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Picture courtesy: Foysal Abedin

History of the Discovery of DNA 1869

The Blueprint for Life
DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician
DNA is the code of life, that means by which Friedrich Mischer, who discovered a
every living organism on Earth stores its‟ microscopic substance in the pus of discarded
genetic information. Although the discovery of bandages. As it is resided in the nuclei of cells,
DNA occurred in 1869 by Swiss-born he called it Nuclein.
biochemist Fredrich Miescher, it took more
than 80 years for its importance to be fully
realized. And even today, more than 150 years
after it was first discovered, exciting research
and technology continue to offer more insight
and a better answer to the question: Why is
DNA important?

Here goes a brief description of the history of

DNA discovery.

1863
Picture courtesy: Hasibul Islam
Gregor Johan Mendal, who was a monk, Figure: Gregor Johann Mendel
played a very important role in the discovery
of Genes and Heredity. He is known as the 1878
father of Genetics.
Albert Kossel isolated non-protein
components of nuclein, Nucleic Acid and later
isolated its five primary nucleobases.
 1919 William Astbury produced the first X- ray
diffraction pattern that showed that DNA had a
Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar and regular structure.
phosphate nucleotide unit. He suggested that
DNA is consisted of a string of nucleotide
units linked together through the phosphate
groups. 1943
The Avery-Macleod-McCarty experiment
demonstrated that isolated DNA was the
1928 maternal at which genes and chromosomes are
made.
Frederick Griffith was trying to find a vaccine
against Streptococcus pneumoniae but instead
made a breakthrough in the world of heredity.
He did four experiments in which he injected
1950
strands of bacteria into mice. Erwin Chargaff discovered two rules that
helped lead to discovery of the double helix
structure of DNA strongly linking towards the
base pair makeup.

Picture courtesy: Hasibul Islam

Figure: James Dewey Watson

1933 Picture courtesy: Hasibul Islam

Figure: Francis Crick
While studying virgin Sea-urchin eggs, Jean
Brachet suggested that DNA is found in the 1952
cell nucleus and that RNA is present
exclusively in the cytoplasm. At the time, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin were
"yeast nucleic acid" (RNA) was thought to the first to obtain very good x-ray diffraction
occur only in plants, while "thymus nucleic images of DNA fibres. At that time, little was
acid" (DNA) only in animals. The latter was known about the structure of DNA.
thought to be a tetramer, with the function of
buffering cellular pH.

1953

1937
James Watson and Francis Crick began to
examine the DNA structure. Using previous x-
ray diffraction photos of DNA fibres, they
discovered that it showed an X shape, which is
also characteristic of a helix.

1962
After Franklin's death Watson, Crick and
Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize In
physiology or medicine.

Discovery of DNA is a groundbreaking

discovery. Every new discovery in our
understanding of DNA leads to further
advancement in the idea of precision medicine,
a relatively new way doctors are approaching
healthcare through the use of genetic and
molecular information to guide their approach
to medicine. The discovery of DNA has
radically changed the way we breed and utilise
crops and the means by which we recognise
and protect our plant biodiversity.

