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11 views

PROJECT ....

computer project

Uploaded by

harshitchauhanb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the content of this project entitled,


Electromagnetic Induction by Manav chauhan is the Bonafide work of
the student submitted to Mrs. Ritu Shukla for consideration in partial
fulfillment Physics Practical Examination conducted by CBSE.

The original research work was carried out by the student under my
guidance & supervision in the academic year 2023-24. On the basis of
the declaration made by the student, I recommend this project report
for evaluation.

Teacher’s Signature Examiner’s Signature


INDEX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 CERTIFICATE

 AIM OF PROJECT

 INTRODUCTION

 PRINCIPLE

 THEORY

 APPLICATIONS OF EMI

 FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM

To study the phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction


INTRODUCTION
ELECTROMAGNET:
AN ELECTROMAGNET IS A TYPE OF MAGNET IN WHICH THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS
PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC CURRENT. THE MAGNETIC FIELD DISAPPEARS WHEN THE
CURRENT IS TURNED OFF.

INDUCTION:

THIS PROCESS OF GENERATING CURRENT IN A CONDUCTOR BY PLACING THE


CONDUCTOR IN A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD IS CALLED INDUCTION .

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
IN A GENERATOR, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IS USED TO CONVERT
MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY. THE PROCESS BEGINS WITH A
MECHANICAL FORCE, SUCH AS THE ROTATION OF A TURBINE, WHICH TURNS A COIL
OF WIRE WITHIN A MAGNETIC FIELD. THE MAGNETIC FIELD CAN BE PRODUCED BY A
PERMANENT MAGNET OR BY AN ELECTROMAGNET.

AS THE COIL ROTATES, IT CUTS THROUGH THE MAGNETIC FIELD LINES, WHICH
INDUCES AN ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) IN THE WIRE. THIS EMF CREATES AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT THAT CAN BE USED AS A SOURCE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY .

THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE GENERATOR CAN BE CONTROLLED BY VARYING THE


STRENGTH OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD OR BY CHANGING THE SPEED OF THE
ROTATION. THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCED IS PROPORTIONAL TO
THE STRENGTH OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD, THE NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE COIL, AND
THE RATE AT WHICH THE COIL CUTS THROUGH THE MAGNETIC FIELD.

OVERALL, THE PROCESS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IN GENERATORS


INVOLVES CONVERTING MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY USING A
ROTATING COIL OF WIRE WITHIN A MAGNETIC FIELD.

MAGNETIC FLUX:
IT IS DEFINED AS THE PRODUCT OF THE MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY AND THE AREA
NORMAL TO THE FIELD THROUGH WHICH THE FIELD IS PASSING. IT IS A SCALAR
QUANTITY AND ITS S.I. UNIT IS THE WEBER (WB).
PRINCIPLE
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (OR SOMETIMES JUST INDUCTIONS ) IS A PROCESS
WHERE A CONDUCTOR PLACED IN A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD (OR A
CONDUCTOR MOVING THROUGH A STATIONARY MAGNETIC FIELD ) CAUSES THE
PRODUCTION OF A VOLTAGE ACROSS THE CONDUCTOR. THIS PROCESS OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION, IN TURN, CAUSES AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT – IT IS
SAID TO INDUCE THE CURRENT.
THEORY
INVENTION: -
MICHAEL FARADAY IS GENERALLY CREDITED WITH THE DISCOVERY OF INDUCTION
IN 1831 THOUGH IT MAY HAVE BEEN ANTICIPATED BY THE WORK OF FRANCESCO
ZANTEDESCHI IN 1829. AROUND 1830 TO 1832, JOSEPH HENRY MADE A SIMILAR
DISCOVERY, BUT DID NOT PUBLISH HIS FINDINGS. UNTIL LATER.

INDUCED E.M.F.S:-
IF MAGNETIC FLUX THROUGH A COIL IS ALTERED THEN AN E.M.F. WILL BE
GENERATED IN THE COIL. THIS EFFECT WAS FIRST OBSERVED AND EXPLAINED BY
AMPERE AND FARADAY BETWEEN 1825 AND 1831. FARADAY DISCOVERED THAT
AN E.M.F. COULD BE GENERATED EITHER BY,

• MOVING THE COIL OR THE SOURCE OF FLUX RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER


OR BY

• CHANGING THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SOURCE OF MAGNETIC FLUX IN

SOME WAY.

