YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: EXAMINING YOUTH BASED

ON ORGANIZATION IN BILLIRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF GOMBE

STATE 2019-2023
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Youth participation in local governance is a critical aspect of democratic societies,

representing the engagement of the younger generation in decision-making processes that

directly impact their lives and communities. Checkoway, B. N. (2019) In recent years, the

significance of fostering active youth involvement in local government has gained prominence

globally, recognizing the potential of the youth demographic to contribute to social, economic,

and political development. Youth participation in local government represents a critical

dimension of democratic governance and community development. The engagement of young

people in the decision-making processes of their local communities not only fosters inclusivity

but also harnesses the energy, creativity, and perspectives unique to the youth demographic.

O'Toole, L. J., & Marsh, D. (2018)

Moreover, youth participation in local government represents a dynamic and evolving

paradigm that underscores the active involvement of young individuals in the decision-making

processes and governance structures at the community level. It describes a departure from the

traditional notion of youth as passive recipients of policies to recognizing them as integral

contributors to the development and vibrancy of local communities. This concept extends

beyond mere electoral participation, encompassing a spectrum of activities where young people

engage in shaping policies, voicing concerns, and actively contributing to the social, economic,

and cultural fabric of their immediate environments. Putnam, R. D. (2020)

 Youth participation in local government acknowledges the unique perspectives, energy,

and innovative ideas that young individuals bring to the table. It reflects a commitment to

fostering inclusive governance, where the voices of the youth are not only heard but valued and

integrated into the decision-making mechanisms that impact their lives. This paradigm shift

recognizes that harnessing the potential of young minds is not only beneficial for the youth

themselves but is instrumental in building resilient and responsive communities. The concept

further emphasizes the multi-faceted nature of youth participation, encompassing diverse forms

of civic engagement, community development initiatives, and collaborative efforts to address

local challenges. It is rooted in the belief that empowering young people to actively participate in

local governance not only contributes to their personal development but also enhances the

overall effectiveness and legitimacy of democratic processes. Hendriks, F., & Steenbergen, M.

R. (2021)

Youth participation in local government also intertwines with broader discussions on

social justice, equity, and the need for representative governance. It prompts a reevaluation of

institutional structures to ensure they are inclusive and accommodating of the diverse voices

within a community, including those of young individuals. As a transformative force, this

concept seeks to bridge generational gaps, break down barriers to entry, and foster an

environment where the enthusiasm and idealism of youth are harnessed for the collective benefit

of society. Youth participation in local government represents a progressive shift towards

recognizing the agency of young people in shaping the destiny of their communities. It embodies

a commitment to building not just governments, but truly participatory and inclusive societies

where the contributions of all, regardless of age, are integral to the fabric of local governance.

Gaventa, J. (2019)
 Furthermore, youth participation is intrinsically linked to the notion of civic education. It

emphasizes the importance of equipping young individuals with the knowledge, skills, and civic

consciousness necessary to navigate the complexities of local governance. Education becomes

not only a means of empowerment but a cornerstone for fostering an informed and engaged

citizenry, laying the groundwork for a sustainable democratic future. The youth participation in

local government represents a visionary approach to governance one that recognizes the inherent

value of youth as active agents of change, contributors to societal progress, and key stakeholders

in the construction of a collective vision for the future. As local communities increasingly

embrace this paradigm, they embark on a transformative journey towards more inclusive,

responsive, and resilient governance structures that draw strength from the diverse energies and

aspirations of their youngest members. Hart, R. A. (2019).

Moreover, youth participation in local government is intimately tied to the notion of

social justice. It recognizes that certain segments of the youth population may face unique

challenges based on factors such as socio-economic status, ethnicity, gender, or geographical

location. In addressing these disparities, the concept advocates for policies and initiatives that are

not only inclusive but also sensitive to the diverse needs and experiences of all young individuals

within the community. The concept also extends beyond formal political structures to encompass

grassroots initiatives and community-driven projects led by young individuals. It celebrates the

entrepreneurial spirit of youth engagement, where innovative solutions to local challenges can

emerge from the ground up. Whether through social entrepreneurship, community organizing, or

cultural initiatives, the concept encourages a holistic understanding of youth participation that

transcends traditional bureaucratic boundaries. McFarland, D. A., & Thomas, R. J. (2020)

 Youth participation in local government is a comprehensive and transformative approach

to governance that recognizes the invaluable contributions of young individuals. It embraces a

vision of inclusive, intergenerational collaboration that not only addresses current challenges but

also lays the foundation for resilient, adaptive, and socially just communities. As communities

continue to embrace this concept, they embark on a journey towards governance structures that

reflect the vibrancy, diversity, and potential of their youth, ensuring a sustainable and thriving

future for all. Serow, R. C., & Callahan, K. (2019)

Youth participation in local government underscores the importance of creating avenues

for meaningful dialogue between young individuals and established decision-makers. It

recognizes that fostering an inclusive governance environment requires not only providing

opportunities for the youth to express their views but also ensuring that these opinions are

actively considered and integrated into the decision-making processes. This mutual exchange of

ideas not only enriches the quality of policies but also builds a sense of trust and collaboration

between generations. Nabatchi, T. (2018)

Youth participation extends its reach to educational institutions and community

organizations, recognizing them as crucial partners in nurturing an informed and engaged youth

populace. By integrating civic education within school curricula and collaborating with

community organizations to provide platforms for youth engagement, local governments

contribute to the holistic development of young individuals as active, responsible citizens. This

educational dimension of youth participation seeks to instill a sense of civic duty, political

literacy, and a deep understanding of the mechanisms that govern their communities. Zeldin, S.,

& Powers, J. L. (2020)

 Youth participation in local government represents a development and transformative

approach to governance that permeates various aspects of community life. It recognizes the

youth not just as recipients of policies but as active contributors, decision-makers, and leaders

within their localities. By embracing this concept, local governments lay the groundwork for a

resilient, inclusive, and forward-looking community that thrives on the collective energies and

aspirations of its young population. As societies continue to navigate the complexities of the 21st

century, the concept of youth participation stands as a beacon for creating communities where

the voices of the youth are not only heard but play a central role in shaping a vibrant and

equitable future for all. Sherrod, L. R., & Flanagan, C. A. (2021).

Additionally, youth participation in local government recognizes the need for ongoing

evaluation and adaptation of policies to align with the evolving dynamics of youth engagement.

It emphasizes the importance of feedback mechanisms, periodic assessments, and collaborative

reviews involving both youth representatives and established governance structures. This

iterative process ensures that the strategies employed to facilitate youth participation remain

responsive to the changing needs, aspirations, and challenges faced by the younger generation

within the community. Hart, R. A. (2019).

Youth participation in local government is a dynamic and multifaceted approach that

extends far beyond token representation or symbolic gestures. It involves an ongoing

commitment to adaptability, cultural sensitivity, environmental stewardship, and the strategic use

of technology. By embracing this comprehensive perspective, local governments can foster a

truly inclusive and empowering environment where the youth actively shape the present and

future trajectory of their communities. As this concept continues to evolve, it stands as a

testament to the resilience and creativity inherent in the youth—a force that, when harnessed
effectively, contributes significantly to the vitality and sustainability of local governance

structures. Cornwall, A. (2018)

Furthermore, youth participation in local government explores into the role of mentorship

as a crucial element in sustaining and expanding the impact of youth engagement. It recognizes

the significance of experienced leaders within the community actively guiding and supporting

emerging young leaders. This mentorship dynamic not only facilitates the transfer of knowledge

and skills but also ensures the continuity of values and principles essential for effective

governance. The symbiotic relationship between seasoned leaders and youth participants fosters

a collaborative environment, where insights from both generations contribute to more

comprehensive and informed decision-making processes. Youniss, J., & Yates, M. (2019)

Youth participation in local government extends its reach to encompass mentorship,

education, intersectionality, grassroots movements, and economic empowerment. By embracing

these facets, local governments can create an environment that not only encourages youth

involvement but also amplifies the positive impact of their contributions. As the concept evolves,

it underscores the importance of recognizing the diversity within the youth demographic and

leveraging this diversity as a driving force for positive change in the governance and well-being

of local communities. Warren, M. R. (2020)

