Name: Joland A.

Manzano
Course: BSED Major in Mathematics II
Instructor: Mae Anne Dela Cruz

Chapter 7
“Congruent Triangle”
Lesson I. Triangle Congruence

Triangles can be classified according to its sides or angles.

 Triangles according to its sides

 Equilateral triangle – all of its sides are congruent
 Isosceles triangle – two sides are congruent
 Scalene triangle – no congruent sides
 Triangles according to its angle
 Equiangular triangle – all angles are congruent
 Right triangle – one of its angles is a right angle
 Acute triangle – all of its angles are acute
 Obtuse triangle – if one of its angles is obtuse

Corresponding angles are pair of Corresponding sides are the sides

angles whose vertices are paired in whose endpoints are the vertices
a given correspondents between that are paired in a given
two triangles. correspondence between two
triangles

𝞓KEM↔𝞓IC
E C

L
Corresponding vertices: K↔I, E↔C, M↔L

Corresponding angle: ∠K↔∠I, ∠ E↔∠C, ∠M↔∠L

Corresponding sides: KE ↔ IC , KM ↔ IL, EM ↔CL

K M I L
“To obtain the corresponding sides, take two vertices of one triangle as the endpoint of a side
and pair it to the side whose endpoints are the corresponding vertices of the triangle”

 Triangles are congruent if and only if, given a one-one correspondence between the
vertices of a triangle. They satisfy the two conditions:
I. All parts of corresponding angles are congruent.
II. All parts of corresponding sides are congruent.

The six statements must include three pairs of congruent angles and three pairs of congruent sides.
The triangle should be named after the proper correspondence
 O D A
We have six congruent statements.

The proper correspondence is: J↔A, O↔N, L↔D

The correct statement is ∆JOL ≅ ∆AND

J L N

 Theorem 7.1: Congruence of triangles is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

 An included angle for the two sides of a triangle is an angle whose rays contain the two
indicated sides.
 An included side for two angles of a triangle is the side whose endpoints are vertices of the
two indicated angles.
 An opposite side of an angle of a triangle is the side of a triangle that does not contains the
vertex of the angle.
 An opposite angle of a triangle is the angle whose vertex is not one of the endpoints of the
side. B

∠A is the included angle of sides AB and AC

AC is the included side of ∠A and ∠C

∠B is the opposite angle of AC

AB is the opposite side of ∠C

A C

Lesson II. Proving Congruent Triangles

Based on the definition of congruent triangles, it would be very difficult to prove that
two triangles are congruent. We would need to prove that the three corresponding sides and
three corresponding angles are congruent. Fortunately, we have postulates to simplify the
proving of the congruency of two triangles.

 Postulate 15: The SSS POSTULATE (side-side-side postulate). If three sides of one triangle
are congruent to the corresponding sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
 Postulate 16: The SAS POSTULATE (side-angle-side postulate). If two sides and the included
angle of a triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle, then the
two triangles are congruent.
 Postulate 17: The ASA POSTULATE (angle-side-angle). IF two angles and the included side of
a triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle, then two triangles
are congruent.

The SSS Postulate

The SAS Postulate The ASA Postulate
 Example: Given: BD⊥ AC , AB ≅ BC

Prove: ∆ADB ≅ ∆CDB

Plan: BD⊥ AC , this means that all the angles formed by these two lines
D
are right angles. All right angles are congruent. It is also given that AB=
BC . Notice that both triangles have a common side. The property that
deals with equality to itself is reflexive property. We have a theorem
stating that congruence of segments is also reflexive. To simplify our
figure, when a side is common to the two triangles, we can use the fact
∠ ∠ that it is congruent to itself and denote it in our figure with a =.
A 2 B 1 C
Statements Reasons
1. AB= BC 1. Given
2. BD⊥ A C 2. Given

∠1 ≅ ∠2 4. All right angles are ≅

3. ∠1 and ∠2 are right angles 3. Definition of ⊥

BD ≅ BD
4.

