International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 6 Issue 3, May-June 2023

Available at www.ijsred.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Proposed Drainage System in Purok 1, 2, and 3 of Barangay Sta.

Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga
Aldrin M. De Silva1, Jaynhel P. Macadamia2, John Paul A. Mangila3, Samantha Nicole P.
Misola4, Jericho S. Nusug5, John Kertlie C. Segundino6, Ma. VannerieIssa S. Eusebio7, and
Raul O. Duya8
1-6
Student, Don Honorio Ventura State University/College of Engineering and Architecture/Department of Civil Engineering,
Cabambangan,Bacolor, Pampnga, Philippines, 2001
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected],[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected],
7-8
Faculty, Don Honorio Ventura State University/College of Engineering and Architecture/Department of Civil Engineering,
Cabambangan, Bacolor, Pampanga, Philippines, 2001
[email protected], [email protected]

----------------------------------------************************----------------------------------
Abstract:
Barangay Sta. Tereza 2nd is one of the barangays in Lubao, Pampanga. The barangay does not
have a drainage system, which is one of the vital structures for a community. One of the proponents travels
every day in the Sta. Tereza 2nd area, which often experiences flooding and stagnant water. As an answer
to the problem, a drainage system was proposed. The topography was obtained through a survey of the
site. Barangay Sta. Tereza 2nd has a population of 4255. The rational method was used to determine the
stormwater flow and domestic sewage flow. The computed maximum dimension of the rectangular
channel, 0.3 m x 0.6 m, was adopted for the whole structure. The analysis of the study narrows down to
the computation and design of the drainage system. After preparing the complete plan and requirements
relating to drainage distribution, the investigation would provide the measures required for the successful
completion of the project.

Keywords —Drainage System, Water Stagnant, Stormwater

----------------------------------------************************----------------------------------
construction is one of the most significant stages in
I. INTRODUCTION structural design that has been completely utilized
and developed, focusing on the drainage system's
Over time, civil engineering has continued to importance.
develop quickly. The construction of roads, bridges,
and other structures has greatly helped society and The Philippines is one of the Asia-Pacific
accelerated the development of early civilizations. nations vulnerable to recurring climatic hazards
The fields of civil engineering have played an such as tropical cyclones, which cause periods of
important role in our lives by constructing complex severe rain. (RV Macalad et. al 2021). The
structures that enhance and improve the quality of Philippines is prone to tropical cyclones due to its
life for everyone. The drainage system's geographical location, which regularly results in

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-–
Development Volume 6 Issue 3, May
May-June 2023
Available at www.ijsred.com
heavy rainfall, floods across large areas, and 2015 population of 3,372.
powerful winds that cause serious damage to crops
and buildings. (PAGASA). Furthermore, river levels are too high during
the flood season, allowing water to surge onto a
In addition, one of Lubao's 44 barangays, roadway, creating longitudinal floods and water
Brgy. Sta. Tereza 2nd is located at 14° 53' North erosion. The pavement receives part or all of the
and 120° 34' East, at a height of 6.8 meters or 22.3 damage. The embankment fails, creating road
feet above mean sea level (Philatlas.com), as shown damage; instability causes subgrade filling. Water
in Fig. 1. scour produces cracks, deformations, and possible
road breakdowns (J. Liu et al., 2015)

A drainage system transfers water from

areas no longer neededed for disposal to suitable sites.
A drainage system may consist of anything from
residential gutters and drains to stormwater systems
that drain rainfall from highways and roadside
drains. Drainage systems may also take sewage
from homes and dispose of it in municipal
"sewers." An efficient drainage system drains all
nd
Figure 1. Map of Sta. Tereza 2 , Lubao, Pampanga flood waters without producing any design issues.
Reference: OpenStreetMap Poor drainage may cause low-lying
lying regions to flood,
destroying property and causing safety dangers.
The illustration above demonstrates that the (Byjus, 2023. Drainage System))
area is surrounded by a variety of bodies of water,
making it more vulnerable to floods. Global In recent years,
ears, flooding and waterlogging
warming and sea level rise can impact coastal have grown more common and frequent; thus,
ecosystems, posing a hazard to habitation and appropriate measures should be taken to boost
raising the likelihood of floods. The tidal effect and subsurface drainage capacity and mitigate flooding
salt wedge in rivers shift landward due to sea level and waterlogging disasters caused by short short-term
rise. This compromises the safety of freshwater heavy rainfall. (XiaoleiRen et al., 2022)
intakes for home, industrial, and agricultural water
supply systems (Integrated Flood Management Flooding disasters have also increased due
Tools Series, 2013). to the Philippines' hydrological condition. Hence, a
drainage system plays a vital role in preventing
According to Philatlas.com, the population flooding. The purpose of constructing a drainage
of Santa Tereza 2nd arose by 2,307 people over system is to increase the management and storage
three decades, from 1,948 in 1990 to 4,255 in 2020. capacityy of rainwater in the community. (Ye (Ye-
The most current census numbers for 2020show a ShuangXu et. al., 2018).
5.01% growth rate or a rise of 882 people over the
Thus, the construction of a drainage system is
essential:
1. It is essential to protect the population's
health, and if the drainage does not exist,
water will remain on the surface and provide
breeding
reeding grounds for hazardous insects.

