[Type here]

Carbon – 12 Scale: The Mr of H2O = 2×Ar (H) + Ar (O)

− The atom is a very small particle with an = (2×1) + 16
insignificant mass. =18
− Hence it is only possible to determine the mass of Where Ar (H) = 1 Ar (O) = 16
one atom relative to another (C – 12)
Question 1
experimentally. Calculate the Mr of the following ions and molecules.
− Carbon – 12 scale is a mass reference scale in a) NH3 b) C6H12O6 c) ClO3 −
which one atom of C – 12 isotope is taken to have R. A. M (Ar) of H = 1.0, O = 16, Cl = 35.5, N = 14,
12 atomic mass unit. C = 12 )

Atomic mass or atomic weight Question 2

− It is the mass of the atom in atomic mass unit (amu) An oxide YO2 has a relative molecular mass of 94.
e.g., atomic mass unit of H = 1 u. What is the relative atomic mass of Y?
Ans: 62
− One atomic mass unit (u) is defined as a mass
exactly equal to one – twelfth (1/12) the mass of Question 3
one carbon – 12 atom. If the molar mass of Y(HCO3)2 is 162 g/mol.
Determine the relative atomic mass of Y.
Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) [H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
− It is the average mass of one atom of the element ans: 40
compared to one – twelfth (1/12) of the mass of
The Mole (Amount of substance)
one atom of Carbon – 12. − The mole (symbol mol) is the amount of a
− Mathematically, substance that contains as many elementary
Average mass of one atom of element entities (atoms, molecules or other particles) as
Ar =
1 there are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012 kg) of
12 mass of one Carbon - 12 atom
the carbon 12 isotope.
It has no unit. e.g., Ar of O = 16 − This means 1 mole of ethanol will contain the
Molecular Weight or Mass same number of ethanol molecules as there are C
atoms in 12 g of Carbon – 12.
− It is the sum of the atomic mass of a molecule of
that substance, expressed in atomic mass − The number of atoms (entities) in a 12 g sample
unit. e.g., MW (H2O) is 18 amu i.e., (2*1 amu) from of carbon – 12 is called Avogadro’s number
two H + 16 amu from O. (NA). i.e., NA = 6.0221367 × 1023
NA or L = 6.02 ×1023 (3 significant figures).
Formular Weight or Mass
− It is the sum of the atomic weight of all atoms in a NB:
formula unit of the compound. e.g., FW (NaCl) = 1 mole of element X = gram atomic mass of X
58.44 amu. 1 mole of molecule X = gram molecule mas of X
− Particles in 1 mole ≡ number of atoms in 12 g of
Formula Unit C – 12 ≡ Avogadro’s constant ≡ 6.02×1023 entities
− It is the group of atoms or ions explicitly − 1 mole of Na atom contains 6.02×1023 Na atoms
symbolized in the formular. e.g., Formular Unit of − A mole of oxygen molecules (O2) contains
sodium chloride is NaCl. 6.02×1023 O2 molecules i.e., 2(6.02×1023) O
Relative Molecular Mass (Mr) atoms.
− It is the average mass of one molecule compared Question 1
with 1/12 the mass of an atom of C – 12. The atomic mass unit of C – 12 is 1.6603×10-24 g. If
Average mass of one molecule of substance the mass of an atom is 5.313×10-23 g, determine its
Mr =
1 relative mass.
12 of the mass of one atom of Carbon - 12
It has no unit. e.g., Relative molecular mass, Answer
Mr (AxBy) = x(Ar of A) + y(Ar of B)

32
[Type here]

the mass of the atom Question 6

Ar = Calculate the number of atoms of hydrogen in 0.2 mol
atomic mass unit of C-12
of methane gas (CH4).
5.313×10-23 [NA = 6.02 × 1023]
Ar =
1.6603 × 10-24 Answer
Ar = 32 𝐶𝐻4 → 𝐶 + 4𝐻
1 mol 1 mol 4 mol
Question 2 0.2 mol 0.2 mol 4×0.2 mol
A vessel contains 1.6 moles of oxygen gas. Calculate = 0.8 mol
the number of molecules of the gas. [Avogadro’s
23
constant = 6.023×10 ] therefore, N (H) = n × NA
= 0.8 × 6.02 × 1023
Answer = 4.816 × 1023 atoms
N = n × NA Question 7
n = mole Calculate the number of atoms of oxygen in 0.2 mol of
N = Number of entities oxygen. [NA = 6.02×1023]
NA = Avogadro’s number
Answer: 2.408×1023 atoms.
n = 1.60 mol
NA = 6.023 × 1023 Question 8
N=? How many atoms of Cobalt (Co) atoms are there in
N = 1.6 × 6.0223 × 1023 6.00×109 Co atoms.
= 9.64 × 1023 oxygen molecules
Question 9
Alternate answer Which of the following has a greater mass: 2 atoms of
If 1 mole of O2 ≡ 6.023 × 1023 lead or 5.1×10-23 moles of helium?
1.6
therefore, 1.69 mol of O2 ≡ 1 × 6.023 × 1023
= 9.64×1023 O2 molecules
Molar Mass, M
Question 3 − It is defined as the mass (in g or kg) of one mole of
How many atoms are there in 0.3 mol of an element? a substance.
[NA = 6.0 * 1023 mol-] − Its unit is gmol-1 or g/mol.
Question 4 − For all substances, the molar mass in grams per
Determine the number of moles present in 1.5 * 1020 mole is numerically = formula mass = or relative
electrons.
[Avogadro’s constant = 6.0 * 1023] atomic mass.
Answer NB:
mass
n=? mole =
N = 1.5 * 1023 electrons molar mass
m
NA = 6.0 * 1023 n=
M
From N = n * NA
1.5*1020 Question 1
n= Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in industry, low
6.0*1023
temperature research deep sea driving tanks and
n = 2.5 * 10-4 mol. balloons. How many moles of the atoms are 6.46 g of
He? [He = 4.003]
Question 5
How many moles of oxygen would contain 1.204
×1023 molecules? Answer
[NA = 6.02 × 1023] From the equality 1 mol He ≡ 4.003 g He

answer: 2 mol.

33
[Type here]

6.46 g He 6.07 g
thus, 6.46 g of He ≡ × 1 mol 𝐻𝑒 n=
4.003 g He 16 g/mol
n = 0.379 mol
= 1.61 mol He
Question 6
Alternative method What mass of O is contained in 25 g of CO2?
m
n=
M Answer
M (He) = 4.003 g/mol M (CO2) = 12 + (2×16)
m (He) = 6.46 g = 44 g/mol
6.46 25 g
n= n (CO2) =
44 g/mol
4.003
n = 1.61 mol n (CO2) = 0.568 mol

Question 2 CO2 ≡ C + 2O
Zinc is a silvery metal that is used in making brass and 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol
in plating iron to prevent corrosion. How many grams 0.568 mol 0.568 mol 2×0.568
of Zn are in 0.356 mol of Zn? [Zn = 65.39]
= 1.136 mol
Answer
From the equality 1 mol Zn ≡ 65.39 g m (O)
from n (O) =
M (O)
0.356 mol of Zn
0.356 mol of Zn ≡ × 65.39 g of Zn m (O) = 𝑛 × 𝑀
1 mol of Zn
= 23.3 g of Zn M (O) = 16 g/mol

Alternative method therefore, m (O) = 1.136 × 16

M (Zn) = 65.39 g/mol = 18.176 g
n (Zn) = 0.356 mol
m Question 7
from n = What is the number of oxygen molecules present in
M
16.0 g of oxygen gas? [NA = 6.02×1023]
m=n×M
m = 0.356 * 65.39 Answer
m (Zn) = 23.3 g m (O2) = 16.0 g
NA = 6.02×1023
Question 3 M of oxygen molecule (O2) = 2×16
What is the molar mass of substance Y if 0.30 mol of
= 32 gmol-1
Y has a mass of 13.0 g?
Number of Oxygen molecule (N) = ?
Ans: 43.30 gmol-1 from N = n × NA
m
Question 4 but, n=
M
What mass of lithium is contained in 53 g of Li2CO3? m
[Li = 7, O = 16, C = 12] therefore, N =  NA
M
Question 5 16.0
N=  6.021023 = 3.01x1023 oxygen molecules
Methane (CH4) is a principal compound of natural gas. 32
How many moles of CH4 are present in 6.07 g of CH4?
[C = 12, H = 1] Question 8
How many atoms of Na are present in 0.25 mols of
Answer Na3PO4?
m = 6.07 g [NA = 6.01023]
M (CH4) = 12 + (4×1) Ans: 4.5151023 atoms
= 16 g/mol
m
n= Question 9
M

34
[Type here]

