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2009

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rafikadnanestudies
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© © All Rights Reserved
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The 70th William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition

Saturday, December 5, 2009

A1 Let f be a real-valued function on the plane such that for B1 Show that every positive rational number can be written
every square ABCD in the plane, f (A) + f (B) + f (C) + as a quotient of products of factorials of (not necessarily
f (D) = 0. Does it follow that f (P) = 0 for all points P distinct) primes. For example,
in the plane?
10 2! · 5!
A2 Functions f , g, h are differentiable on some open inter- = .
9 3! · 3! · 3!
val around 0 and satisfy the equations and initial condi-
tions
B2 A game involves jumping to the right on the real number
1 line. If a and b are real numbers and b > a, the cost of
f 0 = 2 f 2 gh + , f (0) = 1, jumping from a to b is b3 − ab2 . For what real numbers
gh
4 c can one travel from 0 to 1 in a finite number of jumps
0 2
g = f g h + , g(0) = 1, with total cost exactly c?
fh
1 B3 Call a subset S of {1, 2, . . . , n} mediocre if it has the fol-
h0 = 3 f gh2 + , h(0) = 1.
fg lowing property: Whenever a and b are elements of S
whose average is an integer, that average is also an ele-
Find an explicit formula for f (x), valid in some open ment of S. Let A(n) be the number of mediocre subsets
interval around 0. of {1, 2, . . . , n}. [For instance, every subset of {1, 2, 3}
except {1, 3} is mediocre, so A(3) = 7.] Find all posi-
A3 Let dn be the determinant of the n × n matrix whose tive integers n such that A(n + 2) − 2A(n + 1) + A(n) =
entries, from left to right and then from top to bottom, 1.
are cos 1, cos 2, . . . , cos n2 . (For example,
B4 Say that a polynomial with real coefficients in two vari-
cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 ables, x, y, is balanced if the average value of the poly-
d3 = cos 4 cos 5 cos 6 . nomial on each circle centered at the origin is 0. The
cos 7 cos 8 cos 9 balanced polynomials of degree at most 2009 form a
vector space V over R. Find the dimension of V .
The argument of cos is always in radians, not degrees.)
Evaluate limn→∞ dn . B5 Let f : (1, ∞) → R be a differentiable function such that

A4 Let S be a set of rational numbers such that x2 − f (x)2


f 0 (x) = for all x > 1.
(a) 0 ∈ S; x2 ( f (x)2 + 1)
(b) If x ∈ S then x + 1 ∈ S and x − 1 ∈ S; and Prove that limx→∞ f (x) = ∞.
1
(c) If x ∈ S and x 6∈ {0, 1}, then x(x−1) ∈ S.
B6 Prove that for every positive integer n, there is a se-
Must S contain all rational numbers? quence of integers a0 , a1 , . . . , a2009 with a0 = 0 and
a2009 = n such that each term after a0 is either an ear-
A5 Is there a finite abelian group G such that the product of lier term plus 2k for some nonnegative integer k, or of
the orders of all its elements is 22009 ? the form b mod c for some earlier positive terms b and c.
[Here b mod c denotes the remainder when b is divided
A6 Let f : [0, 1]2 → R be a continuous function on the by c, so 0 ≤ (b mod c) < c.]
closed unit square such that ∂∂ xf and ∂∂ yf exist and are
continuous on the interior (0, 1)2 . Let a = 01 f (0, y) dy,
R

b = 01 f (1, y) dy, c = 01 f (x, 0) dx, d = 01 f (x, 1) dx.


R R R

Prove or disprove: There must be a point (x0 , y0 ) in


(0, 1)2 such that

∂f ∂f
(x0 , y0 ) = b − a and (x0 , y0 ) = d − c.
∂x ∂y

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