Figure 2.. Flood Hazard Map of Lubao, Pampanga

Reference: LDRRMO

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 6 Issue 3, May-June 2023
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2. It is essential for the correct disposal of a lot to fix. Well-designed drainage systems can
wastewater, rain, and runoff and the quickly eliminate stormwater, causing less building
effective management of flooding. damage and saving money on repairs. However, a
It prevents soil erosion that lack of empirical studies on the topic has made it
may result in soil breakdown, which ultimately hard to figure out which drainage system might best
causes muddy surfaces, followed by soil erosion. prevent or limit property damage from floods (Sohn
3. This research aims to propose a drainage et al., 2020).
system to help the locals and offer it to
community leaders. Floods are the most dangerous natural
disaster because they happen often and in many
This study focuses solely on proposing the places. Several new technologies and scientific
design of a drainage system to prevent the risk of studies have made flood damage less harmful. The
flood disasters, road damage in the village, posing a government has told people who live in areas likely
serious risk to human health, and water stagnation to flood to get flood insurance and build homes that
in Puroks 1, 2, and 3 of Barangay Sta. Tereza 2nd, can withstand floods. Several engineering projects
Lubao, Pampanga. tried to reduce the effects of flooding and change
the paths of waterways. Researchers now put much
1.1 Review of Related Literature and Studies effort into finding ways to reduce flood damage and
keep people safe. They look for the causes of floods
Emerging problems in urban areas today and evaluate drainage systems (Apat et al., 2013).
and in the future may lead to a drop in the quality of
service for critical infrastructure like urban drainage The study by Hsiang-Kuan et al. (2013)
systems (or urban wastewater systems). Several used an integrated drainage-inundation model,
things, like climate change, population growth, and which combines a drainage flow model with a two-
urbanization, could hurt the performance of these dimensional overland-flow inundation model. This
systems in the future in a big way (Zimmerman et model determines how to stop floods and how
al., 2013). Because we have yet to determine how much damage they cause. Methods on the table
harmful or significant the long-term effects will be, include building more drainage systems, turning
the nature of future uncertainty may also make us fishponds into retention ponds, setting up pumping
question how well traditional and alternative stations, and building culverts to divert flood water.
methods will work to adapt to future changes Each method was run through a computer
(Urich& Rauch, 2014). simulation to estimate the likely depth and width of
flooding in terms of damage losses. This was done
In light of these possible dangers, it may be to determine how vulnerable the drainage system is
necessary to change urban wastewater infrastructure to the expected rise in rainfall due to climate change.
to make it more resistant to the effects of typical
and extreme weather (Ferguson et al., 2013). The Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) can
urban wastewater system is expected to be reliable slow down and clean surface water, which makes
and resilient. Reliable in the sense that it will have them a valuable tool for dealing with too much rain.
fewer breakdowns and provide enough service most However, implementing the plan is complex and
of the time. Resilient in the sense that when it does needs help from many different groups. Getting
break down, it will be less severe and last less time support from stakeholders is often hard to do when
(Butler et al., 2017). there needs to be more proof or monitoring of the
SuDS that have been put in place. Flow levels
measured in utility holes downstream of SuDS
Flooding can cause bad things to happen. treatments differed statistically significantly from
Big storms can cause much damage, which can cost baseline levels (Cotterill et al., 2020).