Calculate the number of molecules in 400 g of oxygen. − It’s the volume of 1 mol of a gas at standard
[O = 16, L = 6.021023] temperature and pressure (STP).
Answer
Molar mass of O2 = 162 = 32 g/mol − Vm = 22.4 dm3mol-1
m (O2) = 400 g = 22.4 Lmol-1
N (number of molecules) = ? − Avogadro’s principle is commonly expressed in
m terms of the molar volume (Vm, the volume
from N =
M
 NA
400
occupied per mole of gas).
N=  6.021023
32
=7.5251024 molecules Volume
Molar Volume =
amount of substance
Question 10 V
Calculate the number of chlorine atoms contains in 0.2 Vm =
n
g of DDT (C14H9Cl5).
[C = 12, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Avogadro’s number = Question 1
A helium weather balloon was filled at -20 °C and a
6.021023 particles mol-1]
volume of 2.5×104 L with 1.2×103 mol He. What
Answer is the molar volume of helium under standard
MDDT = (1412) + (91) + (35.55) conditions?
= 354.5 g/mol
Answer
n (DDT) = m⁄M
n = 1.2×1023 mol
0.20 mol V = 2.5×104 L
=
35.5 g/mol Vm = ?
= 5.64110-4 mol. V
Vm =
from the formula of DDT, n
C14H9Cl5 → 14C + 9H + 5Cl 2.5×104 L
Vm =
1 mol 14 mol 9 mol 5 mol 1.2×103 mol
5.64110-4 mol 55.64110-4
= 21 Lmol-1

 n (Cl) = 55.64110-4 Question 2

= 2.82×10-3 mol Calculate the amount of substance in 4480 cm3 of O2.
NCl = n (Cl) × NA [Vm = 22.4 dm3mol-1]
= 2.82×10-3 × 6.02×1023 Ans: 0.2 mol
= 1.6976×1021 atoms.
Question 3
Question 11
A small crystal of CaCl2 that weighs 0.12 g contains Calculate the volume (dm3) occupied by 7.40 g of NH3
6.5×1020 formula unit of CaCl2. What is the total gas at STP. [Vm = 22.4 dm3mol-1]
number of ions that make up this crystal? Answer
M (NH3) = 17 gmol-1
Question 12
m (NH3) = 7.40 g
Chlorophyll, the green pigment in leaves has the m
formula C55H72MgN4O5. If 0.0011 g of Mg is available n= M
to a plant for chlorophyll synthesis, how many grams 7.4
=
17
of carbon will be required to completely use up the
= 0.435 mol
magnesium?
V = n × Vm
Ans: 0.030 g of carbon
= 0.435×22.4
Molar Volume, Vm V = 9.74 dm3
Question 4

35
[Type here]

A gas X2O3 occupied a volume of 5.6 dm3 at STP. t = 2×60×60

Calculate the molar mass and hence the atomic mass = 7200 s
of X if the mass of the gas was found to be 16 g. [Vm Q=I×t
= 22.4 dm3, O = 16] = 5×7200
Total charge = 36, 000 C
Answer
V = 5.6 dm3 Question 2
Vm = 22.4 dm3mol-1 Calculate the charge in coulomb carried by 3.01×1023
m = 16 g electrons. [1 F = 96500 Cmol-1]
V Answer
n=
𝑉𝑚 If 6.02×1023 e- = 96500 Cmol-1
5.6
= 23 -
3.01×1023
22.4 then 3.01×10 e = × 96500
n = 0.25 mol. 6.02×1023
m = 482500 C
but n = Therefore, charge in coulomb is 482500
M
16
M= Question 3
0.25
M = 64 gmol-1 Calculate the total charge carried by 2 moles of
electron. [1 F = 96500 Cmol-1]
M(X2O3) = 2×Ar(X) + 3×Ar(O) Ans = 193000 C
= 2Ar(X) + 3(16) Question 4
0.25 mol of electrons passed through an electrical wire
64 = 2Ar(X) + 48
using a current of 0.25 A.
Ar (X) = 8 Calculate the
a) total charge in coulombs carried by the electrons
FARADAY’S CONSTANT b) time taken for the electrons to pass
− It is the total charge carried by one mole of electron Ans: a) 24125 C
or one mole of monovalent ion. b) 96500 s
− Monovalent ion has single charge e.g., Na+, Cl-
− It is the total charge carried by 6.02×1023 electrons. Question 5
Calculate the number of moles 2.7 g of Al (Al = 27)
− The quantity of electric charge (Q) is measured in
Coulomb (C). Answer
− A coulomb (C) is a current (I) of 1 ampere flowing 27 g of Al = 1 mol Al
2.7 g
for 1 second. ∴2.7 g = × 1 mol
27 g
− Q=I×t
= 0.1 mol
− Faraday = L × charge on electron (e), where e = Therefore, number of moles of Al = 0.1
1.6×10-19 C
Question 6
− 1 F = 96500 Cmol-1
How many electrons found in 10000 C.
NB
Ans: 6.24×1022 electrons
1 mol e- ≡ 6.02×1023 e- ≡ 1 F ≡ 96500 Cmol-1 ≡ Atomic
mass
Question 1
Calculate the total charge when a current of 5 amperes
flows for 2 hours.

Answer
I=5A
t = 2 hrs

36
[Type here]

Concentration is the proportion of a substance in a

mixture.
SOLUTIONS − Concentration of solution: It is the quantity of
− A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more solute per unit quantity of solution.
substance.
− Solute: It is the substance present in a smaller − Concentration can be expressed in four different
amount. forms
− It is the substance that dissolves or disappears in • Amount of substance concentration or
another to form solution. Molarity (C)
− Solvent: It is the substance present in a large • Mass concentration (ρ)
amount. • Molal concentration or Molality
− It is the substance in which other substance • Mole fraction
dissolves to form a solution.
NB
A solution may be gaseous (air), solid (alloy), liquid Molarity or Molar or Molar
(seawater). Concentration (C)
It is defined as the moles of solute dissolved in one
− Aqueous solution: It is the one in which the solute
liter (cubic decimeter) of solution.
initially is a liquid or a solid and the solvent is
water.
moles of solute
− Water can dissolve almost all substances hence Molarity (C) =
referred to as a universal solvent. liters of solution
− The advantages of water as a solvent are: SI unit is mol/dm3 or Molar (M) or mol/L
• it is non flammable
NB
• it is non toxic
• It is cheap 1 liter = 1 dm3

− Tincture: It is a solution in which the solvent is 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3

alcohol. e.g., methyl orange in alcohol. 1 cm3 = 1 ml
− Miscible Liquids: Liquids which dissolves in each
other. e.g., water and alcohol. e.g., An aqueous solution that is 0.15 M or 0.15
− Immiscible Liquids: Liquids which do not mol/dm3 NH3 is dissolved in 1 dm3 or 1 L of solution.
dissolve in each other. e.g., oil and water. n
− Concentrated solution: A solution with relatively C=
V
high amount of solute per solution.
m
− Saturated solution: It is a solution which cannot from n =
dissolve any more of the solute at that temperature.
M
− Supersaturated solution: A solution which m
C=
contains excess solute than it can dissolve at that MV
temperature. Question 1
− Unsaturated solution: A solution which contain a 4.47×10-3 mol of NaNO3 is placed in a 5.0×10-2 dm3
relatively large amount of solvent or relatively volumetric flask. The flask is then filled with water to
small amount of solute per solution. the mark on the neck, dissolving the solid. What is the
− Normality: A concentration unit (N), it is the molarity of the resulting solution?
number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution
(e.g., 1M H2SO4 = 2N H2SO4). Answer
n = 4.47×10-3 mol
NB V = 5.0×10-2 dm3

37
[Type here]

C=? [H = 1 C = 12 O = 16]
n Ans: 40
C=
V
Question 6
4.47×10-3 What volume 0.2 M solution of sodium hydroxide will
C= on evaporation yield 5.0 g of solid NaOH? [Na = 23,
5.0×10-2
O = 16, H = 1]
C = 0.089 moldm-3 or 0.089 M
Answer
Question 2 C = 0.2 M
A sample of sodium chloride, NaCl, weighing 0.0678 M = 23+16+1 = 40 gmol-1
g is placed in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Enough m = 5.0 g
water is added to dissolve the NaCl and the flask is V=?
filled to the mark. What is the molarity of the resulting m
from C =
solution? MV
[Na = 23, Cl = 35.5] m
V=
CM
Answer 5.0
mass (m) = 0.0678 g V=
Molar mass (M) = 23 + 35.5 = 53.5 g/mol 0.2×40
V = 0.625 dm3 or 625 cm3
250
V = 250 cm3 = = 0.25 dm3
1000 Question 7
C=? 100 cm3 of 0.1M H2SO4 is mixed with 100 cm3 of 0.15
m M H2SO4. Calculate the concentration of the resulting
But C = solution in mole per cubic decimeter.
MV Ans: 0.125 moldm-3
0.0678
=
53.5×0.25 Mass Concentration (ρ)
C = 5.07×10-3 M
It is the mass of substance dissolved in 1 dm3 of
Question 3 solution.
What mass of Na2CO3 will be required to prepare 100 Unit of mass concentration is g/dm3 or gdm-3.
cm3 of a 0.30 mol/dm3 solution? [Na2CO3 = 106] It is also known as mass density (gcm-3)

Answer m
V = 100 cm3 = 0.1 dm3 From definition ρ =
V(dm3 )
C = 0.30 mol/dm3
M(Na2CO3) = 106 g/mol ρ = mass concentration
m=?
m = mass of solute
m
from C = V = volume of solution in dm3
MV
m = C×M×V Relation between ρ and C
 m = 0.3 × 106 × 0.1
m
mass = 3.18 g from C =
Therefore, mass of Na2CO3 required is 3.18 g. MV
1 m
C= ×
Question 4 M V
What is the concentration of 14.63 g of salt Y in 250 m
But ρ =
cm3 of solution? [Y = 58.5 gmol-1] V
Ans: 1.0 moldm-3 1
C= ×ρ
Question 5 M
If the molar mass of Y(HCO3)2 is 16.2 gmol-1, Therefore, ρ = C × M
determine the relative atomic mass of Y.