Ayesha Tamanna
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Faculty of Agriculture.
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a‡i‡Q| A‡bKÿY †Póvi cv cyKzi †_‡K D‡V Avmjvg|
Kei¯'v‡bi cv‡ki iv¯Ív w`‡q nvuUwQ| †mLv‡b i‡q‡Q
cyKzi †_‡K D‡VB GK †`؇o evwo‡Z wdijvg| iv¯Ívq
GKUv wekvj MvQ| w`‡bi †ejvq fq †cZvg bv, wKš`
g‡b nw‧Q‡jv, †`Øov‡bvi mgq †K †hb Avgvi cv a‡i
iv‡Zi †ejv e‡j GKUz fq jvMwQ‡jv| `~i †_‡K nVvr
†i‡L‡Q|
†`wL Mv‡Qi g‡a¨ Av¸‡bi g‡Zv wK †hb R¦j‡Q|
Av¸bUv †ek A™¢zZ| gv_vi †fZ‡i wK me KzwPšÍv Avm‡Z evwo wd‡i †`wL Avgvi cv‡q wKQz `wo Avi cvZv AvU‡K
jvM‡jv| fvejvg MvQUv †Kv‡bvfv‡e †cwi‡q †h‡ZB Av‡Q| Avgvi Avi †evSvi evwK iB‡jv bv, †Kb cvwb
n‡e| Avi †Zv †Kv‡bv weKí iv¯Ív †bB| m…wóKZ©vi bvg †_‡K Avgvi DV‡Z Kó nw‧Q‡jv| ciw`b mKv‡j †mB
wb‡q Pj‡Z jvMjvg| f~Zz‡o wekvj MvQwUi Kv‡Q GKUv giv Bu`yi c‡o _vK‡Z
†`Lv †M‡jv| cy‡iv e¨vcviUvB GLb Avgvi Kv‡Q ¯úó
MvQUvi Kv‡Q †h‡ZB †`Ljvg, †QvU GKUv wK †hb
n‡q DV‡jv| Avm‡j †h R¦jR¦j †PvLIqvjv f~‡Zi K_v
MvQwU‡K fxlYfv‡e †`vjv‡‧Q| Av‡iKUz Kv‡Q wM‡q
Avwg wPšÍv KiwQjvg, †mUv Avi wKQzB bv, GKwU weovj
†`wL, Igv, †mwK! GKwU f~Z! f~‡Zi †PvL`y‡Uv Av¸‡bi
gvÎ! GB weovjwUB MZiv‡Z Bu`yiwU‡K aivi Rb¨ Mv‡Q
†Mvjvi g‡Zv R¦jR¦j Ki‡Q| MvQUv‡K Ggbfv‡e
DVwQ‡jv Avi wb‡P bvgwQ‡jv| ZvB MvQwU Gcvk Icvk
†`vjv‡‧Q †hb GLywb †f‡O co‡e| KL‡bv Gcvk, †Zv
`yjwQ‡jv| Avm‡j weÁv‡bi wn‡m‡e gvbyl †h cwigvY
KL‡bv Icvk| †PvL R¦jR¦j Kiv f~ZwU KL‡bv Dc‡i
Av‡jv‡Z †`‡L, weovj Zvi Qq fvM Kg Av‡jv‡ZI
DV‡Q, Avevi KL‡bvev wb‡P bvg‡Q| †PvL eÜ K‡i
†`L‡Z cv‡i| Gi KviY Zvi †Pv‡Li †iwUbvi †cQ‡b
†`؇o G‡Mv‡Z jvMjvg| g‡b nw‧Q‡jv f~ZwU †hb Avgvi
Ô†U‡cUvg jywmWvg× bvgK wUmy¨ ¯Íi Av‡Q, hv †iwUbv w`‡q
†cQb †cQb Avm‡Q| hv‡nvK, †Kv‡bvfv‡e MvQwU cvi
†h Av‡jv hvq Zv‡K Avevi wi‡d¬± Ki‡Z cv‡i †hb
n‡q Avmjvg| †Kv‡bv GKUv Mv‡Qi wb‡P wKQzÿY wekÕvg
d‡Uvwi‡mÞ‡i Zv aiv c‡o| ZvB hLb weov‡ji †Pv‡L
K‡i †bB| mvg‡b GKUv MvQ †`L‡Z †c‡q Zvi wb‡P
†Kv‡bv Av‡jv c‡o, Zv weewa©Z n‡q cÕwZdwjZ nq|
wM‡q `vuovjvg| nVvr K‡i †`wL Avgvi k^vm eÜ n‡q
ZvQvov weov‡ji †Pv‡Li ÔwcDwcj× (†h wQ`ª w`‡q †Pv‡L
Avm‡Q! g‡b g‡b fvejvg, wbðqB GUv †mB f~‡Zi
Av‡jv cÕ‡ek K‡i) A‡bK eo, ZvB Aí Av‡jv‡Z
†Kv‡bv wRwbm †`Lvi Rb¨ Zviv †Pv‡Li wcDwcj h‡_ó
eo Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z AwZ g…`y Av‡jvI †m †`L‡Z
cvq| G Kvi‡YB iv‡Z Av‡jv co‡j weov‡ji †PvL
PKPK K‡i|

Avi †hB A™¢zZ Av¸b †`‡LwQjvg, †mwU wQ‡jv †RvbvwK

†cvKvi Av‡jv! †RvbvwK †cvKvi †`n †_‡K Av‡jv
we‧Qzi‡Yi g~j gva¨g n‡jv jywm‡dwib (Luciferin)
bvgK GKwU ivmvqwbK c`v_©| †RvbvwK †cvKvi †`‡n
GB c`v_©wU Drcbœ nq, hv evZv‡mi Aw•‡R‡bi mv‡_
wg‡k Av‡jv ˆZix K‡i| Gi Rb¨B Avgv‡`i g‡b nq
†RvbvwK †cvKv Av‡jv we‧QziY K‡i|

Qwem~Î: nvwmeyj Bmjvg

Avi iv‡Zi †ejv Mv‡Qi wb‡P Mjv Pvc w`‡q aivi †h

e¨vcviUv †mUv n‡jv, MvQ iv‡Z AwaK nv‡i Kve©b-WvB-
A•vBW Z¨vM K‡i| d‡j Mv‡Qi wb‡P Kve©b-WvB-
A•vB‡Wi NbZ¡ †ewk _v‡K Ges Aw•‡R‡bi Afve †`Lv
†`q| G‡Z K‡i Mv‡Qi wb‡P _vKv e¨w³i k^vm cÕk^v‡m
Kó nq| ZvB iv‡Zi †ejv Mv‡Qi wb‡P, we‡kl K‡i
AwaK cvZvhy³ Mv‡Qi wb‡P Ae¯'vb Kiv wVK bv|

Hw`b iv‡Z mwZ¨B eÇ fq †c‡qwQjvg| Avm‡j Hw`‡b

NUbvq eyS‡Z †c‡iwQjvg, f~Z ej‡Z wK‧Qz †bB| ejv
hvq. GUvB Avgvi Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q fq¼i AwfÁZv|

