Ch.

S Mineral and Energy Resources

Minerals: Minerals are homogenous , naturally occurring substances withdefinable internal
structure. They are found in rocks and ores.
l. Almost everything we use from a tiny pin to a huge ship is
made up ofminerals.
2. Minerals are used for making roads tarmac (paving) the
railway tracks andeven the
machinery used in the industries etc.
3. Even the food we eat contains minerals.
Although our mineral intake
about 0.3% of our total intake of nutrients but they are veryimportant forrepresents
the
only
of the other 99.7%of foodstuff. utilisation
4. Cars, buses , train, aeroplanes are
5. Minerals provide power resources tomanufactured
from minerals.
run the machines and vehicles.
6. Human beings have used minerals at all stages of
decoration, festivities etc.
development , for theirlivelihood,
Classification of Minerals
Minerals are classified on the basis of their physical
properties (colour
hardness, lustre (etc.) and chemical properties (solubility . density etc. )
MINERALS:
Metallic Mineras

Ferrouscontain iron) Non ferrous( do not have Precious (Have high

eg.iron ore iron)eg. copper, lead, tin, economic value.)
manganese,nickel,cobalt bauxite. Eg. gold, silver platinum
Non Metallic Minerals
Eg. mica,salt,potash, sulphur.granite, limestone, marble , sandstone etc.
ENERGY RESOURCE (which provide power to run machines vehicles etc.)
Conventional Coal, petroleum, natural gas
Non Conventional Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy .geo
thermal energy
Distinguish between Metallic and Non- Metallic minerals
Metallic Minerals Non- Metallic Minerals
They contain metals They do not contain metals
Malleable Non - malleable
Ductile Non- ductile
Lustrous(possess shine) Non - lustruous
Sonorous Non- sonorous
Good conductor of heat and electricity Bad conductor of heat and electricity
Eg.Iron manganese etc. Eg. Mica,Potash etc.
Distinguish between Ferrous and Non - ferrous minerals
Ferrous Non ferTous
These minerals have iron content
They donot have iron content
They provide a strong metallurgical They are important for engineering and
Base eg.iron nickle manganese
electrical industries.Copper Aluminium
Occurrence of Minerals
Igneous and Metamorphic rocks
in cracks , crevices faults and
F

