Result: Z 1  2 
 (n  1)a n
 ( z  a ) 

 z2 
6. Using convolution theorem find the inverse Z- transform of  
 ( z  1)( z  3) 
Solution: [AU N/D 2006, 2013]
2
 z  1  z z 
Z 1  Z  . 
 ( z  1)( z  3)   z  1 z  3
 z   z 
 Z 1    Z 1  
 z  1  z  3
 1n  3n
n
 z   z 
  (1) r (3) n r  z (1 )  z  1    z(3 )  z  3 
n n

r 0    
n n 1 n 2 1
 3  3  3  ...  3  1
 1  3  ...  3 n
3 n1  1

3 1
 z 2
 3n1  1
Result: Z 1  
 ( z  1)( z  3)  2

 8z 2 
7. Find Z 1   , Using Convolution Theorem. [AU A/M 2010, 2017, 2018]
 (2 z  1)(4 z  1) 
Solution:
 
 8z 2
  z 2 
Z 1  Z 
1

 (2 z  1)(4 z  1)   1  1 
  z  2  z  4  
 
 
 z z 
 Z 1  . 
 1  1 
  z  2   z  4  
 
   
 z   z 
 Z 1  .  Z 1  
 1   1 
  z  2     z  4  
   

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 22

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

n n
 1   1 
    
2  4 
n n r r
1  1 
    
r 0  2   4 
n n r r
1  1   1 
 
 2
    
r 0  2   4 
n n r
1  1 
r
 
2

r 0
2  
 4 
n r
 1  n  1
    
 2  r 0  2 
   1  n 1 
n 1    
1   2  
   
 2   1   1  
 
  2  
   1  n 1 
n 1    
1   2  
   
2  3 
 
  2  
n n
2  1     1    1 
   1     
3  2    2   2 
n n
2  1    1   1  
   1     
3  2    2  2  
n n n
21 1  1   1
       
32 3 2  2 
n n
2  1  1  1   1 
          
3  2  3  2   2  
n n
21 1  1 
     
32 3 4 
n n
1  8z 2  21 1  1
Result: Z       
 (2 z  1)(4 z  1)  3  2  3 4 
 z2 
8. Using Convolution Theorem, Find the z 1  
 ( z  a )( z  b) 
Solution: [AU A/M 2013, 2014 N/D 2016]
2
 z  1  z z 
z 1  z  * 
 ( z  a )( z  b)   z  a z  b
 z  1  z 
 z 1    z z  b
z  a  

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 23

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

 (a ) n  (b) n
n
  ( a ) r .(b ) n r
r0

 n  a r 
 (b ) n     
 r 0  b  
 a  a  2  a 3 a 
n

 (b) n 1         ...    
 b  b   b   b  
  a  n 1 
1      formula : 
 (b ) n b   n 1 
 a  a  ar  ar 2  ....  ar n  a (1  r ) 
 1 b   1  r 
 
 (b ) n 1  a n1 
bn  
b n 1
  
ba
b
(b)  a n 1
n 1
Result: 
ba

PROBLEMS BASED ON DIFFERENCE EQUATION

9. Solve y n 2  4 y n1  3 y n  2 n with y 0  0 and y1  1 using Z-transform

Solution: [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2005,2006]
Taking Z-transform, we get
 
Z  yn 2   4Z  yn 1   3Z  y n   Z 2 n
z
 
z 2 y  z 2 y 0  zy1  4 z y  zy 0  3 y 
z2
Given y0  0 , y1  1
2 z
z y  z  4z y  3y 
z2
z
y z 2  4 z  3  z
z2
z z
y 
( z  2)( z  1)( z  3) ( z  1)( z  3)
z A B C
Now,   
( z  2)( z  1)( z  3) ( z  2) ( z  1) ( z  3)

Put z  1 put z  3 put z  2

 1  6 B  3  10c 2  15 A
1 3 2
B C A
6 10 15

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 24

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z 2 1 1 1 3 1
  
( z  2)( z  1)( z  3) 15 z  2 6 z  1 10 z  3
z A B
 
( z  1)( z  3) z  1 z  3

z  A( z  3)  B ( z  1)

Put z  3 put z  1
 3  2 B 1  2A
3 1
B A
2 2
z 1 z 3 1
  
( z  1)( z  3) 2 z 1 2 z  3
2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
Y    
15 z  2 6 z  1 10 z  3 2 z  1 2 z  3
2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
Z Yn      
15 z  2 6 z  1 10 z  3 2 z  1 2 z  3
2  1  1 1  1  3 1  1  1 1  1  3 1  1 
y n  Z 1    Z  Z  1  10 Z  Z  3   2 Z  Z  1   2 Z  Z  3 
15 Z  2 6        
2 1 3 1 3
y n  2 n1  ( 1) n 1  ( 3) n1  (1) n1  ( 3) n 1
15 6 10 2 2
1 n 1 1  3 3 
 2    (1) n 1  ( 3) n 1   
15 6 2  2 10 
n
2  2 n 1 n 1  12 
  (1)  (3)  
15  6   10 
n
2 1 2
Result:    (1) n   (3) n
15  3  5

10. Solve the Equation y n 2  3 y n1  2 y n  2 n given that y 0  y1  0

Solution: [AU A/M 2008, 2009, 2011]
y (n  2)  3 y(n  1)  2 y(n)  2  
n
… (1)
Taking Z-Transform on both sides, we get,
 
Z  y(n  2)  3Z  y (n  1)  2Z  y(n)  Z 2 n
z
 
z 2 y  z 2 y (0)  zy (1)  3 z y  y (0)  2 y 
z2
…. (2) where y  Z  y (n)
Applying y (0) =0 and y (1) =0 in (2)
z

z 2 y  3z y  2 y 
z2
z
 
y z 2  3z  2 
z2
z
y 2
 
z  3 z  2 z  2 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 25

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z

z  2z  1z  2
z

z  1z  22
z
Z  y ( n)  
z  1z  22
y ( n)  1 
 Z 1  2 
…. (3)
z   z  1 z  2 
1 A B C
   …. (4)
z  1z  2 z  1 z  2 ( z  2) 2
2

1  A( z  2) 2  B( z  2)( z  1)  c( z  1)

Put z  1 put z  2 Equating Coefficient of z2

A 1 C 1 A B  0
B  1
 Substituting A=1; B= -1; C=1 in (3), we get
1 1 1 1
  
z  1z  2 z  1 z  2 ( z  2) 2
2

 z   z   z   z 
 Z 1  2 
 Z 1    Z 1    Z 1  2 
  z  1 z  2   z  1  z  2  ( z  2) 
1  2z 
y(n)  (1) n1  (2) n  Z 1  2 
, n 1
2  ( z  2) 
1
 1  2 n  n2 n
2
Result: y (n)  1  2  n 2 n 1 ;
n
n0

11. Using Z-transform solve U (n  2)  5U (n  1)  6U (n)  4 n given that

U (0)  0,U (1)  1 [AU A/M 2005 N/D 2009]
Solution:
U (n  2)  5U (n  1)  6U (n)  4 n
Taking Z-transform on both sides, we get
Z U (n  2)  5Z U (n  1)  6Z U (n)  Z 4 n  
z

z 2 U  z 2U (0)  ZU (1)  5Z U  U (0)  6U   z4
, Where U  Z [U (n)]
Applying U (0) =0 and U (1) =1
z
z 2 U  Z  5Z U  6U 
z4
z

U z 2  5Z  6  
z4
z
z
U ( z  2)( z  3)  z
z4

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 26

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z 2  3z
U
( z  2)( z  3)( z  4)
U z 3
 …. (3)
z ( z  2)( z  3)( z  4)
z 3 A B C
Now   
( z  2)( z  3)( z  4) ( z  2) ( z  3)  z  4
z  3  A( z  3)( z  4)  B ( z  2)( z  4)  C ( z  2)( z  3)
Put z  4 Put z  2
Put z  3
1  2C  1  A( 1)( 2)
B0
1 1
C A
2 2

z 3 1 1 1 1
  …. (4)
( z  2)( z  3)( z  4) 2 ( z  2) 2  z  4 
1 z 1 z
U 
2 ( z  2) 2  z  4
1 z 1 z
Z U ( n)   
2 z2 2 z4
 1 1  z  1 1  z 
U ( n)  Z    Z  z  4
2  z  2 2  
1 n 1
Result:  ( 2)  ( 4) n , n  1
2 2