dvIwRqv MIni
†k‡ievsjv K…wl wek^we`¨vjq
K…wl Abyl`|
Qwem~Î: kviwgb Av³vi ÎæwUc~Y© A¨vwjj †_‡K c…_K n‡q †µv‡gv‡Rvgvj mvB‡U
“Is Our Fate indeed in Our GKxf~Z nq, hv ÎæwUc~Y© wRb †givgZ Ki‡Z mÿg|
Gene?” A_©vr mvaviY wRb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvh©Kix wR‡b cÕwZ¯'vcb
NUv‡Z cv‡i hv Gi ˆewk‡ó¨ cwieZ©b Av‡b| hw`
RxeweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq c…w_exe¨vcx Av‡jvob mvaviY wRb wgDU¨v›U A¨vwjj‡K cwieZ©b K‡i, ZLb
m…wóKvix wKQz bZzb aviYvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv Gene iƒcvšÍwiZ †Kvl¸‡jv cÕmvwiZ n‡q ch©vß cwigv‡Y mvaviY
Therapy. Gene Therapy †hgb bZzb GKwU bZzb wRb ˆZix Ki‡e| hv ÎæwUc~Y© †d‡bvUvBc cybiæ×v‡i
kvLvi D‡b¥vPb, †Zgwb nvRvi we¯§q Ges cÕ‡kœi m¤§y‡L mÿg|
`vuo Kwi‡q †`q eZ©gvb RMZ‡K| GLb cÕkœ n‡‧Q,
ÒWhat is this mystical new wonder called gvbe‡`‡n wRb †_ivwc, cystic fibrosis,
Gene Therapy?Ó aedenosine deamine deficiency,
hypercholesteromia, cancer Gis gvivZ¡K Several
aiæb, GKRb e¨w³i wUDgvi †Kvl¸‡jv `ªæZ wefvwRZ Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
n‡q gw¯Í‡®‹ K¨vÝvi m…wó Ki‡Q| GB †Kvl¸‡jv MV‡bi (SCID) Gi g‡Zv †iv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †mvgvwUK (†`n) †Kv‡l
g~j KviY n‡jv wKQz ÎæwUc~Y© iƒcvšÍwiZ wRb| G‡ÿ‡Î †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wRb †_ivwci gva¨‡g †m‡i IVv
Avgiv hw` GKwU DcKvix fvBivm Target Cell †mvgvwUK †Kvl¸‡jv wPwKrmviZ e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î jÿY
(wUDgvi enbKvix †mj)-G cÕ‡ek KivB, Zvn‡j cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡jI Zv eskvbyµ‡g cieZ©x cÕR‡b¥
fvBivmwU A‡bK¸‡jv Kwc ˆZwi Ki‡e| †hme †Kvl GB ¯'vbvšÍwiZ n‡e bv| GQvov Germline (Cell of ovary
fvBivm enb Ki‡e, Zv wUDgvi †mj‡K AvµgY Ki‡e and testis) bvgK wRb †_ivwci g~j jÿ¨B n‡jv
Ges Gme †Kv‡l †R‡bwUK cwieZ©b NUv‡e| GB germline Gi ga¨Kvi ÎæwU ms‡kvab Kiv| GwU m¤¢e
cwieZ©b NUv‡bvB g~jZ Gene Therapy. n‡jB Zv gv‡qvwm‡mi gva¨‡g bZzb germline ˆZwi
Ki‡e Ges cieZ©x cÕR‡b¥ cwieZ©b Avb‡e| Z‡e
wRb †_ivwc, wRb UªvÝdvi †_ivwc bv‡gI cwiwPZ| GwU Germline Gene Therapy wewfbœ cÕvwY‡Z
g~jZ †R‡bwUK †iv‡Mi KviY NUvq Ggb †Kv‡bv cixÿvg~jKfv‡e mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI gvby‡li
wgD‡Uk‡bi †givgZ Kivi Rb¨ e¨w³i wR‡bv‡g GKwU †ÿ‡Î Zv GL‡bv AwbwðZ|
mvaviY wR‡bi m~Pbv| †Kv‡bv mvaviY wRb‡K GKwU
wgDU¨v›U †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m cÕ‡ek Kiv‡bv n‡j wRbwU
GQvov weÁvbxiv Stemcell Therapy Gi mv‡_ Gene K‡ib, ÒHuman should not „Play God‟ and
Therapy-i mswgkÕYI ch©‡eÿY K‡i‡Qb| Zviv interfere in the natural order.Ó A_©vr cÕvK…wZK
cÕv_wgK Ae¯'vq Alpha-1 antitrypsin Gi NvUwZRwbZ cÕwµqvq n¯Í‡ÿc Kiv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QB AcÕvmw½K g‡b
mgm¨vq AvµvšÍ e¨w³i Z¡K †_‡K †Kvl msMÕn K‡i n‡q‡Q| Avevi A‡b‡Ki g‡Z Genetic Engineering
†m¸‡jvi †÷g †Kvl¸‡jvi cybM©Vb K‡ib| GwU †hLv‡b m¤ú~Y© b¨vqm½Z †mLv‡b GwU ¯ªóvi D‡Ï‡k¨i
cieZ©x‡Z cwiYZ wjfvi †Kv‡l ¯^vfvweKfv‡e DÏxcbv mv‡_ mvgÃm¨c~Y©| GQvovI AbvKvw․ÿZ RxevYy
m…wó K‡iwQ‡jv| eskvbyµ‡g evwnZ nIqvi m¤¢vebvq A‡b‡KB GwU‡K
b¨vqm½Z g‡b Ki‡Qb bv|

1999 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvb wK‡kvix Jasse Gelsinger

wRb †_ivwci cixÿvq gviv hvb| Avevi d«v‡Ýi 2000
M‡elK †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb †h, X-Linked SCID
(XSCID, an inherited disorder that effects
males) Øviv AvµvšÍ wkï‡`i wPwKrmvi Rb¨ wRb
†_ivwc mdjfv‡e M…nxZ n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡Ki wek^vm, GwU
Eugenics Gi cÕwZwbwa, hvi jÿ¨ fwel¨Z cÕRb¥‡K
cQ›`mB ˆewkó¨ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g DbœZ Kiv!

