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db

Uploaded by

Ankit Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Database File System

A structured system for storing, A method for storing and organising


managing and retrieving data. files and dic onaries on storage
device like hard drive, ensuring data
can be managed and accessed by
opera ng system.
In database there cannot be In fie system there can be redundant
redundant data. data.
There is more data consistency There is less data consistency in the
because of the process of file system.
normalisa on
It has more complexity in handling as It is less complex as compared to
compared to the file system. DBMS.
It is more secure than file system. It provide less security.

It is more expensive than file system. It is less expensive.

Data independence exists. There is no data independence.

Mul ple user can access data at a Only one user can access data at a
me. me
The user has to write procedure for The users are not required to write
managing database. any procedure.
Data sharing is easy due to Data sharing is not easy because data
centralized nature. is distributed in many files.

Database is the organised collec on of related data. It can be stored


and managed electronically. It allows user to store, retrieve and
manipulate data.
DBMS is so ware that interacts with user, applica on and database
to capture and analyze data. It provides tools and features for
defining, crea ng, maintaining and accessing data.
Applica ons of DBMS
 Banking systems for transac ons and customer records.
 Online e-commerce pla orms for managing inventory and
orders.
 Social media pla orms for storing user profiles and interac ons.
 Healthcare systems for pa ent records and medical history.
Database system architecture defines how data is stored, managed
and accessed within a database management system (DBMS). It
includes various components and layers, ensuring efficient data
processing, security, and interac on and applica ons.
Types of Database System Architecture:-
1) Single er Architecture
All tasks (data storage, processing, and user interface) occur on
a single system
2) Two er Architecture
Consists of:
 Client Tier: User interface and applica on logic reside here.
 Database Server Tier: Manages the database and handles
queries.
3) Three er architecture
Consists of:
 Presenta on Tier: User interface (e.g., web browsers or mobile

apps).
 Applica on Tier: Business logic and applica on processing.
 Database Tier: Database server handling data storage and
retrieval.

Data Model defines how data is organised, stored and


manipulated in a database. It provides a blueprint for designing
a database and establishes rela onships between data
elements.

Schema in Databases
A schema is the logical structure that defines the organiza on
of data in a database. It acts as a blueprint or framework
describing how data is stored, the rela onships between data,
and the rules governing the data.

Key Features of a Schema


1. Logical Structure: Defines the tables, columns, data types,
rela onships, and constraints in a database.
2. Data Organiza on: Helps organize data systema cally, making it
easier to access and manage.
3. Database Blueprint: Acts as a roadmap for database
developers, administrators, and users.
4. Abstrac on: Provides a conceptual layer separa ng users from
the physical details of data storage.

Types of Schemas
1. Physical Schema:
o Describes the physical storage of data in files, indexes, and

disk blocks.
o Example: File paths, data par ons, and indexes.
2. Logical Schema:
o Describes the logical design of a database, including

tables, columns, rela onships, and constraints.


o Focused on data organiza on rather than physical storage
details.
3. View Schema:
o Represents the user-specific views of the database.

o Example: A report showing employee salaries without

exposing sensi ve details like IDs.

Data Independence
Data independence refers to the ability to modify the schema
at one level of a database system without affec ng the schema
at other levels. It ensures that changes in the data's storage
structure or logical structure do not disrupt the applica ons
accessing the data.

Types of Data Independence


1. Logical Data Independence
 Defini on: The ability to change the logical schema (structure
of tables, fields, and rela onships) without altering the external
schema (user views or applica on interfaces).
Example: Adding a new column to a table or changing the
rela onships between tables without affec ng how users query
data.
2. Physical Data Independence
 Defini on: The ability to change the physical schema (how data
is stored on disk) without affec ng the logical schema or
applica ons.
 Example: Changing the storage format, indexing methods, or
file organiza on without altering tables or queries.
Database Languages and Interfaces
Database languages and interfaces are tools and mechanisms
that allow users to interact with a database to perform tasks
such as querying, upda ng, and managing data. These tools
form the communica on bridge between users and the
database management system (DBMS).
Database Languages
1. Data Defini on Language (DDL)
 Used to define, modify, and manage the structure of a
database.
 Key opera ons include crea ng, altering, and dele ng database
objects like tables, indexes, and schemas.
2. Data Manipula on Language (DML)
 Used to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data in the
database.
 Focused on manipula ng the data stored in database tables.
3. Data Query Language (DQL)
 A subset of DML used specifically for querying data.
4. Data Control Language (DCL)
 Manages user access and permissions to the database.
 Ensures data security and access control.
5. Transac on Control Language (TCL)
 Manages database transac ons to ensure consistency,
durability, and isola on.

Database Interfaces
Database interfaces allow users to interact with the DBMS using
various tools or pla orms. These interfaces cater to different
types of users, such as developers, database administrators,
and end-users.

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