The independent clause

The independent clause can stand on its own as a sentence

1. Declarative Main Clause

1. Identify the Main Verb Phrase
• Purpose: To make a statement or provide information.
• Structure: Subject + Verb (+ Object/Complement/Modifiers). 2. Determine if It’s a Clause:
• Example: o Independent Clause
o The sun is shining. o Dependent Clause
o She loves reading books.

2. Interrogative Main Clause

• Purpose: To ask a question.

• Subtypes:
o Yes/No Questions: Start with an auxiliary verb (is, does, has, etc.).
▪ Is it raining?
▪ Do you like pizza?
o Wh- Questions: Start with a question word (who, what, when, etc.).
▪ What time is it?
▪ Who opened the door?
o Tag Questions: A declarative sentence followed by a short question.
▪ You’re coming, aren’t you?
▪ It’s late, isn’t it?

3. Imperative Main Clause

• Purpose: To give a command, request, or advice.

• Structure: Verb (base form) + Optional Object/Modifiers.
• Example:
o Close the door.
o Please pass the salt.
o Don’t touch that!

4. Exclamatory Main Clause

• Purpose: To express strong emotions, surprise, or emphasis.

• Structure: Begins with "What" or "How," but is followed by a declarative sentence structure.
• Example:
o What a beautiful day it is!
o How amazing this is!
5. Conditional Main Clause

• Purpose: To express a condition and its result.

• Subtypes:
o Real Conditional: Expresses a possible condition and outcome.
▪ If it rains, we will stay home.
o Unreal Conditional: Expresses hypothetical or unlikely situations.
▪ If I were rich, I would travel the world.
o Mixed Conditional: Combines time frames (past condition with present result, or vice versa).
▪ If you had studied, you would be confident now.

7. Coordinated Main Clause

• Purpose: To join two or more main clauses with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, etc.).
• Structure: Main Clause + Coordinating Conjunction + Main Clause.
• Example:
o I went to the park, and she stayed at home.
o He wanted to go, but it was raining.

The Dependent clause

the dependent clause requires the independent clause to make a complete sentence

Nominal (Noun) Clauses

A nominal clause acts as a noun within a sentence, meaning it can function as a subject, object, complement, or
object of a preposition.

Functions of Nominal Clauses

1. Subject: Acts as the subject of the 3. Subject Complement: Renames or
sentence. (before the main verb) explains the subject (Following linking
a. That he passed the exam is great verbs like is, seems, etc.).
news. a. The question is whether she will
2. Direct /Indirect object: Acts as the come.
object of the verb. 4. Object of a Preposition: Follows a
a. She knows what he wants. preposition and functions as its object.
b. Give whoever answers the a. I sent the notice to whoever was
message. interested
 Types of Nominal Clauses
1. That-Clauses: Introduced by the word 3. Exclamatory Clauses: Express strong
that (sometimes omitted). emotion; introduced by what or how.
a. That he is late annoys me. a. I can’t believe what a mess this is!
(subject) (object)
b. She believes that he will succeed. 4. Whether/If Clauses: Used to express
(object) options or uncertainty.
2. Interrogative Clauses: Answer implied a. We’ll see whether she agrees.
questions; introduced by what, where, (object)
when, who, why, how. b. It depends on if they come.
a. I wonder what he wants. (object) (prepositional object)
b. What you said is important.
(subject)

Adjectival (Relative) Clauses:

Introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) or relative adverbs an adverb that
heads an adjectival clause (where, when, why).

Who/Whom: Refer to people. That: Refers to people, animals, or things

(only in restrictive clauses).
o The girl who won the race is my friend. (who
= subject) o The car that she drives is new.
o The man whom I met is kind. (whom =
object) Where, When, why: Modify nouns of place,
time, or reason.
Whose: Indicates possession.
o This is the house where I was born.
o The student whose book is missing is upset. o I remember the day when we first met.
o The reason why I left am private.
Which: Refers to animals or things.

o The movie, which I loved, was a hit.

Functions of Adjectival Clauses

1. Describe or Identify the Noun:

a. Example: The man who is wearing a red shirt is my uncle.

 i. The adjectival clause modifies "the man," describing which man we are talking about.

