Introduction to Cement
Uploaded by
Chironjit NagIntroduction to Cement
Uploaded by
Chironjit NagIntroduction to Cement
Course Teacher
Md. Mostafizur Rahman,
- Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh
University of Business and Technology (BUBT).
- Adjunct Faculty Member, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University (BSMRSTU)
- Adjunct Faculty Member, Department of Architecture, Khulna University.
Introduction
– A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that
sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together.
– Most common hydraulic cement is Portland Cement
– Hydraulic?
– Portland Cement = Joseph Aspdin patented in 1924, appearance is
similar to portland stone
– Portland stone = In UK, found in portland, high quality limestone used
for construction
– UK => USA => Worldwide
Growth of Cement Industry
Wet Process of manufacturing Portland Cement
Dry Process of manufacturing Portland Cement
Chemical Composition of Cement
Bogue’s Compounds
Bogue’s compounds C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF are sometimes called in literature as Alite, Belite,
Celite and Felite respectively.
Bogue’s Equations
Minor Compounds
• Tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate are the most important compounds
responsible for strength.
• Together they constitute 70 to 80 per cent of cement. The average C3S content in
modern cement is about 45 per cent and that of C2S is about 25 per cent.
• The sum of the contents of C3A and C4AF has decreased slightly in modern
cements.
• The calculated quantity of the compounds in cement varies greatly even for a
relatively small change in the oxide composition of the raw materials. To
manufacture a cement of stipulated compound composition, it becomes
absolutely necessary to closely control the oxide composition of the raw
materials.
• An increase in lime content beyond a certain value makes it difficult to combine
with other compounds and free lime will exist in the clinker which causes
unsoundness in cement.
• An increase in silica content at the expense of the content of alumina and ferric
oxide will make the cement difficult to fuse and form clinker. Cements with a high
total alumina and high ferric oxide content is favorable to the production of high
early strengths in cement. This is perhaps due to the influence of these oxides for
the complete combining of the entire quantity of lime present to form tricalcium
silicate.
When
Hydration of Cement
• The Chemical reaction that takes place between cement and water is
called as hydration of cement.
• This reaction is exothermic in nature, due to which considerable
amount of heat is released during hydration of cement. This is called
as ‘heat of hydration’.
• The hydration of cement is not a sudden process.
Heat of Hydration of Cement
• Hydration is an exothermic process, that will liberate heat
through chemical reactions. The process of hydration can be
easily followed by monitoring the production of heat that
accompanies the reaction. This is done by civic mortar from a
batch of concrete and weighing it into a bottle which is placed
into an insulated container. A thermistor is then impeded into the
fresh mortar. The output of the thermistor is recorded by the
computer. The result is plotted as a curve of temperature v/s the
time. The area under the major peak can be related to the early
strength development.
Stages of Hydration of Cement
The five stages involved in the hydration of cement are explained
with respect to the figure-2. There are Five stages of cement
hydration:
1. Initial Hydrolysis
2. Induction Period or the Dormant Period
3. Acceleration
4. Deceleration
5. Steady State
• Stage 1- Initial Hydrolysis: The initial dissolution of cement will result in the sort release of heat
shown by the first peak in the calorimetry curve.
• Stage 2 - Induction or Dormant Period: After the initial dissolution process, the hydration products
are precipitated on the surface of each cement particle. The layer acts as a protective barrier and
temporarily delays the dissolution of the particle. This slows down the reaction for a period of
several hours. This is called as the Dormant Period. The existence of the dormant period allows the
concrete to be transported to the construction site and placed and finished in the forms.
• Stage 3- Hydration Acceleration: The end of the dormant period shows the beginning of the setting
at which time the cement starts to react more rapidly with water. This will result in the formation of
new hydration products.
• Stage 4- Hydration Deceleration: This period will undergo formation of hydration products but the
rate of reaction and the dissolution is very controlled and slow.
• Stage 5 - Steady State: This is the stage that is for a longer period that is equal to the age of the
structure. The hydration reaction carried out throughout this period at a very slow rate.
Hydration of Bogues Compounds
