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physics year nine

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11 views5 pages

physics year nine

Uploaded by

maionescumanole
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTRICITY

Fuses
A fuse has two jobs:
1. Protect the wiring if something goes wrong.
2. Protect us from fire and electricity.
It has a piece of wire that melts easily. The fuse melts and breaks the
circuit if the current is too great.
There are 3 common ratings: 3A, 5A and 13A. The fuse should be rated
at a slightly higher current than needed for the device.

Earth Wires
 A copper wire coated in plastic.
 Gives a low resistance path for current to flow from the case of the
device to the ground if there’s a fault.
 Without it, if there is a fault and the live wire becomes loose, it could
touch the case if you touch it, you’ll be electrocuted.
 It’s connected to the case and attached to a metal plate or water
pipe underground.

Double Insulation
Double insulated devices don’t have an earth wire, but they are designed
so that the electrical parts can never touch the case (e.g. hairdryers).

Power Calculations
Power – Watts (W),
Voltage/Potential difference – Volts (V), voltmeter.
Current – Amps (A), ammeter
Charge – Coulombs (C)
Current (C) x time (s) = charge (Q)

Resistance – Ohms (Ω)


Energy (J) = power (W) x time (s)
Energy (J) = current (A) x voltage (V) x time (s)
Circuit Symbols

lamp voltmeter ammeter


motor

cell battery resistor


fuse

variable resistor thermistor diode


LED

heater light dependent resistor (LDR)

Types of Circuit

Series
 All the components are connected, one after the other, in a single
loop. If one component breaks, they all break.
 The current depends on the number of cells and is the same in all
parts of the circuit.
 More components -> more resistance -> less current.
 The potential difference produced by the cell or battery is shared
across the components in a circuit. More lamps = dimmer.
Parallel
 Connects components on separate loops, so the current takes
different routes around the circuit.
 If a lamp breaks, the other components continue working. Current
continues to flow along the other loops in the circuit.
 The current is shared between the different branches of the circuit.
When current reaches a junction in the circuit, it splits.

 More components -> less resistance -> more current


 Adding components decreases the total resistance.
 The potential difference is the same all across the circuit. More
lamps = same brightness.

Ohmic Conductors
Ohmic conductors are conductors that follow the Ohm’s Law - voltage =
current x resistance. If they do not, they are called non-Ohmic
conductors.

AC/DC
 Alternating Current – Direction of the current alternates constantly
 Direct Current – Current flows in one direction

FORCES AND MOTION


Speed and Velocity
Speed is distance travelled ÷ time taken
(scalar).
Velocity is speed but with direction
(vector).

A – Increasing speed
B – Constant speed
C – Decreasing speed
D – Stationary

Scalar and Vector Scalar Vector


Scalar – No direction, Energy, power, speed, Acceleration,
magnitude mass, distance, time velocity, force,
displacement
Vector – Direction and magnitude

Distance and Displacement


Distance is how far someone has moved.
Displacement is how far someone is from a point and can be negative or
positive.
Newton’s Laws
First Law
A stationary object will stay stationary unless acted upon by a force.
A moving object will keep moving unless acted upon by a force.
(Ex. If no gravity, ball would float, not go down.)

Second Law
When an unbalanced force acts upon an object:
 The direction of the acceleration is the direction of the unbalanced
force.
 The heavier an object is, the harder it is to move.
 How much an object accelerates changes in direct proportion with
the size of the unbalanced force.
(Ex. More power in a car, it goes faster.)

Weight (N) = Mass (kg) x Gravitational Force (N/kg)


Force (N) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s2)

Third Law
Every action has its equal opposite reaction.
(Ex. A swimmer pushes water back with their arms and gets propelled
forward.)

Suvat
S - distance v–
a
U – initial velocity = u
V – final velocity
A – acceleration v2 = u 2 +
2as
T – time
Velocity-Time Graphs
A – Increasing Velocity
B – Constant Velocity
C – Decreasing Velocity
D – Stationary

Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s law states that how much an object, like a spring, stretched is
directly proportional to how much force is applied. Every spring has an
elastic limit, which has stretched so much that it cannot return to its
normal length.

Terminal Velocity
Terminal Velocity is when an object reaches its maximum speed. when the
forces moving it are balanced by the frictional forces. There are three
stages of falling:
1. Object accelerated downwards due to gravity.
2. As the object’s speed increases, frictional forces (ex. air
resistance) increase.
3. The weight of the object due to gravity is balanced by the frictional
forces and the resultant force is zero–terminal velocity.

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