2. Add Information About the Noun:

a. Example: The Eiffel Tower, which is in France, is a famous landmark.

i. The clause provides additional, non-essential information about "The Eiffel Tower."

3. Restrict or Narrow Down the Noun:

a. Example: Students who study regularly often perform better.

i. The clause specifies which students perform better.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

How do I know what I think, until I see what I say?

1. How do I know what I think?
a. Main Clause.
b. Inside it, what I think is a nominal clause functioning as the direct object of know.
2. Until I see what I say.
a. Subordinate adverbial clause of condition/time, modifying know.
b. Inside it, what I say is a nominal clause functioning as the direct object of see.

• Simple Sentence: One independent clause. No subordinating or coordinating conjunctions.

• Compound Sentence: Two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction.
• Complex Sentence: One independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
• Compound-Complex Sentence: Multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Adverbial Clauses
An adverbial clause modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, just like an adverb does. It provides
information about time, place, condition, cause, contrast, purpose, manner, or result.

Function Common Subordinators Examples

• I’ll call you after I arrive.
after, before, once, since, until,
Time: When? • We stayed inside until the rain
when, whenever, while
stopped.

where, wherever, preposition • He went where the road ends.

Place: Where?
(e.g., "in," "on," "near") • You can sit wherever you like.

• You’ll pass if you study hard.

Condition: “Under what if, unless, provided that, as long
condition?”
• You won’t succeed unless you
as, in case, even if
try.
• He left early because he was
tired.
• She succeeded since she
because, since, as, now that,
Reason/Cause: “Why?" worked hard.
inasmuch as
• He deserves credit inasmuch as
he contributed significantly to the
project.
• She studied so that she could
Purpose: “For what so that, in order that, for the pass.
purpose?" purpose that • He left early in order that he
might catch the train.
• Although it was raining, we
although, even though, though,
Concession/Contrast went outside.
while, whereas
• He is rich, yet he is humble.
• He speaks as if he knows
everything.
Manner: How? as if, as though, like, the way
• She acted as though she were
upset.
• It was so cold that we stayed
Result: “What was the home.
result?"
so that, such that, so...that
• He worked so hard that he
succeeded.
 Exercises:
Part 1: Identify Each Noun Clause 1. Who is she? I don’t know __________.
2. Who are they? I don’t know __________.
3. What is that? Do you know __________?
Instruction: Identify each noun clause and state
4. What are those? I don’t know __________.
whether it is used as a subject, a direct object, an
5. Whose book is that? I don’t know __________.
indirect object, an object of a preposition, or a 6. Whose books are those? I don’t know
predicate noun. __________.
7. What is a wrench? Do you know __________?
1. You know that the telephone uses electricity. 8. Who is that woman? I wonder __________.
2. What you say into a phone creates sound waves. 9. Whose house is that? I wonder __________.
3. An electric current carries the sound to whoever 10. What is a clause? Don’t you know __________?
is listening. 11. What is in that drawer? I don’t know
4. Basically, this is how a telephone operates. __________.
5. You can talk to whomever you like and say 12. What is on TV tonight? I wonder __________.
whatever you think. 13. Whose glasses are those? Could you tell me
6. Campaign workers use whatever helps them. __________?
7. That telephones can be very helpful has been 14. Who am I? He doesn’t know __________.
shown in many elections. 15. What’s at the end of the rainbow? The little girl
8. Who will win the election is what people want to wants to know __________.
know.
9. Telephoners ask whoever answers a series of
questions.
10. Whether a candidate is popular is a vital matter.
Part 4: Identify the Subordinate Clauses
11. Another question may be what the major issues
are. Instruction: Identify the subordinate clauses in each
12. Voters usually give whoever is calling an answer. sentence.