ZvB cwi‡k‡l A‡b‡KB A¯^xKvi Ki‡ZI bvivR †h, wRb

†_ivwc AÿgZv Gov‡bvi GKwU Dchy³ cÕwµqv hv GKzk
kZvãxi cÕavb nvwZqvi n‡q DV‡e| fwel¨‡Z nq‡Zv
GB kãwU-B cwievi¸‡jv‡Z ˆ`bw›`b e¨eüZ k㸇jvi
Qwem~Î: nvwmeyj Bmjvg GKwU kã n‡e| eZ©gv‡b weÁvbx‡`i wRb welqK Av‡iv
M‡elYv wPwKrmv weÁv‡b G‡b †`‡e GK wekvj cwieZ©b
cixÿvg~jK wRb †_ivwci Rb¨ Ô†f±i× bvgK GKwU wRb Avi fwel¨r cÕR‡b¥i Kv‡Q Zz‡j w`‡e GK wekvj
mieivn K‡i Zv †R‡bwUK BwÃwbqvwis Ki‡Z nq| m¤¢vebv| myZivs Ae‡k‡l nq‡Zv ejvB hvq †h, ÒOUR
†f±i wRb g~jZ †Kv‡l mn‡R msµgY Kivi cvkvcvwk FATE IS INDEED IN OUR GENE...Ó
bZzb wRb mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î †f±i wn‡m‡e
†i‡UªvfvBivm †R‡bwUK Dcv`vb¸‡jv gvbe‡Kv‡li
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Bw›U‡MÕU Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Adenovirus
DNA †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m AbycÕ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡jI
mygvBqv AvRv`
Bw›U‡MÕU Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †k‡ievsjv K…wl wek^we`¨vjq
K…wl Abyl`|
Dc‡iv³ cwieZ©b¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡j Avgiv gvb‡ZB
cvwi †h, wRb †_ivwci gva¨‡g wPwKrmvq †hgb weeZ©b
Gm‡Q †Zgwb G‡m‡Q wR‡bv‡g| James Watson
e‡jwQ‡jb, ÒWe used to think that our fate is in
our stars but we know that, in large measure,
our fate is in our genes.Ó A_©vr Watson-Gi
fvl¨g‡Z fvM¨ A‡bKUvB Avgv‡`i wR‡bi Ici
wbf©ikxj|