38
[Type here]

Answer
Concentration in (gdm-3 )
Concentration in moldm-3 = i. M(Na2CO3.XH2O) = (2×23) + 12 + (3×16) + x[(2×1)+16]
Molar mass (gmol-1 )
= 106 + 18x
Question 1
A sample of NaNO3 weighing 0.38 g is placed in a 50.0 ii. ρ=C×M
ml volumetric flask, The flask is then filled with water ρ
to the mark on the neck. What is the molarity of the M=
C
resulting solution? [Na = 23, N = 14, O = 16]
5.72
Ans: 0.0894 moldm-3 M=
0.02
Question 2
Calculate the concentration in gdm-3 of 0.75 M = 286 gmol-1
Na2CO3 solution. [Na = 23, N = 14, O = 16] iii. 286 = 106 + 18x
Answer x = 10
M(Na2CO3) = (23×2) + 12 + (16×3)
= 106 gmol-1 Hence the chemical formula is Na2CO3.10H2O
ρ=C×M Question 5
= 0.75 × 106 10 g of a hydrated carbonate (X2CO3.10H2O) was
= 79.5 gdm-3 dissolved in 250 cm3 of distilled water to obtain a
concentration of 0.14 M. Calculate
Question 3 i. The molar mass of X2CO3.10H2O
Calculate the mass concentration of 15.4 g of H2SO4
ii. The relative atomic mass of X
dissolved in 250 cm3 of solution.
iii. Identify element X
Answer [Na= 23, O = 16, C = 12]
m (H2SO4) = 15.4 g
V (H2SO4) = 250 cm3 = 0.25 dm3 Answer
m i. 285 g/mol
ρ= ii. 23
V
15.4 g iii. X is sodium (Na)
=
0.25 dm3
Question 6
= 61.6 gdm-3 A mass of 100 g of lansfordite (MgCO3.XH2O) was
dissolved in 500 cm3 solution to obtain a concentration
Question 4 of 1.15 M. Calculate
In an experiment involving the hydrated salt
a. The concentration in gdm-3
Na2CO3.XH2O, where x is the number of molecules of
b. The molar mass of the compound
water of crystallization, the mass concentration of its
c. The value of X
solution is 5.72 gdm-3 and from experiment the
[Mg = 24, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1]
concentration was found to be 0.02 moldm-3.
Calculate: Answer
a. 200 g/dm3
i. The molar mass of Na2CO3.XH2O in terms of x;
b. 174 g/mol
ii. The molar mass of Na2CO3.XH2O;
c. x = 5
iii. The number of molecules of water of
crystallization x of the hydrated salt and hence its
chemical formula
[Na= 23.0, O = 16.0, C = 12.0]

39
[Type here]

m = 0.80 × 140

Mass concentration can be expressed in terms of m = 112 g

percentages i.e.,
hence, the mass of ethanol in 1 dm3 of wine is 112g.
a) Percentage weight per volume of solution (%w/v)
iii. mole of ethanol in 1 dm3 of wine is given by;
i.e., mass of substance (g) in 100 cm3 of the m
solution. n (ethanol) =
M
112 g
e.g., 25% w/v of NaOH means 25 g of NaOH in =
100 cm3 of the solution
146 gmol-1
= 2.43 mol
b) Percentage weight per weight of solution (%w/w)
Since this is the mole contained in 1dm3 of wine, the
e.g., 2% w/w of NaCl means 2 g NaCl in 100 g of concentration of ethanol in the wine is 2.43 mol/dm3.
solution.
NB:
c) Percentage volume per volume (%V/V) of solution. Very small quantities of solutes in solution can be
e.g., the concentration of N2 in air is 78% v/v; means expressed in part per million (ppm)
100 cm3 of air contains 78 cm3 of N2(g). mass of component
i) ppm = × 106
Question 1 total volume of solution
A bottled wine is labelled 14% v/v ethanol. Calculate W
i. The volume of ethanol in 1 dm3 i.e., × 106
V
ii. The mass of ethanol in 1 dm3 given that the
density of ethanol is 0.8 gcm-3
mass of component
iii. The concentration of ethanol in the wine in ii) ppm = × 106
total mass of solution
moldm-3
W
[ethanol (C2H5OH); C = 12, H = 1, O = 16] i.e., × 106
W
Answer
i. 14% v/v means 100 cm3 of wine contains 14 cm3 of
ethanol volume of component
iii) ppm = × 106
total volume of solution
i.e., 100 cm3 ≡ 14 cm3 of ethanol
V
i.e., × 106
V
3
14cm3
∴ 1000 cm ≡ ×1000 cm3 Question 2
100 cm3 An aqueous solution contains 0.004 % v/v NaCl, find
its ppm equivalent.
≡ 140 cm3 Answer
0.004 cm3 of NaCl in 100 cm3 of solution
∴ Volume of ethanol in 1 dm3 is 0.140 dm3 0.004
ppm = × 106
100
m
ii. ρ = = 40 ppm.
V
Question 3
ρ = 0.80 gcm-3 A concentration of 500 ppm is same as what
percentage?
V = 140 cm3
Answer
m=ρ×V

40
[Type here]

conc. in ppm
% Conc. = × 100
106
500 Question 1
= × 100 A sample of 0.892 g of KCl is dissolved in 54.6 of
106
water. What is the percent by mass of KCl in the
= 0.05% solution?
Molal Concentration or Molality (m) Ans: 1.61%
− It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one
Mole Fraction (X)
kilogram or 100 g of solvent.
It is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the ratio
moles of solute of the number of moles of one component to the
− molality (m) = number of moles of all components present.
mass of solvent (kg)
𝑛𝑖
− Its unit is molkg-1 Xi =
𝑛𝑇
Question 1 For a mixture of two components of solute A and
Calculate the molality of a sulfuric acid solution solvent B,
containing 24.4 g of sulfuric acid in 198 g of water.
(The molar mass of sulfuric acid is 98.09 g/mol) nA
XA =
nA +nB
Answer
moles of solute nB
m= XB =
mass of solvent (kg) nA +nB
where;
mass
n(sulfuric acid) = XA and XB are the mole fractions of A and B
molar mass
respectively
𝑛𝐴 and 𝑛𝐵 are the moles of A and B respectively.
24.4
n=
98.09
Question 1
A mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of neon (Ne),
= 0.249 mol 0.74 mole of argon (Ar) and 2.15 moles of Xenon (Xe).
Calculate the mole fraction of each gas.
the mass of water is 198g or 0.198 kg
Answer
0.249 mol ni
m= Xi =
0.198 𝑘𝑔 nT

nNe = 4.46 mols,

= 1.26 mol/kg
nAr = 0,74 mols,
Question 2
Calculate the number of moles of solute in 2.5 molg-1 nXe = 2.15 mols
solution containing 0.60 kg of solvent.
𝑛 𝑇 = 4.46 + 0.74 + 2.15
Ans: 1.5 mol
= 7.35 mols
Percent by Mass or Weight nNe
XNe =
− It is the ratio of the mass of a solute to the mass of nT
the solution multiplied by 100%: 4.46
mass of solute
=
7.35
% by mass = ×100
mass of solute +mass of solvent

41
[Type here]

XNe = 0.61 i.e., n (concentrated solution) = n (diluted solution)

n=C×V
nAr
XAr = ∴ Cconc × Vconc = Cdil × Vdil
nT
Vdil = Vconc + VH2 O
0.74
XAr =
7.35 Dilution Factor (D. F)
It is the number of times the volume of the more
= 0.10 concentrated solution is diluted.
nXe Cconc
XXe =
nT D.F = or
Cdil
2.15
XXe = V
7.35 D.F = V dil
conc
= 0.29 NB: Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less
concentrated solution from a more concentrated one.
∴The mole fractions of Neon, Argon and Xenon are
0.61, 0.1 and 0.29 respectively. Question 1
100 cm3 of 4.0 M HCl is diluted to 500 cm3. Calculate
Preparation of Solutions i. the concentration of the dilute solution.
A solution of known concentration can be prepared
either by: ii. the volume of water to added to prepare the above
solution
Dissolving a known mass of solute in a solvent to a
desired final volume or iii. the dilution factor
By diluting the appropriate volume of a more Answer
concentrated solution (stock solution) to the desired i. Cconc = 4.0 M
final volume.
Cdil = ?
Apparatus used for preparation of solutions
− Volumetric flask Vconc = 100 cm3
− Beaker
− Stirrer or stirring rod Vdil = 500 cm3
− Funnel Cconc × Vconc = Cdil × Vdil
− Wash bottle
− Spatula  4.0 M × 100 cm3 = Cdil × 500 cm3
− Chemical balance
− Measuring cylinder 4.0×100
Cdil =
500
Definition of terms
Standard Solution: It is the solution whose = 0.8 M
concentration is accurately known.
ii. Vdil = Vconc + VH2 O
Stock Solution: It is the concentrated solution in
which a dilute solution is prepared from. VH2 O = Vdil - Vconc
Assay: It is the full list of the experimentally
determined purity of a chemical substance including = 500 – 400
its impurities. It includes: % purity of chemical,
density and molar mass. = 400 cm3
Dilution of Solution
∴ the volume of water added = 400 cm3
During dilution, the volume of solvent increases, but
the amount of substance remains constant.