On the other hand, the organization-based perspective offers a lens through which to

examine entities, institutions, or enterprises, focusing on their internal structures, operations, and

functions. Mintzberg, H. (2019). Its explore into the organizational dynamics that shape

decision-making, productivity, and overall effectiveness. From hierarchical structures to

communication channels, policies, and strategic goals, the organization-based perspective seeks
to understand how these components interact to achieve the entity's objectives. This perspective

emphasizes the significance of roles and responsibilities within an organization, elucidating the

division of labor and the hierarchical distribution of authority. It explores how organizational

structures impact workflow, facilitate coordination, and influence the overall efficiency of

operations. By examining reporting lines, departmental relationships, and decision-making

protocols, the organization-based perspective provides insights into the mechanics of how work

is organized and executed within the entity. Scott, W. R. (2021)

Furthermore, the organization-based perspective considers the pivotal role of

communication in facilitating collaboration and information flow within the organization. It

scrutinizes communication channels, both formal and informal, and their impact on

organizational culture, employee morale, and the dissemination of critical information. From

meetings and memos to digital platforms and interpersonal interactions, understanding

communication dynamics is essential for grasping how information moves within the

organizational framework. Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (2019). The organization-based

perspective evaluates the frameworks that guide behavior, decision-making, and compliance

within the organization. This encompasses HR policies, ethical guidelines, and operational

procedures that influence employee conduct and organizational outcomes. Examining these

policies provides insights into the values, norms, and expectations that shape the organizational

culture. Galbraith, J. R. (2019)

Additionally, the organization-based perspective incorporates a strategic dimension,

analyzing the long-term goals, plans, and initiatives that steer the organization toward success. It

explores how strategic decisions are formulated, implemented, and adjusted in response to

internal and external factors. Thompson, J. D. (2021). Understanding the strategic vision of the
organization is crucial for evaluating its adaptability, resilience, and capacity to navigate a

dynamic and competitive environment. overall, the organization-based perspective provides a

comprehensive framework for analyzing the internal workings of entities, shedding light on the

intricate interplay of structures, communication, policies, and strategic initiatives that define and

drive organizational success. It serves as a valuable tool for decision-makers, researchers, and

stakeholders seeking to comprehend the intricacies of how organizations function and thrive in

diverse contexts. Chandler, A. D. (2019)

Moreover, the organization-based perspective explore into the intricacies of

organizational culture, examining the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors that define the work

environment. It recognizes the impact of organizational culture on employee engagement, job

satisfaction, and overall performance. By understanding the prevailing culture within an

organization, this perspective provides insights into how employees perceive their roles, interact

with colleagues, and align with the overarching goals of the entity. However, this perspective

also scrutinizes the human resource management practices within organizations. It encompasses

recruitment, training, performance evaluations, and employee development strategies. Analyzing

these practices allows for an understanding of how organizations attract, nurture, and retain

talent, as well as how they address challenges related to workforce diversity, inclusion, and

professional growth. Thompson, J. D. (2020)

The organization-based perspective recognizes the significance of decision-making

processes within the entity. It explores whether decisions are centralized or decentralized, the

factors influencing strategic choices, and the speed at which decisions are made. This insight into

decision-making dynamics is essential for assessing an organization's agility, adaptability, and

responsiveness to changing circumstances. Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (2019)

 Furthermore, this perspective considers the impact of external factors on organizational

functioning. It recognizes that entities do not operate in isolation and are influenced by the

broader socio-economic, political, and technological landscape. Examining how organizations

adapt to external forces, anticipate industry trends, and navigate challenges provides a

comprehensive understanding of their resilience and ability to thrive in a dynamic environment.

Turner, C. (2020). The organization-based perspective assesses an entity's capacity for creativity,

adaptation, and continuous improvement. It explores how organizations foster innovation,

manage change initiatives, and cultivate a culture that embraces new ideas. Understanding an

organization's approach to innovation is crucial for gauging its ability to stay competitive and

evolve in response to emerging opportunities and threats. Weber, M. (2019)

In conclusion, the organization-based perspective offers a holistic view of entities,

considering not only their internal structures and operations but also their cultural, human, and

strategic dimensions. However, by comprehensively examining these facets, this perspective

provides valuable insights for stakeholders aiming to optimize organizational performance,

enhance employee satisfaction, and navigate the complexities of a dynamic and evolving

business landscape.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem in a research study outlines the specific issues or challenges

that the research aims to address. Youth Participation in Local Government: Examining Youth

Based on Organization in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023," the

statement of the problem can be articulated as follows:

Limited Understanding of Youth Involvement: There is a prevailing lack of comprehensive

understanding regarding the extent and nature of youth involvement in local governance within

the Billiri Local Government Area. The specific ways in which youth engage with local

government structures and decision-making processes remain inadequately explored.

Role of Youth Organizations: The role played by youth organizations in influencing and shaping

youth participation in local governance is not well-documented. The study seeks to address this

gap by examining how these organizations function as catalysts or impediments to meaningful

youth engagement.

Historical Factors Impacting Participation: Historical factors that have influenced the trajectory

of youth participation in local governance in Billiri are not fully elucidated. An exploration of

historical events and trends is essential for understanding the context in which contemporary

youth involvement has evolved.

Challenges Faced by Youth: The challenges faced by young individuals in actively participating

in local government activities need to be identified and understood. This includes socio-

economic, cultural, and institutional barriers that may hinder their effective participation and

contribution to local development.

Gaps in Existing Policies: There may be gaps in existing policies and regulations related to youth

participation in local governance. A critical examination of the legal framework at both the

national and local levels is necessary to identify areas where improvements or adjustments are

needed to facilitate greater youth involvement.

Effectiveness of Youth Organizations: The effectiveness of youth organizations in Billiri in

fostering meaningful participation is uncertain. This study aims to assess the impact and
influence of these organizations on local governance, shedding light on their successes and

shortcomings.

Sustainability of Youth Engagement: It is crucial to investigate whether the involvement of

youth in local governance is sustainable over time. Understanding the factors that contribute to

the continuity or discontinuity of youth participation efforts is vital for formulating effective and

lasting interventions.

Potential for Inclusive Decision-Making: The study aims to explore the potential for inclusivity

in local decision-making processes. Understanding the level of inclusivity and representation of

diverse youth voices is essential for fostering a participatory and representative local governance

structure.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objective of the study focus on youth participation in Local Government: Examining

youth based on organization in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023. The

specific objective are to:

i. To assess the current status of youth participation in local government in Billiri Local

Government Area.

ii. To examine the role of youth organizations in facilitating or hindering participation.

iii. To identify the challenges faced by youth in actively engaging with local governance

structures.

iv. To explore opportunities for enhancing youth participation in Billiri Local Government

Area.
 v. To assess the effectiveness of youth organizations in Billiri in fostering meaningful youth

participation in local governance.

1.4 Research Questions

i. What is the level of youth participation in local government activities in Billiri Local

Government Area?

ii. How do youth organizations contribute to or impede the participation of young people in

local governance?

iii. What are the main challenges faced by youth in actively participating in local

government affairs?

iv. What opportunities exist for enhancing youth participation in Billiri Local Government

Area?

v. What are the effectiveness of youth organizations in Billiri in fostering meaningful youth

participation in Local Governance?

1.5 Significant of the Study

The significance of the study on youth Participation in Local Government: Examining

Youth Based on Organization in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023" is

multi-faceted and extends to various stakeholders, including policymakers, community leaders,

youth organizations, and researchers. The significant study holds importance in several key

aspects:

 Informed Policy Decisions: The findings of the significant study will provide

policymakers at the local and national levels with valuable insights into the factors

influencing youth participation in local governance. This, in turn, can inform the
 development of policies that are more inclusive and responsive to the needs and

aspirations of young individuals in Billiri Local Government Area.

 Enhanced Community Development: Understanding the dynamics of youth participation

can contribute to more effective community development strategies. By identifying

challenges and proposing solutions, the significant study will help local leaders and

organizations create programs that harness the potential of youth for the betterment of the

community.