Z‡e wKQz †ÿÎ †hgb, †R‡bwUK g¨vwbcy‡jkb,

wm‡jKkb, åæ‡Yi wUmy¨ wb‡q M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î Gene
Therapy wKQz weev‡`i m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡KB g‡b
Qwem~Î: nvwmeyj Bmjvg weÁvbxiv giæf~wgi wKQz cÖvwYi Ici wKQz gRvi
G•‡cwi‡g›U K‡ib| Avi GB G•‡cwi‡g›U †_‡K
giæf~wg‡Z cvwbi Drm Avgiv †ek wKQz gRvi Z_¨I Rvb‡Z cvwi| Pjyb wKQz
G•‡cwi‡g›U †`‡L †bqv hvK|
giæf~wg ej‡Z Avgiv eywS AZ¨šÍ ﮋ, e…wóweij Ges
evwj w`‡q Ave…Z GKwU AÂj hv cÕvwYi emev‡mi Rb¨ Kangaroo rat (Dimodomys sp.) Gi Lv`¨vfvm
GK`g Abyc‡hvMx| wKš` GB cwi‡e‡k cÕvwYi ev¯`Zš¿ †h Rvbvi ci weÁvbxiv G‡`i GKwU eq¯‹ gv Ges Zvi
KZ ˆewPΨgq, Zv wK Avgiv KL‡bv †f‡e †`‡LwQ? wZbwU ev‧Pv‡K Dry feed Ges Moist feed †L‡Z
†`b| G‡`i‡K †h Lvevi¸‡jv †`qv n‡qwQ‡jv| Av`©ª
cvwbi Aci bvg Rxeb| cvwb Qvov Rx‡ei Rxeb aviY
Lvevi¸‡jvi A‡bKUv Ask cvwb _vK‡jI ïK‡bv
Am¤¢e, Zv †K bv Rv‡b! wKš` giæf~wgi GB ˆeix
Lvevi¸‡jv wQ‡jv G‡Kev‡iB ﮋ| G‡`i‡K chv©ß
cwi‡e‡k cÕvwYiv cvwb cvq †Kv‡_‡K? KxUcZ½, mixm…c,
Lvev‡ii cvkvcvwk cvwbI †`qv nw‧Q‡jv| wKš` †`Lv †Mj
cvwL, ¯Íb¨cvqx †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A‡bK ai‡bi A‡bK
Giv Av`©ª Lvevi w`‡j Avi Avjv`v K‡i cvwb cvb Ki‡Q
cÕRvwZi cÕvwYi wePiY i‡q‡Q GLv‡b| GLv‡b †hgb Zx²
bv| Avi Av`©ª Lvevi bv w`‡j ZLbB ïaygvÎ cvwb cvb
`šÍwewkó cÕvwY †hgb Rabbit, Kangaroo rat,
Ki‡Q| G †_‡K weÁvbxiv eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Gme cÕvwYi
Ground squirrels, Gophers, Mice BZ¨vw` evm
cvwbi Pvwn`v cÕvK…wZKfv‡eB A‡bK Kg|
K‡i, †Zgwb meyR Nvm, Mv‡Qi g~j, evj¦, wewfbœ ai‡bi
K¨vKUvm BZ¨vw`I Rb¥vq| Gme cÖvwY¸‡jv wKš` GB Rxe¸‡jvi cÕwZwU M‡o 13.3 MÕvg Lvevi Lvq hvi
G‡Kev‡i cvwbk~b¨ ¯'v‡b _vK‡jI wb‡Riv cvwb Qvov g‡a¨ cÕvq 7.4 MÕvg ïKbv Lvevi _vK, Avi ev` evwK
evu‡P bv| evuPvi Rb¨ Giv wewfbœ Dcv‡q wVKB cvwb 5.8 MÕvg cvwb| Zvi gv‡b G‡`i Lvev‡i cÖvq 43.6
†hvMvo K‡i †bq| GKUz †Lqvj Ki‡jB †`Lv hvq, kZvsk cvwb _v‡K| wKš` AvU w`b Gme cÕvwY¸‡jv‡K
giæf~wgi MvQ¸‡jv †ek cvwb mÂq K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| cixÿv K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q Giv G‡`i Lvevi †_‡K gvÎ 5%
GB cvwbB cÕvwY¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKwU cÕavb cvwbi Drm| cvwb †kvlY K‡i‡Q! gRvi welq n‡‧Q, G‡`i †`‡n
cvwbi cwigvY GZB A‡bK Kg wQ‡jv| wKš` Zvic‡iI
giæf~wgi cÕvwYiv MvQcvjv †_‡K cvwb msMÕn Ki‡jI
Giv wb‡R‡`i †`‡ni Rb¨ 5% Gi †ewk cvwb †kvlY
memgq wK giæf~wg‡Z MvQcvjv cvIqv hvq? mwZ¨ ej‡Z
K‡iwb| GB Ae¯'vqI cÕvwY¸‡jv cy‡ivcywi my¯' I ¯^vfvweK
giæf~wg †Kv‡bv wKQzB Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ Dchy³ bv, †nvK
wQ‡jv| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡‧Q, ch©vß cvwbRvZxq Lvevi
†mwU cÕvwY ev †nvK Dw™¢`| AZGe cvwbi Afve GLv‡bi
†L‡jI G‡`i †`‡n cÕvK…wZKfv‡eB cvwbi Pvwn`v †ek
cÕvwY‡`i GKwU cÕavb mgm¨v| Awf‡hvRb ÿgZv GB
Kg|
mgm¨v †_‡K cÕvwY‡`i‡K A‡bKvs‡kB gyw³ †`q|
giæf~wgi cÕvwYiv w`‡bi †ejv cÕPÐ Mi‡g mvaviYZ giæf~wgi g‡Zv cÕPÐ ˆeix cwi‡e‡k cÕvwYi †eu‡P _vKv
Zv‡`i MZ© †Q‡o †ei nq bv| Zv‡`i cvK¯'wj‡Z Zviv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q GKgvÎ GLv‡bi Rxe‡`i †`‡n cvwb
A‡bKmgq Lv`¨ Rgv ivL‡Z cv‡i| w`‡bi †ejv †hB Drcv`b cÖwµqvi Rb¨B bv, cvkvcvwk Zviv evwj wKsev
cÖPÐ Mi‡g giæf~wg DËß _v‡K, iv‡Z †mB giæf~wgB cv_i †_‡KI cvwb msMÕn Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Zv‡`i
†ek VvÐv n‡q I‡V| †fØMwjK Kvi‡YB GgbwU nq| Avi †`‡n †hb cvwbi Pvwn`v Kg _v‡K I †`‡ni cvwb †hb
GB VvÐv nIqvUv wKš` Rx‡ei cvwbi Pvwn`v c~i‡YI Kv‡R m~‡h©i Zv‡c ev®úxf~Z bv n‡Z cv‡i GRb¨ GLv‡bi
†`q| iv‡Zi VvÐv AvenvIqvq hLb giæf~wgi cÕvwY‡`i g‡a¨ †ewkifvMB n‡q _v‡K wbkvPi| cÕK…wZi
cv_i¸‡jvi Ici wkwki R‡g, A‡bK cÕvwYB ZLb GB we‡kl Awf‡hvRbxq ˆewk󨸇jvB Eli giæ‡KI
Zv‡`i MZ© †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m GB cvwb cvb K‡i| K‡i Zz‡j‡Q cÕv‡Yi Avevmf~wg|

RvbœvZzj †di`vDm wRnvb

†k‡ievsjv K…wl wek^we`¨vjq
K…wl Abyl`|

Qwem~Î: B›Uvi‡bU
(wPÎ: Moloch horridus)

giæf~wgi Thorny Devil (Moloch horridus) Gi

†`n KvuUv w`‡q Ave…Z _v‡K| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv GB
KvuUv †hgb Zv‡`i AvZ¥iÿvq mvnvh¨ K‡i, †Zgwb cvwb
msMÕ‡nI mvnvh¨ K‡i| G‡`i †`‡n KvuUv¸‡jv †`‡ni
AvqZb e…w× K‡i †`q| Avi G‡`i Z¡‡K A‡bK wQ`ª
_v‡K hvi gva¨‡g Giv iv‡Zi wkwki msMÕn K‡i †`‡ni
†fZ‡i Rgv ivL‡Z cv‡i| iv‡Zi †ejv wkwki wKsev
e…wói mgq cvwb Mv‡q co‡j GB wQ`ª w`‡q Giv mn‡RB
MÕnY K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| AevK Kiv welq n‡jv GB wQ`ª
w`‡q Zviv evZv‡mi cvwbI †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