42
[Type here]

Vdil You have a 500 cm3 of a 0.125 M HCl solution and

iii. Dilution factor =
Vconc you want to dilute it to exactly 0.100 M. How much
water should you add? Assume volumes are additive.
500
= Answer
400 Ci = 0.125 M
Vi = 500 cm3
= 1.25 Cf = 0.100 M
Vf = ?
Question 2
You are given a solution of 14.8 M NH3. How many CiVi = CfVf
milliliters (ml) of this solution do you require to give Ci Vi
Vf =
100 ml of 1.00 M NH3 when diluted? Cf
Answer 0.125×500
Vf =
Cconc = 14.8 M 0.1
= 625 cm3
Cdil = 1.0 M But
Vf = Vi + VH2 O
Vconc = ? VH2 O = Vf – Vi
= 625 – 500
Vdil = 100 ml
VH2 O = 125 cm3
Cconc × Vconc = Cdil × Vdil ∴ The volume of water added is 125 cm3

Question 6
 14.8 M × Vconc = 1.0 × 100 ml
A 35.2 cm3 1.66 M KMnO4 solution is mixed with 16.7
cm3 of 0.892 M KMnO4 solution. Calculate the
1.0×100 concentration of the final solution.
Vconc =
14.8
Question 7
a) Calculate the concentration of stock
= 6.76 ml tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid (H2SO4) which has mass
density of 2.50 gcm-3 and has purity of 98%
∴ volume of solution required is 6.76 ml
b) What volume of the stock acid should be taken to
Question 3 prepare 250 cm3 of 2 M of the acid solution.
Water is added to 25.0 cm3 of a 0.866 M KNO3 [H=1, S = 32, O = 16]
solution until the volume of the solution is exactly 500
cm3. What is the concentration of the final solution? Answer
a) %purity (P) = 98%
Question 4
A 750 cm3 of 0.12 moldm-3 HCl is to be prepared from Density (D) = 2.5 gcm-3
12 moldm-3 concentrated HCl. Calculate the volume of
the concentrated acid required for the preparation. M(H2SO4)=(2×1)+32+ (4×16)
Answer = 98 gmol-1
CiVi = CfVf
From the assay,
Cf Vf
Vi = D×P×1000
Ci Conc of acid (moldm-3)=
M×100
0.12×750
Vi =
12 2.5×98×1000
3 =
= 7.5 cm 98×100
Question 5

43
[Type here]

Conc of acid (moldm-3) = 25 M Question 9

How would you prepare 2.00×102 ml of 0.866 M
b) Ci = 25 M HNO3 solution, starting with a 5.07 M stock solution?

Vi = ?
Answer
Cf = 0.100 M Calculating the required volume to be measured;
CiVi = CfVf
Vf = 250 cm3
Cf Vf
Vi =
from CiVi = CfVf Ci
0.566×200
Cf Vf =
Vi = 5.07
Ci
Vi = 34.16 ml
2×250
= − Measure accurately 34.16 ml of the HNO3 using
25
measuring cylinder.
= 20 cm3
− Pour small amount of distilled water in a 200 ml
volumetric flask.
Question 8 − Transfer the measured acid into the flask with the
The following information was on a label of stock
solution of trioxonitrate (V) acid (HNO3); help of a funnel.
70% w/w − Rinse the cylinder about 3 times and transfer the
Density = 1.42 gcm-3
Molar mass = 63 content into the flask.
Calculate; − Top the flask up with distilled water till it reaches
-3
i) Concentration of the stock solution in moldm the mark.
ii) Volume of the stock solution required to prepare
1000 cm3 of 0.10 M solution and outline how will Question 10
prepare it. How will you prepare a solution of 500 cm3 HCl (2.0
M) from 36.5% stock solution which has a density of
Answer 1.20 gcm-3? NB: Vi = 83 cm3
i) CHNO3 = 15.8 M
Answer
ii) Volume = 6.33 cm3 Preparing 1dm3 of 0.1 M Na2CO3;
− Using a measuring cylinder, measure 6.33 cm3 of
− Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 required as;
the acid (stock).
m=C×M×V
− Add small amount of distilled water into 1000 cm3
= 0.1 M × 106 gmol-1 × 1 dm3
volumetric flask.
= 10.6 g
− With the help of funnel transfer the 6.33 cm3 of the
− Weigh 10.6 g of Na2CO3 in a beaker on a balance.
acid into the flask.
− Dissolve the Na2CO3 in the beaker with small
− Rinse the measuring cylinder about 3 times and
amount of distilled water.
transfer the content into the flask.
− Transfer the content into a 1 dm3 standard flask.
− Add more distilled water until it reaches the 1000
− Rinse the beaker with distilled water about 3 times
cm3 mark.
and transfer the content into the flask.

44
[Type here]

− Close the flask tightly, swirl, and shake well to Vconc = ?

dissolve all solute. Cdil Vdil
Vconc =
− Carefully add distilled water till it reaches the 1 Cconc
dm3 mark.
1000×0.01
− Stopper and label the flask. Vconc =
0.1
Question 11
How will you prepare a 250 cm3 of K2Cr2O4 solution = 100 cm3
whose concentration is 2.16 M?
[K2Cr2O4 = 294. 2 gmol-1] Repeat the above the procedure to obtain the 0.01 M
NB: m (K2Cr2O4) = 159 g
NaOH solution.
Question 12
What is the final concentration of 0.6 M NaCl solution NB: Use 1000 cm3 volumetric flask.
if its volume is doubled and the number of moles of
solution is tripled? Question 14
Describe briefly how you or your teacher obtained
Question 13 pure crystals of NaCl from a mixture of NaCl and
Describe how you or your teacher prepared 0.1 M activated carbon powder.
NaOH solution in the laboratory and how 0.01 M
solution was prepared from the 0.1 M NaOH? Answer
[Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1] The mixture was dissolved in water using a beaker and
stirrer.
Answer
The dissolved mixture was passed through filter paper
Step 1.
to filter it.
Calculate the mass of 0.1M NaOH required as: The activated carbon remained in the filter paper as
m=C×M×V residue and the salt in the water as filtrate.
= 0.1 × 40 × 1 The residue was washed thoroughly and left to dry.
= 4.0 g
Weigh accurately 4.0g of NaOH in a beaker using The filtrate was evaporated to dryness to obtain the
weighing balance. salt.

Refer to procedure above to obtain the 0.1M NaOH

solution.

NB: Use a 1000cm3 volumetric flask

Step 2.
Using the formula;

Cconc×Vconc = Cdil×Vdil

Cconc = 0.1 M

Cdil = 0.01 M

Vdil = 1000 cm3

45
[Type here]

STOICHIOMETRY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Chemical formulas express the composition of Answer

molecules and ionic compound in terms chemical a) 1 + Mn + ( -2 × 4) = 0
symbols. Mn = +7

− It expresses the actual ratio of the atoms present in b) S + 4(-2) = -2

a compound S = -2 + 8
e.g., Nacl, H2O S = +6

− It can be in a form of c) 2Cr + 7( -2) = -2

a) Molecule e.g., H2O, NH3, CH4 Cr = + 6
d) 2C + (1 × 6) = 0
b) Ions e.g., MgO, CaCl2, HCN C = -3

Oxidation number: Other elements and their oxidation states

It is the charge that an atom in a molecule or ion would
have if all of the electrons in its bonds belonged Cation Name Oxidation
entirely to the more electronegative atoms. number

Rules for determining oxidation number: Cu+ Copper (I) ion +1

− The oxidation number of pure or atom of NH4+ Ammonium ion +1
uncombined element or compound is zero.
Ag+ Silver ion +1
− e.g., H2, Na, HNO3
− The oxidation number of an ion or a radical is equal Hg 2+
2 Mercury (I) or mercurous +1
to the charge Cu2+ Copper (II) ion +2
e.g., Ca2+ = +2, Cl- = -1, SO42- = -2
Fe2+ Iron (II) ion or (ferrous) +2
− H atom in a compound is equal to +1 except in Zn2+ Zinc (II) ion +2
metallic hydride (-1). Pb2+ Lead (II) ion or (plumbous) +2
e.g., HNO3 = +1, NaH = -1
Mn2+ Manganese (II) ion or +2
− Oxygen in compound = -2 (meganous)
− Group I in compound = +1
Sn2+ Tin (II) ion +2
− Group II in a compound = +2
− Group III in a compound = +3 Sr2+ Strontium ion +2
− Group VII in a compound = -1 Cd2+ Cadmium ion +2
− The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atom in a Co 2+ Cobalt ion or cobaltous +2
compound equal the charge on the ion.
Hg2+ Mercury (II) ion or Mercuric +2
Question 1 Fe3+ Iron (III) ion or (Ferric) +3
Determine the oxidation number of the underlined
Cr3+ Chromium (III) ion +3
elements.
3+
Al Aluminium ion +3
a) KMnO4 b) SO42-
B3+ Boron ion +3
c) Cr2O72- d) C2H6
Mn3+ Manganese (III) ion +3

46
[Type here]

Mn4+ Manganese (IV) ion +4 Nomenclature of Binary Compounds

Pb4+ Lead (IV) ion +4 Binary compounds are substances made up of two
different elements. e.g., H2O, HCl, FeS, etc.
Sn4+ Tin (IV) ion +4
Rules for naming:
The “-Ide-” The electropositive element is named first with its
oxidation number (provided it has more than one)
Anion Name Oxidation
followed by the electronegative element ended with
number “ide”.
OH- Hydroxide ion -1
CN- Cyanide ion -1 Formula Name
H- Hydride ion -1 LiCl Lithium chloride
𝐶𝑙 − Chloride ion -1 KI Potassium iodide
F- Fluoride ion -1 Na2O Sodium oxide
-
Br Bromide ion -1 AlCl3 Aluminium chloride
-
I Iodide ion -1
KOH Potassium hydroxide
2-
S Sulphide ion -2
CaH2 Calcium hydride
O2- Oxide ion -2
NaCN Sodium cyanide
N3- Nitride ion -3
NH4I Ammonium iodide
P3- Phosphide ion -3
MgH2 Magnesium hydride
C4- Carbide ion -4
FeBr2 Iron (II) bromide
Si4- Silicide ion -4
CO2 Carbon (IV) oxide
CO Carbon (II) oxide
SO2 Sulphur (IV) oxide
NO2 Nitrogen (IV) oxide
N2O4 Nitrogen (IV) oxide
ZnCl2 Zinc (II) chloride
CaC2 Calcium Carbide
Cu2O Copper (I) oxide
CuO Copper (II) oxide

47
[Type here]

Common names are used for some compounds

e.g.