12. Solve by using Z –transform y n 2  4 y n 1  3 y n  3n , given that y 0  0 ; y1  1 .

Solution: [AU A/M 2009, 2010 N/D 2015]

Taking Z-transform on both sides, we get

 
Z  y (n  2)  4Z  y (n  1)  3Z  y (n)  Z 3n
z
 
z 2 y  z 2 y (0)  zy (1)  4 z y  y (0)  3 y 
z 3
…. (1) Where y  Z  y (n)

Given y 0  0 ; y1  1 .… (2)
Applying (2) in (1), we get
z
 
y z 2  4z  3 
z 3
z
z  z ( z  3)

z 3
2
z  2z

z 3
z ( z  2)
y
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3)
y ( z  2) A B C
   
z ( z  1)( z  3)( z  3) z  1 z  3 z  3

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 27

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z  2  A( z  3)( z  3)  B ( z  1)( z  3)  C ( z  1)( z  3)

Put z =-1 Put z = -3 Put z = 3

-3= -8A -5=12B 1=24C
3 5 1
A= B C
8 12 24
3 5 1
y
 8  12  24
z z 1 z  3 z  3
3  z  5 1  z  1 1  z 
y (n)  Z 1    Z   z  3   24 Z   z  3 
8   z  1  12    
3 5 1
Result:  (1) n  (3) n  (3) n
8 12 24

13. Solve the difference equation y( k  2)  4 y (k  1)  4 y ( k )  0 where

y  0  =1, y 1   0 .
(or) Solve yn  2  4 yn 1  4 yn  0 , y  0  =1, y 1   0 , using Z-transform
[AU N/D 2005, 2009, A/M 2009, 2018]
Solution:
Given: y( k  2)  4 y( k  1)  4 y( k )  0
Taking Z transform on both sides, we get
Z  y(k  2)  4Z  y(k  1)  4Z  y(k )  0
 
z 2 y  z 2 y(0)  zy(1)  4 z y  y(0)  4 y  0 , Where y  Z  y(k )
Given y (0) =1, y (1) =0
   
z 2 y  1  4z y  1  4 y  0
 
y z 2  4z  4  z 2  4 z  0
z 2  4z
y
( z 2  4 z  4)
y z4

z ( z  2) 2
z4 A B
2
  …. (3)
( z  2) ( z  2) ( z  2) 2
z  4  A( z  2)  B
Put z  2 Put z  0
B  2  2 A  B  4
A1
Sub. A=1 and B=-2 in (1), we get
y 1 2
 
z z  2 ( z  2) 2
z 2z
y 
z  2 ( z  2) 2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 28

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z 2z
Z  y ( n)   
z  2 ( z  2) 2
 z   2z 
y (n)  Z 1    Z 1  2 
 z  2  ( z  2) 
 1  az  
 2 n  n2 n  z  2 
 na n 
  ( z  a)  
Result: = 2 n (1  n)

14. Solve the difference equation y(n )  3 y (n  1)  4 y (n  2)  0 , n  2 , given

that y(0)=3,y(1)=-2. [AU A/M 2006]
Solution:
Given that
y( n )  3 y ( n  1)  4 y ( n  2)  0
Changing n into n+2, the given equation becomes,
y( n  2)  3 y ( n  1)  4 y( n )  0 …. (1) , where y  Z  y (n)
Z ( y n  2 )  3Z ( y n 1 )  4 Z ( y n )  0
 
[ z 2 y  z 2 y (0)  zy(1)]  3 z y  zy(0)  4 y  0
Applying y (0) =3 and y (1) =-2 in (2), we get
 
z 2  3z  4 y  3z 2  7 z
3z 2  7 z
y
( z  4)( z  1)
y 3z  7

z ( z  4)( z  1)
3z  7 A B
Now  
( z  4)( z  1) z  4 z  1
3Z  7  A( z  1)  B ( z  4)
Put z = 1 Put z = -4
5B = 10 - 5A = -5
B=2 A =1

3z  7 1 2
  …. (3)
( z  4)( z  1) z  4 z  1
y 1 2
 
z z  4 z 1
z 2z
y 
z  4 z 1
z 2z
Z  y (n)  
z  4 z 1
 y(n)  Z 1  z   Z 1  2 z 
 z  4  z  1
 z   z 
 Z 1    2 Z 1  
 z  4  z  1

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 29

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

Result: y(n)  (4) n  2(1) n ,n  0

15. Solve using Z-transform, yn  2  3 yn1  10 yn  0 given y0  1 and y1  0

[Dec.2009,2008, Apr.2004, Nov 2002, May/June (2013,2014)]
Solution:
Given that
yn  2  3 yn 1  10 yn  0
Taking Z-transform, we get
Z  y (n  2)  3Z  y (n  1)  10Z  y(n)  0
 
z 2 y  z 2 y (0)  zy (1)  3 z y  zy (0)  10 y  0 …. (1) Where y  Z [ y ( n)]
Given y (0)  1 , y (1)  0 ….(2)
Substituting (2) in(1), we get
   
z 2 y  1  3 z y  1  10 y  0
 
y z 2  3 z  10  z 2  3 z  0
 
y z  3 z  10  z 2  3 z
2

z ( z  3)
y 2
z  3 z  10
z ( z  3)

( z  5)( z  2)
y ( z  3)
 ….(3)
z ( z  5)( z  2)
( z  3) A B
 
( z  5)( z  2) z  5 z  2
( z  3)  A( z  2)  B ( z  5)
Put z  2 Put z  5
 5  7 B 2  7A
5 2
B A
7 7
2 5
( z  3)
 7  7
( z  5)( z  2) z  5 z  2
2 5
y
 7  7 [Using (3)]
z z 5 z  2
2 z 5 z
y 
7 z 5 7 z  2
2 z 5 z
Z [ y (n )]  
7 z 5 7 z 2
2  z  5 1  z 
Result: y( n)  Z 1    Z  z  2
7  z  5 7  
2 5
 (5) n  (2) n , n  0
7 7

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 30

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

16. Solve the difference equation y(k  2)  y (k )  1 , y(0)  y(1)  0 , using

Z-transform [AU A/M 2012]
Solution:
Given y( k  2)  y ( k )  1 , y( 0)  y(1)  0
i.e., y ( n  2)  y ( n)  1
Taking Z-transform on both sides , we get
Z  y(n  2)  Z  y (n)  Z 1
z
 
z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  zy (1)  y ( z ) 
z 1
z
2
z y( z)  y( z)   y (0)  y (1)  0
z 1
z 2  1y( z )  z z 1
z
y( z ) 
z  1z 2  1
z
y( z ) z n 1  z n1
z  1z 2  1
zn
y ( z ) z n 1 
z  1z  i z  i 
z = 1 is a simple pole
z = i is a simple pole
z = -i is a simple pole
zn
Res y ( z ) z
n 1
 lim  z  1
z 1 z 1  z  1z  i z  i 
zn
 lim
z 1  z  i  z  i 
1 1
 
(1  i )(1  i ) 2

zn
Res y( z ) z  lim z  i 
n 1

z i z i z  1z  i z  i 
zn
 lim
z i  z  1z  i 

(i ) n

i  1i  i 
(i ) n

2ii  1
zn
Res y( z) z  lim z  i 
n 1

z i z  i z  1z  i z  i 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 31

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

zn
 lim
z  i z  1z  i 
(i ) n

 i  1 i  i 
(i) n

2i1  i 
Result:  y (n) = sum of the residues
1 (i ) n (i ) n
  
2 2i i  1 2i 1  i 
1 in  1 ( 1) n 
    
2 2i  i  1 1  i 
1 i n  1  i   i  1(1) n 
   
2 2i  2 
1 in
 
 i  1  (1) n i  1
2 4i

1 i n1
 
2 4

i  1  (1) n i  1 . 
17. Solve the difference equation y n 2  y n  2 , y0  y1  0 , using
Z-transform. [AU M/J 2016]
Solution:
Given y( n  2)  y ( n)  2
Taking Z-transform on both sides , we get
Z  y (n  2)  Z  y (n)  Z 2
2z
 
z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  zy (1)  y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
z 2 y( z )  y( z)   y (0)  y (1)  0
z 1
z 2  1y ( z)  z2z1
2z
y( z ) 
z  1z 2  1
y( z) 2 A Bz  C
   2
z z  1z  1 z  1 z  1
2