giæf~wg‡Z †Kv‡bv cwikÕg Qvov gvÎ 4 M¨vjb cvwb

w`‡qB GKRb cÕvßeq®‹ gvbyl 10 N›Uv Pvwj‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i| cwikÕg Qvov wKsev ﮋ AvenvIqvi ms¯ú‡k© bv
G‡j gvby‡li Zzjbvg~jK Kg cvwbi cÕ‡qvRb| wKš`
gvby‡li cÕwZw`bKvi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq _vKv meyR
kvKmewR I km¨RvZxq Lv`¨ †`‡n A‡bKUvB cvwb
mieivn K‡i| Ggwb‡ZB k^mb cÕwµqvq kw³ Drcv`‡bi
mgq DcRvZ wn‡m‡e Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW Avi cvwb
Drcbœ nq| GB cvwb wKš` Dw™¢` wb‡Ri Kv‡RB e¨envi
K‡i| wKš` Gic‡iI cvwbi Afve †`Lv w`‡j †`‡n
mwÂZ MøvB‡Kv‡Rb †f‡O cvwb I kw³ Drcbœ K‡i|
Qwem~Î: bvwn` nvmvb K‡i‡Q mnR, Avwg n‡q D‡VwQ nq‡Zv Av‡iv
AvZ¥wek^vmx|
WHAT I GOT FROM BDBO
fv‡jvevwm Zv‡`i, fv‡jvevwm wewWweI‡K| wVK Rvwbbv
eiveiB Avgvi Rxe‡b ev‡qvjwRi mv‡_ wQ‡jv †Nvi †cÕg,
KZUzKz GB msMVb‡K Avwg w`‡Z †c‡iwQ, ZvI evievi
†hLv‡b AsK wQ‡jv wPikÎæ, hvi mv‡_ gb KlvKwl bZzb
ej‡ev- ab¨ev` wewWweI, GiKg Av¯'vi RvqMv n‡q
wKQz bv| ev‡qvjwR‡K fv‡jv‡e‡mB evsjv‡`k ev‡qvjwR
_vKvi Rb¨|
Awjw¤úqv‡Wi mv‡_ hy³ nIqv| ïiæi MíUzKz n‡q †Mj;
Gevi Avmv hvK †mB As‡k †hLv‡b ejwQ GB wewWweI
†_‡K wK †c‡qwQ!
bvweqv myjZvbv wiwb
evsjv‡`k ev‡qvjwR Awjw¤úqvW (XvKv b_© wiwRIb) †k‡ievsjv K…wl wek^we`¨vjq
bZzb kni, gvby‡li wf‡o wb‡R‡K gvwb‡q wb‡Z AvcÕvY K…wl Abyl`|
†Póv Kiv GK wK‡kvix‡K w`‡jv AvkÕq, GKUz `g †djvi
RvqMv, Avi wKQz bZzb gvbyl, wKQz wbLvu` gvbyl| AvR
G‡ejvq †mB gvbyl‡`i ¯§…wZPviY †nvK, mv‡_ K…ZÁZv
hvK wewWweIi Szwj‡Z|