1. People who pay their debts are trusted.

Part 2: Find the Noun Clauses and Their Purpose 2. We cannot go while it is snowing.
3. Raj thinks that I have made a mistake.
4. Tina bought some chocolates which she wanted
Instruction: Find the noun clauses and state their to give her brother.
purpose in the sentence. 5. After I reached home, it started raining.
6. Mani was asked to come to the office though he
1. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to was not keeping well.
death. 7. All that glitters is not gold.
2. He said that he would not go. 8. Tim is the nicest person I’ve ever met.
3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to 9. She did not go to school as she was sick.
us. 10. This is the boy who got suspended last week.
4. He said that he was not feeling well. 11. Although I was not in the mood for a movie, I
5. I cannot rely on what he says. watched Miracle in Cell No. 7 with my friend.
6. I don’t know where he has gone. 12. Olena likes stories that have fairies in them.
13. Riya was sure that Tia would come today.
14. Nobody knew who had come first in the race.
Part 3: Complete the Sentences by Changing the 15. The teacher gave the students another worksheet
Questions to Noun Clauses as soon as they completed the first one.

Instruction: Convert the questions into noun clauses

to complete the sentences.
Part 5: Locate and Underline Prepositional Phrases 25. During the storm, we stood under the branches
of a tree.
Instruction: Locate and underline the prepositional
phrases. Indicate the preposition (prep) and its
object (obj). Part 6: Identify the Verb Phrases and Their Functions

1. The book is on the shelf. Instruction: Underline the verb phrases in each
2. She hit the ball over the fence. sentence and indicate their type (transitive,
3. The look in his eye was fierce. intransitive, linking, or auxiliary).
4. The apple fell off the tree.
5. The sound of music was heard. 1. The cat is sleeping on the couch.
6. Our woods are filled with snow. 2. She has been writing a novel for months.
7. The dog barked at him. 3. The students will present their projects
8. Her letter to me was brief. tomorrow.
9. We waited for the sunrise. 4. He does not like loud music.
10. Under the rock lay the lizard. 5. They were watching a movie when the power
11. We looked up the chimney. went out.
12. Behind the house is a shed. 6. I could have helped you if you had asked.
13. He walked across the road. 7. The flowers smell delightful in the spring.
14. Most songs about love are silly. 8. She became a successful entrepreneur after years
15. The pumpkin rolled down the hill. of hard work.
16. They danced around the Maypole. 9. The teacher is explaining the concept clearly.
17. The apartment above ours is vacant. 10. The train arrived late due to bad weather.
18. Lightning struck a tree near our house. 11. We have been preparing for this moment all year.
19. The city beneath the sea is Atlantis. 12. You must call her before it’s too late.
20. The snake bit me below the ankle. 13. The cake was baked by my grandmother.
21. He skimmed from page to page. 14. The children ran across the field.
22. Through effort we can succeed in many things. 15. He has forgotten his umbrella again.
23. She waited for him by the theater.
24. Like a true cowpoke, the dude rode his horse
toward the ranch.
Answers