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 6 Issue 3, May-June 2023
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Casal-Campos et al. (2018) looked at how of how drainage systems in cities are managed.
sustainable, resilient, and reliable solutions were in Rai's study combined hydraulic results from the
different future scenarios. They found that the exact SWMM model with a Proportional Integral
solutions were resilient. Strategies that were tried, Derivative (PID) controller to make an effective
tested, and found to be resilient and incredibly urban drainage model for dealing with floods. The
reliable only sometimes showed to be decisive developed model could help reduce flood levels in
regarding their ability to last. Traditional gray urban waterways, making it a useful tool in the
infrastructure techniques were shown to be fragile fight against urban flooding (Rai et al., 2017).
in terms of their ability to last because of their
uneven economic, environmental, and social 1.2 Objective of the Study
performance.
Domestic wastewater could be better for This study aims to propose a drainage
water supplies and urban infrastructure, making system in Purok 1, 2, and 3 of Sta. Tereza 2nd,
Lubao, Pampanga. To achieve the study's goal, the
installing sustainable drainage systems more critical.
The environmentalists, hydrologists, city objectives were identified as follows.
developers, and stormwater and wastewater
managers must evaluate the present drainage
General Objective:
system and forecast how the surroundings will react
to urban drainage system discharges in order to ● To avoid the possibility of stagnant water
build a better design and guarantee a community and to maintain the healthy conditions of the
expands sustainably. (Dibaba, 2018). residents and community by proposing a
When a road does not have enough drainage, drainage system in Purok 1, 2, and 3 of
water stagnant happens. As a result of mosquito Barangay Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao,
breeding on roadways in cities with insufficient Pampanga
drainage capacity, roads collapse in various ways
and economic hardship for the people of impacted
neighborhoods. Putting in sound drainage systems Specific Objective:
could make roads last longer. Still, the road's edge
fails early because the drainage system needs to 1. Determine the characteristics of the location
improve. Thus, proper engineering methods should concerning the following
be considered throughout the road and drainage
channel design, construction, and management 1.1 Topography of the site location
processes (Vitalis, 2016).
1.2 Existing actual condition of Purok 1, 2, and
Schmitt et al. (2022) used a complex dual 3 of Barangay StaTereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga
drainage simulation model to explain surface and
sewer flow interaction. This was done to calculate 1.3 Expected maximum stormwater flow based
the most accurate water depths above the surface of on Return Period
the ocean and to estimate the potential harm that
2. To present an appropriate design of a rectangular
floods brought on by overworked sewage systems
drainage channel
would inflict. The project collaboration comprises
institutions that work in industrial math and water 3. To present the complete drainage plan of Purok
engineering, as well as municipal drainage works 1, 2, and 3 of Barangay StaTereza 2nd, Lubao,
and insurance companies. Pampanga
It is tough to deal with flooding in cities
with many people. Computer modeling is a big part 1.3 Significance of the Study

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This study focused on the proposed drainage • Identify the plan drainage

system in Purok 1, 2, and 3 of Barangay Sta. Maximum B. Data system in

Tereza, 2nd Lubao, Pampanga, will help the Flood Collection Purok 1, 2,
Elevation C. Analyzing of and 3 of
community reduce the risk of flooding and water
Experienced Data Barangay
stagnation. The following are among the benefits of
in the Area D. Computing Sta. Tereza
this research:
• History of the required 2nd, Lubao,
Environment. The study's findings will aid in the
Rainfall capacity of Pampanga
elimination or reduction of floods, eliminating
Intensity the drainage
potential harm to freshwater ecosystems in the
system
locality and lowering the danger of water pollution, B. Interviews
Residents of E. Design of
which causes germs and illnesses. •
Purok 1, 2, Structure
Community. This project's outcome will be useful
and 3 of F. Conclusion
since it will prevent flooding issues caused by
Barangay
constant rainfall.
Sta. Tereza
Local Government Unit (LGU). The study's result
2nd, Lubao,
will benefit them as they can establish a more
Pampanga
effective and efficient drainage system to ensure the
• Employees of
entire town's safety.
Municipal
Government
Future researchers. This study may benefit and
of Lubao,
assist future researchers in gathering the data and
Pampanga
knowledge needed to conduct a drainage system
• Engineers
study.
from
1.4 Scope and Limitation Department
of Public and
The researchers focused on designing an Highways
effective and efficient drainage system exclusively (DPWH)
in puroks 1, 2, and 3 of barangay Sta. Tereza 2nd, C. Site Visitation
Lubao, Pampanga. Domestic sewage from
residential and stormwater has been computed The Input-Process-Output (IPO) is used to
depending on water supply percentage and rainfall illustrate the study's conceptual framework. The
quantity. input consists of data gathering, interviews, and site
visitation. The process contains the research plan,
The study does not include the project collection, and analyzing data. It also includes here
implementation, waste management, or road
the design of the drainage system and the
pavement improvement and will not estimate the conclusion. The output consists of the proposed
project's cost.
design drainage system.
1.5 Conceptual Framework
1.6 Definition of Terms
This chapter of the research will serve as a
summary to better understand of drainage design. 1. DPWH – Department of Public Works and
Highways
2. Drainage System- is the system or process by
Input Process Output which water or other liquids are drained from a
A. Gathering of data A. Prepare a A. Proposed
place.
• Topography research design of

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3. Embankment - relates to a measurement of project. Its goal was to complete the "proposed
earthen material poured and compact to raise drainage system in Puroks 1, 2, and 3 of Barangay
the level of a highway (or railway) over its Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga." After the
surrounding ground surface. investigation
ation was completed, this kind of material
4. LDRRMO – Local Disaster Risk Reduction was utilized to create the drainage system.
and Management Office
5. Pavement - is a concrete or asphalt-covered
asphalt 2.2 Research Locale
hard surface, such as a pavement or a driveway.
The researchers conducted the study in
6. Pavement Failure - pavement failure is caused
Puroks 1, 2, and 3 of Brgy. Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao,
by inadequate soil support. Hydraulic binders
Pampanga. One of the fishing areas in Lubao Lubao,
that stabilize the soil can guard against
Pampanga, is Barangay Sta. Tereza. At 14° 53'
moisture-induced
induced soil deterioration.
North and 120° 34' East, Barangay Sta. Tereza 2nd
7. Pluvial flood - When an intense rainfall storm
is home to around 2.45% of the municipality's
causes a flood in the absence of an overflowing
body of water. population. Narrow streets have some concrete in
8. Storm water - is a type of water that results them. Large areas of fishponds surround the village,
from precipitation, such as hail, snow, and which is also
lso surrounded by small rivers. Local
severe rain. government members, known as barangay officials,
9. Wastewater - is a type of water that is served as the community's leaders and were in
produced
uced as a result of the deliberate use of charge of the village's growth and development. To
clean water, natural drinking water, or salt water increase public knowledge of floods, water
in several applications or processes. stagnation, and their impacts
impacts, the community
voluntarily cooperated with the research of the
10. Water stagnation - happens when the water
stops moving. Water that is stagnant can planned drainage system in Puroks 1, 2, and 3.
seriously harm the natural environment.

II. METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the research design,

research locale, research instrument, data gathering,
and data analysis. The following describes
particulars:

2.1 Research Design Figure 3.. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga
Reference: Google Earth Pro
The research strategy used by the researcher
was the development study method. Although the
method of instructional technology is constantly
evolving, the researcher continues to iron out some 2.3 Research Instrument
elements. Research development is vital vit for
researchers' work to address technological and The researchers learned about the area
engineering concerns. A scientific study called on through interviews and questions to the barangay
the conclusions of fundamental ideas and principles officials. Researchers asked rresidents a set of
to aid research and development professionals in questions based on their own experiences to get the
thinking about them and moving forward. It needs a information they needed.
methodical investigation with expertise or insight to
determine the mines that could complete a certain

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The researchers used the data gathered to Since there are no other readily available
obtain runoffs. Microsoft Excel, Google Earth, and statistics that can be compared with discharge,
AutoCAD are the software used in designing the rainfall data was utilized as the basis for figuring
drainage system. out when floods return.

Microsoft Excel was used to calculate flow If rainfall data is unavailable, discharges for
conditions and the hydraulic parameters necessary catchment regions up to 100 kilometers squared can
to establish the drainage inflow or inlets. Google be calculated using the Rational Formula and the
Earth will identify the area, and Topographical Map RIDF Curve.
Online was used to survey or locate the contour or
geospatial map. AutoCAD was used to make an For areas of catchment larger than 20
outline from the result for the working drawing as a kilometers in area, the following procedure must be
final output of the project. In getting the actual followed:
discharge parameters, the Kirpich Equation was
used for the time of concentration, the rainfall ● The catchment area's boundaries
intensity of Pampanga for the past years for rainfall ● Using the catchment area, determine the
intensity, the Rational Method for the peak usual annual rainfall for the region.
discharge, and Manning’s Equation for the ● Compute the maximum normal rainfall per
allowable discharge. From the values obtained, we year. Using the various return periods,
assumed parameters for our proposed drainage. calculate the annual average amount of rain.
● Develop an average precipitation
2.4 Data Gathering accumulation mass curve based on every
duration by compiling hyetographs—typical
The drainage system's design was decided rainfall patterns—from big floods that have
upon after conducting a site analysis and consulting happened in the past.
with local officials and other relevant groups. The ● Develop a hyetograph for every possible
goal of the visit is to collect data and details about period and return interval combination.
the current situation, including information on river
flow, damage from floods, and their causes. The DESIGN CRITERIA
design and planning phases of the construction will
be built upon this knowledge and data. The Rainfall Intensity
following are some of the site investigation's
activities: Rainfall intensity, often known as storm
intensity, is the typical amount of rain during a
• Verifying the site's location on a Google Map. specific period. Rainfall intensity can be defined as
• Using a topographic map in Google Earth Pro. the ratio of total amount of precipitation (rainfall
• Taking photos around the area. depth) occurring during a particular period to period
• Interviewed the residents, barangay officials, duration. It is stated in depth units per unit time,
LDRRMO, and Engineers in DPWH. commonly in millimetres per hour (mm/h).
• Considering private property that might have Time of Concentration
an impact on the proposal.
• Measuring the river's depth. Time of concentration, one of the most
essential hydrologic factors for runoff computation
2.5 Data Analysis and modelling, can be defined as how long it takes
for a drop of rainwater to travel from the drainage
Rainfall Intensity
basin's most hydraulically distant point to its
outflow or point of research. For the entire storm-