∆ABD ≅ ∆CBD
5. 5. Reflexive property
6. 6. SAS Postulate

Example 2: Given: ∠BAC ≅ ∠DEC, C is the midpoint of AE

Prove ∆ACB ≅ ∆ECD

A B

1. ∠BAC ≅ ∠DEC
Statements Reasons
1. Given

3. AC ≅ CE
2. C is the midpoint of AE 2. Given

4. ∠ACB ≅ ∠ECD
C 3. Definition of midpoint

5. ∆ACB ≅ ∆ECD
4. VAT (Vertical Angle Theorem)
5. ASA Postulate

D E

Lesson III. Triangle Congruent Theorems

 We are not limited to the three postulates,
The sideSSS,opposite
SAS, ASA.the
Usingright
previous theorems,
angle we the
is called
can form various theorems for congruenthypotenuse.
triangles. Consider the following
The hypotenuse pair of
is defined onlytriangles.
for the right
Consider the following pair of triangles with indicated
triangle corresponding congruent parts that are
marked:
 The remaining sides are referred to as the legs of the
right triangle.
B The parts of the triangle that are congruent to the
F D
corresponding parts are two angles and the and one side
that is opposite one of the indicated angles. Following
the acronym we used for the three postulates, we could
name this case as SAA (side-angle-angle). Recall
A C E Theorem 6-6, if two angles of a triangle are congruent to
two angles of another triangle then the remaining pair of
angles ae also congruent.

 Theorem 7-2: The SAA Theorem. If two angles and the side opposite one of angles in one
triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle, then two triangles are

example: (using the figure above) ∠C ≅ ∠E, ∠B ≅ ∠E, AC ≅ DF | Prove: ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF
congruent.

Proof:

1. ∠C ≅ ∠F
Statements Reasons

2. ∠B ≅ ∠E
1. Given

3. AC ≅ DF
2. Given

4. ∠B ≅ ∠E 4. SAA Theorem. If two ∠s of a ∆ are ≅ to

3. Given

∠s are also ≅.
the two ∠s of another ∆, then the remaining

5. ∆ABC ≅ ∆ADC 5. ASA Postulate

Right Angle Congruence

If the triangle involved in the congruence are right triangles, proving that they are
congruent would be much simpler. The reason as we already know that one of the angles of
each triangle is a right angle. This means that we already have a pair of congruent angles. The
number of congruent and corresponding pairs we need to prove has decreased.

Before we state the theorems on right triangle congruence, we need to name the parts
of the right triangle. For every right triangle, one must indicate which one of the three angles is
the right angle. The other two angles are just referred to as the acute angles of the right
triangle.

acute angle

hypotenuse

leg
  Theorem 7-5: The HA CONGRUENCE THEOREM. If the hypotenuse and one acute angle of a right
triangle is congruent to the corresponding hypotenuse and the acute angle of another right
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

 Theorem
Given: ∠7-3: The
∠LL CONGRUENCE JO ≅ AN ,IfJL
right angles,THEOREM. the≅legs
NDof. a right triangle are congruent to
Prove: ∆JOL ≅ ∆AND
Example: J and A are
the corresponding legs of another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
D
O A
Statements Reasons
1. ∠J and ∠A are right 1. Given

2. ∠J ≅ ∠A 2. All right angles are ≅

angles

3. JO ≅ AN
4. JL ≅ AD
3. Given

5. ∆JOL ≅ ∆AND
4. Given
5. SAS Postulate
N

J L

 Theorem 7-4: The LA CONGRUENCE THEOREM. If the leg and an acute angle of a right
D
triangle are congruent to the corresponding leg and acute Aangle of another right triangle,
Example:
then the two triangles are congruent.

J L
 Example: ∠A and ∠R are right angles, LF ≅ ED , ∠F ≅ ∠D
Prove: ∆ALF ≅ ∆RED

D
CL R
H

E
Statements Reasons

2. ∠A ≅ ∠R 2. All right angles are ≅

N G 1. ∠A and ∠R are right angles 1. Given

3. LF ≅ ED
E

4. ∠F ≅ ∠D
3. Given

5. ∆ALF ≅ ∆RED
4. Given
Lesson IV. Overlapping Triangles 5. SAA Theorem

Since in proving congruency of triangles we deal with corresponding parts, in

overlapping
A triangles we should
F be able to recognize corresponding parts.