Part 2: Find the Noun Clauses and Their Purpose

Part 1: Identify Each Noun Clause
1. that the traitor should be put to death – Object
1. that the telephone uses electricity – Direct
of the verb "ordered"
Object
2. that he would not go – Object of the verb "said"
2. What you say into a phone – Subject
3. That he is not interested in the offer – Subject
3. whoever is listening – Object of a Preposition
4. that he was not feeling well – Object of the verb
4. how a telephone operates – Predicate Noun
"said"
5. whomever you like – Object of a Preposition;
5. what he says – Object of the preposition "on"
whatever you think – Direct Object
6. where he has gone – Object of the verb "know"
6. whatever helps them – Direct Object
7. That telephones can be very helpful – Subject
8. Who will win the election – Subject; what people
want to know – Predicate Noun Part 3: Complete the Sentences by Changing the
9. whoever answers – Direct Object Questions to Noun Clauses
10. Whether a candidate is popular – Subject
11. what the major issues are – Predicate Noun 1. I don’t know who she is.
12. whoever is calling – Indirect Object 2. I don’t know who they are.
3. Do you know what that is?
 4. I don’t know what those are. 7. at him (prep: at, obj: him)
5. I don’t know whose book that is. 8. to me (prep: to, obj: me)
6. I don’t know whose books those are. 9. for the sunrise (prep: for, obj: sunrise)
7. Do you know what a wrench is? 10. under the rock (prep: under, obj: rock)
8. I wonder who that woman is. 11. up the chimney (prep: up, obj: chimney)
9. I wonder whose house that is. 12. behind the house (prep: behind, obj: house)
10. Don’t you know what a clause is? 13. across the road (prep: across, obj: road)
11. I don’t know what is in that drawer. 14. about love (prep: about, obj: love)
12. I wonder what is on TV tonight. 15. down the hill (prep: down, obj: hill)
13. Could you tell me whose glasses those are? 16. around the Maypole (prep: around, obj:
14. He doesn’t know who he is. Maypole)
15. The little girl wants to know what is at the end of 17. above ours (prep: above, obj: ours)
the rainbow. 18. near our house (prep: near, obj: house)
19. beneath the sea (prep: beneath, obj: sea)
20. below the ankle (prep: below, obj: ankle)
Part 4: Identify the Subordinate Clauses 21. from page to page (prep: from/to, obj: page)
22. Through effort (prep: through, obj: effort); in
many things (prep: in, obj: things)
1. who pay their debts – Adjective Clause
23. for him (prep: for, obj: him); by the theater (prep:
2. while it is snowing – Adverb Clause
by, obj: theater)
3. that I have made a mistake – Noun Clause
24. Like a true cowpoke (prep: like, obj: cowpoke);
4. which she wanted to give her brother – Adjective
toward the ranch (prep: toward, obj: ranch)
Clause
25. During the storm (prep: during, obj: storm);
5. After I reached home – Adverb Clause
under the branches (prep: under, obj: branches);
6. though he was not keeping well – Adverb Clause
of a tree (prep: of, obj: tree)
7. that glitters – Adjective Clause
8. I’ve ever met – Adjective Clause
9. as she was sick – Adverb Clause
10. who got suspended last week – Adjective Clause Part 6: Identify the Verb Phrases and Their Functions
11. Although I was not in the mood for a movie –
Adverb Clause 1. is sleeping – Intransitive
12. that have fairies in them – Adjective Clause 2. has been writing – Transitive
13. that Tia would come today – Noun Clause 3. will present – Transitive
14. who had come first in the race – Noun Clause 4. does not like – Transitive
15. as soon as they completed the first one – Adverb 5. were watching – Transitive
Clause 6. could have helped – Transitive
7. smell – Linking
8. became – Linking
Part 5: Locate and Underline Prepositional Phrases 9. is explaining – Transitive
10. arrived – Intransitive
11. have been preparing – Intransitive
1. on the shelf (prep: on, obj: shelf)
12. must call – Transitive
2. over the fence (prep: over, obj: fence)
13. was baked – Passive
3. in his eye (prep: in, obj: eye)
14. ran – Intransitive
4. off the tree (prep: off, obj: tree)
15. has forgotten – Transitive
5. of music (prep: of, obj: music)
6. with snow (prep: with, obj: snow)
 Exercises:
EXERCISE 1: Underline the ADJECTIVE 11. James waited for 3 hours between 12 noon until 3
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES in each of the following pm, and you did not even show up.
sentences. 12. Don’t bother your teachers after office hours at 6
pm.
1. The students in this dormitory are graduating next 13. We received an update from the agency; the
year. documents are almost complete.
2. Volunteers from Company X are holding a charity 14. The students are well-behaved throughout the
event. ceremony.
3. "Fight," he said with full determination in his face. 15. Whoever is interested to participate in the school
4. I would like to have the dress next to the blue suit. fair, please come by the office to list your name.
5. The show on television tonight is about snow
leopards in Asia.
6. The rooms below the deck are reserved for the
VIP. EXERCISE 3: Determine whether the underlined
7. Plants store some foods in their leaves. word groups are dependent clauses, independent
8. No one is allowed to enter the area beyond this clauses, or not a clause.
line.
9. I didn’t even notice the clues within the first page. 1. Although it was raining, Maria went for a jog at
10. Someone with blonde hair came looking for you Civitan Park.
yesterday. 2. Brianna eats chocolate whenever she gets a poor
11. Rex planted more flowers within their lawn. grade in math.
12. My little brother likes to watch the animation 3. After the flood, the family moved into a
about the titans. temporary shelter.
13. Heat and light from the sun can give electricity to 4. While walking at the park, John saw a raccoon
some households. eating potato chips.
14. The direction to the hotel given to John was 5. Students enrolled in bachelor's and associate's
confusing. degree programs must pass the Regents' Test as a
15. She is one among many contestants who has the graduation requirement.
support from the people. 6. Students who fail to show up for the Regents' test
must enroll in the Regents' remediation courses.
7. When you finish your homework, please take the
dog for a walk.
EXERCISE 2: Underline the ADVERB PREPOSITIONAL 8. After Juan completed the assignment, he swam
PHRASES in the following sentences. laps at the gym.
9. Christa left home at 4:00 a.m. since she had to
1. Despite the bad weather, the kids seem to enjoy drive to Atlanta for a meeting.
staying inside. 10. Before completing the assignment, Evan decided
2. We can change your car wheels after the training. to eat a quick lunch.
3. There are a lot of people who will come and go
throughout our life.
4. Drop the shrimp into the seasoned boiling water.
5. Who is assigned to clean the board after our EXERCISE 4: Identify the sentences as either
meeting? dependent (DC) or independent (IC).
6. You can always sign up for the audition.
7. Mr. Monroe has been working at the company for 1. I went to the park.
fifteen years already. 2. Sandra and Lara have been good friends since first
8. Please remove your shoes and put them on the grade.
shoe rack. 3. Although Shaina likes Mexican, Iraqi, Somali, and
9. Nina placed the bag under the table. Italian food.
10. You can reach us by sending an email or inquire 4. After swimming in the ocean.
on our business page.
 5. Animal communication is not considered to be a 13. Saving this man has become an obsession for the
legitimate language by some scientists. doctor, who adored his son-in-law.
6. When Jim and Ayman eat lunch together in the 14. Defarge took the stand to tell his story, which was
breakroom. a tale of the guilt of Darnay's family.
15. The judge, naming Darnay's accusers, allows the
death sentence because the sins of his father
were so great.
EXERCISE 5: Identify the noun clauses.