 Empowered Youth Organizations: Youth organizations play a crucial role in shaping the

engagement of young individuals in local governance. The significant study's insights

will empower these organizations by highlighting their strengths, areas for improvement,

and their overall impact on the participatory processes within the community.

 Strategic Capacity Building: The significant study will serve as a basis for strategic

capacity building initiatives targeted at both youth organizations and individual young

participants. By understanding the historical context, challenges, and effective strategies,

capacity-building efforts can be tailored to address specific needs and foster sustainable

youth engagement.

 Improved Legal Frameworks: Examining the legal frameworks supporting youth

participation provides an opportunity to identify gaps and shortcomings.

Recommendations from the study may contribute to the improvement of existing legal

structures, ensuring they align more effectively with the realities and aspirations of youth

in Billiri Local Government Area.

 Sustainable Youth Engagement: Understanding the factors contributing to the

sustainability of youth engagement efforts is crucial for long-term community

 development. The significant study will guide stakeholders in creating interventions that

are not only effective in the short term but also sustainable over extended periods.

 Academic Contribution: The significant study contributes to the academic literature on

youth participation in local governance, offering a specific case study from Billiri Local

Government Area. This research adds valuable knowledge to the broader field of political

science, governance, and youth studies, providing a basis for further scholarly

exploration.

 Promotion of Inclusive Decision-Making: Exploring the potential for inclusivity in local

decision-making processes is crucial for fostering a participatory and representative

governance structure. The study's insights will advocate for more inclusive practices,

ensuring that diverse youth voices are considered in shaping the future of the community.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study focus on youth participation in Local Government: examining

youth based on organization in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023. The

study is confined to the Billiri Local Government Area in Gombe State, Nigeria. The study

encompasses the period from 2019 to 2023. The scope of the study centers on the role of youth

organizations in influencing and shaping youth participation in local governance.

1.7 Definition of terms

Youth: Youth refers to the stage in human development between childhood and adulthood. The

age range defining youth varies across cultures and contexts but is generally considered to

encompass individuals in their teenage years up to their early twenties. Youth is characterized by

unique experiences, perspectives, and challenges, and understanding their participation in

various aspects of society, including governance, is essential for fostering inclusive and

sustainable development.

Participation: involves the active involvement, engagement, and contribution of individuals or

groups in various activities, processes, or decision-making. In the context of youth participation,

it pertains to the meaningful involvement of young people in societal affairs, including political

processes, community initiatives, and governance. Effective youth participation ensures that the

voices, opinions, and needs of young individuals are taken into account in decision-making and

policy formulation.

Organization: refers to a structured and coordinated entity with a defined purpose, goals, and

often a formalized structure. In the context of youth participation, organizations can take various

forms, such as youth groups, clubs, NGOs, or formal associations. These organizations play a

pivotal role in mobilizing and representing the interests of young people, providing a platform

for collective action, advocacy, and engagement in societal issues, including those related to

local governance.

Local Government: Local government is a tier of government that operates at the local or

community level within a larger administrative framework. It is responsible for managing and

delivering public services, infrastructure, and governance within a specific geographical area.

Local governments are crucial in addressing the needs and concerns of the community they

serve. In the context of youth participation, it represents the arena in which young people can

actively engage in decision-making processes that directly impact their local communities.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1 Youth Participation in Local Government

The concept of youth participation in local government emphasizes the need for

innovative mechanisms that facilitate continuous dialogue between young individuals and

established decision-makers. It recognizes the importance of creating spaces for ongoing

conversations, town hall meetings, and collaborative forums that allow for the exchange of ideas,

concerns, and aspirations. This continuous dialogue serves as a bridge, ensuring that the

perspectives of the youth remain integrated into the decision-making processes and that local

governments remain responsive to the evolving needs of the younger generation Kahne, J., &

Westheimer, J. (2020).

The concept of youth participation in local government extends its scope to embrace

continuous dialogue, technology-enabled engagement, a culture of recognition, co-governance,

and crisis resilience. by incorporating these elements, local governments create a dynamic and

responsive environment that not only acknowledges the unique strengths of the youth

demographic but actively collaborates with them to shape the present and future of local

governance. As this concept evolves, it positions youth not just as beneficiaries of policies but as

indispensable partners in the ongoing journey toward building resilient, inclusive, and forward-

looking communities. Flanagan, C. A., & Sherrod, L. R. (2019)

 Furthermore, the concept of youth participation in local government extends its reach to

the realm of social inclusion and community cohesion. It emphasizes the role of youth as

catalysts for fostering a sense of belonging and unity within diverse communities. By actively

engaging young individuals in community-building activities, local governments contribute to

the creation of inclusive spaces where the richness of cultural, social, and demographic diversity

is celebrated. This inclusive approach not only strengthens social bonds but also nurtures a

shared identity and a collective commitment to the well-being of the community. Christens, B.

D., & Dolan, T. (2019).

The concept of youth participation in local government broadens its focus to encompass

social inclusion, cultural expression, sports engagement, intergenerational collaboration, and

effective communication strategies. By embracing these elements, local governments contribute

not only to the political participation of young individuals but also to their holistic development,

well-being, and integration into the broader fabric of the community. As communities evolve, the

concept underscores the importance of recognizing youth as active contributors to the social and

cultural tapestry, fostering a sense of unity, diversity, and collective purpose within local

governance. Percy-Smith, B., & Thomas, N. (2020)

2.1.2 Concept of Organization-Based Perspective

The organization-based perspective is a comprehensive framework that provides a

nuanced understanding of entities, emphasizing internal structures, operations, and dynamics. It

encompasses an examination of organizational culture, delving into shared values, beliefs, and

behaviors that shape the work environment and influence employee engagement. This

perspective scrutinizes human resource management practices, including recruitment, training,

and performance evaluations, shedding light on how organizations attract, develop, and retain

talent. Communication dynamics within an organization are a focal point of the organization-

based perspective, exploring the effectiveness of channels and their impact on collaboration and

decision-making. The perspective also considers organizational learning, highlighting how

entities adapt and evolve through knowledge acquisition, fostering continuous improvement and

resilience. Selznick, P. (2019)

The organization-based perspective analyzes processes, hierarchies, and power dynamics,

recognizing the influence of interpersonal relationships and politics on key decisions. It further

assesses the role of technology in organizational operations, examining integration into

workflows, communication systems, and overall adaptability to technological advancements. The

chosen organizational structure is a crucial aspect of this perspective, whether traditional or

flexible, impacting efficiency, role clarity, and adaptability to external changes. Additionally, the

organization-based perspective takes into account corporate social responsibility (CSR),

evaluating how entities integrate ethical and sustainable practices into their business strategies.

Barnard, C. I. (2018) Overall, the organization-based perspective serves as a holistic lens,

encompassing communication, learning, power dynamics, technology integration, organizational

structure, and social responsibility. By delving into these dimensions, stakeholders gain

comprehensive insights into an organization's internal workings, enabling informed decision-

making and strategic navigation in a dynamic business environment. Galaskiewicz, J., & Burt, R.

S. (2019).

Moreover, the organization-based perspective critically examines the intricacies of

communication within an entity. It seeks to understand the clarity and effectiveness of

communication channels, both formal and informal, as well as their impact on organizational
culture and cohesion. A robust communication framework is essential for fostering transparency,

mitigating misunderstandings, and promoting collaborative efforts within the organization. The

organization-based perspective underscores the importance of knowledge acquisition and

dissemination. It explores how entities capture insights from experiences, share best practices,

and cultivate an environment conducive to continuous learning. Organizations that prioritize

learning are better equipped to adapt to changing circumstances, innovate, and remain resilient in

dynamic markets. Lawrence, P. R. (2019).

In terms of organizational structure, the organization-based perspective explores whether

entities adopt traditional hierarchical models or embrace more contemporary, flexible

frameworks. It considers how the chosen structure aligns with organizational goals, facilitates

collaboration, and adapts to changes in the external environment. Understanding organizational

structure is pivotal for optimizing efficiency, clarifying roles, and enhancing overall

effectiveness. Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (2019).