H2O Water Nomenclature of Oxoanions

NH3 Ammonia Oxoanion IUPAC Name
PH3 Phosphine SO42- tetraoxosulphate (VI) ion (Sulphate)
SO32- trioxosulphate (IV) ion (Sulphite)
CH4 Methane NO32- trioxonitrate (V) ion (Nitrate ion)
𝑁𝑂2 − dioxonitrate(III) ion (Nitrite ion)
SiH4 Silane
Cl𝑂2 − Dioxochlorate (III) (Chlorite)
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide CO32- trioxocarbonate (IV) ion (Carbonate)
ClO- oxochlorate (I) ion
𝐶𝑙𝑂4− tetraoxochlorate (VII) ion (Perchlorate)
Question 1
𝐶𝑙𝑂3 − trioxochlorate (V) ion (Chlorate)
Name the following compounds
MnO4- tetraoxomangante (VII) ion
a) SiCl4 b) P4O10 c) Al2S3 (Permanganate)
d) CS2 e) SO3 f) FeS CrO42- tetraoxochromate (VI) ion (Chromate)
g) Fe2O3 h) 𝑆𝑛3N2 i) HCl PO43- tetraoxophosphate (V) ion (Phosphate)
j) CoCl2 𝐶𝑟2 O72- hexaoxo-µ- oxodichromate (VI) ion
Heptaoxodichromate (VI) ion
Question 2 (dichromate)
Write the chemical formula for the following binary O22- peroxide
compounds.

a) Carbon (IV)sulphide b) Nitrogen (III) fluoride Oxoanion containing Hydrogen (H)

HCO3- Hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV) ion
c) Silicon(III)bromide d) Hydrogen sulphide
(Hydrogen Carbonate)
e) Manganese (IV) oxide f) Aluminium oxide H2 PO-4 dihydrogen tetraoxophosphate (V) ion
h) Zinc (II) chloride i) Magnesium nitride (Dihydrogen phosphate)
HPO2-
4 Hydrogen tetraoxophoshate (V) ion
HSO4- Hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (VI) ion
Oxoanions
Oxoanions are anions in which the oxygen atom HSO3- Hydrogen trioxosulphate (IV) ion
is bonded to a central atom.

Rules for naming oxoanions

1. Calculate the oxidation number of the central atom

2. The suffix “ate” replace the last two or three letters in the name of the central atom
3. When the number of oxygen atoms attached to the central atom are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The prefix oxo,
dioxo, trioxo, tetraoxo, pentaoxo, hexaoxo, heptaoxo, etc. are respectively placed before the name of the
central atom.
4. The oxidation number of the central atom is written in roman numerals in brackets after its name.
5. When hydrogen is attached to the oxoanion, hydrogen is name first before the name of the oxoanion.
6. The word ion is added to the name.

48
[Type here]

Nomenclature of oxoacid

Oxoacid IUPAC Name Common name

HClO4 tetraoxochlorate (VII) acid Perchloric acid

HNO3 trioxonitrate (V) acid Nitric acid

HNO2 dioxonitrate (III) acid Nitrous acid

H2SO4 tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid Sulphuric acid

H2SO3 trioxosulphate (IV) acid

HClO3 trioxochlorate (V) acid Chloric acid

H3PO4 tetraoxophosphate (V) acid Phosphoric acid

H2CO3 trioxocarbonate (IV) acid Carbonic acid

HIO3 trioxoiodate (V) acid

Question 1
Give the IUPAC names of the following

a) CO32- b) HBr c)H2 PO-4 d) H2SO3 e) MnO-4 f) H2CO3

Compounds involving oxoanion

Formula Name

KMnO4 Potassium tetraoxomanganate (VII)

CaCO3 Calcium trioxocarbonate (IV)

Al(NO3)3 Aluminium trioxonitrate (V)

Na3PO4 Sodium tetraoxophosphate (V)

K2CO3 Potassium trioxocarbonate (IV)

NH4ClO3 Ammonium trioxochlorate (V)

KH2PO4 Potassium dihydrogen tetraoxophosphate(V)

Cu(NO3)2 Copper (II) trioxonitrate (V)

PbSO4 Lead (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI)

CuSO4 Copper (II) tetraxophosphate (VI)

49
[Type here]

Question 2
Give the IUPAC name of the following.
Hydrated Salts
a) MgNO3 b) Pb(NO3)2 c) BaSO4 d) NaClO e)LiHSO3 Formula IUPAC Name
f) NH4CO3 g) ZnCO3 h) Cu3(PO4)2 i) Li2SO4 CaCl2·6H2O Calcium chloride hexahydrate

Answer FeSO4·7H2O Iron (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) heptahydrate

a) Magnesium trioxonitrate (V)
NaSO3·10H2O Sodium tetraoxosulphate (VI) decahydrate
b) Lead (II) trioxonitrate (V) CuSO4·5H2O Copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI) pentahydrate

c) Barium tetraoxosulphate (VI)

Chemical Formulae
d) Sodium trioxochlorate (V)
There are three types;
e) Lithium Hydrogen trioxosulphate (IV)
a) Empirical formula;
f) Ammonium trioxocarbonate (IV)
It shows the element which are present and the
g) Zinc (II) trioxocarbonate (IV) simplest whole number ratio of their atoms.

Question 3
Write the chemical formulas for the ff compounds
b) Molecular formula;
a) Mercury (I) nitrate
It shows the actual whole number ratio of the different
b) Ceasium sulphite
atoms / elements in a molecule or compound
c) Calcium tetraoxophosphate (V)

d) Rubidium tetraoxosulphate (VI)

c) Structural formula;
e) Potassium Heptaoxodichromate(VI)
It shows how the atoms in a molecule or compound are
f) Nickel (I) tetraoxomanganate (VII) bonded to each other in space.

g) Calcium Hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV)

h) Ammonium tetraoxosulphate (VI)

Nomenclature of Bases
Formula IUPAC Name

KOH Potassium hydroxide

NaOH Sodium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide

Al(OH)3 Aluminium hydroxide

Cu(OH)2 Copper (II) hydroxide

Fe(OH)3 Iron (III) hydroxide

Zn(OH)2 Zinc (II) hydroxide

50
[Type here]

COMPOUND EMPIRICAL MOLECULAR STRUCTURAL

FORMULAR FORMULAR FORMULAR
Acetyne CH C2H2 H–C ≡ C-H

Benzene CH C6H6

Ethanoic acid CH2O C2H4O2

Calcium oxide CaO CaO Ca2+O2-

NB: The empirical and molecular formula may be Question 2

identical for a molecule or may be different. 44.6 grams of an oxide of lead produced 41.4 grams of
The empirical formula may be determined from the lead on reduction with Hydrogen (to form water).
composition data of the compound obtained Deduce the empirical formula of the oxide of lead.
experimentally. [Pb = 207, O =16]

Answer
Question 1
Mass of O = 44.6 -41.4 = 3.2g
Determine the empirical formula of a compound
containing 85.7% by mass of carbon and 14.3% by Pb O
mass of hydrogen [ H=1, C= 12]
Combining masses 41.4 3.2
Answer
C H mass of atom 41.4 3.2
atomic mass 207 16
% mass 85.7 14.3
Ratio of mole 0.2 0.2
% mass 85.7 14.3
atomic mass 0.2 0.2
12 1 Divide by the smallest ratio
0.2 0.2
7.14 14.3
1 1
Divide by 7.14 14.3
the smallest 7.14 7.14 The empirical formula is PbO.
ratio
1 2 Question 3
A compound contains 73.47% carbon, 10.20 %
The empirical formula is CH2 hydrogen and 16.33% by mass of oxygen. The
compound has a molecular mass of 196 gmol-1.
Calculate
a) The empirical formula
b) The molecular formula
[C=12, H=1, O =16]

51
[Type here]

Answer = 2 × 37
C H O
= 74
% mass 73.47 10.20 16.33 74 = (C3H6O2)n

% mass 73.47 10.20 16.33 74 = [(12×3) + (1×6) + (16×2)]n

atomic mass 12 1 16 74 = 74n
n=1
6.12 10.20 1.02 M.F = C3H6O2
Question 5
Divide by 6.12 10.20 1.02
5.6 g of a pure hydrocarbon forms 17.6 g of carbon
the smallest 1.02 1.02 1.02 dioxide and 7.2 g of water when it undergoes
ratio complete combustion. Determine its empirical
6 10 1 formula.
The empirical formula is C6H10O Answer
b) molecular formula = empirical × n 17.6 g
where n represent a small integer Amount of carbon dioxide =
44.0 gmol-1
⇒ M.F or molar mass = (C6H10O)n
196 = [(12×6) + (1×10) +16]n = 0.400 mol
196 = 98 ×n
n=2 Hence amount of carbon atoms is 0.400 mol since CO2
M.F = (C6H10O)2 contains one C atom.
= C12H20O2 7.2 g
Amount of H2O produced =
Question 4 18.0 gmol-1
An organic compound A contains 48.6% of carbon and
8.1% of hydrogen, the remainder being oxygen. The = 0.400 mol
vapour density of A is 37. Calculate the empirical and Hence the amount of H present is 0.800 mol since H2O
M.F of A. contains 2 H
[H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
the ratio of C to H is 0.400 : 0.800
Answer
% mass of O = 100 – (48.6 + 8.1) 1 : 2
= 43.3% ∴ E.F is CH2
C H O Question 6
12.3 g of hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.xH2O,
% mass 48.6 8.1 43.3 gives 6.0 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate, MgSO4
on heating to a constant temperature. Deduce the value
% mass 48.6 8.1 43.3 of x.
atomic mass 12 1 16 [Mg = 24, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]

4.05 8.1 2.7 Answer

Mass of H2O driven off = 12.3 g – 6.0 g
Divide 4.05 8.1 2.7 = 6.3 g
by the 2.7 2.7 2.7
smallest Combining masses MgSO4 H2O
ratio
1.5 3 1 % mass 6.0 g 6.3 g

×2 3 6 2 % mass 6g 6.3 g

atomic mass 120 g𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 18 g𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
∴ E.F is C3H6O2
Molecular formula mass of A = 2 × vapor density ratio of moles 0.05 0.35

52
[Type here]

Divide by the 0.05 0.35 Percent Composition of Compound

smallest number =1 =7
0.05 0.05
The percent composition by mass is the percent of
∴ E.F is the MgSO4.7H2O each element in a compound.