1. The teacher explained how to solve the problem. Answers

2. What you said really shocked me.
3. That you have failed the exam is obvious. EXERCISE 1:
4. I do not know when he will arrive.
5. Whether she can attend the party depends on her 1. in this dormitory
work. 2. from Company X
3. in his face
4. next to the blue suit
EXERCISE 6: Identify and underline every clause in the 5. on television tonight, in Asia
sentences below. Label each clause as adjective, adverb, 6. below the deck
or noun. If a clause is doing a job, state what job it's 7. in their leaves
doing. If a clause is modifying something, specify what 8. beyond this line
it's modifying. 9. within the first page
1. What Madame Defarge did best was playing the 10. with blonde hair
11. within their lawn
villain.
12. about the titans
2. Her husband was the man who followed her
13. from the sun
commands. 14. to the hotel
3. Screaming with fear, Lucie collapsed when the 15. who has the support from the people
soldiers arrived.
4. Solomon, Miss Pross's long-lost brother, adds a
new twist when he was discovered in the wine
shop. EXERCISE 2:
5. Jerry did not recognize who the spy was until
finding out from Carton. 1. Despite the bad weather
6. Where Lucie had been living was a lodging located 2. after the training
near Tellson's bank. 3. throughout our life
7. Roger Cly, who was a known English spy, desired 4. into the seasoned boiling water
to be believed dead. 5. after our meeting
8. Mr. Cruncher, considered clueless by many 6. for the audition
people, had insider knowledge about where Cly 7. at the company for fifteen years already
8. on the shoe rack
had gone.
9. under the table
9. Sydney Carton, who was in love with Lucie, began
10. by sending an email, on our business page
to think of her immediately when he wandered 11. for 3 hours between 12 noon until 3 pm
the streets of Paris. 12. after office hours at 6 pm
10. He thought about what the priest had said when 13. from the agency
his father had been buried. 14. throughout the ceremony
11. Although he was already exhausted, he continued 15. to participate in the school fair, by the office
to walk through the streets because he was
preparing himself for the morning's trial.
12. Manette, who loves Darnay, thinks that the
accusations against him are impossible. EXERCISE 3:
 1. Dependent Clause 6. Where Lucie had been living
2. Dependent Clause
3. Not a Clause o Noun clause – Subject of the sentence.
4. Dependent Clause 7. who was a known English spy
5. Independent Clause
6. Dependent Clause o Adjective clause – Modifies Roger Cly.
7. Dependent Clause
8. Dependent Clause 8. where Cly had gone
9. Dependent Clause o Noun clause – Object of knowledge.
10. Not a Clause
9. who was in love with Lucie