Example: Given the figure and ∆AFG ≅ ∆DFB,

F

Identify all the corresponding parts of the

triangles.

Solution: We can draw the triangles involved separately

A B C D
F F
The correspondence is:

∠A ↔ ∠D AF ↔
DF
∠AFC ↔ ∠DFB CF ↔
Example: Prove the following;
BF A C B D
∠FCA ↔ ∠FBD AC ↔
Example: Prove the following;

Given: ∠GHC ≅ ∠NCH, CN ≅ HG

Prove: ∆GHC ≅ ∆NCH
1.DB
 1. CN ≅ HG
Statements Reasons

2. ∠GHC ≅ ∠ NCH
1. Given
Lesson V. Using Congruent Triangles
3. CH ≅ CH
2. Given

4. ∆GHC ≅ ∆NCH
Recall the definition of congruent 3. Reflexive property
triangles. All the corresponding parts of 4. SAS Postulate
congruent triangles are congruent. We had the congruence postulates and theorems because it
is very difficult to prove the congruence of the six corresponding angles and sides. Now, we may
use the converse of the definition oof congruent triangles. If two triangles are congruent, then
the corresponding part are congruent.

Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent. The Statement can be

abbreviated as CPCTC.

We may also use this concept to prove the properties of sides and/or angles of a
triangle, such as parallelism and perpendicularity.

Example:

1. Given: ∠ABD ≅ ∠CDB, ∠ADB ≅ ∠CBD

Prove: AD ≅ CD

1. ∠ABD ≅ ∠CDB
Statements Reasons B

2. BD ≅ BD
1. Given

3. ∠ADB ≅ ∠CBD
2. Reflexive property

4. ∆ADB ≅ ∆CBD
3. Given

5. AB ≅ CD
4. ASA Postulate
5. CPCTC
C
A

D
Lesson VI. Special Segments and Isosceles Triangle

The special segments that are associated with the triangle (and even polygons with
higher sides) are the altitude, the median and the single bisector.

 An altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular segment from a vertex to the line that
AD is contains theofopposite ∠ADC
∆ABC, soside. FJ is an altitude of ∆FGH, so ∠FJG is
and ∠ADB are right angles.
an altitude
a right triangle.

A
F

B D C J G H

Recall Theorem 4-11, which states that form a point not on a line, there is only one line that
can be formed that is perpendicular to the line. The Theorem suggests that for every vertex
there is only one perpendicular to segment to the opposite side, so there is only one altitude per
vertex
 Theorem 7-6: Any given triangle has three altitudes, one at each vertex.

BD is median
 A median of ∆ABC
of a triangle CF is
is a segment median
from of ∆ABC
a vertex AEmidpoint
of a triangle to the is median
ofofthe
∆ABC
side opposite the vertex.
B B
B

F
A E

A D C A C
C

 Theorem 7-7: Any given triangle has three medians, one at each vertex.
  A segment is anR angle bisector of a triangle if and only if it bisects an angle of the
triangle with one endpoint on the vertex of the angle and the other on the opposite
side. T

Q S

 Theorem 7-8: Any given triangle has three angle bisector, one at each vertex.
QT is the angle bisector of ∠RQS

Example: Given AC is a medium of ∆ABD, AB≅ AD

A

Prove: ∠BAC ≅ ∠DAC

Statements Reasons
1. AC is a median 1. Given

3. BC ≅ CD
2. C is the midpoint of BD 2. Definition of a median

4. AC ≅ AC
3. Definition of midpoint

5. AB ≅ AD
D 4. Reflexive Property
B C
6. ∆ABC ≅ ∆ADC
5. Given

7. ∠BAC ≅ ∠DAC
6. SSS Postulate
7. CPCTC

An Isosceles triangle is a triangle with at least two congruent side.

 We call the congruent side of the triangle as the legs of the isosceles triangle.
 The remaining side of the isosceles triangle is called the base.
 The included angle of the legs isa referredA to
(vertex
as theangle)
vertex angle.
 The remaining angles are called the base angles. Base angles can also be defined as the
opposite angles to the legs.

leg leg
(base angle) B C D (base angle)
(base)
 THEOREM 7-9: ISOSCELES TRIANGLE THEOREM(ITT), If two sides of a triangle are congruent,
the angles opposite these congruent sides are also congruent.