 
2  A z 2  1  Bz  C  z  1

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 32

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

put z  0 , we get
equating the coefficients of z 2 on both
put z  1, we get 2  AC
sides, we get
2  2A C  A2
0  A B
A1 C  1 2
B  1
C  1
y( z) 1  z 1
 (1)    2
z z 1 z 1
z z2 z
y( z)   2  2
z 1 z 1 z 1
z z2 z
Z  y ( n )   2  2
z 1 z 1 z 1
2
 z  1  z  1  z 
y (n)  Z 1    Z  2 Z  2 
 z  1  z  1  z  1
n n
Result: y ( n)  (1) n  cos  sin
2 2

n
18. Solve y n  2  y n  n 2 , using Z-transform [AU A/M 2012]
Solution:
Given yn 2  yn  n.2 n
Z  y n  2   Z  y n   Z n.2 n  
2z  az 
z 2
  Z [na ] 
y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  zy (1)  y ( z )  n

z  2 
2
z  a 2 
z 2  1y ( z )  z 2 A  zB  2 z 2
z  2
When A  y (0) , B  y (1)

z 2  1y( z )  2 z 2  z 2 A  zB
z  2
2z Az 2 Bz
y( z )    2
2
  
z  2 z  1 z  1 z  1
2 2
  
n n 1 n
2z Az  Bz
y( z ) z n 1  
z  2 z  1
2 2

z2 1   
 I1  I 2
Step 1:
2z n
I1 
z  22 z 2  1  
n
2z
 2
z  2 z  i z  i 
z  2 is a pole of order 2
z  i is a simple pole
z  i is a simple pole

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 33

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

d 2z n
Re s I 1  lim ( z  2) 2
z2 z 2 dz  z  2 2 z 2  1  
n
d 2z
 lim
z 2 dz z 2  1

 lim
  
z 2  1 2n z n1  2 z n 2 z 
z 2 z  1
2 2

(5) 2n 2n1  2 2n (4)


25
5n2  2 n 1 2 2
n

25


2 n 5n  2 3 
25
z  i is a pole of order 1
2z n
Re
z i
s I1  lim
z i
( z  i)
( z  2) 2 ( z  i)( z  i )
2z n
 lim
z i ( z  2) 2 ( z  i )
2i n

(i  2) 2 ( 2i )
i n 1

( i  2) 2
z  i is a simple pole
2z n
Re s I1  lim ( z  i)
z  i z  i ( z  2) 2 ( z  i )( z  i)
2z n
 lim
z  i ( z  2) 2 ( z  i )
2 i 
n

 i n1

(i  2) 2 ( 2i ) ( i  2) 2
Step 2:
Az n1  Bz n
I2 
z2 1
z  i is a simple pole
z  i is a simple pole
Az n 1  Bz n
Re z i
s I 2  lim ( z  i )
zi ( z  i )( z  i )
n 1
Az  Bz n
 lim zi ( z  i)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 34

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

Ai n 1  Bi n

2i
i n  Ai  B 

2i
1 n 1
 i  Ai  B 
2
Az n 1  Bz n
Re
z  i
s I 2  lim
zi
( z  i)
( z  i )( z  i )
Az n 1  Bz n
 lim
z  i ( z  i)
n 1
A  i   B  i 
n

 2i
1 B
A  i  

n
 i n  1
2 2
Result: y (n) = Sum of the residues



2 n 5n  2 3

i n 1 
 i  n 1

2
25 (i  2 ) (i  2 ) 2
1 n 1 1 B
 i  ( Ai  B )  A  i    i  ,
n n 1

2 2 2
where A  y ( 0 ) & B  y (1)

19. Solve the difference using Z-transform yn  3   3 yn 1  2 yn   0 given
that y 0  4 , y1  0, y 2  8 [AU N/D 2012]
Solution:
Given y( n  3)  3 y ( n  1)  2 y ( n)  0
Z  y(n  3)  3Z  y (n  1)  2Z  y (n)  0
z Y ( z )  z
3 3

y (0)  z 2 y (1)  zy ( 2)  3zy ( z )  zy (0)  2 y ( z )  0
z Y ( z )  4 z
3 3

 8 z  3zy ( z )  4 z   2 y( z )  0
z 3

 3z  2 y( z )  4 z 3  4 z  0
z  12 z  2 y ( z )  4 z 3  4 z
4z 3  4z
y( z ) 
z  12 z  2


4z z 2 1 
z  12 z  2
4 zz  1z  1

z  12 z  2
4 zz  1

z  1z  2
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 35
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

4 z n z  1
y( z ) z n1 
z  1z  2
n 1
y( z ) z has poles at z = 1 and z = -2
z = 1 is a simple pole
z = -2 is a simple pole
4 z n z  1
Res y ( z ) z n 1
 lim  z  1 
z 1 z 1 z  1z  2
4 z z  1
n
 lim
z 1  z  2
8

3
4 z n z  1
Res y ( z ) z n 1
 lim  z  2 
z  2 z 2 z  1z  2
4 z z  1
n
 lim
z 2 z  1
4(1)(2) n

3
4
 ( 2) n
3
Result: y (n) = sum of the residues
8 4
  ( 2) n
3 3

20. Solve y( n  2)  6 y( n1)  9 y( n )  2 n given that y0  y1  0 [AU N/D 2012, 2016]

Solution:
Given y( n  2)  6 y( n 1)  9 y( n )  2n
 
Z  y( n 2)   6 Z  y ( n 1)   9 Z  y ( n )   Z 2 n
z
z 2

y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  zy (1)  6zy ( z )  zy (0)   9 y( z ) 
z2
z
z 2 y ( z )  6 zy ( z )  9 y ( z ) 
z 2
z
 
z 2  6 z  9 y( z) 
z 2
 z  3 y ( z )  z
2

z2
z
y( z) 
z  2z  32
zn
y( z ) z n 1 
z  2z  32
y( z ) z n1 has poles at z=2 and z=-3
z=2 is a simple pole
z=-3 is a pole of order 2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 36

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

1 d   z  3 z n 
2

Re s y( z ) z n1  lim
z  3 z  3
 
1! dz   z  2  z  32 
d  zn 
 lim  
z 3 dz   z  2 
d  zn 
 lim  
z  3 dz   z  2  
 ( z  2)nz n1  z n 
zlim
 3 

z  22 
(5)n(3) n 1  (3) n

(5) 2



(3) n (5)n(3) 1  1 
(5) 2
5 
(3) n  n  1
 3 

25
(3) n 5n  3

75
 zn 
Re s y( z ) z n 1  lim  z  2  2 
z2 z 2   z  2  z  3 
 zn 
 lim  2 
z  2   z  3 

2n
 2
5
2n

25
Result: y (n) = sum of the residue
(3) n 5n  3 2 n
 
75 25
1  n 5 
  2  ( 3) n  n( 3) n 
25  3 

21. Solve using Z-transform, u n  2  3u n 1  2u n  4 n given u 0  0 and u1  1

Solution: [AU A/M 2014]
Given that
u n 2  3u n1  2u n  4 n
Taking Z-transform, we get
Z u (n  2)  3Z u(n  1)  2Z u (n)  Z (4 n )
z
 
z 2 u  z 2 u ( 0)  zu (1)  3 z u  zu (0)  2u 
z4
…. (1) Where u  Z [u ( n)]
Given u (0)  0 , u (1)  1 ….(2)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 37

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

Substituting (2) in(1), we get

z
  
z 2 u  z  3z u  2 u 
z4
z
 
u z 2  3z  2  z 
z4
z

u z 2  3z  2  z4
z

1  z 
u   z
z  1z  2  z  4 
z z
       ( A)
( z  1)( z  2)( z  4) ( z  1)( z  2)
u 1 1
  ….(3)
z ( z  1)( z  2)( z  4) ( z  1)( z  2)
1 A B C
Let   
( z  1)( z  2)( z  4) z  1 z  2 z  4

1  A( z  2)( z  4)  B ( z  1)( z  4)  C ( z  1)( z  2)

Put z  2 Put z  1 Put z  4

1  2 B 1  3A 1  6C
1 1 1
B A C
2 3 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 .  .  . ..................... (4)
( z  1)( z  2)( z  4) 3 z  1 2 z  2 6 z  4
1 A B
Let  
( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2
1  A( z  2)  B ( z  1)
Put z  2 Put z  1
1 B 1  A