NB: If the empirical formula ratio of atom is Percent composition of an element =

n × molar mass of element
1 : 1.5 multiply through by 2 × 100
1 : 2.4 ×5
molar mass of compound
1 : 1.33 ×3 Question 1
1 : 1.66 ×3 Calculate the %composition by mass of H, P, and O in
the compound H3PO4. [H3PO4 = 97.99, H = 1.008, P =
30.97, O = 16.00]
The empirical formular may be found by dividing the
coefficient in the molecular formula by the highest
common factor. Answer
3 × M(H)
Question 7 %H = × 100
Determine the empirical formular of the following M(H3PO4)
a) H2O2 b) C6H6 c) CH3CH2CH2COOH
3 × 1.008
Answer = × 100
97.99
a) HO b) CH
= 3.089%
c) M.F = C4H8O2 ∴ E.F = C2H4O
Question 8
3 × M(P)
What are the similarities and differences between the %P = × 100
empirical formula and molecular formula of a M(P)
compound?
30.97
Question 9 = × 100
97.99
What are the empirical formulas of the following
compound? = 31.67%
a) Al2Br6 b) Na2SO4 c) N2O5 d) K2Cr2O7
e) (CH3)2 = C(CH3)2
4 × 16.00
%O = × 100
Question 10 97.99
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) cures scurvy. It is
composed of 40.92% C, 4.58% H and 54.50% O by = 65.31%
mass. Determine its empirical formula.
Ans: C3H4O3
Question 2
Question 11 Urea (NH2)2CO is used for fertilizer and many other
A sample of a compound containing boron (B) and things. Calculate the % of H, O and C in urea. [N = 14,
hydrogen (H) contains 6.444 g of B and 1.803 g of H. H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
The molar mass of the compound is about 30 g. What
is its molecular formula? Question 3
Calculate the number of grams of Al in 371 g of Al2O3.
Question 12 [Al = 27, O = 16]
The molar mass of caffeine is 194.19 g. Is the Answer
molecular formula of caffeine C4H5N2O or n × M(Al)
C8H10N4O2? %Al = × 100
M(Al2O3)
Question 13
The formula of a hydrated of barium chloride is 2 × 27
= × 100
BaCl2.xH2O. If 1.936 g of the compound gives 1.864 (2×27) + (3×16)
g of anhydrous BaCl2 upon treatment with sulfuric
acid. Calculate the value of x. = 52.94%
[Ba = 137, Cl = 35.5, H = 1, O = 16] mass of Al = 0.5924 × 371 = 196.4 g

53
[Type here]

Question 4 heat
CuCO3 → CuO(s) + CO2 (g)
Calculate the percentage mass of X in X2O5 [X = 3, O
= 16] heat
2Cu(𝑁𝑂3 )2 → 2CuO(s) + N𝑂2 (𝑔) + O2 (g)
Ans: 43.66%
The Cu (II) oxide can be converted to copper by
Question 5 reaction with hydrogen.
Determine the identity of element C in a compound
XCO3 which has 40% by mass of X and 12% by mass CuO(s) + H2 (g) → Cu(s) + H2 O(l)
of C. [C = 12, O = 16]
Equal masses of copper (ii) oxide, produced by
Answer different methods, form equal masses of copper when
% by mass of O = 100 – (40+12) converted to the element.
= 48% c) Law of Multiple Proportions
If two elements (A and B) combine together to form
The elements are mole of 1:1:3 more than one compound then the different mass of A
12 g that combined with a fixed mass of B are in a simple
The amount of C = = 1 mol ratio.
12 gmol-1
For example, the element Cu and O can combine to
48 g form two different compounds as shown in the data
The amount of O = = 3 mol
16 gmol-1 below:

40 g Copper (i) Copper (ii)

∴ The amount of X = =1 oxide oxide
M(X)
Mass of 3.07 2.90
 M(X) = 40 gmol -1 oxide
mass of Cu 2.73 2.32
NB: % by mass can be converted into mass. e.g., % by
mass of C is 20% a) Calculate the mass of Cu that combined with 1g
of oxygen in
 mass of C = 20 g.
i. copper (i) oxide
The Laws of Chemical Combination ii. copper (ii) oxide
a) Law of Conservation of Mass (Matter) b) Calculate the ratio of the different masses of
The law states that there is no increase or decrease in copper that combined with 1 g of oxygen.
mass during a chemical reaction.
Answer
The atoms of a chemical substance cannot be created a)
1
nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. 2Cu(s) + O → Cu2 O (copper (i) oxide)
2 2 (g)
NB: It is also known as law of indestructibility of 1
matter. It is used as a guide in balancing chemical Cu(s) + O
2 2 (g)
→ CuO (Copper (ii) oxide)
equations.
i. Mass of oxygen used = 3.07 – 2.73
b) Law of Constant Composition (or Definite = 0.34 g
Proportions) if 0.34 g of O ≡ 2.73 g of Cu
It states that a pure chemical compound always has a
constant (or the same) composition. 1
then 1.0 g of O ≡ × 2.73 g
A number of compounds can be prepared by a number 0.34
of different methods. However, the chemical
composition of the compound is identical regardless of = 8.03 g Cu
the method used.
Example i. Mass of oxygen used = 2.90 – 2.32
Copper (II) oxide can be prepared by heating copper
(II) carbonate or copper (ii) nitrate. = 0.58 g

54
[Type here]

if 0.58 g of O ≡ 2.32 g of Cu N + O → Compound 1

1 1g 2.283 g
then 1.0 g of O will combine with × 2.73 g
0.34
= 4.0 g Cu The different masses of O which combined with fixed
mass (1 g) of N are expressed in the ratio 1.143 : 2.283
Cu2 O
b) Ratio of the masses of Cu used = 1.143 2.283
CuO :
1.143 1.143
8.03
=  2:1
4
Question 2
2 The three oxides of an element A contain 42.8%,
= 27.3% and 52.9% of A by mass. Show that these
1
figures satisfy the law of multiple proportions.
Ans: 2 : 1 : 3
Question 1
In a compound of nitrogen and oxygen 0.615 g of N Writing and Balancing Chemical
combines with 0.703 g of oxygen. In another 1.27 g of Equation
nitrogen combines with 2.90 g of oxygen. Show how
these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions. − A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to

Answer show what happens during chemical reaction.

N + O → Compound 1 Example:
0.615 g 0.703 g − Hydrogen gas (H2) burn in air (O2) to form water
H2O.

N + O → Compound 2 − H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2 O(g)

1.27 g 2.90 g (reactants) (product)

− Sodium chloride (NaCl) added to water (H2O)
In Compound 1 H2 O
− NaCl(s) → Nacl(aq)
0.615 g of N combined with 0.703 g O
− HgO(s) → Hg(l) + O2 (g)
1
∴ 1 g of N combines with × 0.703 g Pt
0.615 − H2 O2 (aq) → H2 O(l) + O2 (g)
= 1.143 g
NB

In Compound 2 The state of the species involved must be stated.

1.27 g of N combined with 2.90 g O Symbol meaning

+ react with
1 → yield
∴ 1 g of N combines with × 2.90 g = 2.283 g
1.27 L liquid
G gas
∴N + O → Compound 1 S solid
Aq aqueous
1g 1.143 g E electron
⇄ reversible

⇋ equilibrium

55
[Type here]

Balancing Chemical Equations Question 2

Find the coefficient that balances the following
− A balanced chemical equation has equal number of equations
atoms of each element on both side of the (arrow)
a) O2 + PCl3 → POCl3
equation.
b) P4 + N2 O → P4 O6 + N2
− To balance the equation, you select coefficient that
c) Ar2 S3 + O2 → Ar2 SO3 + SO2
will make the number of atoms of each element
d) CuS +O2 → CuO(s) + SO2 (g)
equal on both side of the equation.
− The chemical formula is not altered. e) MnO2 + HCl → MnCl2 + H2 O(l) + Cl2 (g)

− Balancing by inspection can be easier by balancing f) Ca3 (PO4 )2 + H3 PO4 → Ca(H2 PO4 )2
first the atoms for elements that occur in only one g) N2 (g) + H2(g) → NH3 (g)
substance on each side of the equation. h) C2 H6 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2 O(l)