Moreover, the organization-based perspective acknowledges the growing importance of

corporate social responsibility (CSR) within entities. It assesses the extent to which organizations

integrate social and environmental considerations into their business practices. Examining CSR

initiatives provides insights into an organization's commitment to ethical conduct, sustainability,

and its broader impact on society. The organization-based perspective offers a holistic and

multidimensional approach to understanding entities, encompassing communication, learning,

power dynamics, technology integration, organizational structure, and social responsibility. By

examining these facets, stakeholders gain a comprehensive view of an organization's internal

dynamics, enabling them to make informed decisions, foster positive organizational cultures, and
navigate the complexities of a rapidly evolving business landscape. Blau, P. M., & Scott, W. R.

(2021).

Furthermore, the organization-based perspective delves into the intricate dynamics of

decision-making processes within an entity. It scrutinizes whether decisions are centralized or

decentralized, the factors influencing strategic choices, and the speed at which decisions are

made. This insight into decision-making dynamics is essential for assessing an organization's

agility, adaptability, and responsiveness to changing circumstances. Understanding the decision-

making processes sheds light on how an organization navigates challenges, seizes opportunities,

and positions itself in a competitive landscape. The organization-based perspective explores the

shared values, norms, and behaviors that shape the work environment. It considers how

organizational culture influences employee morale, engagement, and the overall sense of

belonging. Recognizing the impact of culture provides a deeper understanding of how

individuals within the organization perceive their roles, interact with colleagues, and contribute

to the achievement of common goals. Lorsch, J. W. (2019).

Moreover, the organization-based perspective evaluates the effectiveness of

communication channels and their impact on the dissemination of information. It considers both

formal communication methods, such as official announcements and policies, and informal

channels, including interpersonal interactions and social networks. A comprehensive

understanding of communication dynamics is crucial for creating a transparent, collaborative,

and well-informed organizational culture. Simon, H. A. (2020) Additionally, the organization-

based perspective takes into account the role of technology in shaping organizational processes.

It assesses how technological advancements are integrated into workflows, communication

systems, and overall operations. Understanding an organization's technological infrastructure

provides insights into its capacity for digital transformation, innovation, and adaptation to the

rapidly evolving technological landscape. Galbraith, J. R. (2019).

Moreover, the organization-based perspective recognizes the growing importance of

corporate social responsibility (CSR) within entities. It assesses the extent to which organizations

integrate social and environmental considerations into their business practices. Examining CSR

initiatives provides insights into an organization's commitment to ethical conduct, sustainability,

and its broader impact on society. overall, the organization-based perspective offers a holistic

and multidimensional approach to understanding entities, encompassing communication,

learning, power dynamics, technology integration, organizational structure, and social

responsibility. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (2019)

Moreover, the organization-based perspective places a critical focus on the intricacies of

organizational communication. It investigates the clarity and efficiency of communication

channels, both formal and informal, and examines their impact on organizational culture and

cohesiveness. Thompson, V. A., & Nadler, D. A. (2019) A robust communication framework is

essential for promoting transparency, reducing misunderstandings, and fostering collaborative

efforts within the organization. The organization-based perspective underscores the importance

of knowledge acquisition and dissemination. It explores how entities capture insights from

experiences, share best practices, and cultivate an environment conducive to continuous learning.

Organizations that prioritize learning are better positioned to adapt to changing circumstances,

innovate, and remain resilient in dynamic markets. Child, J. (2019).

In conclusion, the organization-based perspective offers a comprehensive lens through

which to examine entities, covering decision-making processes, organizational culture, human

resource practices, communication dynamics, and technological integration. By exploring these

dimensions, stakeholders gain a holistic understanding of an organization's internal workings,

enabling them to make informed decisions, foster a positive organizational environment, and

navigate the complexities of the contemporary business landscape.

2.1.3 Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State

Billiri (or Biliri) is one of the 11 Local Government Areas of Gombe State, Nigeria

bordered to the north by Akko Local Government Area, south and east by Shongom as well as

North-East by Kaltungo Local Government Area. It is a historical settlement of the Tangales

which is located South of Gombe. It has an area of 737 km2 and a population of 202,144 at the

2006 census. Apart from Tangale language, Fulfulde and Hausa are commonly spoken. The

postal code of the area is 771. Most of the inhabitants of Billiri are Christians while Muslims

formed the largest minority. The dominant tribe is Tangale which means "Tangle". The

traditional ruler of the Local Government Area is called the "Mai Tangale". The death of the Mai

Tangale in 2020 brought about communal unrest in the Biliri community due to the delay in

reinstating a new Mai Tangale. The Tangale people claimed to have emerged as the settlers of

Billiri from a migration journey through Borno State.They had to move from places such as

Sanum kede and Kupto due to tribal wars. Tangaltong, one of the 7 clans in Tangale is where

billiri as well as Bare and Kantali resided. The Tangale language is a west chadic language.

Yaya, Haruna Gimba (2021)

Billiri Local Government Area is a region situated in Gombe State, Nigeria. It serves as

one of the administrative divisions within the state and is characterized by its diverse cultural and

ethnic composition. The area is known for its significant contributions to the socio-economic
development of Gombe State, encompassing both rural and urban settlements. The local

government is endowed with natural resources, and agriculture plays a vital role in the

livelihoods of the residents. Abubakar, A. (2017) The fertile land supports the cultivation of

various crops, contributing to the local economy and food security. Additionally, livestock

farming is a common practice among the communities in Billiri, further showcasing the

agricultural richness of the region.

Billiri is home to a mix of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct cultural heritage and

traditions. This diversity adds to the vibrant of the local community, fostering a rich cultural

exchange and coexistence. Traditional ceremonies, festivals, and events are integral to the social

fabric of Billiri, providing opportunities for residents to celebrate their heritage. Hassan, M. A.

(2019). The local government also prioritizes education, with schools and educational

institutions playing a crucial role in the development of human capital. Efforts are made to

enhance access to quality education, empowering the youth with knowledge and skills for a

better future. In terms of governance, Billiri Local Government Area operates within the

framework of the Nigerian administrative structure. Local government officials work to address

the needs of the community, ranging from infrastructure development to social welfare

programs. The aim is to improve the overall standard of living for residents and promote

sustainable development. Odoemenem, I. U., & Adebayo, T. S. (2014)

Infrastructure in Billiri includes roads, healthcare facilities, and public amenities, aimed

at providing essential services to the population. The local government continually strives to

enhance the well-being of its residents by investing in projects that improve connectivity,

healthcare access, and overall infrastructure. Salawu, B. B., & Danladi, M. (2018). Overall,

Billiri Local Government Area in Gombe State stands as a diverse and culturally rich region with
a strong emphasis on agriculture, education, and community development. The coexistence of

various ethnic groups contributes to the unique identity of the area, and ongoing efforts in

governance and infrastructure development aim to improve the quality of life for the residents.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

Several theories can be applied to understand and explain youth participation in local

government, particularly within the context of youth organizations. Here are three relevant

theories along with brief explanations of their applicability:

1. Social Capital Theory: Social Capital Theory posits that social networks, relationships,

and shared norms within a community contribute to its overall well-being and

effectiveness. In the context of youth participation, the theory suggests that the social

capital embedded in youth organizations plays a crucial role. The connections and trust

built within these organizations can positively impact the level and quality of youth

engagement in local governance. Arnstein, S. R. (2019). Social Capital Theory can be

applied to examine how the relationships and networks formed within youth

organizations contribute to the creation of social capital among young individuals. It

helps in understanding how the trust and collaboration within these organizations

influence the effectiveness of youth participation in local governance initiatives.

2. Youth Empowerment theory: The Youth Empowerment theory focuses on enhancing the

capabilities, confidence, and decision-making autonomy of young individuals.

Empowered youth are more likely to actively engage in community and civic activities.

This theory recognizes that empowerment involves providing young people with the

skills, resources, and opportunities to become agents of positive change in their

 communities. The Youth Empowerment theory can be applied to assess how youth

organizations serve as platforms for empowering young individuals, providing them with

the necessary skills and knowledge to participate effectively in local governance. It helps

in examining the role of organizational structures in fostering a sense of agency and

confidence among youth, influencing their willingness to contribute to community

development initiatives.