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affected watershed, the time of concentration 1. For a period of time at least equivalent to
indicates the minimum amount of time for rain to the period of concentration, the intensity of
fall. The storm will not completely protect the the rainfall must remain constant.
watershed if its duration is less than its 2. When rainfall intensity continues for the
concentration. The amount of precipitation intensity same duration as the period of
cannot be highest if the storm's duration time is concentration, runoff is at its peak.
longer than the concentration period. In both 3. During the storm, the runoff coefficient is
situations, the maximum discharge from the constant.
watershed will be underestimated. In conclusion, 4. During the storm, the watershed area stays
the period when the expected rainfall length equals the same.
the time of concentration is the crucial condition for
delivering the highest peak runoff.
Determination of Canal Size
Kirpich Equation:
=
.
=
51 Where:
Q = Flow rate ( / )
Where: A = Cross-sectional Area of flow
= time of concentration in minutes V = Mean velocity across cross-section
L = Length of watercourse in meters (m/sec)
S = average basin slope (S=L/H) V = 1/n / /
H = difference in elevation (H= L/S) n = manning coefficient of roughness
R = hydraulic radius
S = Slope of the hydraulic gradient (non-
Rational Method
dimensional)
One of the earliest techniques was the
rational method, which was initially restricted to Manning’s Equation
estimating the peak release based on a mass balance
connecting runoff to rainfall intensity. Manning’s equation is essential in designing
For S.I. units, the rational formula is expected as a drainage system. We can use this formula to
determine the flow rate with respect to the area,
Qp= (1/3.6)CIA wetted perimeter, and slope.

1
=
Where:
Q = runoff in m/s
C = runoff coefficient
I = mean intensity of rainfall in mm/hr = Where:
H/L Q = the flow rate
A = drainage area in km n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
R = ratio bet area & wet perimeter
The basic assumptions for using the rational A = area of catchment specified
formula are: S = the slope
Table 1. Manning’s Roughness Coefficient Table
(source: Engineering ToolBox, (2004). Manning's Roughness Coefficients)

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Surface Material Manning'sRoughness Polyethylene PE - Corrugated with 0.018 - 0.025
Coefficient corrugated inner walls
-n- Polyvinyl Chloride PVC - with 0.009 - 0.011
Asbestos cement 0.011 smooth inner walls
Rubble Masonry 0.017 - 0.022
Asphalt 0.016
Steel - Coal-tar enamel 0.010
Brass 0.011
Steel - smooth 0.012
Brick and cement mortar sewers 0.015
Steel - New unlined 0.011
Canvas 0.012
Steel - Riveted 0.019
Cast or Ductile iron, new 0.012
Vitrified clay sewer pipe 0.013 - 0.015
Clay tile 0.014
Wood - planed 0.012
Concrete - steel forms 0.011
Wood - unplaned 0.013
Concrete (Cement) - finished 0.012
Wood stave pipe, small diameter 0.011 - 0.012
Concrete - wooden forms 0.015
Wood stave pipe, large diameter 0.012 - 0.013
Concrete - centrifugally spun 0.013

Copper 0.011

Corrugated metal 0.022 Graphical Peak Discharge

Earth, smooth 0.018
The graphical method is only applicable to
Earth channel - clean 0.022
watersheds with uniform runoff characteristics and
Earth channel - gravelly 0.025 only one runoff curve number (CN) that can be
Earth channel - weedy 0.030
used to represent all the soil types, land uses, and
ground covers in the watershed. The graphical
Earth channel - stony, cobbles 0.035
method only delivers a peak discharge and is
Floodplains - pasture, farmland 0.035 inapplicable when the hydrograph is required.
Floodplains - light brush 0.050
Design Return Period
Floodplains - heavy brush 0.075

Floodplains - trees 0.15 An estimate of the probability that a

situation, including an earthquake, flood, landslide,
Galvanized iron 0.016
or stream flow, will occur is known as a return
Glass 0.010 period, also known as a recurrence interval.
Gravel, firm 0.023 According to the relevant intensity-duration-
frequency curves, in small catchment hydrology,
Lead 0.011
the peak discharge is connected to the amount of
Masonry 0.025 rainfall, which is related to the period of
Metal - corrugated 0.022 concentration. Small drainage regions will
concentrate for a brief period of time, resulting in
Natural streams - clean and straight 0.030
increased strength and maximum flow per unit area.
Natural streams - major rivers 0.035 However, the area's tiny size also contributes to the
Natural streams - sluggish with deep 0.040 peak discharge's small size. Therefore, designing
pools for extended return durations for tiny regions with
Natural channels, very poor condition 0.060
intensity measured in minutes is typically not cost-
Plastic 0.009 effective.
Polyethylene PE - Corrugated with 0.009 - 0.015
smooth inner walls Runoff Coefficient

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The runoff coefficient is a ratio without
dimensions used to show how much runoff drainage 3.1 Site Observation
systems produce at a given average rainfall
intensity. The runoff coefficient (C) expresses the
relationship between the amount of discharge and In order to maintain gravity flow, the
the rate of rainfall. drainage system's design was chosen based on
elevation. It was expected that the storm runoff
would naturally flow into the river.

