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15 views

Short Notes2

Uploaded by

varunivavaroor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2024 – 25

Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple Harmonic Motion


F = –kx
General equation of S.H.M. is x = Asin (t + ); (t + ) is phase of the motion and  is initial phase of the motion.
2
= = 2f
T
2 m
Time period (T): T = = 2
 k

Speed : v =  A2 − x 2

Acceleration : a = −2 x

Kinetic Energy (KE):


1 2 1
2 2
( 1
)
mv = m2 A2 − x 2 = k A2 − x 2
2
( )
1 2
Potential Energy (PE): kx
2

Total Mechanical Energy (TME)

= K.E. + P.E. =
1
2
( )1 1
k A2 − x 2 + Kx 2 = KA2 = constant
2 2
Spring-Mass System

1.

 m1m2
2. T = 2 , where  = is known is reduced mass.
k ( m1 + m2 )

Combination of Springs
Series Combination: 1 / kS = 1 / k1 + 1 / k2
Parallel combination: kP = k1 + k2
l
Simple pendulum T = 2
g

l
T = 2 (in acceleration Reference Frame); geff is net acceleration due to pseudo force and gravitational force.
g eff
Time period of simple pendulum in Accelerating lift.
(i) It velocity of lift in constant, geff = g
l
 T = 2 ( a = 0)
g
(ii) It lift is moving upwards with acceleration a geff = g + a
l
 T = 2
g+a
(iii) It lift is moving downwards with acceleration a,
geff = g – a
l
T = 2
g −a
(iv) It lift talls downwards treely,
geff = 0
T=
Compound Pendulum/Physical Pendulum
I
Time period (T) : T = 2
mgl
Where, I = Icm + ml2 l is distance between point of suspension and centre of mass.

Torsional Pendulum
I
Time period (T): T = 2 where, C = Torsional constant
C
Superposition of two SHM s along the same direction
x1 = A1 sin t
and x2 = A2 sin (t + )
If equation of resultant SHM is taken as x = A sin (t + f)

A = A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos 


A2 sin 
and tan  =
A1 + A2 cos 

Damped Harmonic Oscillations


If the damping force is given by Fd = −bv , where v is the velocity of the oscillator and b is a damping constant, then
the displacement of the oscillator is given by
x(t ) = A0e−bt /2m cos (  ' t +  )

k b2
Where ' is the angular frequency of the damped oscillator, is given as  ' = −
m 4m 2
If the damped constant is small (b  km ) , then  '   , where  is the angular frequency of the undamped
oscillator.
1
For small b, the mechanical energy E of the oscillator is given by E (t ) = kA02 e −bt / m
2
Forced Oscillations and Resonance
If an external driving force with angular frequency d acts on an oscillating system with natural angular frequency
0, the system oscillates with angular frequency d, The velocity amplitude vm of the system is greatest when
d = 
a condition called resonance. The amplitude A0 of the system is (approximately) greatest under this condition.

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