INTRODUCTION TO

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Cardiovascular System
 Today’s Outlook

The Circulatory Sytem Electrophysiology of

Study the components of the Heart
cardiovascular system
Blood and its components
The anatomy of different vessels
carrying the blood
Heart and its anatomy

Action of Blood
Through the Heart Summary
 The Circulatory System
1. Medium Blood
Transports substances to all parts of the body
Hormones
Respiratory Gases: Carbon dioxide(CO2) and
Oxygen(O2)
Products of Digestion
Metabolic Wastes
Immune System Calls
Also regulates to thermoregulation
 Components in our Blood
Consists of blood cells in plasma
Plasma
92% - Plasma
8% - Plasma proteins, salt ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, nutirents(glucose,
amino acids, fats etc), urea, enzymes etc.
Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
White Blood Cells(WBC)
Platelets
 Components in our Blood
Plasma Proteins
Albumin
Smallest Protein
Maintains osmotic pressure

Globulin
Antibody
The protein created in response to a microbe

Fibrinogen
Present during clot formation
Protein converted into strands of fibrin
Forms mesh like structure to stop blood flow through the wound
 Components in our Blood
Red Blood Cells (RBC) or erythrocytes
They transport oxygen all over the body
Cytoplasm of RBC contains Haemoglobin
Iron containing molecule
Oxygen binds to this molecule
And transported to all regions

Life span: 120 days

Broken down in the liver or spleen
 Components in our Blood
White Blood Cells (WBC) or leukocytes
Part of the immune system
Remove old cells and cell debris
Attack foreign substances
Protects the body from infectious disease

Types
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Monocytes Lymphocytes
 Components in our Blood
Platelets or thrombocytes
Tiny pieces of cells
Aid in the clotting process and heal blood vessels
Lifespan: 10 days
The Circulatory System
 The Circulatory System
Pump
Heart - pumps blood from head to toe
Oxygenator
Lungs
Removes carbon dioxide from deoxygenated or dirty blood
Adds oxygen to the blood to make it oxygenated or pure blood
Network of vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
 Vessels: The Artery
A central hole call the Lumen
Carry blood away from the heart
Toward tissues and organs

Carries oxygenated blood

Exception: Pulmonary Artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs
 Vessels: The Artery
Three layers of tissue around it
Tunica Externa or Adventitia
Outermost layer
Connective Tissue
Protects inside of artery from any harm

Tunica Media
Middle Layer
Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
This layer expands and contracts between every heartbeat
Tunica interna or Intima
Single cell thick edothelial layer
 Vessels: The Vein
Lumen much larger in vein
Reason: Tunica Media is thinner in the vein
Carries blood towards the heart
Carries deoxygenated blood
Exception: Pulmonary Vein
Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Larger veins contains valves inside
This allows blood flow in one direction
 Vessels: The Capillaries
Smallest of the vessels
Contains only a single cell thick epithelial layer
They are the bridge between the artery and vein
Capillaries use diffusion to allow substances to pass across
They are in close contact with the cells of tissues
Diffusion occurs across the capillary bed
 Vessels: The Capillaries
Left the Arteriole end
Oxygen diffuses from the red blood cells
Nutrient molecules diffuse from plasma to tissues

Right the Venous end

Carbon dioxide and other waste products diffuse out
Carbon dioxide removed from the lungs
Other waste products removed and filtered via kidney
The Human Heart

Size - clenched fist

Location:
Between the 2 lungs
Posterior of the sternum
Anterior to the vertebral
column
Apex points slightly towards
the left
 The Heart - Anatomy(External)
Pericardium - Outer sac which is a tough, fibrous membrane
Fibrous layer
Outermost layer
Keeps the heart in position
Parietal Pericardium
Secretes pericardial fluid
Pericardial Cavity
Filled with pericardial fluid
Allows heart to move freely with
pericardium
Visceral Pericardium
Inner layer which is closer to the heart
 The Heart - Anatomy(External)

Heart is composed of three layers

Epicardium
Outermost layer which lubricates
Connective tissue covered with epithelium
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle tissue & connective tissue
This is the layer that contracts
Endocardium
Protective inner layer
Epithelial membrane and connective tissue
 Blood supply to the heart

The heart beats throughout your lifetime!

Myocardial cells require own supply of oxygen and
nutrients
Has its own network of vessels
Coronary Arteries
Two large coronary arteries
Enters the heart at the top
Divides into right and left coronary arteries
Right coronary arteries -> supply the right side
Left coronary artery -> supply left side
 Blood supply to the heart

Cardiac Veins
Two parts: Right and Left
Left
Receives deoxygenated blood
From superficial veins in the heart
Right
Originate from right ventricle
Drains into right atrium
 The Heart - Anatomy(Internal)

Heart is composed of four chambers

Right Atrium (RA)
Right Ventricle (RV)
Left Atrium (LA)
Left Ventricle (LV)
Right side Deoxygenated Blood
Left side Oxygenated Blood
 The Heart - Anatomy(Internal)

Vessels of the heart

RIGHT SIDE
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
LEFT SIDE
Pulmonary Vein
Aorta
 The Heart - Anatomy(Internal)

Heart is composed of four valves

Prevents backflow of blood
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid Valve
Three cusps
Present between RA and RV
Bicuspid or Mitral Valve
Two cusps
Present between LA and LV
 The Heart - Anatomy(Internal)

Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary Valve
Semi-lunar shape
Entrance to Pulmonary Artery
Aortic Valve
Semi-lunar shape
Entrance to aorta
 Circulation through the heart
Case 1 - Pulmonary Circulation

Blood enters RA
Via SVC and IVC

RA contracts when full

Tricuspid valve opens

Blood flows from RA -> RV

Tricuspid valve closes
 Circulation through the heart
Phase 1 - Pulmonary Circulation

RV starts to contract
Pulmonary Valve Opens

Blood flows from RV ->

lungs
Via Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary valve Closes

 Circulation through the heart
Phase 2 - Purification
ALVEOLI O2

Blood
CO2
 Circulation through the heart
Phase 3 - Systemic Circulation

Blood enters LA
VIa Pulmonary Vein

When full, LA
contracts
Mitral Valve opens

Blood flows from LA -> LV

Mitral valve closes
 Circulation through the heart
Phase 3 - Systemic Circulation

LV starts to contract
Aortic valve opens

Blood flows from LV ->

Body
Via aorta

Aortic valve closes

 The Heart - Electrophysiology

Hearts conduction system

Controls beating of the heart
Synchronizing beats
Allows impulses to travel through a network
Stimulates myocardial cells to contract

Innervated by
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
Unconscious control of heart beat
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Controls heart in response to fight or flight
response.
 The Heart - Electrophysiology
impulses initiated at the Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Group of myocardial cells
Contains contractile filaments
Location
In Right Atrium
Entrance of Superior Vena Cava
impulses cause Atria to contract
impulses travel to Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Location
Between RA & RV
Near the Interventricular Spetum
Short delay for impulses
Ventricles fill up with blood
Before they contract
 The Heart - Electrophysiology

impulses travel to Bundle of HIS

Divides into Right and Left Bundle Branches
(RBB & LBB)

Then they travel to the Purkinje Fibres

spread throughout the bottom chambers
so impulses move to the bottom and
spread upwards
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