3. Political Socialization Theory: Political Socialization Theory explores how individuals

acquire political attitudes, values, and behaviors through social interactions. In the

context of youth participation, this theory helps in understanding how young people

develop their civic and political engagement through experiences within youth

organizations and exposure to local governance processes. Political Socialization Theory

can be applied to investigate how youth organizations contribute to the political

socialization of young individuals, shaping their perceptions and behaviors related to

local governance. It helps in understanding the role of organizational activities and

experiences in influencing the political attitudes and civic participation of youth within

the local government context. Mitton, C., & Smith, N., (2020)
2.3 Empirical Review

2.3.1 Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Youth

Socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in influencing the participation of youth in

various aspects of society, including their engagement in local governance. Here are some key

socioeconomic factors that can affect youth participation:

1. Income and Economic Opportunities: The economic status of youth can significantly

impact their ability to participate in local governance. High levels of unemployment,

limited economic opportunities, and low income may hinder their involvement due to

financial constraints or the necessity to prioritize immediate economic needs over civic

engagement. Mitton, C., & Smith, N., (2020)

2. Educational Attainment: Education is a key determinant of youth participation. Higher

levels of education can empower young individuals with the knowledge and skills needed

to understand civic processes, critically analyze issues, and actively contribute to local

governance. Limited access to quality education may hinder their effective participation.

3. Access to Information and Technology: Socioeconomic disparities in access to

information and technology can create a digital divide among youth. Those with limited

access to the internet, digital devices, or information resources may face challenges in

staying informed about local governance issues and participating in online civic

activities.

4. Geographical Location and Urban-Rural Divide: Youth residing in urban areas may have

greater access to educational and economic opportunities, as well as better infrastructure

for civic engagement. Conversely, those in rural areas may face challenges related to
 limited resources, connectivity, and access to institutions that facilitate participation in

local governance.

5. Social Class and Cultural Capital: Socioeconomic status often intersects with social class

and cultural capital. Youth from higher socioeconomic backgrounds may have greater

exposure to civic education, social networks, and cultural experiences that foster civic

engagement. Disparities in cultural capital can influence the level of confidence and

sense of belonging that youth feel in participating in local governance. Camino, L. A., &

Zeldin, S. (2019).

6. Employment and Time Constraints: The employment status of youth can impact their

availability and willingness to engage in civic activities. Those facing demanding work

schedules, precarious employment, or multiple jobs may find it challenging to allocate

time for active participation in local governance initiatives.

7. Social Networks and Influence: Socioeconomic factors shape the social networks of

youth. Those with influential social connections and networks may have more

opportunities to engage in civic activities and advocacy. Conversely, individuals with

limited social capital may find it challenging to navigate and access opportunities for

participation.

8. Housing and Living Conditions: The quality of housing and living conditions can

influence the stability and well-being of youth. Economic constraints that lead to

inadequate housing or living in marginalized communities may impact the level of civic

engagement, as individuals focus on addressing basic needs and community challenges.

9. Gender Disparities: Gender is a critical dimension of socioeconomic factors affecting

youth participation. Gender disparities can manifest in various ways, influencing access
 to education, employment opportunities, and societal expectations. In many contexts,

young women may face additional barriers to participation due to traditional gender roles,

cultural norms, and discrimination. Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., & Allen, D. (2018)

10. Health and Well-being: The health and well-being of youth can impact their capacity to

participate in local governance. Individuals facing health challenges, inadequate

healthcare access, or mental health issues may encounter obstacles in actively engaging

in civic activities. Accessible healthcare services contribute to the overall capability of

youth to participate effectively.

11. Civic Education and Awareness: Socioeconomic factors can affect the availability of

civic education and awareness programs. Youth from more privileged socioeconomic

backgrounds may have greater exposure to educational opportunities that include civic

education, empowering them with the knowledge and understanding necessary for active

participation in local governance.

12. Migrant and Refugee Status: Youth who are migrants or refugees may face unique

socioeconomic challenges that affect their ability to participate in local governance.

Limited access to stable housing, education, and employment opportunities, coupled with

the complexities of migration, can create barriers to civic engagement.

13. Legal and Political Rights: Socioeconomic status can influence the awareness and

exercise of legal and political rights among youth. Those with higher socioeconomic

status may be more aware of their rights and have the resources to navigate legal and

political processes, facilitating their engagement in local governance.

14. Youth Unions and Associations: Socioeconomic factors may influence the formation and

strength of youth unions and associations. Economic stability can contribute to the
 establishment and sustainability of such organizations, providing platforms for youth to

collectively participate in local governance and advocate for their interests.

15. Government Support and Policies: The level of government support and the presence of

youth-friendly policies can vary based on socioeconomic factors. Governments that

prioritize inclusive policies, social welfare programs, and opportunities for youth

empowerment can positively influence their participation in local governance.

16. Discrimination and Social Inequality: Youth from marginalized or discriminated groups

may face socioeconomic inequalities that exacerbate challenges in participating in local

governance. Addressing discrimination and social inequality is crucial for creating an

inclusive environment that allows all youth, regardless of their socioeconomic

background, to engage meaningfully in civic processes. Thomas, N., & James, A. (2017).

2.3.2 Types of Youth Organizations

Youth organizations play a vital role in shaping the engagement of young individuals in

various activities, including local governance. Here are different types of youth organizations,

each with its unique characteristics and purposes:

1. Youth Clubs: Youth clubs are informal gatherings of young individuals with a shared

interest or goal. These clubs often focus on recreational, educational, or community

service activities. In the context of local governance, youth clubs may engage in projects

that address community needs or advocate for youth-related issues. Checkoway, B. N.

(2018)

2. Youth Advocacy Groups: Advocacy groups are organized entities that aim to influence

policies, raise awareness, and bring about positive change on specific issues. Youth
 advocacy groups focus on addressing issues relevant to young people, such as education,

employment, and social justice. They may actively participate in local governance to

advocate for policies that benefit youth.

3. Student Councils: Student councils exist within educational institutions and represent the

interests and concerns of students. While not always formally categorized as youth

organizations, student councils play a crucial role in providing leadership opportunities

for young individuals and fostering a sense of civic responsibility.

4. Youth NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations): Youth NGOs are formal organizations

that operate independently of government institutions. These organizations focus on

addressing various social, economic, and environmental issues. In the context of local

governance, youth NGOs may work on community development projects, engage in

advocacy, and promote youth participation in decision-making processes.

5. Youth Political Organizations: Youth political organizations are groups affiliated with

political parties or established independently to engage young people in political

activities. They may focus on raising political awareness, campaigning for specific

candidates, or advocating for policies that align with the interests of young individuals.

Stoecker, R. (2019)

6. Youth Empowerment Programs: Youth empowerment programs aim to build the skills,

confidence, and capacities of young individuals to actively participate in society. These

programs may include workshops, mentorship initiatives, and training sessions that equip

youth with the tools needed for effective engagement, including in local governance.

7. Community Service Groups: Community service groups involve young individuals in

volunteer and service activities that benefit the local community. These groups may
 collaborate with local government entities to address community needs, such as

environmental conservation, healthcare, or education initiatives.

8. Youth Sports Clubs: Sports clubs for youth focus on promoting physical activity,

teamwork, and leadership skills. While their primary focus is on sports, these clubs often

engage in community outreach and may contribute to local governance through initiatives

that promote health and well-being.

9. Cultural and Arts Organizations: Cultural and arts organizations for youth provide

platforms for creative expression and cultural exchange. These organizations may

contribute to local governance by organizing cultural events, art exhibitions, or projects

that enhance the cultural vibrancy of the community.

10. Online and Social Media-Based Groups: With the advent of digital technology, youth

often form online groups and communities to discuss, share information, and mobilize

around specific causes. These online groups may play a role in advocating for issues

relevant to youth within the local context. Sherrod, L. R., & Youniss, J. (2018)

2.3.3 Roles of Youth Organizations

Youth organizations play diverse and vital roles in society, contributing to community

development, civic engagement, and the empowerment of young individuals. Here are various

roles that youth organizations often fulfill:

1. Advocacy and Activism: Youth organizations advocate for social, political, and economic

issues that affect young people. They engage in activism to raise awareness, influence

policies, and promote positive change within their communities and beyond. Flanagan, C.