3.2 Analysis and Calculation

Table 2.. Coefficient of Runoff based on Land Use

(Source: LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd (2003). Runoff
Hydrologic Manual Computation of Proposed Line
Coefficient) Canal
Ground Cover Runoff Coefficient, c

Lawns 0.05 - 0.35

Figure 4. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga
Forest 0.05 - 0.25 Source: Google Earth Pro

Cultivated land 0.08-0.41

Meadow 0.1 - 0.5

Parks, cemeteries 0.1 - 0.25

Unimproved areas 0.1 - 0.3

Pasture 0.12 - 0.62

Residential areas 0.3 - 0.75

Business areas 0.5 - 0.95

For Line 1 (408mx3m)
Industrial areas 0.5 - 0.9

Asphalt streets 0.7 - 0.95

Brick streets 0.7 - 0.85

Table 3. Summary of Details in Line 1
Roofs 0.75 - 0.95 Summary of Details of Line 1

Concrete streets 0.7 - 0.95 Total Area (km) 0.0018

Slope % 0.25

Time of Concentration (mins) 19.71 min

III. RESULT Runoff Coefficient 0.75

The information, our research, and the Return Period (15 years) 49.70
findings of our inquiry into the suggested drainage Figure 5.. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga
Canal Size 0.3m x 0.6m
Source: Google Earth Pro
system are presented in this chapter. The research
was intended to offer a solution to the Proposed Peak discharge runoff (Qp) 0.185 / !

Drainage System in Purok 1, 2, and 3 of StaTereza Manning’s formula (Q-15yrs) 0.2088 / !

2nd, located in Lubao, Pampanga. Q-15yr >Qp SAFE

It shows that line 1 has an area of

0.0018 and a slope of 0.25%. The runoff is

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0.75 (residential area), and the time concentration is 0.75 (residential area), and the time concentration is
19.71 minutes. The researcher sett a 15-year
15 return 2.14 minutes. The researcher set a 15-year
15 return
time to extend the drainage's life and durability. The time to extend the drainage's life and durability. The
maximum discharge rate is 0.185 / !, with a maximum discharge rate is 0.0278 / !, with a
flow rate of 0.2088 expected in 15 years. As a result, flow rate of 0.029 / ! expected in 15 years. As
the canal's design, which measures 0.3 m by 0.6 m, a result, the canal's design, which measures 0. 0.1 m
is safe. by 0.2 m, is safe.

For Line 2 (59m x 3m) For Line 3 (41m x 3m)

Table 5. Summary of Details of Line 3

Summary of Details of Line 3

Total Area (km) 0.0052925

Slope 2.43 %

Time of Concentration (mins) 1.40 min

Summary of Details of Line 2
Runoff Coefficient 0.75
Total Area (km) 0.005691
Figure 6. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga Return Period (15 years) 23.5
Slope Source: Google Earth Pro
1.69% nd
Canal SizeFigure 7.. Satellite Map of Sta.0.09m
Tereza
m x 20.18m
0. , Lubao, Pampanga
Time of Concentration (mins) 2.14 min Source: Google Earth Pro
Peak discharge runoff (Qp) 0.0259 / !
Runoff Coefficient 0.75
Manning’s formula (Q-15yrs) 0.025 / !
Return Period (15 years) 23.5
Q-15yr >Qp NOTSAFE
Canal Size 0.1m x 0.2m

Peak discharge runoff (Qp) 0.02786 / !

It shows that line 3 has an area of 0.00529
Manning’s formula (Q-15yrs) 0.029 / !
and a slope of 2.43%. The runoff is 0.75
Q-15yr >Qp SAFE
(residential area), and the time concentration is 1.41
minutes. The researcherher set a 15-year
15 return time to
extend the drainage's life and durability. The
maximum discharge rate is 0.0259 / !, with a
flow rate of 0.025 / ! expected in 15 years. As
Table 4. Summary of Details of Line 2

a result, the canal's design, which measures 0. 0.09 m

It shows that line 2 has an area of
by 0.18 m, is not safe.
0.00561 and a slope of 1.69%. The runoff is

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For Line 4 (55m x 3m)

Table 6. Summary of Details of Line 4

Summary of Details of Line 4

Total Area (km) 0.0056 Table 7. Summary of Detail in Line 5

Summary of Details of Line 5
Slope 3.77 %
Total Area (km) 0.0025365
Time of Concentration (mins) 1.44 min
Slope % 2.85%
Runoff Coefficient 0.75
Time of Concentration (mins) 1.17 min
Return Period (15 years) 23.5
Figure 8. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga
Source: Google Earth0.08m
Pro x 0.16m Runoff Coefficient 0.75
Canal Size m

/ !
Return Period (15 years) 23.5
Peak discharge runoff (Qp) 0.0274

/ !
CanalFigure 0.07m2xnd0.14m
Size 9. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza , Lubao, Pampanga
Manning’s formula (Q-15yrs) 0.023
Source: Google Earth Pro
Peak discharge runoff (Qp) 0.01241 / !
Q-15yr >Qp NOTSAFE
Manning’s formula (Q-15yrs) 0.014 / !