wewWweIi me Kv‡R; †iv‡` Mi‡g e…wói gv‡S

K¨v‡¤úBwbs Gi Kv‡R, G wewìs †_‡K I wewìs
†QvUvQzwU‡Z, †cÕvMÕv‡gi Av‡M ivZ †R‡M †W‡Kv‡ik‡bi
Kv‡R, wekvj Rb‡Mvôxi mvg‡b gvBK nv‡Z, wUkv‡U©i
mvBR wb‡q SMovq †mB gvbyl¸‡jv Qvqvi g‡Zv †_‡K‡Q
cv‡k| GB Av‡eM, GB AbyivM GLb Avi ïay Kv‡Ri
†ÿ‡ÎB bq, AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ e‡m Av‡Q Avgvi Rxeb
Ry‡oI| Zv‡`i m½, Zv‡`i Dcw¯'wZ Avgvi Rxeb‡K
 wUªwjqb ms‡hvM Øviv mshy³| GB ms‡hvM¸‡jv‡K ejv
Qwem~Î: nvwmeyj Bmjvg
nq wmb¨vcm(Synapses)| cÕwZwU wmb¨vcm ms‡KZ
Kíbviƒcx ev¯Íe †cÕiY Ki‡Z 1 †m‡K‡ÛiI Kg mgq jv‡M| wKQz wKQz
wmb¨vcm †m‡K‡Û 1000wU ch©šÍ ms‡KZ cvVv‡Z cv‡i|
Av‧Qv, †KD hw` Avcbv‡K e‡j †h Avcwb iv‡Zi †ejv
Avcbvi gw¯Í®‹ GB wbDib¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÕn Ges
Avcbvi cQ‡›`i gvbyl‡K wb‡q hv Kíbv K‡ib Zv ev¯Íe
wm×všÍ MÕnY K‡i| †hgb aiæb Avcwb GB †jLv covi
(THINK POSITIVELY!) Zvn‡j Avcwb wK
mgq Av‡jvK KwYKv¸‡jv cÕwZdwjZ n‡q Avcbvi
ej‡eb? Avcwb wK ej‡eb Avwg Rvwb bv, Z‡e Avgvi
†Pv‡Li †iwUbvi wbw`©ó †Kv‡l cÕ‡ek Ki‡j wbw`©ó
cÖwZwµqv wQj GiKg, ÖGB cvM‡j e‡j wK!Ó
B‡jw±ªK ev Zwor ms‡KZ ˆZwi K‡i| GLv‡b
Av‡gwiKvb G‡÷ªvev‡qv‡jvwR÷ I cø¨v‡bUvwi mv‡qw›U÷
B‡jw±ªwmwU ej‡Z Avcbvi evmvq Pjv B‡jw±ªwmwU bq
Kvj© m¨vMvb (Carl Sagan) wVK GiK‡gi wKQzB
eis wewfbœ Avq‡bi(ions like k+, Na+ etc.) cwienb
e‡j‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb ÖOur thoughts, visions
eySvq| GB ms‡KZwU Avcbvi wbDi‡bi A¨v•b bvgK
and fantasies have a physical reality. A
thought is made of hundreds of j¤^v As‡ki †kl cÕv‡šÍ †cØuQv‡j HLvb †_‡K wmb¨vc‡m
electrochemical impulse.Ó weL¨vZ UvBg g¨vMvwRb wbD‡ivUªvÝwgUvi(neurotransmitters) bvgK ivmvqwbK
hv‡K „SHOWMAN OF SCIENCE‟ ZKgv wbM©Z nq| Av‡MB e‡jwQ wmb¨vcm n‡‧Q `yB wbDi‡bi
w`‡q‡Q, Pjyb Zvi Dw³ wb‡q GKUz Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK| ms‡hvM¯'j ZvB wbD‡ivUªvÝwgUv‡ii KvR n‡‧Q GB
ms‡KZ‡K GK wbDib †_‡K Ab¨ wbDi‡b wb‡q hvIqv|
cÕ_‡g Zvi Dw³i Zzjbvg~jK mnR wØZxq jvBbwU wb‡q hLb wbD‡ivUªvÝwgUvi Ab¨ wbDi‡b †cØu‡Q | Gfv‡e GK
Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK| GLv‡b wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h Avgv‡`i †m‡K‡ÛiI Kg mg‡q ms‡KZwU Avcbvi gw¯Í‡®‹i wewfbœ
wPšÍv-fvebv¸‡jv kZ kZ Zwor-ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ Øviv As‡k Qwo‡q hvq Ges Avcwb ZLb GB wewPÎ
MwVZ| Avmyb, GUv GKUz e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv Kwi| AvuKveywK‡K †jLv wn‡m‡e co‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB fwel¨‡Z
Avgv‡`i gw¯Í®‹ n‡‧Q Avgv‡`i mKj wPšÍv-†PZbvi †Kvb wKQz eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j Avcbvi gw¯Í®‹‡K †`vl w`‡qb
DrcwË †K›`ª| Avgv‡`i gw¯Í®‹ Avgv‡`i kix‡ii †gvU bv, KviY †m Avcbvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk cwikªgx|
f‡ii gvÎ 2% `Lj Ki‡jI wekªvgiZ Ae¯'vq GwU
kix‡ii 20% kw³ e¨q K‡i| GK K_vq ej‡Z cv‡ib Gevi m¨vMv‡bi Dw³i cÕ_g As‡k Avmv hvK| GB As‡k
†h, Ö†QvU gwi‡Pi Svj †ewkÓ| gvbe gw¯Í®‹ cÕvq 100 wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h Avgv‡`i wPšÍv, cwiKíbv, Kíbvi
wewjqb ¯œvqy †Kvl ev wbDib(Neurons) Øviv MwVZ, †fØZ Dcw¯'wZ we`¨gvb| wKš` G‡‣‡Î, weÁvbxiv we‡kl
Avi GB wbDib¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Avevi wUªwjqb K‡i c`v_©weÁvbxiv wØgZ †cvlY K‡ib| GKUv D`vniY
†`Iqv hvK| aiæb Avcwb cÕvwY‡`i cÕwZ `qvi wb`k©b
¯^iƒc Avi †Kvb gkv gvi‡eb bv e‡j wm×všÍ wb‡jb, wKš` †ivRv Avmvq wbZ¨cÕ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i `vg †e‡o hv‡e ZvB
†hB gvÎ GKUv gkv Avcbvi kix‡i emj Avcwb Zv‡K `ª‡e¨i `vg †e‡o †M‡Q| GUv Avcbvi Kv‡Q hZB
_vào w`‡q †g‡i †dj‡jb| i³ LvIqviI my‡hvM w`‡jb cvM‡ji cÕjv‡ci gZ jv¸K bv †Kb 1920 mv‡j
bv| Zvn‡j GKUz Av‡M †h gkv bv gvivi wm×všÍ wb‡jb weÁvbx †evi (Niels Bohr) I Zvui QvÎ RW©vb
Zvi wK †Kvb †fØZ wfwË wQj? Avwg-Avcwb hv‡K „gb‟ (Pascual Jordan) GB cix‣vwU m¤c‡K© K‡i GB
ewj Zv‡K weÁv‡bi fvlvq ejv nq „Conciousness‟ gZvgZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| weÁvbx nvB‡RbevM©I GB g‡Zi
ev „†PZbv‟| Avgv‡`i †PZbv †fØZ RM‡Z cÕfve †d‡j mg_©b Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| 2012 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvb M‡elK
wKbv Zv A‡bK mgq †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwbK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ wWb †iwWb I Zvui m½xiv GB cix¶vwU Avevi K‡ib
e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi Rb¨ me‡P‡q weL¨vZ Ges †`Lvb †h, gvby‡li Dcw¯'wZ‡Z KYvi Zi½ a‡g©i
nj Ò Wvej-w¯øU cix¶vÓ (double-slit experiment)| wePz¨wZ N‡U| hw`I mgv‡jvP‡Kiv GB cix‣vi
Avcwb wb‡P †h QwewU †`L‡Z cv‡‧Qb †mwU D³ cix¶vi A‡bK¸‡jv fzj Zz‡j ai‡Z m‣g n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i,
hš¿vsk| †Kvqv›Uvg cwigv‡ci fzj aivi Rb¨ GLv‡b †Kvb e¨e¯'v
†bqwb M‡elK `j|