A., & Gallay, L. S. (2019)

2. Community Development: Youth organizations actively participate in community

development initiatives. They may undertake projects related to education, healthcare,

infrastructure, and environmental sustainability, contributing to the overall well-being of

the community.

3. Skill Development and Training: Many youth organizations focus on building the skills

and capacities of their members. They provide training programs, workshops, and

mentorship opportunities to enhance leadership, communication, and problem-solving

skills among young individuals.

4. Civic Education and Engagement: Youth organizations play a crucial role in civic

education, informing young people about their rights, responsibilities, and the functioning

of democratic processes. They encourage active participation in civic activities, including

local governance.

5. Networking and Social Connections: Youth organizations serve as platforms for

networking and building social connections. They facilitate the formation of friendships,

collaborations, and professional networks among young individuals, fostering a sense of

community and shared purpose.

6. Cultural and Artistic Expression: Cultural and arts-based youth organizations promote

creative expression and cultural diversity. They organize events, performances, and

exhibitions that celebrate artistic talents and contribute to the cultural richness of the

community.

7. Mentorship and Peer Support: Youth organizations often provide mentorship programs

and peer support systems. These initiatives help young individuals navigate challenges,
 make informed decisions, and develop a sense of belonging within the organization and

the broader community. Barnes, C., & Mercer, G. (2019).

8. Sports and Recreation: Youth sports clubs and recreational organizations promote

physical activity, teamwork, and a healthy lifestyle. They contribute to community well-

being by organizing sports events, promoting fitness, and fostering a sense of discipline

and teamwork.

9. Environmental Stewardship: Some youth organizations focus on environmental issues

and sustainability. They undertake projects related to conservation, waste management,

and eco-friendly practices, contributing to the overall environmental health of their

communities.

10. Political Engagement: Youth political organizations engage in political activities,

encouraging young people to participate in electoral processes, advocacy, and

policymaking. They provide a platform for youth to voice their opinions and influence

political discourse.

11. Social and Humanitarian Services: Youth organizations often engage in social and

humanitarian services. They may organize outreach programs, volunteer activities, and

charitable initiatives to address social issues and support vulnerable populations within

the community.

12. Digital Advocacy and Innovation: With the rise of digital platforms, some youth

organizations leverage technology for advocacy and innovation. They use social media,

online campaigns, and digital tools to raise awareness, mobilize support, and drive

positive change. Casey, T., & Evans, S. (2020)

2.3.4 Challenges Faced by Youth in Local Governance

Youth involvement in local governance is often accompanied by several challenges that

can impede their effective participation. Understanding these challenges is crucial for developing

strategies and policies that address the specific needs and concerns of young individuals. Here

are some common challenges faced by youth in local governance:

1. Limited Access to Information: Many youth face challenges in accessing timely and

relevant information about local governance processes, decision-making, and

opportunities for participation. Limited access to information can hinder their awareness

and understanding of civic matters. Peters, M. A. (2021).

2. Socioeconomic Barriers: Youth from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may encounter

barriers such as poverty, limited educational opportunities, and unemployment. These

economic challenges can restrict their ability to engage actively in local governance, as

they may prioritize immediate economic needs over civic participation.

3. Discrimination and Stereotyping: Discrimination based on factors such as gender,

ethnicity, or socio-economic status can affect the level of inclusivity in local governance.

Stereotypes about the capabilities and interests of youth may result in their voices being

marginalized or not taken seriously in decision-making processes.

4. Lack of Representation: Youth often perceive a lack of representation in local

government structures. Limited youth representation in elected offices or decision-

making bodies can contribute to a sense of disconnection and discourage active

participation.

5. Inadequate Civic Education: A lack of comprehensive civic education programs can

leave youth uninformed about their civic rights and responsibilities. Without proper
 education, young individuals may struggle to navigate complex governance processes

and understand how to effectively contribute to local decision-making. Perkins, D. D., &

Zimmerman, M. A. (2019)

6. Limited Access to Decision-Making Spaces: Youth may encounter barriers that limit

their access to formal decision-making spaces within local government. Lack of

platforms for youth voices can result in exclusion from discussions that directly impact

their communities.

7. Cultural and Societal Norms: Societal and cultural norms may place expectations on

youth that discourage their involvement in politics or local governance. Traditional

gender roles and cultural expectations can create additional challenges for certain groups

of young people.

8. Digital Divide: While digital platforms provide opportunities for civic engagement, the

digital divide unequal access to technology and the internet—can exclude some youth

from online participation, limiting their ability to engage in virtual governance activities.

9. Lack of Mentorship and Guidance: Youth may lack mentorship and guidance from

experienced individuals who can help them navigate the complexities of local

governance. The absence of role models can hinder their confidence and effectiveness as

active participants.

10. Limited Youth-Friendly Policies: The absence of policies specifically designed to address

the needs and concerns of young individuals in local governance can be a significant

challenge. Youth-friendly policies are essential for creating an inclusive and supportive

environment for their active participation.

 11. Political Apathy and Distrust: Apathy and distrust toward political processes may

discourage youth engagement. Negative perceptions of political institutions, corruption,

or a lack of responsiveness can contribute to a disinterest in participating in local

governance activities.

12. Fragmented Youth Organizations: Lack of cohesion and coordination among different

youth organizations can hinder collective action and advocacy. Fragmentation may result

in a diluted impact on local governance issues, as various groups pursue individual

objectives. Flint, A., & Nagan, W. (2017)

2.3.5 Opportunities for Youth Engagement

While youth may face challenges in local governance, there are also numerous

opportunities for their active engagement. Recognizing and leveraging these opportunities can

enhance the meaningful participation of young individuals in decision-making processes. Here

are some key opportunities for youth engagement in local governance:

1. Youth Representation in Decision-Making Bodies: Actively involving youth in decision-

making bodies, advisory councils, and committees at the local level provides an

opportunity for their perspectives to be considered in policy discussions and community

development initiatives. Pothukuchi, K. (2018)

2. Civic Education Programs: Implementing comprehensive civic education programs helps

empower youth with knowledge about governance structures, civic rights, and

responsibilities. These programs enable them to make informed decisions and actively

participate in local governance.

3. Youth Advisory Councils: Establishing dedicated youth advisory councils within local

government structures allows young individuals to voice their opinions, provide input on

policies, and contribute to the decision-making process.

4. Capacity-Building Initiatives: Providing capacity-building initiatives, training, and skill

development programs for youth enhances their leadership abilities, communication

skills, and overall capacity to contribute effectively to local governance activities.

5. Youth-Led Projects and Initiatives: Supporting and funding youth-led projects and

initiatives allows young individuals to address community needs, contribute to local

development, and actively engage in projects that matter to them.

6. Partnerships with Youth Organizations: Collaborating with youth organizations and

NGOs creates synergies for implementing community projects and programs. These

partnerships enhance the impact of youth-led initiatives and strengthen the connection

between local governments and young citizens. Zeldin, S., Petrokubi, J., & MacNeil, C.

(2018).

7. Digital Platforms for Civic Engagement: Utilizing digital platforms, social media, and

online tools facilitates youth engagement in virtual spaces. This provides opportunities

for online discussions, information sharing, and virtual participation in local governance

activities.

8. Internship and Apprenticeship Programs: Establishing internship and apprenticeship

programs within local government offices provides hands-on experience for youth. This

opportunity not only helps them develop practical skills but also fosters a better

understanding of governance processes.

9. Youth Representation in Planning Processes: Including youth in community planning

processes allows them to contribute to the development of policies and projects that

directly impact their lives. This inclusive approach ensures that their perspectives are

considered from the early stages of planning.

10. Youth Employment and Entrepreneurship Programs: Creating employment and

entrepreneurship programs tailored for young individuals addresses economic challenges.

These programs not only contribute to youth empowerment but also strengthen their ties

to the local community.

11. Mentorship and Leadership Programs: Establishing mentorship programs and leadership

development initiatives connects experienced leaders with young individuals, providing

guidance and support as they navigate their roles in local governance.