It shows that line 4 has an area of 0.0056 Q-15yr >Qp SAFE

and a slope of 3.77%. The runoff is 0.75

(residential area), and the time concentration is 1.44 It shows that line 5 has an area of 0.00253
minutes. The researcher set a 15-year
year return time to and a slope of 2.85%. The runoff is 0.75
extend the drainage's life and durability. The
/ !, with a
(residential area), and the time concentration is 1.17
maximum discharge rate is 0.0274 minutes. The researcher set a 15-year
15 return time to
flow rate of 0.023 / ! expected in 15 years. As extend the drainage's life and durability. The
a result, the canal's design, which measures 0.08 m maximum discharge rate is 0.01241 / !, with a
by 0.16 m, is not safe. flow rate of 0.014 / ! expected in 15 years. As
a result, the canal's design, which measures 0.07 m
For Line 5 (35m x 3m) by 0.14 m, is safe.

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For Line 6 (50 m x 3 m)
For Line 7 (32 m x 3m)

Figure 10. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga

Source: Google Earth Pro
Figure 11.. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga
Table 8. Summary of Detail in Line 6 Source: Google Earth Pro
Summary of Details of Line 6
Table 9. Summary of Detail in Line 7
Total Area (km) 0.005096 Summary of Details of Line 7

Slope % 2% Total Area (km) 0.002798

Time of Concentration (mins) 1.76 min Slope % 2.94

Runoff Coefficient 0.75 Time of Concentration (mins) 1.13 min

Return Period (15 years) 23.5 Runoff Coefficient 0.75

Canal Size 0.09m x 0.18m Return Period (15 years) 23.5

Peak discharge runoff (Qp) 0.0249 / ! Canal Size 0.07m x 0.14m

Manning’s formula (Q-15yrs) 0.0241 / !

Peak discharge runoff (Qp) 0.01369 / !

Q-15yr >Qp NOTSAFE Manning’s formula (Q-15yrs) 0.0149 / !

Q-15yr >Qp SAFE

It shows that line 6 has an area of 0.00509

and a slope of 2%. The runoff is 0.75 It shows that line 6 has an area of 0.00279
(residential area), and the time concentration is 1.76 and a slope of 2.94 %. The runoff is 0.75
minutes. The researcher set a 15-year
year return time to (residential area), and the time concentration is 1.13
extend the drainage's life and durability. The minutes. The researcher set a 15-year
15 return time to
maximum discharge rate is 0.0249 / !, with a extend the drainage's life and durability. The
flow rate of 0.0241 / ! expected in 15 years. maximum discharge
ischarge rate is 0.01369 / !, with a
As a result, the canal's design, which measures 0.09 flow rate of 0.0149 / ! expected in 15 years.
m by 0.18 m, is not safe. As a result, the canal's design, which measures 0.07
m by 0.14 m, is safe.

For Line 8 (20 m x 3m)

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-–
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drainage area, and runoff coefficient to
determine the design flow rate. This thesis
explains the rational method in detail, including
the formula and the steps to compute the design
flow rate. Moreover, the drainage area can be
computed by summing up the sizes of all the
points where runoff flows to the drainage.

It is important to note that the runoff

coefficient depends on the type of surface and
Figure 12. Satellite Map of Sta. Tereza 2nd, Lubao,, Pampanga
the land use of the area where the road is
Source: Google Earth Pro located. An assumed value of 0.75 is used in
Table 10. Summary of Detail in Line 8
this thesis, but a more accurate value should be
Summary of Details of Line 8 determined based on the specific conditions of
Total Area (km)
the area. This thesis provides a comprehensive
0.002864
guide on choosing the design flow rate for the
Slope % 5 proposed drainage system in Purok 1, 2, and 3
Time of Concentration (mins) 0.6146 min of Barangay
gay StaTereza 2nd Lubao, Pampanga.
Runoff Coefficient 0.75
The rational method is essential for engineers
and planners to ensure the drainage system can
Return Period (15 years) 23.5
handle the expected runoff during heavy rainfall
Canal Size 0.06m x 0.12m events
Peak discharge runoff (Qp) 0.014 / !
Manning's roughness coefficient of 0.012
Manning’s formula (Q-15yrs) 0.0129 / !
because it is a concrete finish.
ish.
Q-15yr >Qp NOTSAFE
Thus, the flow rate in 15 years in the
drainage channel line 1 is 0.2096 / !, line 2
/ !.,., line 3 is 0.025 / !, line 4
It shows that line 6 has an area of 0.002864
is 0.029
/ !.,., line 5 is 0.014 / !, line 6
and a slope of 5 %. The runoff is 0.75
(residential area), and the time concentration is is 0.023
0.6146 minutes. The researcher set a 15-year
15 return is 0.0241 / !,, line 7 is 0.0149 / ! and
time to extend the drainage's life and durability. The line 8 flow rate is 0.0140 / !. This flow
maximum discharge rate is 0.01369 / !, with a rate is essential in determining the drainage
flow rate of 0.0129 / ! expected in 15 years. system's appropriate size, including the drainage
As a result, the canal's design, which measures 0.06 pipes' capacity, channels, and other structures.
m by 0.12 m, is not safe. Proper sizing of the drainage system is crucial
in preventing flooding, erosion, and water
3.3 Summary of Results stagnant.
The proposed drainage system in Purok 1,2,
Going into further detail, the proposed
and 3 of Barangay StaTereza 2nd Lubao Lubao,
drainage system in Purok 1,2, and 3 of
Pampanga, requires an accurate design flow rate
Barangay Sta. Teresa 2nd Lubao, Pampanga, is
to ensure that it can effectively manage the
an important project that aims to address the
runoff during heavy rainfall events. The rational
water stagnant in the area. Using Manning's
method is an effective tool for estimating the
equation in computing the flow rate is a critical
peak discharge of the proposed drainage system.
The technique utilizes
ilizes the rainfall intensity,