1 1 1
 1 . . ..................... (5)
( z  1)( z  2) z 1 z  2
Sub. (4) & (5) in ( A)
1 z 1 z 1 z   z z 
u .  .  .  
 3 z  1 2 z  2 6 z  4   z  2 z  1

1 z 1 z 1 z   z z 
Z [u ( n)]   .  .  .    
 3 z  1 2 z  2 6 z  4   z  2 z  1
1 z 1 z 1 z   z z 
Result: u (n )  Z 1  .  .  .   Z 1   
3 z 1 2 z  2 6 z  4  z  2 z  1

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 38

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

1 1  z  1 1  z  1 1  z   z   z 
 Z    Z    Z    Z 1    Z 1  
3  z  1 2 z 2  6 z  4   z  2  z  1
1 1 1
 (1) n  ( 2) n  ( 4) n  ( 2) n  (1) n , n  0
3 2 6

22. Solve the Equation y n  2  3 y n1  2 y n  0 given that y 0  0, y1  1

Solution: [AU N /D 2014, A/M 2015]
y ( n  2)  3 y ( n  1)  2 y ( n)  0 … (1)
Taking Z-Transform on both sides, we get,
Z  y (n  2)  3Z  y (n  1)  2 Z  y(n)  0
 
z 2 y  z 2 y (0)  zy (1)  3 z y  y ( 0)  2 y …. (2) where y  Z  y (n)
Applying y (0) =0 and y (1) =1 in (2)

z 2 y  3z y  2 y  z
z
y
( z  1) z  2
y 1
 …………….(1)
z ( z  1) z  2
1 A B
 
( z  1) z  2 z  1 z  2
1  A( z  2)  B ( z  1)
Put z  1 Put z  2
A  1 B 1

y 1 1
 
z z 1 z  2
z z
y 
z 1 z  2
z z
Z  y ( n )  
z 1 z  2
 z   z 
y (n)  Z 1    Z 1 
 z  1  z  2 
Result: y( n)  ( 2) n  1 , n  1

23. Using Z – transforms, Solve the equation y n 2  7 y n 1  12 y n  2 n given that

y 0  0, y1  0 [AU M/J 2017, N/D 2017]
Solution:
y( n  2)  7 y ( n  1)  12 y ( n)  2 n … (1)
Taking Z-Transform on both sides, we get,
 
Z  y ( n  2)  7 Z  y( n  1)   12 Z  y ( n)   Z 2 n
z
 
z 2 y  z 2 y ( 0)  zy (1)  7 z y  y (0)  2 y 
z2
…. (2) where y  Z  y (n)
Applying y (0) =0 and y (1) =1 in (2)
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 39
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z

z 2 y  7 z y  12 y 
z2
z
y
( z  2) z  3 z  4 
y 1
 …………….(3)
z ( z  2) z  3 z  4
1 A B C
  
( z  2) z  3 z  4  z  2 z  3 z  4
1  A( z  3)( z  4)  B ( z  2)( z  4)  C ( z  2)( z  3)
1 1
Put z  2  A  , Put z  3  B  1, Put z  1  C 
2 2
1 1
y 1
 2   2
z z 2 z 3 z 4
1 z z 1 z
y  
2 z 2 z 3 2 z 4
1 z z 1 z
Z  y ( n )   
2 z 2 z3 2 z4
1 1  z  1  z  1 1  z 
y(n )  Z  Z   Z  
2  z 2  z 3 2  z  4
1 n 1 n
y ( n)  2   3  4 
n

2 2
1 n 1 n
y ( n)  2   3  4 
n
Result:
2 2

PROBLEMS BASED ON FORMATION METHOD

24. Form the difference equation from y n  A2 n  Bn
Solution:
y n  A2 n  Bn
y n1  A2 n1  Bn  1 …. (1)
 2 A2  Bn  1
n
.… (2)
y n 2  A2 n 2
 Bn  2
y n 2  4 A2  Bn  2 
n
.… (3)
Eliminating A and B, we get
yn 1 n
y n1 2 n  1  0
yn2 4 n  2
y n 2( n  2)  4( n  1)   1( n  2) y n 1  ( n  1) y n  2   n4 y n 1  2 y n  2   0
y n  2n   (3n  2) y n 1  (1  n) y n  2  0
Result: (1  n) y n 2  (3n  2) y n1  2ny n  0

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 40

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

25. Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants from

y n  a 2 n  b 2
n

Solution:
y n  a 2 n  b 2
n
…. (1)
yn1  a 2 n 1  b 2
n 1

y n  2a 2 n  2b 2
n
…. (2)
y n 2  a 2 n 2  b 2
n 2

y n 2  4a 2 n  4b 2
n
…. (3)
Eliminating ‘a’ and ‘b’ from (1), (2) and (3), we get
yn 1 1
y n1 2  2  0
yn2 4 4
y n 8  8   4 y n 1  2 y n  2   14 y n 1  2 y n  2   0
16 y n  4 y n 2  0
Result: y n 2  4 y  0
n

26. Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants from

y n   A  Bn2 n [AU N/D 2013]
Solution:
y n   A  Bn2 n
…. (1)
 A2 n  Bn 2 n
y n1  A2 n 1  B(n  1)2
n 1

n
 2 A2 n  2 B(n  1)2 …. (2)
 B(n  2)2
n2 n 2
y n  2  A2
n
 4 A2  4B (n  2)2
n
…. (3)
n
Eliminating ‘A’ and ‘B2 ’ from (1), (2) and (3), we get
yn 1 n
y n 1 2 2(n  1)  0
y n 2 4 4(n  2)
y n 8( n  2)  8( n  1)   14( n  2) y n 1  2( n  1) y n  2   n4 y n 1  2 y n  2   0
8 y n  (4n  8)4 y n 1  (2n  2) y n  2  4ny n1  2ny n  2  0
2 y n  2  8 y n 1  8 y  0
n

Result: y n  2  4 y n 1  4 y  0
n

1
27. Find the Z- transform of [AU N/D 2013]
( n  1)( n  2)
Solution:
1 A B
Consider ( n  1)( n  2)  n  1  n  2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 41

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

1  A( n  2)  B ( n  1)
Let n= -2 then B= -1
n= -1 then A=1
 1   1   1 
z   z   z 
 (n  1)( n  2)   ( n  1)   ( n  2) 

wkt Z x (n )   x ( n)z n
n0

1 n  1  n
 z  z
n 0 n  1 n0 n  2

z 1 z 2 1 z 1 z 2
1   .............     ........
2 3 2 3 4
2 2
11 11 1 11 11
1      ........         ......
2 z 3 z 2 3 z  4 z 
2 2
 1  1  1  1  1    1  1 1  1  1  1  
 z  1        .....  z 2  2          ....
 z  2  z  3  z    z   2 3  z  4  z  
2 3
 1 1 
     
1  z  z   1  1  2 1  1 3 1  1  4 
 z    ..   z 2           ...
z 2 3  2  z  3 z  4 z 
 
 
 
 z  2 z
Result:  z log    z log z
 z 1  z 1

PROBLEMS BASED ON RESIDUE METHOD

 z ( z  1) 
28. Find z 1  3 
[AU N/D 2007, A/M 2000, 2005]
 ( z  1) 
Solution:
Z ( Z  1)
F (Z )  , Z 1 F ( z )   f (n)
(Z  1) 3
z n ( z  1)
 z n1 F ( z ) 
( z  1) 3
z =1 is a pole of order 3
1 d2  n
3 z ( z  1) 

Re s z n1 F (Z ) Z 1  lim
2! dz 2
 ( z  1) . 
z 1  ( z  1) 3 
1 d2 n
 lim 2

z ( z  1) 
z 1 2 dz
1 d n
 lim
2 dz

z  ( z  1)nz n1 
z 1
1
 
 lim nz n1  n ( z  1)(n  1) z n 2  z n1 
z 1 2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 42

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

1

2

n 1

n1  n 2( n  1)1  1
n 2 n 1

1

n 1 n 2
 n1  2n ( n  1)1  n1
2
n 1

1
 n 1
 2n1  2n( n  1)1
2
n 2

n1 n 2
 n1  n(n  1)1
 n  n(n  1)
 n  n2  n
 n2
f (n)  Sum of the residues
Result:
 n2

 z 
29. Find Z 1  2 
 ( z  1)( z  1) 
Solution: [AU A/M 2007, 2008 N/D 2000]
Given that
z
 F (z) , Z 1 F ( z )  f (n)
( z  1)( z 2  1)
zn
z n1 F (Z ) 
( z  1)( z 2  1)
The poles are z=1, z=+i, z=-i (simple pole)
zn
 