12. Recognition of Diverse Perspectives: Acknowledging and valuing the diversity of

perspectives within the youth population enhances inclusivity. Recognizing different

voices and experiences fosters a more representative and equitable approach to local

governance.

13. Youth-Focused Policies: Developing and implementing policies that specifically address

the needs and concerns of youth creates a supportive environment for their active

participation in local governance.

14. Community Engagement Events: Organizing community engagement events, town hall

meetings, and public forums provides platforms for youth to express their opinions, raise

concerns, and actively participate in discussions about local issues.

15. Volunteer Opportunities: Providing opportunities for youth to volunteer in community

service projects builds a sense of civic responsibility. Volunteerism enhances their

 connection to the community and fosters a culture of active citizenship. Checkoway, B.

N., & Richards-Schuster, K. (2022)

2.3.6 Impact on Local Governance

The active engagement of youth in local governance can have a positive and

transformative impact on various aspects of community development and decision-making

processes. Here are key ways in which youth involvement can influence and benefit local

governance:

1. Diverse Perspectives and Innovation: Youth bring fresh and diverse perspectives to local

governance. Their innovative ideas, creativity, and openness to new approaches

contribute to the development of innovative solutions to community challenges. Weller,

S. C. (2017).

2. Increased Civic Participation: Involving youth in local governance increases overall civic

participation. Their active involvement in community initiatives, voting, and advocacy

contributes to a more vibrant and participatory democratic process.

3. Community Development Initiatives: Youth-led projects and community development

initiatives address local needs and contribute to the overall well-being of the community.

These initiatives may focus on education, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and

other areas of community development.

4. Improved Communication Channels: Youth engagement enhances communication

channels between local government bodies and the community. Through digital

platforms, social media, and community events, there is increased transparency,

information sharing, and public awareness about governance processes.

5. Enhanced Social Cohesion: Youth involvement fosters social cohesion by bringing

together individuals from diverse backgrounds. It promotes a sense of unity, shared

purpose, and collaboration among community members, strengthening social bonds.

6. Youth-Inclusive Policies: The active participation of youth often leads to the

development and implementation of policies that address their specific needs and

concerns. Youth-inclusive policies contribute to a more equitable and responsive local

governance framework. Gaventa, J. (2020)

7. Leadership Development: Involvement in local governance provides valuable leadership

development opportunities for youth. Through mentorship, training, and hands-on

experience, young individuals develop the skills and confidence to assume leadership

roles in their communities.

8. Empowerment and Capacity Building: Youth engagement contributes to the

empowerment and capacity building of young individuals. They acquire skills,

knowledge, and resources that enable them to actively participate in decision-making

processes and contribute meaningfully to community development.

9. Community Pride and Ownership: Youth involvement instills a sense of pride and

ownership in the community. When young individuals actively contribute to local

governance, they develop a strong connection to their community, fostering a sense of

responsibility and stewardship.

10. Increased Trust in Institutions: Youth engagement can contribute to increased trust in

local government institutions. When young people see their voices being heard and their

contributions valued, it enhances their confidence in the effectiveness and responsiveness

of governance structures.
 11. Social and Cultural Enrichment: Youth involvement in cultural and artistic activities

enriches the social and cultural fabric of the community. Events organized by youth

contribute to the cultural vibrancy and diversity of the local area.

12. Long-Term Sustainability: Youth engagement lays the foundation for long-term

sustainability. By involving young individuals in decision-making processes,

communities ensure that there is a pipeline of active and informed citizens who will

continue to contribute to local governance in the future.

13. Conflict Resolution and Social Harmony: Youth engagement provides opportunities for

dialogue and conflict resolution. By involving young individuals in community

discussions, local governments can foster an environment of understanding and

collaboration, contributing to social harmony.

14. Fostering a Culture of Accountability: Youth involvement contributes to fostering a

culture of accountability. When young individuals actively participate in governance,

there is an increased emphasis on transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct within

local government structures. Barnett, R. V., & Baugh, E. (2018)

2.3.7 Factors Influencing Youth Participation

Youth participation in local governance is influenced by a variety of factors that can

either facilitate or hinder their engagement. Understanding these factors is crucial for creating an

environment that encourages active involvement of young individuals in community affairs.

Here are some key factors that influence youth participation in local governance:
1. Civic Education: The level of civic education available to youth significantly influences

their understanding of governance structures, civic rights, and responsibilities. Well-

informed youth are more likely to actively engage in local governance. Smith, B. (2020)

2. Access to Information: The availability and accessibility of information about local

governance processes, decision-making, and opportunities for participation influence

youth engagement. Improved access to information facilitates informed decision-making

and active involvement.

3. Political Awareness: Youth awareness of political issues and the impact of local

governance on their lives can motivate their participation. Political awareness fosters a

sense of responsibility and encourages young individuals to contribute to decision-

making processes.

4. Socioeconomic Status: Socioeconomic factors, including income, education, and

employment opportunities, play a role in determining the extent to which youth can

participate in local governance. Higher socioeconomic status can provide resources and

opportunities for engagement.

5. Youth Networks and Organizations: The presence of youth networks, clubs, and

organizations provides a supportive environment for engagement. These groups offer

platforms for collaboration, networking, and collective action, fostering a sense of

community among young individuals.

6. Inclusive Policies: The existence of inclusive policies that consider the specific needs and

concerns of youth encourages their participation. Policies that prioritize youth

representation and address issues relevant to this demographic create a conducive

environment for engagement. Boyte, H. C., & Kari, N. (2019).

7. Local Government Support: The level of support and encouragement from local

government authorities significantly affects youth participation. When local governments

actively involve and support youth initiatives, it enhances the willingness of young

individuals to contribute to governance processes.

8. Digital Connectivity: The extent of digital connectivity, including access to the internet

and social media, influences youth engagement. Digital platforms provide avenues for

communication, information sharing, and virtual participation in local governance

activities.

9. Role Models and Mentors: The presence of role models and mentors within the

community can inspire and guide youth in their participation efforts. Positive role models

provide examples of effective civic engagement and leadership.

10. Political Culture and Tradition: The prevailing political culture and traditions in a

community can either encourage or discourage youth participation. In communities with

a history of youth involvement, there may be greater acceptance and support for their

contributions.

11. Perceptions of Effectiveness: Youth perceptions of the effectiveness and responsiveness

of local governance structures play a crucial role. If young individuals believe that their

contributions can make a difference, they are more likely to actively participate.

12. Community Engagement Opportunities: The availability of opportunities for community

engagement, such as volunteering, community service, and project participation,

encourages youth involvement. Actively involving youth in community activities fosters

a sense of belonging and responsibility. McFarland, D. A., & Thomas, R. J., (2020)
 13. Institutional Barriers: The presence of institutional barriers, such as bureaucratic hurdles

or exclusionary practices, can hinder youth participation. Addressing these barriers is

essential for creating a more inclusive and accessible governance environment.

14. Cultural Norms and Expectations: Cultural norms and societal expectations regarding the

roles of youth in governance can impact their willingness to participate. Communities

that value and encourage youth involvement tend to have higher levels of youth

engagement.

15. Perceived Relevance of Issues: The perceived relevance of local governance issues to the

lives of young individuals affects their motivation to participate. When youth see the

direct impact of their contributions, they are more likely to engage actively. Christens, B.

D., & Dolan, T. (2018)

2.3.8 Strategies to Enhance Youth Participation

Enhancing youth participation in local governance requires the implementation of

effective strategies that address barriers and promote a supportive environment. Here are key

strategies to enhance youth participation:

1. Civic Education Programs: Implement comprehensive civic education programs that

educate young individuals about governance structures, civic rights, and responsibilities.

These programs can be integrated into school curricula, community workshops, and

online platforms to reach a wide audience. Cheung, M., & Poon, J. (2018).

2. Youth Advisory Councils: Establish dedicated youth advisory councils within local

government structures. These councils provide a formalized platform for youth to express

their opinions, offer input on policies, and actively engage in decision-making processes.
3. Mentorship Programs: Create mentorship programs that connect experienced leaders with

young individuals interested in local governance. Mentors can provide guidance, share

insights, and help build the leadership capacities of youth.