gncous and metamorphic rocks, minerals occur

joints.
occurences are calledlodes.
esmaller occurences are called veins and larger
forced towards theearth surface
esS in liquid and molten states or gaseous states are
through cracks and crevices. On rising , they cool and solidify.
Metallic minerals such as copper zinc and lead occur here.
Sedimentary rocks :
O They have becen formed due to the deposition, accumulation and
concentration in horizontal strata.
oe minerals have been concentrated as a result of long periods of-aeeumtBatieR-akd
concentration nherzONalstrata eg. coal and some formsof iron ore.
However, some minerals formed due to excessive evaporation, especially inthe arid
regions . eg. gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt.
Sarface rocks :
This mode of formation is due to decomposition of surface rocks.
The removal of soluble constituents leave a residual mass of weatheredmaterial
containing ores. Eg. bauxite
Placer/Alluvial deposits :
Some minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and thebase of hills.
These minerals are called placer deposits.
" They generally contain minerals which are not easily corroded by water.Eg. Gold, Silver, Gn
Inocean waters and seas:
The ocean water contain minerals in vast quantities. But most of theseare widely
diffused to be of economic significance.
In the oceans, some minerals are derived from the ocean
watersuch as
bromine, common salt, magnesium etc.
Some minerals are found in the ocean beds such as
Distribution of Minerals
manganesenodules.
India is fortunate to have rich and varied mineral deposits but they are
distributed.
highlyunevenly
" Peningular rocks contain reserves of coal, metallic minerals, micaand many
other non-metallic minerals.
Western and Eastern flanks of the peninsula , in Gujarat and Assamhave most
of the petroleum deposits.
Rajasthan with the rock system of the peninsula, has reserves ofmany non -
ferrous minerals.
Northern plains The vast alluvial plains of the north India arecompletely
devoid of minerals.
The variations in the distribution are mainly due to
" A) difference in the geological structure
 " B) processes
C)time involved in the formation of minerals.
Factors which make the mineral extraction commercially viable
Quality and the quantity of mineral in the ore
Ease of extraction
" Cost of extraction
Factors that determine the economic viability of a reserve
Concentration of mineral in the ore
" Ease of extraction
" Closeness to the market
Minerals*Uses *Features *Distribution
Iron(Ferrous)
Magnetite isthe finest iron ore withupto 70%of iron content.It's excellent magnetic qualities
are valuable in the electricalindustries.
Hematite (50-60% of iron content)isthe most important industrial iron ore interms of
quantityused
Basic mineral
Backbone ofindustrial development
India has abundant reserves of good qualityof iron ore.
Odisha - Jharkhandbelt
Durg bastarchandrapurbelt
Bellary- Chitradurga, Chikkamangluru- Tumkuru belt
Maharashtra- Goa belt
Manganese(Ferrous)
Used in
Steel making
Ferro manganese alloy(10kg.of manganese required formaking ltonne of steel)
Bleaching powder
Insecticides
Paints
It is the 2nd most important ferrousmineral.Odisha is the largest producer ofmanganese
Copper(Non-Ferrous)
Mainly used for inelectrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.
India is critically deficient in copper reserves andproduction
It is malleable, ductile and a good conductor
Balaghatmines inMadhya Pradesh
Khetri minesin
Rajasthan
Singhbhumdistrict of Jharkhand
Banxite(Non -ferrous)
Occurrence:
Formed by decompOsition of rocks rich in aluminiumsilcates bauxite ,aclay like Substance
aumina later,aluminium is obtained
Odisha ís the largest producer
Good conductor
 .PEAT
:D
contentan
Great malleability R. Ligni
with extreme lightness
It combines the strengthof iron eserves
Maikal hills,
" Foundin Amarkantakplateau, B.Bitu
Plateau of Bilaspur andKatni. Coal.
I

Mica(Non-Metal) Coal.
Used in electrical and electronicindustries P.A
It has excellent di-electric strength bc
Low powerloss factor Ln
Resistence tohigh voltage 1
Great insulatingproperties
Splits easilyinto thin sheets
Available indifferent colours - clear, black,red, yellow,brown
Found in he Northerm edge of Chhota Nagpur plateau
Koderma -Gaya- Hazaribaghbelt of Jharkhand
Ajmer in Rajasthan
Nellore beltof Andhra Pradesh
Lmestone (Rockmineral) Jtng ayent
Used as a basicraw material in
Cement industry
" Smelting of iron ore in blast furnace
Occurrence: found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates and magnesium
carbonate

Non conventional source of energy

1. t includes solar, wind , tidal. geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.
2. it is the type is being used since recently.
3. it is enewable in nature
4. the installation cost of this type of energy is high but the running cost isminimal
5. it is environment friendly