GQvovI 1980 mv‡j weÁvbx iRvi †cb‡ivR (Roger

Penrose) cÕ¯Íve Ki‡jb †h Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹i ivmvqwbK
c`v_©¸‡jv †Kvqv›Uvg KwYKvi gZ AvPviY K‡i| Zviv
cÕ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Zi½ I KYv a‡g©i g‡a¨ cwiewZ©Z
n‡q wbDi‡b ms‡KZ PjvP‡j mnvqZv K‡i| wKš` 2000
mv‡j weÁvbx g¨v• †UMgvK© (Max Tegmark) GB
Qwem~Î: B›Uvi‡bU
aviYv fzj cÕgvY K‡ib| wZwb wnmve K‡i †`Lvb †h,
GLv‡b hw` Avcwb GKwU Av‡jvi Drm I †`qv‡ji gv‡S †Kvb KYv †Kvqv›Uvg Ae¯'vq hZ‣Y _v‡K, Zvi †_‡K
`yBwU m~‣ dvuK wewkó cvZ iv‡Lb Z‡e Av‡jv-AÜKv‡ii A‡bK †ewk mgq wb‡q wbDivj ms‡KZ GK RvqMv †_‡K
we‡kl c¨vUvb© †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| †h‡nZz Av‡jv GK Ab¨ RvqMvq hvq|
ai‡bi Zi½ ZvB GiKg GUv wKš` †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwbKm
2015 mv‡j c`v_©we` g¨vw_D wdkvi (Matthew
bv| GUv 200 eQi Av‡Mi GKwU cix‣v| wKš` Avcwb
Fisher) gvbwmK †iv‡Mi Dci wjw_qvg (Li) Avqbhy³
hLb m~² KYv (B‡j±ªb, †dvUb,BZ¨vw`) wb‡q cix¶v
Jly‡ai cÕfve wb‡q M‡elYv Kivi mgq †`L‡Z cvb †h
Ki‡eb ZLb e¨vcviUv †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwbK‡mi| Gevi
wjw_qvg AvB‡mvU‡ci Dci wfwË K‡i Jl‡ai
hw` Avcwb †Kvqv›Uvg KwYKv ¸‡jv‡K H m~² dvuKv w`‡q
Kvh©KvwiZv cwiewZ©Z nq| wZwb GB e¨vcv‡i e‡jb, †h
cvVvb Zvn‡j Zviv wVK Av‡jvi gZ c¨vUvb© ˆZwi K‡i|
†Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwbKm Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡¯‹i me AYy‡Z bv
KYvi GB Zi‡½i gZ AvPiY weÁvbx‡`i fvwe‡q
†Kej dmdivm AYy‡Z †`Lv hvq hv cieZx©‡Z Ab¨ eo
†Zv‡j| ZvB weÁvbxiv Gevi GKwU dvuKvi mv‡_
AYyi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q wbDi‡b cÕ‡ek K‡i| hw`I Zvui GB
wW‡U±i jvwM‡q w`‡jb hv‡Z KYv hLb H dvuK AwZµg
ZË¡ GLb cÕgvwYZ nqwb| AvR‡K Avi bv| Avgiv
Ki‡e ZLb eySv hvq| Gevi †`Lv †Mj †h KYv¸‡jv
Avgv‡`i gb I gw¯Í‡®‹ †h inm¨ Av‡Q Zv mg‡Ü GL‡bv
Av‡jvi gZ c¨vUvb© ˆZwi Ki‡Q bv| Gevi hw` wW‡U±i
cy‡ivcywi Rvwb bv| ZvB Avgv‡`i wPšÍv-fvebv ev¯Í‡e
Pvjy bv †i‡L ïay m~² dvuKvi mv‡_ jvwM‡q ivLv nq Ges
†Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q wKbv Zv wb‡q wPšÍv-fvebv Pvwj‡q
KYv cvVv‡bv nq Z‡e Avevi wVKB Av‡jvi gZ c¨vUvb©
hvb| hw` Avcbvi ¯^cœ nq †bv‡ej cvIqv, Zvn‡j †mUv
†`Lv hvq|
ev¯ÍeI n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
GLv‡b A‡b‡K weÁvbx KviY wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i
ch©‡e‣Y‡K `vqx K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr Avgiv †`‡LwQ e‡jB †gvt wiqvR gvnveye
Av‡jvi Zi‡½i gZ ag© cwiewZ©Z n‡q KYvi gZ ag© †k‡ievsjv K…wl wek^we`¨vj
cÕKvk †c‡q‡Q| A‡bKUv aiæb, Avcwb †f‡ewQ‡jb †h K…wl Abyl`|
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