4. Inclusive Policies: Develop and implement inclusive policies that specifically address the

needs and concerns of youth. These policies should promote youth representation, create

opportunities for participation, and ensure their voices are considered in decision-making.

5. Youth-Driven Projects: Support and fund youth-driven projects and initiatives that

address community needs. Providing financial resources and guidance encourages young

individuals to take the lead in implementing projects that contribute to local development.

6. Digital Engagement Platforms: Leverage digital platforms, social media, and online tools

to enhance youth engagement. Create official social media accounts for local

government, establish online forums for discussions, and utilize digital channels for

information dissemination. Lerner, R. M., & Steinberg, L. (2019).

7. Community Outreach Events: Organize community outreach events, town hall meetings,

and public forums that actively involve youth. These events provide opportunities for

young individuals to express their opinions, voice concerns, and actively participate in

local discussions.

8. Internship and Training Programs: Establish internship and training programs within

local government offices. These programs offer practical experience for youth, allowing

them to learn about governance processes, develop skills, and gain exposure to decision-

making.

9. Youth Networks and Organizations: Collaborate with existing youth networks, clubs, and

organizations. Support these groups in organizing events, projects, and initiatives that
 contribute to community development and foster a sense of unity among young

individuals.

10. Role Model Showcases: Highlight and showcase positive role models within the

community who actively participate in local governance. Sharing success stories and

examples of effective youth engagement can inspire others to get involved.

11. Capacity-Building Workshops: Conduct capacity-building workshops that focus on

leadership development, communication skills, and civic engagement. These workshops

empower youth with the knowledge and tools necessary for effective participation.

12. Youth Employment Programs: Develop youth employment programs and

entrepreneurship initiatives. Creating opportunities for employment and economic

empowerment encourages youth to stay engaged in their communities and take an active

interest in local governance.

13. Recognition and Awards: Establish recognition programs and awards for outstanding

youth contributions to local governance. Acknowledging and celebrating the

achievements of young individuals reinforces the value of their participation.

14. Collaboration with Educational Institutions: Collaborate with educational institutions to

integrate civic education into school curricula. Engage with schools and colleges to create

awareness and foster a culture of civic responsibility among students.

15. Diversity and Inclusion Initiatives: Implement initiatives that promote diversity and

inclusion within local governance. Ensure that efforts are made to involve youth from

diverse backgrounds, including different genders, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses.

Welch, M. R., & Yankey, N. (2020)

2.3.9 Relationship Between Youth Participation and Sustainable Development

The relationship between youth participation and sustainable development is

interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Active engagement of youth in various aspects of

society, including local governance, contributes significantly to the achievement of sustainable

development goals. Here are key aspects of the relationship between youth participation and

sustainable development:

1. Inclusive Decision-Making: Youth participation in decision-making processes ensures

inclusivity in governance. By including the perspectives, ideas, and concerns of young

individuals, decision-makers can create policies and initiatives that are more responsive

to the diverse needs of the population. Checkoway, B., & Richards S. K. (2017).

2. Social Equity and Justice: Youth participation promotes social equity and justice. When

young people actively engage in addressing social issues, advocating for human rights,

and challenging inequalities, it contributes to the creation of a more just and equitable

society.

3. Innovation and Creativity: The energy, innovation, and creativity of youth are vital for

sustainable development. Engaging young individuals in problem-solving,

entrepreneurship, and community projects brings new ideas and approaches that

contribute to the sustainable use of resources and the development of innovative

solutions.

4. Community Resilience: Youth participation enhances community resilience. Actively

involving young individuals in disaster preparedness, environmental conservation, and

community development initiatives contributes to building resilient communities capable

of adapting to and mitigating the impacts of various challenges.

5. Economic Development: Youth engagement in economic activities, entrepreneurship, and

employment contributes to economic development. Supporting youth-led businesses and

initiatives fosters economic growth, job creation, and sustainable economic practices

within communities. Flanagan, C. A., & Levine, P. (2020).

6. Environmental Sustainability: Youth participation is crucial for environmental

sustainability. Young individuals often champion environmental causes, engage in

conservation efforts, and advocate for sustainable practices that contribute to the long-

term health of ecosystems and the planet.

7. Interconnected Goals: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are

interconnected, and youth participation addresses multiple goals simultaneously. Youth

involvement contributes to goals related to education, gender equality, health, poverty

alleviation, climate action, and more.

8. Social Cohesion: Youth participation fosters social cohesion. When young individuals

actively contribute to community development, engage in dialogue, and collaborate on

projects, it strengthens social bonds, builds trust, and creates a sense of unity within

communities.

9. Long-Term Vision and Leadership: Engaging youth in decision-making processes

ensures the inclusion of long-term vision and leadership. Young individuals, when

actively participating, bring a forward-looking perspective and are more likely to

advocate for sustainable policies and practices that benefit future generations.

10. Health and Well-being: Youth participation contributes to the health and well-being of

communities. Through engagement in health-related initiatives, awareness campaigns,

 and advocacy for healthcare access, young individuals play a role in promoting overall

community well-being. Walker, G. J., & Rempel, B. P. (2017).

11. Education and Knowledge Transfer: Youth engagement facilitates knowledge transfer

and education. As young individuals actively participate in community projects, they gain

practical skills and experiences that contribute to their personal development and the

overall knowledge base within the community.

12. Empowerment and Inclusion: Youth participation empowers individuals and promotes

inclusion. By involving young people in decision-making, it ensures that a diverse range

of voices is heard, fostering a culture of inclusivity and empowerment within the

community.

13. Global Citizenship: Youth engagement nurtures a sense of global citizenship. As young

individuals actively participate in global issues, such as climate change and social justice,

they contribute to a sense of responsibility and solidarity with global sustainable

development efforts. Schulz, A., & Checkoway, B. (2019).

 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 AREA OF THE STUDY

The study area in this research is mainly focus on the youth participation in local

government: examining youth based on organization in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe

State 2019-2023, which will be limited to youth participation in Billiri Local Government Area

of Gombe State.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design to be adopted in this research work is the descriptive survey research

which involves the usage of self-designed questionnaires in the collection of data. Under the

survey design, primary data will be used to determine the youth participation in local

government: examining youth based on organization in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe

State 2019-2023. The design was chosen because it enables the researcher to collected data

without manipulation of any variables of interest in the study.

3.3 POPULATON OF STUDY

Conceptually, the population for this study includes all youth in Billiri Local Government

Area of Gombe State.. In this case, the Study is about the the youth participation in local

government: examining youth based on organization in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe

State 2019-2023. Therefore, the population of the study consists of all the youth in Billiri Local

Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023. The population for this study consist of 400 youth

in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023.

3.4 SAMPLING SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The sample size of this study was 150 drawn out from the population of 400 of youth in

Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023. using stratified simple random

sampling technique. The simple random sampling is a procedure of giving every subject in the

population from which the sample was drawn an equal chance of being selected. The choice of

the proportionate sampling technique was informed by the variation of the population of youth of

Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023. This process enabled the researcher

to give a fair representation of youth in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-

2023.

3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The study used primary methods of data gathering, the primary method of data collection

was used to generate data from the field of study through structured questionnaire to elicit

response from the respondents who are strictly the Youth of Billiri Local Government Area of

Gombe State 2019-2023. on the youth participation in local government: examining youth based

on organization in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State 2019-2023. There are several

reasons which inform the distribution of questionnaire, one of such reasons is that it can gather

more information and increase commitment from different perspectives in the target audience. It

also helps respondent to freely express themselves. it is a less expensive way of gathering data

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

 This study adopted questionnaire for data collection and it was structured into two

sections:- section A will elicit information about Socio - Demographic data of respondents, while

section B will contain measurable questions with sets of answers from which respondents are

expected to choose the options that most reflects their opinions.

3.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQES

Method of analysis used was descriptive analysis, however, descriptive analysis: - this involves

the use of table histogram or data presented are analyzed in tabular form. The method involves

the systematic arrangement of figures and facts in series of boxes made up of rows and columns.
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