Cattle dung cake and firewood are the most commonly used sources of energy inrural India.
70% of the energy requirement in the ural household is met by these two sources.
The use of these two sources is discouraged because
1. The continuous use of fuelwood leads to deforestation
2.Use of cattle dung cakes consumes the most valuable manure which could beofuse to
agriculture.
CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY
COAL
USES:
1. Provides substantial part of nation's energy needs
2.used for power generation to supply energy to industry as well as
domestic needs.
3, India's highly dependent on coal for meeting commercial energy
FORMATION requirement
Coal is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years.
in a variety of form depending on the degree of compressionand the depth atTherefore it is found
the time of burial.
TYPES
 1.PEAT : Decaying of plants in swamps produce Peat. It has low carbon and highmojsture
content and low heating capacity.
2. ignite: ltis alow grade brown coal, soft with high moisture content. The principle lignite
ofelectricity.
reserves in Neyveli in Tamilnadu are used for the generation
3. Biuminous:coal that has been buried and subject to increased temperatures is bituminous
coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coalis a high grade bituminous
cusl.
4.Anthracite: it is the highest quality hard coal.
O0CURENCE
In India, coal oxcurs in mck series of two main geological ages.
1. Gondwana This type of coal is a little over 200 million years in age.
and the major sources of this type of coal are metallurgical coal which are locatedin the Damodar
Valley of West Bengal, Jharkhand. Jharia, Raniganj. Bokaro are the important coalfiekds.
Godavari. Mahanadi, Son and Wardha Valley also contain coaldeposits
2. Tertiary Coal - This type of coal is about 55 million years old.
The major reserves of this type of coal are found in North Eastern states of Meghalaya. Assam.
Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Most of the thermal power stations and smelting plants are located near coal minesas coal is a bulky
commodity which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.
PETROLEUM
USE
1. Provides fuel for heat and lighting
2. Lubricant for machinery and
3. raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
4. petroleum refinery act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile. fertilizer andnumerous
chemical industries.
OCCURENCE
Most of the petroleum occurences in India are associated with anticlines and faulttraps in rock
formations of the tertiary age.
In the regions of folding, anticlines or domes. Here. the oil is trapped in the crestof upfold.
The oil bearing layer is aporous limestone or sand stone through which oil mayflow. The oil is
prevented from rising or sinking by the intervening non porous layers.
Oilfields:
Mumbai High
Gujarat (Ankaleshwar) and Assam( oldest oil producing state)
In Assam - Digboi. Naharkatiya and Moran Hugrijan are the major oil producingareas.
NATURALGAS
USES
1. domestic fuel and industrial fuel
2. used as fuel in power sector to
gen erate electricity
3. for heating purpose in industries
4. as raw material in chemical Petrochemical and fertilizer Industries 5. astransport fuel
(CNG)
6. as cooking fuel (PNG)
DISTRIBUTION
West coast
Major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai high and allied feels along the WestCoast which are
supplemented by the finds in the Cambay Basin
 East coast
Krishna Godavari basin.
New reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the
HBJ PIPELINE
Hazira Bijaipur Jagdishpur pipelineCross
country gas pipeline Constructed by
GAIL(India)
Linked Mumbai High and Bassein oil fields with various fertilizers -power andindustal
complexes.
Provides impetus to Indian gas market development.
Gas infrastructure has expanded 10 times from 1700 km to 18,500 km and will soon reach 34,.000
km as the Gas Grid by linking all gas sources
ELECTRICITY
THERMAL HYDRO ELECTRICITY
1. Generated by using Generated by fast flowing waterto run
(coal, petroleum and natural gas the turbine
2. Non -renewable source
Renewable source
3. Causes pollution
Environment friendly
4. Expensive Installation cost is high subsequent
running cost is low
5. Eg. Harduaganj. Namrup Eg. Damodar valley project, Kopili
Hydel Project, Bhakra Nangal

Non-Conventional sources of Energy

Why do we need to use Non-conventional sources of energy?
I. Increasing dependence on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
2. Rising prices of oil and gas etheir potential shortages have uncertainities about future
3. Environmental problems due to increasing use of fossil fuels.
4. India is blessed with abundance of solar, wind, water and biomass.
5. Saving for the future generations.
Why do we need to conserve energy resources?
I. Basic requirement for economic development
2. Every sector of economy (agriculture, industry. transport etc.) depends on it.
3. The economic development plans need energy to remain operational.
4. Rising consumption of energy across the country.
5. Saving for the future generations. Energy resources are limited.
How can we conserve energy resource?
1. Using publictransport
2. Switching off electricity points when not in use.
3. Using power saving devices
4. Using non-conventional sources of energy
5. Practice car pool
Nuclear , solar, wind, energy , biogas, tidal and geo thermal to be learat from
NCERT.