Question 1 Question 3
Balance the following equations Write balanced chemical equations for each of the
following reactions
a) C3 H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2 O
a) Aqueous ammonium tetraoxosulphate(vi) reacts
b) H3 PO3 → H3 PO4 + PH3 with aqueous barium chloride to produce barium
c) Ca + H2 O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 tetraoxosulphate(vi) and ammonium chloride.
b) Hydrochloric acid reacts with Calcium hydroxide to
d)Fe2 (SO4 )3 + NH3 + H2 O → Fe(OH)2 +
produce aqueous calcium chloride and water.
(NH4 )2 SO4
c) Ammonia gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce
e) 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐶𝑙2 → N2 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 nitrogen (ii) oxide gas and water vapour.
Answer d) Aluminum metal reacts with dil hydrochloric acid
a) to liberate hydrogen gas.
− Balance the C by introducing coefficient 3 in front of
Types of Chemical Reactions
CO2 i.e.,
a) Combustion Reaction
C3 H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2 O
− Element or compound is burnt in excess oxygen.
− Balance the H by introducing coefficient 4 in front of
e.g.,
H2O i.e.,
4Li(s) + O2 (g) → 2Li2 O(l)
C3 H8 + O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2 O
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O
− Balance the O by introducing coefficient of 5 in front
of O2 i.e., b) Synthesis or Direct Combination Reaction
− Two or more elements or compounds may combine
C3 H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2 O to form a more complex compound. e.g.,
2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(l)
b) 4H3 PO3 → 3H3 PO4 + PH3
2Na(s) + Cl2 (g) → 2NaCl(s)
c) Ca + 2H2 O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
c) Decomposition
d)
Fe2 (SO4 )3 + 6NH3 + 6H2 O → 2Fe(OH)2 + 3(NH4 )2 SO4 − A single compound breaks down into its elements
or simpler compound. e.g.,
e) 2NH3 + 3Cl2 → N2 + 6HCl

56
[Type here]

CuCO3(s) → CaO + CO2 (g)

The mole ratio between O2 and CO2 is
d) Displacement
n(O2 ) 8
− More reactive element takes place of another =
n(CO2 ) 5
element in a compound. e.g.,
The mole ration between H2O and CO2 is
2Na(s) + 2H2 O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) +H2(g)
n(H2 O) 6
Cl2(g) +NaBr2 (aq) +Br2 =
n(CO2 ) 5
e) Precipitation or Double Decomposition Reaction
Question 1
− A pair of ions interact to produce an insoluble
In the chemical equation,
precipitate. e.g.,
C4 H8 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2 O
NaCl(aq) +AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) +AgCl(s) If 1.5 mols of C4H8 reacts with excess O2, how many
moles of CO2 are produced?
f) Acid – Base or Neutralization Reaction
Answer
− Acid and a base react to produce salt and water
n(CO2 ) 6
only. e.g., =
n(C4 H8 ) 1
HCl(aq) +NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2 O(l)
n(CO2 ) = 6 × n(C4 H8 )
g) Ionic Reaction
But n(C4 H8 ) = 1.5 mols
− It involves at least one ionic species as reactant or
product. e.g.,  n( CO2 ) = 6 × 1.5
H+ (aq) +OH- aq → H2 O(l) = 9.0 mol
- -1
F2(aq) + 2Br → Br2(aq) + 2F (aq) Question 2
Consider the following reaction represented by the
Mole Ratio following equation.
− It is the relative amount or number of moles of any Na2 CO3 (aq) +MgCl2 (aq) → 2NaCl2 (aq) + MgCO3 (aq)
two substances involved in a chemical reaction or Calculate the mass of sodium trioxocarbonate (iv)
balanced chemical equation. needed to produce 3.36 g of magnesium
tioxocarbonate (iv). [C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, Mg =
− Consider the balanced chemical equation below 24]
C5 H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2 O Answer
1 mol 8mol 5 mol 6 mol Mr (MgCO3) = 24+12+(3×16)
The mole ratio between C5H12 and O2 is = 84
n(C5 H12 ) 1
= Mr (Na2CO3) = (23×2)+12+(3×16)
n(O2 ) 8
The mole ratio between O2 and C5H12 is = 106

n(O2 ) 8 mass (MgCO3 )

= n (MgCO3) =
Mr (MgCO3 )
n(C5 H12 ) 1
The mole ratio between C5H12 and CO2 is 3.36
=
n(C5 H12 ) 1 84
=
n(CO2 ) 5 = 0.04 mol

57
[Type here]

n(Na2 CO3 ) 1
= = 9.26 g.
𝑛(MgCO3 ) 1

n(Na2 CO3 )=n(MgCO3 ) Question 4

Turpentine burns in a chlorine gas according to the
n(Na2 CO3 )= 0.04 mol following equation.
C10 H16 (l) + 8Cl2 (g) → 10C(s) + 16HCl(g) .
But
Calculate the the mass of turpentine that would
mass (Na2 CO3 )
n(Na2 CO3 ) = completely burn in 21.3 g of chlorine.
Mr (Na2 CO3 ) [H = 1.00 C = 12.00 Cl = 35.5]
Ans: 5.10 g
mass (Na2 CO3 ) = n × Mr
Question 5
= 0.04 × 106 A typical reaction between lithium and water is given
below.
= 4.24 g 2Li + 2H2 O → 2LiOH + H2(g)
How many grams of Li are needed to produce 9.58 g
Question 3
of H2?
26g of a mixture of sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate
Ans: 68.1 g Li
(iv) are heated to produce 4.4 g of CO2. Calculate the
mass of sodium trioxocarbonate (iv) in the mixture.
Question 6
[CO2 = 44 gmol-1, Na2CO3 = 106, NaHCO3 = 84]
a) List two laws of chemical combination.
b) Magnesium of mass 1.2 g reacts completely with
Answer
chlorine.
NB: Na2CO3 is thermally stable so does not
i. Write the equation for the reaction.
decompose
ii. Calculate the volume of chlorine used at S.T.P
The equation will be;
[Vm = 22.4dm3]
Δ
2NaHCO3 → Na2 CO3 + H2 O + CO2 Answer
a) Refer note
m
n(CO2 ) = b) i. . Mg(s) + Cl → MgCl2 (s)
M 2 (g)

4.4 m
= ii. n(Mg) =
44 M
From the equation, 1.2
n=
24
n(NaHCO3 ) 2
=
n(CO2 ) 1 = 0.05 mol

n(Cl2 ) 1
n(NaHCO3 ) = 2 × n(CO2 ) =
n(Mg) 1
= 2 × 0.1
n(Cl2 ) = 0.05mol
= 0.2 mol
∴ V(Cl2) = 0.05 × 22.4

mass (NaHCO3) = n×M = 1.12 dm3

= 0.2 × 84 Question 7
A 0.84 g of aluminum reacted completely with
= 16.8 g chlorine at standard temperature and pressure.

∴ Mass of Na2CO3 in the mixture = 26 – 16.8 i. Write an equation for the reaction.

58
[Type here]

ii. Calculate the volume of chlorine used. = 0.25 mol

[Al = 27.0, Cl = 35.5, molar volume of gas = 22.4
dm3] n(H2) = n(Mg)
Answer  n(H2) = 0.25 mol

i. 2Al(s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2AlCl3 (s) V(H2) = n × Vm

mass (Al) = 0.25×22.4

ii. n (Al) used =
atomic mass
= 5.60 dm3
0.84
= Question 9
27 Calculate the volume of oxygen required for the
= 0.0311 mol complete combustion of 2.24 dm3 of methane at S.T.P
according to the following equation:
n(Cl2 )
n(Al)
= 32 CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2 O
[Vm = 22.4 dm3]
3 Ans: 4.48 dm3 of O2
n(Cl2) = × n(Al)
2 Question 10
An impure sample of Aluminum weighing 2.50 g
3
= × 0.0311 reacted completely with concentrated tetraoxosulphate
2 (vi) acid to give 1120 cm3 of sulphur (iv) oxide at s.t.p.
n(Cl2) = 0.0467 mol i. Write a balanced chemical equation for the
reaction.
V(Cl2) = 0.0467 × 22.4 dm3 ii. Calculate the
α) mass of pure aluminum that reacted.
V = 1.0461 dm3.
β) percentage purity of the sample of aluminum.
γ) Number of Al3+ ions formed during the reaction.
Question 8
[Al = 27, Vm = 22.4 dm3, NA = 6.02×1023]
Consider the reaction represented be the equation,
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2 (s) + H2 (g) Answer
i. 2Al + 6H2 SO4 → Al2 (SO4 )3 + 6H2 O + 3SO2
i. Name the type of reaction involved.
ii. α) V(SO2) = 1120 cm3 = 1.120 dm3
ii. Give two ways by which the reaction can be made
faster. V(SO2 )
𝑛(SO2 ) =
Vm
iii. What volume of hydrogen would be produced at
S.T.P from 6 g of magnesium? 1.120
=
[Mg = 24, Vm = 22.4 dm3] 22.4

Answer n(SO2) = 0.05 mol

i. Displacement reaction or redox reaction
ii. – Use magnesium powder. 2
n(Al) = × n(SO2)
3
- Use higher concentration of HCl.
- Increase the temperature of the reaction mixture. 2
= × 0.05
3
6.0 n(Al) = 0.033 mol
iii. . n(Mg) =
24
∴ mass of Al = n × Mr

59
[Type here]

= 0.033×27 = 0.90 g ∴ n(O2) = 75 mol

mass of pure Al Question 12

β) % Purity of Al = × 100 Charcoal is burnt at 2.0 g per second for 2 hours.
mass of impure Al Calculate the
0.9 i. volume of carbon (iv) oxide released into the
= × 100 atmosphere at s.t.p.
2.5
= 36.0 % ii. number of moles of oxygen consumed at s.t.p.
[C = 12, Vm = 22.4 dm3]
γ) Number of Al3+ ions = n × L
Answer
= 0.037 × 6.02×1023 i. 2.688×104 dm3
= 1.99×1022 ions ii. 1.2×103 mols
Question 13
Question 11 If 3.08 g of Fe completely reacted with 50.0 cm3 of
A sample of carbon is burnt at a rate of 10.50 g per 2.20 moldm-3 HCl.
second for 30 minutes to generate heat.
i. Write an equation for the reaction.
i. Write a balanced a chemical equation for the
reaction. ii. Calculate the relative atomic mass of Fe.

ii. Determine the Answer

i. 0.11 mol
α) Volume of CO2 produced at s.t.p
ii. 56 g
β) moles oxygen used up in the process at s.t.p
LIMITING REACTANT (REAGENT)
[C = 12, O = 16, Vm = 22.4 dm3]
− Limiting Reagent is the reactant that is entirely
Answer
i. C(s) +O2 (g) → CO2 (g) consumed when a reaction goes to completion.
ii. α) mass of carbon burnt = mass in g/s × t in s − It determines the moles of the product.