o Adjective clause – Modifies Sydney

Carton.
EXERCISE 4:
when he wandered the streets of Paris
1. IC o Adverb clause – Modifies began.
2. IC
3. DC 10. what the priest had said
4. DC
o Noun clause – Object of thought about.
5. IC
6. DC when his father had been buried

o Adverb clause – Modifies had said.

11. Although he was already exhausted

EXERCISE 5:
o Adverb clause – Modifies he continued.
because he was preparing himself for the
1. how to solve the problem
morning's trial
2. What you said
3. That you have failed the exam o Adverb clause – Modifies continued.
4. when he will arrive
5. Whether she can attend the party 12. who loves Darnay

o Adjective clause – Modifies Manette.

EXERCISE 6:
that the accusations against him are
1. What Madame Defarge did best impossible

o Noun clause – Subject of the sentence. o Noun clause – Object of thinks.

2. who followed her commands 13. who adored his son-in-law

o Adjective clause – Modifies man. o Adjective clause – Modifies doctor.

3. when the soldiers arrived 14. which was a tale of the guilt of Darnay's family

o Adverb clause – Modifies collapsed. o Adjective clause – Modifies story.

4. when he was discovered in the wine shop 15. naming Darnay's accusers

o Adverb clause – Modifies adds. o Adjective clause – Modifies judge.

because the sins of his father were so
5. who the spy was
great
o Noun clause – Direct object of recognize.
o Adverb clause – Modifies allows.
until finding out from Carton