Re s z n1 F ( Z ) Z 1  lim ( z  1)
( z  1)( z 2  1)
z 1

(1) n

2
zn

Re s z n1 F ( Z )  Z i  lim ( z  i)
( z  1)( z  i )( z  i )
z i

(i )n

(i  1)(2i )
zn

Re s z n1 F (Z )  Z  i  lim ( z  i )
( z  1)( z  i )( z  i )
z i

(i) n

(i  1)(2i)
f(n) =sum of the residue of zn-1 F(z)
(1) n (i ) n ( i ) n
  
2 (i  1)(2i ) (i  1)(2i)
1 n (i ) n ( i ) n 
  ( 1)   
2 (1  i)(i ) (1  i )(i ) 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 43

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

1  2i (1) n  (i ) n (1  i )  (i) n (1  i ) 
  
2 i (1  i )(1  i) 
  n n   n n  
 2i  (1  i) cos  i sin   (1  i) cos  i sin 
1  2 2   2 2  
 
2 2i 
 
 
1 n n n n n n n n 
 2i  cos  i sin  i cos  sin  cos  i sin  i cos  sin
4i  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
1 n n 
 2i  2i cos  2i sin
4i  2 2 
Result:
1 n n 
f(n)  1  cos  sin
2 2 2 

1  z2 
30. Find Z  2  [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2003,2004]
 z  4
Solution:
 z2  Z 1 F ( z )  f (n)
F (Z )   2  ,
 z  4
z n 1 z n 1
 Z n1 F ( Z )  
z 2  4 z  2i  z  2i 
The poles are z=2i, z=-2i
z n1

Re s z n1 F ( Z ) 
Z 2 i  lim ( z  2i )
( z  2i )( z  2i)
z 2 i

( 2i ) n 1

4i
( 2i) n
=
2
 (2) n 1 (i) n
z n 1

Re s z n 1 F (Z ) Z  2 i  lim ( z  2i )
( z  2i)( z  2i)
z  2 i

(2i ) n 1

(4i )
(2i )(2i) n

( 4i )
1
 ( 2) n (i) n
2
 (2) n1 (i) n
Result:
 f (n)  {Sum of the residue of zn-1 F (z) at its Poles}

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 44

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

 (2) n1 (i) n  (2) n1 (i) n

 n n n n   n n 
 2 n 1 cos  (i )  cos 2  i sin 2 
n
 i sin  cos  i sin
 2 2 2 2   
n
 2 n. cos
2
 z 
31. Using residue method, find Z 1  2 
 ( z  2 z  2) 
Solution: [AU A/M 2007, ’08, ’15 ‘16]

z
Let 2
 F (z) , Z 1 F ( z )  f ( n)
( z  2 z  2)
z
z n 1 F (Z )  2 z n1
( z  2 z  2)
The poles are z=1+i, z=1--i (simple poles)
zn
 
Re s z n 1 F ( Z ) Z 1i  lim[ z  (1  i )]
[ z  (1  i)][( z  (1  i )]
z 1i

(1  i ) n

2i
zn

Re s z n1 F ( Z ) Z 1i  lim[ z  (1  i)]
[ z  (1  i )][(z  (1  i )]
z 1i

(1  i) n

 2i

Result:
f(n) = Sum of the residue of zn-1 F(z)

 (1  i ) n (1  i ) n 
  
 2i 2i 
32. Using the inversion integral method (Residue Theorem), find the inverse Z-
z2
transform of U ( z ) 
z  2z 2  4 [AU N/D 2015]
Solution:
 z2 
, Z U ( z )   u (n)
1
U (Z )   
  z  2  z 
2
 4 
n 1
z z n 1
 Z n1U ( Z )  
z  2z 2  4 z  2z  2i z  2i 
The poles are z=-2, z=2i, z=-2i
z n 1
Re sz n1U ( z )Z 2  lim ( z  2)
z 2 z  2( z  2i)( z  2i)
n 1
(2)

 2  2i  2  2i 
Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 45
MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

( 2) n 1
=
( 4  4)
( 2) n1

8
z n1

Re s z n1U ( z ) 
Z  2i  lim ( z  2i)
z  2( z  2i)( z  2i)
z 2 i

(2i ) n1

2  2i 4i
( 2i) n 1
=
8i (1  i )
(2i ) n

4(1  i )
z n 1

Re s z n1U ( z )  Z  2 i  lim ( z  2i )
z  2( z  2i)( z  2i)
z 2 i

(2i) n1

 2i  2(4i)
(2i ) n 1
=
(8i )(1  i)
(2i ) n

4(1  i )
Result:
 u (n)  {Sum of the residue of zn-1 F (z) at its Poles}
(2) n 1 (2i ) n 1 (2i) n1
  
8 4(1  i ) 4(1  i)
 9z 3 
33. Evaluate Z 1   , using calculus of residues. [AU N/D 2016]
 3 z  1  z  2  
2

Solution:
 9z3 
Let F ( Z )   2  , Z 1 F ( z )   f (n)
 3z  1  z  2  
 9z n2 
 z n1 F ( z)   2 
 3z  1  z  2 
The poles of z n1F ( z ) are 3 z  12  z  2   0
z  2 is a simple pole
1
z  is a pole of order 2
3
 9z n2 
 
Re s z n1 F ( Z ) Z 2  lim  z  2 
 3z  1  z  2 
2
z 2

9.2 n  2

25

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 46

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

2
1 d  1 9 z n2 

Re s z n1 F (Z )  Z
1
3
 lim  z  
1! dz 

3  3z  1  z  2 
2
1
z
3

d  z n 2 
 lim  
z
1 dz  z  2 
3

  z  2n  2z n1  z n 2 

 lim  
z 
1 z  22 
3
n 1 n 2
  5  1 1 
 n  2     
  3   3 3 

 25 
 9 
 
 5   1   1 
  n  2     
n
1 3  3  9 
     
3  25 
 9 
 
n
1  1 
    5n  11
 3   25 
n
9.2 n  2  1   1 
f ( n)      5n  11
25  3   25 

34. State and Prove the Final Value Theorem.

(OR)
lim lim
If Z  f (n)  F ( z) then f (n )  ( z  1) F (Z )
n z 1 [AU A/M 2007]
Proof:

Z  f (n  1)   f (n  1)z  n
n 0
Put n 1  m

Z  f ( m)     f ( m )z  m 1
m 1

 zF ( z)  f (0)
Let zF (Z )  zf (0)  F ( z )  z f (n  1)  zf (n)

( z  1) F ( z )  zf (0)    f ( n  1)  f ( n)z  n
n 0
Taking lim its as z  1
lim 
( z  1) F ( z )  f (0)    f (n  1)  f (n)
z 1 n 0

lim  f (1)  f (0)   f ( 2)  f (1)   

 
n    f (3)  f (2)  ...   f (n  1)  f (n)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 47

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

lim
  f (n  1)  f (0)
n
lim
 f (n)  f (0)
n
lim lim
( z  1) F ( z )  f ( n)
z 1 n
lim lim
( z  1) F ( z )  f ( n)
z 1 n

35. State and Prove the Second Shifting Theorem. [AU A/M 2013]
(OR)
If Z  f (t )  F ( z) then prove that Z  f (t  T )   zF ( z )  zf (0)
Proof:

z  f (t  T )    f ( nT  T ) z  n
n0

  f (n  1)Tz.z 1 z  n
n 0

 z  f (n  1)Tz ( n 1)
n0
Put n+1=m n=0→m=1
n=∞→m=∞

Z  f (n  1)  z  f (mT ) z  m
m 1

 
 z  f (mT ) z m  f (0)
m  0 
 zF ( z )  zf ( 0).

