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4 views

lect04_CSC101

Uploaded by

Ardha Raghavendra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Programming with C and C++

CSC-101 (Lecture 4)

Dr. R. Balasubramanian
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Mehta Family School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee 247 667
[email protected]
https://faculty.iitr.ac.in/cs/bala/
Motivation
From Numbers to Code
Trivia:
I Think of your favourite number. Can you represent it in
binary form?
I How would you store the number ⇡ in a computer, given it’s
an irrational number with infinite decimal expansion?
Mathematical Patterns in Programming
I Fibonacci Series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...
I Prime Numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...
Question: If you were to instruct a computer to generate these
sequences, where would you start?
Puzzles and Logic
Puzzle:
I Consider the equation: 2x + y = 100. Given that x, y 2 N,
how many solutions can you think of?
Question:
I How might a computer systematically find all these
solutions?
I Computers can’t directly understand algebra, but they can
execute commands based on logical and mathematical
operations.
I How do you think a computer might solve the equation
3x 4 = 11, where x 2 Z?
Geometry in Programming
Problem:
I Consider a circle with radius r . Can you write a
mathematical expression for its area and circumference?
Question:
I How would you instruct a computer to calculate these
properties for a given radius? Think of the functions and
constants involved.
Basics of C
Defining a Function

C Programming:
Mathematics:
I Encapsulates a set of
I Defined relation between
instructions.
sets.
I Ex.: int square(int x){
I Ex.: f (x) = x 2
return x * x;}
I Input: x
I Input: x
I Operation: Squaring
I Operation: Multiplication
I Output: x 2
I Output: x * x
Function Characteristics

Mathematics:
C Programming:
I Deterministic: One input
I Deterministic: Functions
has one specific output.
will produce the same
I Predictable: You can result with the same input.
always determine the
I Predictable: If coded
outcome with the given
correctly, no surprises.
input.
I Encapsulates a behaviour
I Represents a rule or a
or task.
transformation.
The Power of this Analogy

I Both paradigms focus on the transformation: Converting


inputs into desired outputs.
I By understanding one, we have a head start on
understanding the other.
I Just as we manipulate mathematical functions to solve
problems, we can manipulate C functions to program
solutions.

Mathematics is the gate, and programming is the key.


Another Analogy: Ingredients and Variables

Kitchen Recipe:
I Ingredients: Flour, Eggs, C Programming:
Sugar I Variables: ‘int’, ‘char’, ‘float’
I Quantities: 1 cup, 2 eggs, I Values: ‘5’, “a”, ‘3.14’
0.5 cup I Essential to store and
I Essential to achieve the manipulate data.
final dish.
Steps and Instructions

C Programming:
Kitchen Recipe:
I Sequential instructions:
I Sequential steps: Mix,
Initialize, Compute, Print
Bake, Serve
I Each instruction performs
I Each step affects the
a task.
outcome.
I Execution order is
I Order is crucial.
paramount.
Outcomes and Outputs

Kitchen Recipe: C Programming:


I Desired Outcome: A tasty I Desired Output: Correct
cake results, no errors.
I Result of following steps I Result of executing
with ingredients. instructions with variables.
The Essence of the Analogy

I Both paradigms are about transformation: Ingredients to a


dish, Variables to an output.
I Just as you’d troubleshoot a recipe, you debug a program.
I The beauty of creation: Crafting a dish or crafting a
solution.

Programming, like cooking, is an art. Mastery comes with


practice and understanding.
A Simple Task: Finding the Area of a Rectangle
Task:
I Calculate the area of a rectangle with a length of 5 units
and a width of 7 units.
I Mathematically: Area = length ⇥ width
C Program:
# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int length = 5;
int width = 7;
int area = length * width ;
printf (" Area = % d \ n " , area ) ;
return 0;
}
Dissecting the Program: Preprocessor Directive

What is this?
# include < stdio .h >

I It’s a preprocessor directive.


I Tells the compiler to include the standard input-output
header file.
I Enables the use of ‘printf’ and other I/O functions.
I Think of it as importing a toolkit before starting work.
Dissecting the Program: The main() Function

Function:
int main () {

I It’s the entry point for every C program.


I The execution starts from here.
I Contains the key instructions to run.
I Returns an integer to the operating system upon
completion.
I This is similar to a mathematical function having both input
and output.
Dissecting the Program: Variables

Variable Declaration:
int length = 5;
int width = 7;

I Variables ‘length’ and ‘width’ store the dimensions of the


rectangle.
I ‘int’ denotes the integer data type.
I Variables are initialized with given values.
I They play a role similar to constants in algebra.
Dissecting the Program: Calculating Area

Calculation:
int area = length * width ;

I Multiplication operation calculates the area.


I The result is stored in the ‘area’ variable.
I Direct application of the mathematical formula.
Dissecting the Program: Printing the Result

Printf:
printf (" Area = % d \ n " , area ) ;

I Displays the result on the console.


I ‘%d’ is a placeholder for integers.
I It will be replaced by the value of ‘area’.
I It’s like evaluating a function with a given value.
Dissecting the Program: The Return Statement

Return Statement:
return 0;

I Signifies the successful termination of the program.


I Returns an integer value (0 in this case) to the operating
system.
I Like concluding a mathematical operation or proof.
Thank You and Keep Coding!

"Don’t be pushed around by the fears in your


mind. Be led by the dreams in your heart."
- Roy T. Bennett

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