NOTE THAT THE E.M.F. IS ONLY PRODUCED WHILE THE FLUX IS CHANGING.
LENZ'S LAW: -
WHEN AN EMF IS GENERATED BY A CHANGE IN MAGNETIC FLUX ACCORDING TO
FARADAY'S LAW, THE POLARITY OF THE INDUCED EMF IS SUCH THAT IT PRODUCES
A CURRENT WHOSE MAGNETIC FIELD OPPOSES THE CHANGE WHICH PRODUCES IT .
THE INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE ANY LOOP OF WIRE ALWAYS ACTS TO KEEP THE
MAGNETIC FLUX IN THE LOOP CONSTANT. IN THE EXAMPLES BELOW, IF THE B FIELD IS
INCREASING, THE INDUCED FIELD ACTS IN OPPOSITION TO IT.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

ELECTRICAL GENERATOR: -
THE EMF GENERATED BY FARADAY'S LAW OF INDUCTION DUE TO RELATIVE
MOVEMENT OF A CIRCUIT AND A MAGNETIC FIELD IS THE PHENOMENON

UNDERLYING ELECTRICAL GENERATORS. WHEN A PERMANENT MAGNET IS MOVED


RELATIVE TO A CONDUCTOR, OR VICE VERSA, AN ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE IS
CREATED. IF THE WIRE IS CONNECTED THROUGH AN ELECTRICAL LOAD, CURRENT
WILL FLOW, AND THUS ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS GENERATED. CONVERTING THE
MECHANICAL ENERGY OF MOTION TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER: -
THE EMF PREDICTED BY FARADAY'S LAW IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR ELECTRICAL
TRANSFORMERS. WHEN THE ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A LOOP OF WIRE CHANGES ,
THE CHANGING CURRENT CREATES A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD. A SECOND
WIRE IN REACH OF THIS MAGNETIC FIELD WILL EXPERIENCE THIS CHANGE IN MAGNETIC
FIELD AS A CHANGE IN ITS COUPLED MAGNETIC FLUX, DS/ DT.
THEREFORE, AN ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE IS SET UP IN THE SECOND LOOP CALLED THE
INDUCED EMF OR TRANSFORMER EMF. IF THE TWO ENDS OF THIS LOOP ARE
CONNECTED THROUGH AN ELECTRICAL LOAD, CURRENT WILL FLOW.
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OR MAGNITUDE OF THE CIRCULATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD
E AROUND A CLOSED LOOP, ACCORDING TO FARADAY'S LAW, IS EQUAL TO THE
RATE OF CHANGE OF THE MAGNETIC FLUX THROUGH THE LOOP'S ENCLOSED
REGION.

• THE FIRST LAW OF FARADAY: AN ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE IS INDUCED


WHENEVER A CONDUCTOR IS PUT IN A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD . A CURRENT IS
INDUCED WHEN THE CONDUCTOR CIRCUIT IS CLOSED, AND THIS IS KNOWN AS
INDUCED CURRENT.

• THE SECOND LAW OF FARADAY: THE INDUCED EMF IN A COIL IS EQUAL TO THE
RATE OF CHANGE FLUX.

E=-N*(∆PHY/∆T)

WHERE E IS THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE,PHY IS THE MAGNETIC FLUX, AND N IS THE


NUMBER OF TURNS.

FARADAY'S EXPERIMENT:
Construction:
• THE INDUCTION FROM A MAGNET PASSING THROUGH A COIL IS THE SUBJECT OF
THE EXPERIMENT.

• FOR THE EXPERIMENT, FARADAY USED A CARDBOARD TUBE WITH INSULATED


WIRE COILED AROUND IT TO MAKE A COIL.

• AS A MAGNET WAS PASSED THROUGH THE COIL, A VOLTMETER WAS


CONNECTED ACROSS IT, AND THE INDUCED EMF WAS MEASURED.
OBSERVATION OF EXPERIMENT:

• NO VOLTAGE IS OBSERVED WHEN THE MAGNET IS AT REST IN OR


NEAR THE COIL.

• AS THE MAGNET APPROACHES THE COIL, A VOLTAGE IS MEASURED,


WHICH RISES TO A PEAK AS THE MAGNET APPROACHES T COIL 'S CENTER.

• THE VOLTAGE RAPIDLY CHANGES SIGN WHEN THE MAGNET


TRAVELS THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE COIL.

• VOLTAGE IS MEASURED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF THE


MAGNET'S INITIAL CASE MOVING INTO THE COIL WHEN IT MOVES OUT
AND AWAY FROM THE COIL.

RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT:


• A LARGE MAGNETIC FIELD COULD BE CREATED BY THE FIXED MAGNET.

• IF THE FLUX ACROSS THE COIL IS CONSTANT, NO EMF CAN BE GENERATED.

• THE FLUX RAPIDLY RISES AS THE MAGNET APPROACHES THE COIL UNTIL THE
MAGNET IS INSIDE THE LOOP.

• THE MAGNETIC FLUX THROUGH THE COIL BEGINS TO DECREASE AS IT GOES


THROUGH IT. THE PRODUCED EMF IS GRADUALLY ALTERED.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.byjus.com

• www.toppr.com

• www.wikipedia.com

• www.slideshare.com

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