36. Find Z[cosn ] and Z [sin n ] .

Solution: [AU N/D 2002, M/J 2005, ‘08, ‘13, ‘16]
z
We know that, Za  
n

za
put a ei
   z ze
 Z e i
n
i

z
 
Z ein 
z  (cos  i sin  )
z
Z cos n  i sin n  
( z  cos  )  i sin 
z ( z  cos  )  i sin 
 
( z  cos  )  i sin  ( z  cos  )  i sin 
z ( z  cos  )  iz sin 

( z  cos  ) 2  sin 2 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 48

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z ( z  cos )  iz sin 

z  cos 2   2 z cos   sin 2 
2

z ( z  cos  )  iz sin 

z 2  2 z cos   1
z ( z  cos  ) iz sin 
Z cos n   iZ [ sin n ]  2  2
z  2 z cos   1 z  2 z cos  1

Equating real and Imaginary parts, we get

z ( z  cos  ) z sin 
Z cos n  2
Z sin n   2
z  2 z cos   1 z  2 z cos   1
 
Put   Put  
2 2
Result:
  z2   z
Z cos n   2 Z sin n   2
 2  z 1  2  z 1

2  n   n  
37. Find the Z-transform of sin   and cos  . [AU N/D 2012]
 4   2 4
Solution:
  n  
To find: Z sin 2  
  4 
1  cos 2
We know that sin 2   We know that
2
n
1  cos
 n  2 z ( z  cos  )
sin 2   Z [cos n ]  2
 4  2 z  2 z cos   1
1 1 n 
  cos Put   we get
2 2 2 2
  n   1 1  n   n  z2
Z sin 2    Z (1)  Z cos Z  cos 
  4  2 2  2  2  z 2  1
1  z  1  z2 
    
2  z  1 2  z 2  1
1 z z2 
   2 
2  z  1 z  1

  n   
To find: Z cos  
  2 4
We know that , cos( A  B )  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
 n   n  n 
cos    cos cos  sin sin
 2 4 2 4 2 4

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 49

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

n 1 n 1
 cos  sin
2 2 2 2
1  n n 
  cos  sin
2 2 2 
  n    1  n n 
Z cos    Z cos  sin
  2 4 2  2 2 
1  n  1  n 
 Z cos  Z sin
2  2  2  2 
1 z2 1 z
 2
 2
2 z 1 2 z 1
z  z 1 
  2
 2 
2  z  1 z  1
z  z 1 

2  z  1
2

Result:
z  z  1


2 z2 1 
38. Find the Z-transforms of r n cos n and e  at cos bt
Solution: [AU A/M 2014]
z
(i) We know that Z a   
n

za
Put a  r e i

 
Z r e i  
n z
z  r e i
z
 
Z r n e in  
z  r (cos  i sin  )
z

Z r n (cos n  i sin n )  z  r cos  ir sin 
z ( z  r cos )  ir sin 
 x
z  r cos  ir sin  ( z  r cos )  ir sin 
z ( z  r cos  )  irz sin 

( z  r cos ) 2  r 2 sin 2 
z ( z  r cos )  irz sin 
 2
z  r cos 2   2 zr cos  r 2 sin 2 
2

z ( z  r cos  )  irz sin 

 2
z  2 zr cos   r 2 ( cos 2   sin 2  )
z ( z  r cos  )  irz sin 

z 2  2 zr cos  r 2
z ( z  r cos  )  irz sin 

Z r n cos n  i r n sin n  z 2  2 zr cos   r 2
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 50

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z ( z  r cos  ) rz sin 

Z r n cos n   z  2 zr cos   r 2
2
,  
Z r n sin n 
z  2 zr cos   r 2
2

(ii)  
Z e  at f (t )  F ( z )z  z e aT
Here f (t )  cos bt
 
Z e  at cos bt  Z (cos bt )z  z e aT (By shifting property)
 z ( z  cos bT ) 
 2 
 z  2 z cos bT  1 z  z e at
Result:
z e aT ( z e aT  cos bT )

z 2 e 2 aT  2 ze aT cos bT  1
2n  3
39. Find Z – Transform of [AU M/J 2017, N/D 2017]
( n  1)(n  2)
Solution:
2n  3
Let f (n) 
( n  1)(n  2)
2n  3 A B
Let  
(n  1)(n  2) n  1 n  2
2n  3  An  2  Bn  1
Put n  1, A  1
n  2, B  1
1 1
f ( n)  
n 1 n  2
 1   1 
Z  f (n)  Z    Z ....................(1)
 n  1 n  2
 1   z 
Z   z log 
 n  1  z 1
2
 1   1 1 1 1 11
Z  z n       ........
 n  2  n 0 n  2 2 3 z 4z
 1  1 2 1  1 3 1  1 4 
 z 2           ........
 2  z  3 z  4z 
  1  1
 z 2   log1    
  z  z
 z 
 z 2 log  z
 z 1
Substitute in (1), we get
 z  2  z 
Z  f (n)  z log   z log  z
 z 1  z 1

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 51

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

 z 
 z ( z  1) log  z
 z 1
 4z 3 
40. Find Z 1  2  by the method of partial fractions. [AU M/J 2017]
 2 z  1 ( z  1) 
Solution:
 4z 3 
Let F ( z )   2 
 2 z  1 ( z  1) 
F ( z)  4z 2 
 2 
z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 
4z 2 A B C
  
2 z  1 ( z  1) ( z  1) 2 z  1 2 z  12
2

2
4 z 2  A2 z  1  B2 z  1 z  1  C  z  1
1
put z  1  A  4, z   C  2, z  0  B  6
2
F (z) 4 6 2
  
z ( z  1) 2 z  1 2 z  12
4z 3z 1 z
F ( z)    2
( z  1)  1 2  1
z    z  
 2  2
1
z
4z 3z
Z  f ( n)     2 2
( z  1)  1 1
 z    z  
 2  2
   1 
   z 
 f (n)  Z 1  4 z   Z 1  3z   Z 1  2 2 
 ( z  1)   1
z     z  1  
 2  2  

n n
1 1
f (n)  4  3   n 
 2 2

 (z 2  z) 
41. Find Z 1  2 
 ( z  1)( z  1) 
Solution: [AU N/D 2014]
z2  z
Let  F (z)
( z  1)( z 2  1)
( z  1) F (z)
2

( z  1)( z  1) z
( z  1) A Bz  C
2
  2
( z  1)( z  1) ( z  1) ( z  1)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 52

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

( z  1)  A( z 2  1)  Bz  C ( z  1)
Put z  1, then A  1
Comparing the coefficient of z 2
0  A B
B  1
Comparing the coefficient of z
1  B  C
C0
F (z) 1 z
  2
z ( z  1) ( z  1)
z z2
F (Z )   2
( z  1) ( z  1)
Result:
 z  1  z2 
Z 1 F (Z )  Z 1    Z  2 
 ( z  1)   ( z  1) 
n
 1n  cos ,n  0
2
z3  z
42. If U ( z )  , find the value of u 0 , u1 and u 2
z  13 [AU N/D 2015]
Solution:
Z ( Z 2  1)
U (Z )  , Z 1 F ( z )   f (n)
( Z  1) 3
z n ( z 2  1)
 z n 1U ( z ) 
( z  1) 3
z =1 is a pole of order 3
1 d2  n 2
3 z ( z  1) 
Re sz n1U ( Z )Z 1  lim 2 
( z  1) . 
z 1 2 ! dz  ( z  1) 3 
1 d2 n 2
 lim 2

z ( z  1) 
z 1 2 dz
1 d n
 lim 
z (2 z )  ( z 2  1)nz n 1 
z 1 2 dz
1
  
 lim 2 z n  2 z.nz n1  nz n 1 .2 z  n z 2  1 n  1z n 2 
z 1 2
1
 2  2n  2 n  2n( n  1)
2
1

 2  4n  2n 2  2n
2

1

 2  2n  2 n 2
2

 1 n  n2

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 53

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

Result:
u (n)  Sum of the residues
u (n)  1  n  n 2
u (0)  1
u (1)  3
u ( 2)  7
z 2  3z
43.Find the inverse Z- transform of using residue theorem.
 z  5 z  2 
[AU A/M 2018]
Solution:
 z 2  3z 
Let f  z    
  z  5 z  2  
z n  z  3
 Z n 1 f(z) 
 z  5  z  2 
Z = 5, Z = -2 are simple pole.
Re s  z n 1 f( z )  lim( z  5) z n 1 f  z 
Z 5
z 5

z n  z  3
 lim( z  5)
z 5  z  5 z  2 
2(5)n

7
Re s  z n1 f( z )  lim( z  2) z n 1 f  z 
Z 2
z 2

z n  z  3
 lim( z  2)
z 2  z  5 z  2 
5(2)n

7
Result:
 z 1  f  z    {Sum of the residue of zn-1 f (z) at its Poles}
 z 2  3z  2(5)n 5(2)n
z 1   
  z  5 z  2   7 7
z3
44. Find the inverse Z –transform of 2
by method of partial fractions.
 z  1 ( z  2)
[AU N/D 2017]
Solution:
z3
Let F ( z )  2
 z  1 ( z  2)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 54