= 0.50 g/s × (30×60) s − Excess reagents are the reactants present in

= 900 g quantities greater than necessary to react with the

quantity of the limiting reagent.
900
n(C) =
12 Question 1
= 75 mol A mixture is prepared from 25 g of aluminum and 58.0
g of iron (iii) oxide. When the mixture is ignited, the
n(C) burnt in 30 mins is 75mol reaction that occurs is
Fe2 O3 (s) +2Al(s) → Al2 O3 (s) +2Fe(l)
From the mole ratio of the equation
n(CO2) = n(C) a) How much iron is produced in the reaction?
b) Which reactant is in excess and how many grams of
∴ n(CO2) = 75 mol this reactant remains?
V(CO2) = n × Vm c) How much Al2O3 is produced?
[Mr of Fe2O3 = 159.7, Al = 26.98]
= 75 × 22.4 dm3
Answer
= 1680 dm3 mass (Al)
n (Al) =
Mr (Al)
β) From the mole ratio of the equation
58.0
n(O2) = n(C) =
159.7

60
[Type here]

= 0.363 mol
From the balanced equation, i. which of the reactants is in excess?
1 mol of Fe2O3 ≡ 2 mols of Al ii. how many more moles of H2 are produced?
0.363
∴0.363 mol of Fe2O3 ≡ ×2 Answer
1
i. From the equation,
= 0.726 mol Al
Compare the value to n(Al) calculated above 1 mol of Zn ≡ 2 mols of HCl

 Al is in excess by (0.927 – 0.726) = 0.207 mols 0.3

∴ 0.30 mol of Zn ≡ ×2
1
thus, Fe2O3 (s) is the limiting reagent and should be
= 0.60 mol HCl
used in calculating the amount of iron produced.
Comparing the moles of HCl from the question (0.52
mol) shows that HCl is the limiting reagent. Hence, Zn
n (Fe) 2
a) ∴ = is the excess reagent.
n(Fe2 O ) 1
3

2 n(H2 ) 1
n(Fe) = × n(Fe2O3) ii. =
1 n(HCl) 2

n(Fe) = 2 × 0.363 1
n(H2) = × n(HCl)
= 0.726 mol 2

∴ m(Fe) = n × Mr 1
= ×0.52
= 0.726×56
2

= 40.6 g. n(H2) = 0.26 mol

b) Al is in excess by (0.927 – 0.726) = 0.207 mol Question 3

mass of Al = n × Mr 2.1 mol bromine gas reacted with 4.5 mol of sodium
metal to produce sodium bromide.
= 0.207 × 26.98
a. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
= 5.42 g
b. i. Which of the reactants is in excess?
c) n(Al2O3) = n(Fe2O3) ii. How many moles of sodium bromide can be
produced.
n(Al2O3) = 0.363 mol
mass (Al2O3) = n × Mr (Al2O3) Answer
a) 2Na(s) +Br2 (g) → 2NaBr(s)
= 0.363 × 102.0
b) i. Na (0.3 mol in excess)
= 37.0 g
ii. 4.2 mol
Question 2
Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid by the Question 4
following reaction The industrial process for the production of ammonia
can be represented by the equation:
Zn(s) +2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2 +H2(g)
N2 (g) +3H2 (g) ⇋ 2NH3(g)
If 0.30 mol Zn is added to HCl containing 0.52 mol
HCl, Assuming 8.64 dm3 of each of nitrogen and hydrogen
(measured in s.t.p) are made to produce ammonia.

61
[Type here]

i. Which of the reactants will be in excess and by how Question 5

many moles? 5.0 g of magnesium metal react with 1000 cm3 of 4.5
M HCl solution to produce hydrogen gas. Calculate
ii. What mass of NH3 will be formed?
i. The amount of HCl left after the reaction.
Answer
V ii. The volume of hydrogen gas produced at s.t.p
i. n(N2) =
Vm iii. The number of hydrogen molecule produced.
8.64 [H = 1, Mg = 24, Cl = 35.5, Vm = 22.4 dm3mol-1, L =
n(H2) = 6.02×1023 mol-1]
22.4
8.64 Answer
= i. 0.03 mol
22.4
ii. 4.70 dm3
= 0.3857 mol
iii. 1.26×1023 molecules of H2
n(N2) = 0.3857 mol
Avogadro’s Law
From the equation Equal volumes of different gases, under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure, contain the
3 mols of H2 ≡ 1 mol of N2 same number of molecules.
1 This law is commonly used in conjunction with Gay –
∴ 0.3857 mol H2 ≡ × 0.3857 Lussac law.
3
= 0.1285 mol of N2 Gay - Lussac’s Law
The volume of gases reacting and the volumes of
N2 is in excess by (0.3857 – 0.1285) gaseous products have a simple numerical relationship
to one another, provided all measurement are made at
= 0.2572 mols the same temperature and pressure.

H2 is the limiting reagent. NB: The laws are applied to gases.

ii. From the equation Question 1

Calculate the volume of oxygen needed to burn 200
n(NH3 ) 2 cm3 of propane.
=
n(𝐻2 ) 3 C3 H8 (g) +5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2 O (l)
2 Answer
n(NH3) = × n(H2) C3 H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2 O (l)
3
2 1 mol 5 mol 3 mol 4mol
= × 0.3857
3
From the Avogadro’s law
n(NH3) = 0.2571 mol
C3 H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2 O (l)
m(NH3) = n × Mr
1 vol 5 vol 3 vol 4 vol
= 0.2571×17
The volume of oxygen needed is 5×200cm3 =1000 cm3
= 4.37 g or
1 vol of C3H8 ≡ 5 vol of O2
5
∴200 cm3 of C3H8 ≡ × 200
1
= 1000 cm3.

62
[Type here]

Question 2 NB: After the reaction NH3 gas was produced and N2
Calculate the volume of CO2 produced by the (g) was in excess.
combination of 0.500 dm3 of butane, C4H10
Question 4
2C4 H10 (g) + 13O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 10H2 O (l) a) State Gay – Lussac’s law of combining volumes.

Ans: 2.00 dm3. b) The following reaction occurred when 150 cm3 of
carbon (ii) oxide was burnt in 80 cm3 of oxygen.
Question3
If 60 cm3 of nitrogen is made to react with 80 cm3 of 2CO(g) +O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g)
hydrogen to produce ammonia. Calculate
Calculate the total volume of gas mixture in the
i. The volume of ammonia gas formed. reaction vessel at the end of the reaction.
ans: 155 cm3
ii. The volume of gas in excess.
Question 5
iii. The total volume of the gaseous mixture after Alaxin (C5 H8 )n O5 is a new drug for the treatment of
reaction.
malaria. Determine the molecular formula of Alaxin if
Answer its relative molecular mass is 284.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g) Ans: n = 5, M.F. = C15H24O5
1 vol 3 vol 2 vol
Question 6
From the Avogadro’s law A gaseous hydrocarbon R of mass 7.0 g occupies a
volume of 2.24 dm3 at stp. If the percentage
V(N2 ) 1 composition by mass of hydrogen is 14.3. Determine
i. =
V(H2 ) 3 its
1 i. Empirical formula
V(N2) = × V(H2) ii. Molecular formula
3
Ans: i. CH2 ii. CH10
1
= × 80 cm3 Question 7
3
Consider the following reaction equation.
V(N2) = 26.67 cm3
C2 H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 2H2 O (l)
 N2 is in excess by (60 – 26.67)
What will be the volume of CO2 produced at s.t.p when
= 33.33 cm3 0.05 mols of C2H4 was burnt in O2. [Vm = 22.4 dm3]
Ans: 2.24 dm3
H2 is the limiting reagent.
Question 8
n(NH3 ) 2
= Find the values of x, y and z in the equation below.
n(𝐻2 ) 3
xKMnO4 (aq) +ySO2 (g) +zH2 O (l) → 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) +
2
V(NH3) = × V(H2) 2𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞)
3 Ans: 2, 5 and 2
2 Question 9
V(NH3) = × 80 A metal oxide contains 54% of the me. What mass of
3
oxygen combined with 24 g of the metal to form the
= 53.33 cm3 oxide?
Ans: 20.4 g
ii. N2 gas was in excess by (60 – 26.67)
= 33.33 cm3 Question 10
a) State the law of multiple proportions.
iii. Total volume of the gaseous mixture after reaction
= 53.33 + 33.33 b) A metal forms two oxides containing 20.0% and
11.1% of oxygen respectively. Show that these figures
= 86.66 cm3
agree with the law of multiple proportions. [O = 16].

63
[Type here]

64