o Adverb clause – Modifies did not Questions

recognize.
Identifying Adjective Clauses 7. You may have piano lessons if you will practice an
hour a day.
Underline the adjective clause in each sentence. 8. If the jacket is too big for you, I can alter it.
Circle the word it modifies. 9. Mother took a nap while Amy and I went
bicycling.
1. Mike, whose ancestors came from Ireland, 10. Phone us when you arrive in town.
marched in the St. Patrick's Day parade. 11. Take a walk until dinner is ready.
2. The woman who lives next door is a registered 12. The movie was just beginning as we bought our
nurse. tickets.
3. Williamsburg, Virginia, is a place that I'd like to 13. When we arrived in Seattle, we took a taxi to our
visit. hotel.
4. Math, which is Dave's favorite subject, has always 14. Since I'll be late for dinner, I will get a sandwich
been easy for him. downtown.
5. There is the house that I'd like to buy. 15. Whenever you make a promise, you must keep it.
6. Larry's letter, which he mailed Tuesday, reached 16. She can swim better than Bob can.
me on Thursday. 17. Although I'd never been in the Martins' house
7. Summer, which is my favorite season, will be here before, I felt at home there.
in another week. 18. Since they left Cleveland, the Smiths have lived in
8. Phil is reading The Call of the Wild, which is Jack three other cities.
London's most famous book. 19. When you listen to music on the radio, do you
9. We live just twenty miles from O'Hare Airport, hum along with it?
which is the world's busiest airport. 20. You may have the job if you will work hard at it.
10. Newton, Iowa, is the town where Barbara was
born.
11. I'm taking golf lessons from Erika Lavery, who is a
pro at the country club. Subordinating Conjunctions and Adverb
12. That dog that you found belongs to the Olsons. Clauses/Phrases
13. Is that the jacket you want to buy?
14. There is a chance that Norm will win the election. Circle the subordinating conjunction and underline
15. Is this the letter you were expecting? the entire subordinating phrase or clause. Indicate if
16. Over there is the school that I attended. it’s an adverb clause (AC) or adverb phrase (AP).
17. Mr. Hartman is a history teacher who also coaches
track. 1. I’ve been waiting for you since noon. (AP)
18. Is that the antique show you visited? 2. We ordered a pizza before we knew you were
19. The Harveys have a dog that is fourteen years old. making dinner. (AC)
20. For dinner, we had chicken fried steak, which is 3. After all that work, Melissa didn’t get the
my favorite dish. promotion. (AP)
4. Unless you improve your grades, you can’t play in
the football game. (AC)
5. Let’s go out for lunch after the game. (AP)
Identifying Adverb Clauses 6. Although my cat is ten years old, she still acts like
a kitten. (AC)
Underline the adverb clause in each sentence. Circle 7. We always go skiing once a year. (AP)
the word it modifies. 8. My cousin is learning French because he’s going to
Paris next year. (AC)
1. When I delivered the newspaper, I saw Mrs. 9. Perla was studying to be a doctor until last year.
Sampson at the window. (AP)
2. Because that clerk was so helpful, I praised her to 10. Since you’re going to the store, could you pick up
the store manager. some milk? (AC)
3. You may play outside until it's dark.
4. Vince becomes nervous when he speaks in public.
5. Please visit us whenever you are in the Chicago
area.
Answers
6. Nero fiddled while Rome burned.
Identifying Adjective Clauses 15. Whenever you make a promise – Modifies must
keep.
1. whose ancestors came from Ireland – Modifies 16. than Bob can – Modifies better.
Mike. 17. Although I'd never been in the Martins' house
2. who lives next door – Modifies woman. before – Modifies felt.
3. that I'd like to visit – Modifies place. 18. Since they left Cleveland – Modifies have lived.
4. which is Dave's favorite subject – Modifies Math. 19. When you listen to music on the radio – Modifies
5. that I'd like to buy – Modifies house. do hum.
6. which he mailed Tuesday – Modifies letter. 20. if you will work hard at it – Modifies may have
7. which is my favorite season – Modifies Summer. the job.
8. which is Jack London's most famous book –
Modifies The Call of the Wild.
9. which is the world's busiest airport – Modifies
O'Hare Airport. Subordinating Conjunctions and Adverb
10. where Barbara was born – Modifies town. Clauses/Phrases
11. who is a pro at the country club – Modifies Erika
Lavery. 1. since noon – (AP)
12. that you found – Modifies dog. 2. before we knew you were making dinner – (AC)
13. you want to buy – Modifies jacket. 3. After all that work – (AP)
14. that Norm will win the election – Modifies 4. Unless you improve your grades – (AC)
chance. 5. after the game – (AP)
15. you were expecting – Modifies letter. 6. Although my cat is ten years old – (AC)
16. that I attended – Modifies school. 7. once a year – (AP)
17. who also coaches track – Modifies teacher. 8. because he’s going to Paris next year – (AC)
18. you visited – Modifies antique show. 9. until last year – (AP)
19. that is fourteen years old – Modifies dog. 10. Since you’re going to the store – (AC)
20. which is my favorite dish – Modifies chicken fried
steak.

Identifying Adverb Clauses

1. When I delivered the newspaper – Modifies saw.

2. Because that clerk was so helpful – Modifies
praised.
3. until it's dark – Modifies play.
4. when he speaks in public – Modifies becomes
nervous.
5. whenever you are in the Chicago area – Modifies
visit.
6. while Rome burned – Modifies fiddled.
7. if you will practice an hour a day – Modifies may
have piano lessons.
8. If the jacket is too big for you – Modifies can
alter.
9. while Amy and I went bicycling – Modifies took a
nap.
10. when you arrive in town – Modifies Phone.
11. until dinner is ready – Modifies Take a walk.
12. as we bought our tickets – Modifies was just
beginning.
13. When we arrived in Seattle – Modifies took a taxi.
14. Since I'll be late for dinner – Modifies will get.