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

F ( z)  z2 
 2 
z   z  1 ( z  2) 
z2 A B C
2
  2

 z 1 ( z  2) ( z  1)  z  1  z  2 
2
z 2  A  z  1 z  2   B  z  2  C  z  1
put z  1  B  1, z  2  C  4, z  0  A  3
F ( z) 3 1 4
  2

z ( z  1)  z  1  z  2 
3z z 4z
F (z)   2

( z  1)  z  1  z  2
3z z 4z
Z  f ( n)    2

( z  1)  z  1  z  2 

 z   z   z 
f  n   3Z 1    Z 1
 2
  4Z 1  
 ( z  1)    z  1    z  2 
 
n n
f (n)  3 1  n  4  2 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 55

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

ANNA UNIVERSITY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

 z2 
1. Using Convolution Theorem, Find the Z 1  
 ( z  4)( z  3) 
[AU N/D 2010,2015] Refer Page No: 18
 z3 
2. Using Convolution theorem, find the value of Z 1  2 
 ( z  2) ( z  3) 
[AU N/D 2010] Refer Page No: 18
 14z 2 
3. Using Convolution theorem finds the inverse z- transform  
 (7 z  1)(2 z  1) 
Refer Page No:19
 
 z 2 
4. Using Convolution Theorem Find the value of Z 1  
 1  1 
  z  4  z  2  
 
[AU A/M 2012] Refer Page No:20
`
 z2 
5. Using Convolution theorem, Find Z 1  2 
[AU N/D 2007, M/J 2016]
 ( z  a) 
(or) Refer Page No: 21
Find Z 1

(1  az 1 ) 2 
 z2 
6. Using convolution theorem find the inverse Z- transform  
 ( z  1)( z  3) 
[AU N/D 2006, 2013] Refer Page No: 22
2
 8z 
7. Find Z 1   Using Convolution Theorem. [AU A/M 2010]
 (2 z  1)(4 z  1) 
Refer Page No:22
2
 z 
8. Using Convolution Theorem, Find the z 1  
 ( z  a )( z  b) 
Refer Page No:23 [AU A/M 2013, 2014]

9. Solve y n 2  4 y n1  3 y n  2 n with y 0  0 and y1  1 using Z-transform

[AU N/D 2010, A/M 2005,2006] Refer Page No:24

10. Solve the Equation y n 2  3 y n1  2 y n  2 n given that y 0  y1  0

[AU A/M 2008, 2009, 2011] Refer Page No:25

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 56

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

11. Using Z-transform solve U (n  2)  5U (n  1)  6U (n)  4 n given that

U (0)  0,U (1)  1 [AU A/M 2005 N/D 2009] Refer Page No:26

12. Solve by using Z –transform y n 2  4 y n 1  3 y n  3n , given that y 0  0 ;

y1  1 . [AU A/M 2009, 2010 N/D 2015] Refer Page No:27
13. Solve the differential equation y( k  2)  4 y (k  1)  4 y ( k )  0 where
y  0  =1, y 1   0 [AU N/D 2005, 2009, A/M 2009] Refer Page No:28

14. Solve the difference equation y( n )  3 y ( n  1)  4 y ( n  2)  0 , n  2 , given

that y  0   3 and y  1  2 . [AU A/M 2006] Refer Page No:29
15. Solve using Z-transform, yn  2  3 yn 1  10 yn  0 given y0  1 and y1  0
[AU N/D 2002,’08,’09, A/M 2013, 2014] Refer Page No:30
16. Solve the difference equation y( k  2)  y ( k )  1 , y( 0)  y(1)  0 , using
Z-transform [AU A/M 2012] Refer Page No:31
17. Solve the difference equation y n 2  y n  2 , y 0  y1  0 , using
Z-transform. [AU M/J 2016] Refer Page No:32

n
18. Solve yn  2  yn  n.2 ,using Z-transform [AU A/M 2012] Refer Page No:33
19. Solve the difference using Z-transform yn  3   3 yn 1  2 yn   0 given
that y0  0 , y1  0, y2  8 [AU N/D 2012] Refer Page No:35
n
20. Solve y( n  2)  6 y( n1)  9 y( n )  2 given that y0  y1  0 [AU N/D 2012]
Refer Page No:36
21. Solve using Z-transform, u n  2  3u n 1  2u n  4 n given u 0  0 and u1  1
[AU A/M 2014]Refer page No.37
22. Solve the Equation y n  2  3 y n1  2 y n  0 given that y 0  0, y1  1
[AU N /D 2014, A/M 2015] Refer Page No.39
23. Using Z – transforms, Solve the equation y n 2  7 y n 1  12 y n  2 n given that
y 0  0, y1  0 Refer Page No.39 [AU M/J 2017]

24. Form the difference equation from y n  A2 n  Bn Refer Page No: 40

25. Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants from

y n  a 2 n  b 2
n
Refer Page No:41
26. Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants from
y n   A  Bn2 n [AU N/D 2013] Refer Page No:41
1
27. Find the z transform of [AU N/D 2013] Refer Page No:41
( n  1)( n  2)
 z ( z  1) 
28. Find z 1  3 
[AU N/D 2007, A/M 2000, 2005] Refer Page No:42
 ( z  1) 

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 57

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

 z 
29. Find z 1  2  [AU A/M 2007, 2008 N/D 2000] Refer Page No:43
 ( z  1)( z  1) 
2
1  z 
30. Find z  2  [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2003,2004] Refer Page No:44
 z  4
 z 
31. Using residue method z 1  2 
 ( z  2 z  2) 
Refer Page No.45 [AU M/J 2007,’08,’15,’16]

32. Using the inversion integral method (Residue Theorem), find the inverse Z-
z2
transform of U ( z )  Refer page No.45 [AU N/D 2015]
z  2 z 2  4  
 9z 3 
33. Evaluate Z 1   , using calculus of residues.
 3z  1  z  2 
2

Refer Page No:46 [AU N/D 2016]

34. State and Prove the Final Value Theorem.

(OR)
If z f (t )  F ( z ) then lim f (t )  lim ( z  1) F ( Z )
t  z 1

[AU A/M 2007] Refer Page No:47

35. State and Prove the Second Shifting Theorem.
(OR)
Pr ove that z f (n  1)  zF (Z )  Zf (0) [AU A/M 2013] Refer Page No:48

36. Find Z[cosn ] . and Z [sin n  ] .

[AU N/D 2002, A/M 2005.’08 ’13 ‘16] Refer Page No:48
 n   n  
37. Find the Z-transform of sin 2   and cos   [AU N/D 2012]
 4   2 4
Refer Page No.49
n  at
38. Find the Z-transforms of r cos n and e cos bt Refer page No.50 [AU A/M 2014]
2n  3
39. Find Z – Transform of Refer Page No:51 [AU M/J 2017]
( n  1)(n  2)
 4z 3 
40. Find Z 1  2  by the method of partial fractions.
 2 z  1 ( z  1) 
Refer Page No:52 [AU M/J 2017]

 ( z 2  z) 
41. Find z 1  2  Refer page No.52 [AU N/D 2014]
 ( z  1)( z  1) 
z3  z
42. If U ( z )  , find the value of u 0 , u1 and u 2 . Refer page No.53
z  13 [AU N/D 2015]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 58

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

z 2  3z
43.Find the inverse Z- transform of using residue theorem.
 z  5 z  2 
[AU A/M 2018] [P.NO: 54]
z3
44. Find the inverse Z –transform of 2
by method of partial fractions.
 z  1 ( z  2)
[AU N/D 2017] [P.NO: 54]

Important Questions ( Z -Transforms)

PART -A
1. Define Z- transform [May 2009, Apr 2007]
z
2. Prove that z a n  z  a [Apr-2009, 2005, June-2000, Apr-99]
za
3. Find z[n] [Dec 2010, Apr 2007, Apr 2000, MAY 2013]
n , n0
4. Find Z{f(n)} if f(n) =  [Dec 2008, May 2007]
0 , n0
an 
5. Find Z   in Z- transform [Nov -2005]
 n! 
6. Find Z[a|n| ] [Dec-2010, Apr-2009, May-2002,Apr -2000]
n
7. Find Z- 1 [May 2010 , Mar 2005]
 