Given: ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB ≅ BC

Prove: ∠A ≅ ∠B

Statements Reasons
1. Let D be the midpoint of AC
1. A segment has one and only

2. AD ≅ DC
one midpoint
2. definition of a midpoint
D
4. BD ≅ BD
3. Construct median BD 3. Two points determine a line B C

5. AB ≅ BC
4. Reflexive Property

6. ∆ABD ≅ CBD
5. Given

7. ∠A ≅ ∠C
6. SSS Postulate
 THEOREM 7-10: An equilateral triangle is also equiangular.
7. CPCTC

 THEOREM 7-11: CONVERSE OF THE ISOSCELES TRIANGLE THEOREM (CITT). If two triangles are
congruent, then the sides opposite these angles are also congruent

point∠X ≅ ∠Z
Prove: XY ≅toYZXZ means that ∠XAY and ∠ZAY are right
Plan: LetGiven:
Example: A be a∆XYZ, on XZ such that AY is an altitude. The fact that
AY is perpendicular
triangles.

The two triangles have a common leg, so we already have a pair of

X A Z
congruent legs. We can now prove the two triangles are congruent by
LA Congruence Theorem. Using the concept of CPCTC, we have proven
the theorem.
 THEOREM 7-12: An equiangular triangle is also equilateral.

 THEOREM 7-13: The angle bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is the
perpendicular bisector of the base.
  THEOREM 7-14: The HL CONGRUENCE THEOREM. If the hypotenuse and a leg of a right triangle
are congruent to the corresponding parts of another right triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.

Plan: Construct, choose a point D on CB such that BD ≅ YZ

and B is between D and C. Draw AD. ∠ABD is a right
A X
Given: ∆ABC and ∆XYZ are right triangles, ∠B and ∠Y are the right angles, AC ≅ XZ , AB ≅
triangle. ∆ABD and ∆XYZ are congruent by LL Theorem. By

Prove: ∆ABC ≅ ∆XYZ

XY
∠D ≅ ∠Z and AD ≅ XZ . By transitivity of congruent
CPCTC,

≅ AC .
segments, ADStatements Reasons

2. ∠ABC and ∠XYZ are right

1. ∆ABC and ∆XYZ are right triangles 1. Given
ITT, ∠D ≅ ∠C. By transitivity of congruent angles. ∠C ≅ ∠Z. B
The congruency makes ∆ACD an isosceles triangle. By
triangles
2. Given
Y
The≅
C Z
Now consider
3. Locate ∆ABC
D on CB and
such∆XYZ.
that BD two triangles are of a ray
3. Definition A X
congruent by LA Theorem or HA Theorem.
4. ∠ABC and ∠ABD form a
YZ

linear pair
4. definition of linear pairs

5. ∠ABD is a right angle 5. If one of the angles of a linear pair is a right angle,
then the other angle is also right

7. AB ≅ XY
6. ∆ABD is a right triangle Definition of right triangles

8. ∆XYZ ≅ ∆ABD
7. Given
D
9. AD ≅ XZ
8. LL Congruence Theorem B C Y Z

10. AC ≅ XZ
9. CPCTC

11. AC ≅ AD
10. Given

12. ∠D ≅ ∠C
11. Transitive Property

13. ∠D ≅ ∠Z
12. Isosceles Triangle Theorem (ITT)

14. ∠C ≅ ∠Z
13. CPCTC

15. ∆XYZ ≅ ∆ABC

14. Transitive Property
15. LA Congruence or HA Congruence Theorem
OTHER THEOREMS:

 Theorem 7-15: PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR THEOREM: If a point is on the perpendicular

bisector of a segment, then the point is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment.
 Theorem 7-16: If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of a segment, then it lies on
the perpendicular bisector of the segment.
 Theorem 7-17: If two points are each equidistant from the endpoints of a segment, then
the line joining the points is the perpendicular bisector of the segment.
 Theorem 7-18: If a point lies on the bisector of an angle, then the point is equidistant
from the sides of an angle.
 Theorem 7-19: If a point is equidistant from the sides of an angle, then the point lies on
the bisector of the angle.