8. Find Z e  an [Apr. 2008 and 2007]
9. Find Z [a n -1 ]
 1 
10. Find Z  
 n(n + 1) 
11. Find Z [Dec 2009 ,Apr 2007]
12. Prove that Z [n f (n)] = -Z { ( )}
n
13. Find the Z transform of c k
14. Find Z (n 2 ) [A.U. MAY/JUNE 2014]
2
15. Find Z [ an  bn  c]
16. Find Z [ n ( n  1)] [May 2009, Apr2007]
17. Find Z [a n sin n  ] [Apr 2005, 2007]
18. Find Z(nan) [Nov/Dec-2010]

19. Find z[an/n!]

20. Find the Z-Transform of (1/n!)

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 59

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

21 . Find the Z-Transform of (n+1)(n+2)

22. Find the Z-Transform of 1/n [A.U. Nov 2013]

23. Define Unit step sequence

24. Define unit impulse sequence [May 2005, Apr 2004]
25. Prove Initial value theorem [Dec2007, Apr2004]
26. State and Prove first shifting theorem
27. State and Prove second shifting theorem
z ( z  cos aT )
28. If F (Z )  2
Find f (0)
z  2 z cos aT  1
1  z 1
29. .Find the final value of the function F ( z)  [May2009, Apr2007]
1  0.25 z  2
30. Define inverse z- transform with example
31. State initial and final value theorem in Z-transform
32. Define convolution of two sequences. [Apr 2005&2003]
33. State convolution theorem on Z-transforms [A.U. MAY/JUNE 2014]

34. Form a difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant A

form Yn = A.3n [May 2009, Apr 2007, Nov 2010]
35. Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constant from U n  a 2 n 1

 z 
36. Find the inverse Z-Transform of  2 
[A.U. NOV 2013]
 (z  1) 
 z 
37. Find the inverse Z-Transform of   [A.U. May 2013]
 ( z  1)( z  2) 
 z 
38. Find the inverse Z-Transform of  
 ( z  1)( z  2) 
 z2 
39 . Find z 1   [Nov 2008, Dec 2007]
 ( z  a)( z  b) 
z2
40. If f ( z )  find f(0)
 1  1  3
 z   z   z  
 2  4  4

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 60

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

PART – B
 z2 
1. a)Using Convolution Theorem, Find the Z 1  
 ( z  4)( z  3) 
[AU N/D 2010,2015] Refer Page No: 18
 z3 
b) Using Convolution theorem, find the value of Z 1  2 
 ( z  2) ( z  3) 
[AU N/D 2010]
Refer Page No: 18
 14 z 2 
2. a) Using Convolution theorem finds the inverse z- transform  
 (7 z  1)(2 z  1) 
Refer Page No:19
 
 z 2 
b) Using Convolution Theorem Find the value of Z 1  
 1  1 
  z  4  z  2  
 
[AU A/M 2012] Refer Page No:20
`
 z2 
3. a) Using Convolution theorem, Find Z 1  2 
[AU N/D 2007, M/J 2016]
 ( z  a) 
(or) Refer Page No: 21
Find Z 1

(1  az 1 ) 2 
 z2 
b) Using convolution theorem find the inverse Z- transform  
 ( z  1)( z  3) 
[AU N/D 2006, 2013] Refer Page No: 22
2
 8z 
4.a)Find Z 1   Using Convolution Theorem. [AU A/M 2010]
 (2 z  1)(4 z  1) 
Refer Page No:22
 z2 
b) Using Convolution Theorem, Find the z 1  
 ( z  a)( z  b) 
Refer Page No:23 [AU A/M 2013, 2014]

5. a)Solve y n 2  4 y n1  3 y n  2 n with y 0  0 and y1  1 using Z-transform

[AU N/D 2010, A/M 2005,2006] Refer Page No:24
b) Solve the Equation y n 2  3 y n1  2 y n  2 n given that y 0  y1  0
[AU A/M 2008, 2009, 2011] Refer Page No:25
6. a)Using Z-transform solve U ( n  2)  5U ( n  1)  6U ( n)  4 n given that
U (0)  0,U (1)  1 [AU A/M 2005 N/D 2009] Refer Page No:26
b) Solve by using Z –transform y n 2  4 y n 1  3 y n  3n , given that y0  0 ;

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 61

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

y1  1 . [AU A/M 2009, 2010 N/D 2015] Refer Page No:27

7.a)Solve the differential equation y( k  2)  4 y (k  1)  4 y ( k )  0 where
y  0  =1, y 1   0 [AU N/D 2005, 2009, A/M 2009] Refer Page No:28
b) Solve the difference equation y( n )  3 y ( n  1)  4 y ( n  2)  0 , n  2 , given
that y  0   3 and y 1   2 . [AU A/M 2006] Refer Page No:29
8. a) Solve using Z-transform, yn  2  3 yn 1  10 yn  0 given y0  1 and y1  0
[AU N/D 2002,’08,’09, A/M 2013, 2014] Refer Page No:30
b) Solve the difference equation y( k  2)  y ( k )  1 , y( 0)  y(1)  0 , using
Z-transform [AU A/M 2012] Refer Page No:31
9. a) Solve the difference equation y n 2  y n  2 , y0  y1  0 , using
Z-transform. [AU M/J 2016] Refer Page No:32
n
b) Solve yn  2  yn  n.2 ,using Z-transform [AU A/M 2012] Refer Page No:33
10.a) Solve the difference using Z-transform yn  3   3 yn 1  2 yn   0 given
that y0  0 , y1  0, y2  8 [AU N/D 2012] Refer Page No:35
n
b) Solve y( n  2)  6 y( n1)  9 y( n )  2 given that y0  y1  0 [AU N/D 2012]
Refer Page No:36
n
11. a) Solve using Z-transform, u n 2  3u n1  2u n  4 given u0  0 and u1  1
[AU A/M 2014]Refer page No.37
b) Solve the Equation y n 2  3 y n 1  2 yn  0 given that y 0  0, y1  1
[AU N /D 2014, A/M 2015] Refer Page No.39
12.a) Form the difference equation from y n  A2 n  Bn Refer Page No: 40
b) Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants from
y n  a 2 n  b 2
n
Refer Page No:41
13. a) Form the difference equation by eliminating the constants from
y n   A  Bn2 n [AU N/D 2013] Refer Page No:41
1
b) Find the z transform of [AU N/D 2013] Refer Page No:41
( n  1)( n  2)
 z ( z  1) 
14. a) Find z 1  3 
[AU N/D 2007, A/M 2000, 2005] Refer Page No:42
 ( z  1) 
 z 
b) Find z 1  2  [AU A/M 2007, 2008 N/D 2000] Refer Page No:43
 ( z  1)( z  1) 
2
1  z 
15.a) Find z  2  [AU N/D 2010, A/M 2003,2004] Refer Page No:44
 z  4
 z 
b) Using residue method z 1  2 
 ( z  2 z  2) 
Refer Page No.45 [AU M/J 2007,’08,’15,’16]
16.a) Using the inversion integral method (Residue Theorem), find the inverse Z-
z2
transform of U ( z )  Refer page No.45 [AU N/D 2015]

z  2 z 2  4 
b) State and Prove the Final Value Theorem.

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 62

MA8353-Transforms and Partial Differential Equations Unit – V Z-Transform and Difference Equations

(OR)
If z f (t )  F ( z ) then lim f (t )  lim ( z  1) F (Z )
t  z 1

[AU A/M 2007] Refer Page No:47

17. a) State and Prove the Second Shifting Theorem.
(OR)
Pr ove that z f (n  1)  zF (Z )  Zf (0) [AU A/M 2013] Refer Page No:48
b) Find Z[cosn ] . and Z [sin n  ] .
[AU N/D 2002, A/M 2005.’08 ’13 ‘16] Refer Page No:48
 n   n  
18. a) Find the Z-transform of sin 2   and cos   [AU N/D 2012]Refer Page No.49
 4   2 4
b) Find the Z-transforms of r n cos n and e  at cos bt Refer page No.50 [AU A/M 2014]
1  ( z 2  z) 
19. a) Find z  2  Refer page No.52 [AU N/D 2014]
 ( z  1)( z  1) 
z3  z
b) If U ( z )  , find the value of u 0 , u1 and u 2 . Refer page No.53
z  13 [AU N/D 2015]

Department of Mathematics Mailam Engineering College Page 63