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step in determining the appropriate size of the Sta. Teresa 2nd Lubao, Pampanga, is crucial in
drainage system. addressing the flooding and water stagnation in the
area. The drainage system will be designed based
The computation of the flow rate using on the peak discharge and time concentration
Manning's equation is based on the channel calculated using the Kirphic Equation. The peak
geometry, flow depth, and channel roughness. The discharge indicates the maximum amount of water
channel geometry is described as rectangular with a that can flow through the drainage system during a
bottom width of 0.6m with a different slope in rainfall event with an intensity of 49.5 mm/min
every line. From this geometry, the cross-sectional (line 1) and 23.5 mm/min (line 2- line 8) and a
area of flow and the hydraulic radius of the channel runoff coefficient of 0.75. This value determines the
is computed. appropriate size of drainage pipes, channels, and
other structures that can accommodate the expected
The flow depth is assumed constant, and the water flow.
channel roughness coefficient is set to 0.012. The
computed flow rate is used as the basis for sizing Moreover, the concentration indicates the
the drainage system if it is safe or not. The system time it takes for the rainfall to reach the drainage
must accommodate this flow rate to prevent system outlet. This value determines the storage
flooding and water stagnant in the area. Proper capacity of retention ponds and other structures that
sizing of the drainage system includes the capacity can hold excess water during heavy rainfall and
of the drainage pipes, channels, and other structures. release it gradually to prevent flooding downstream.
It is essential to ensure the drainage system can The proposed drainage system will also consider
handle the maximum expected flow rate to prevent the slope and size of the road segments and the
any adverse effects on the community. In summary, drainage system. The drainage system adopted a
the use of Manning's equation in computing the length of 0.3 m and a width of 0.6 m with a 0.2 m
flow rate is an essential step in designing an canal cover.
effective and efficient drainage system. The
computed flow rate is the basis for sizing the Overall, the proposed drainage system in
drainage system, ensuring it can handle the Purok 1, 2, and 3 of Barangay Sta. Teresa 2nd
maximum expected flow rate to prevent flooding Lubao, Pampanga, will be designed based on the
and erosion problems. calculated peak discharge and time concentration
and other factors such as the road size, slope, and
The time concentration for the proposed drainage size. The proper sizing and design of the
drainage system in Puroks 1, 2, and 3 of Barangay drainage system will help prevent flooding and
Sta. Teresa, 2nd Lubao, Pampanga, is computed water stagnation in the area and ensure the safety
manually from each canal. This value is important and well-being of the residents.
in determining the appropriate storage capacity of
retention ponds and other structures to prevent To compute for the runoff coefficient for
flooding and water stagnant. each road segment, we need to determine the type
Table 11Note: that the runoff coefficient can vary depending of surface and the land use. The runoff coefficient
on the land use and surface type, so it is important to use varies depending on these factors. The surface type
appropriate values based on the specific conditions of the for all road segments is concrete and the land use is
study area.
residential so we can use a typical value of 0.75 for
the runoff coefficient. The results are shown in the
To go into further detail, the proposed
table below:
drainage system in Purok 1, 2, and 3 of Barangay

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Table 11Note:
Note: that the runoff coefficient can vary depending capacity to prevent flooding and water damage in
on the land use and surface type, so it is important to use
appropriate values based on the specific conditions of the
study area.

With a runoff coefficient of 0.75, the

proposed drainage system in Purok 1,2 and 3 of
Barangay Sta. Teresa 2nd Lubao,, Pampanga, should
be designed to handle a significant amount of
runoff. This means that the drainage system should
be able to accommodate and efficiently convey the
expected peak discharge during a storm event to
prevent flooding and related problems. The the area. It is important to note
te that the success of
computed time concentration can also be used to the proposed drainage system depends on the
design the drainage system's storage capacity, such community's active participation in its maintenance
as retention ponds, to prevent flooding in low-lying
low and monitoring.
areas and water stagnation. The drainage system's
design should be resilient enough to handle extreme 3.4 Proposed Drainage Design
weather events that can lead to heavy rainfall and The proposed drainage design for the study
flooding, as these can have severe consequences on Figure 15. Design of the drainage
area is rectangular, with the most common and
the safety and livelihood of the community. efficient. The complete details of the standard
drainage design channel from DPWH are shown in
The proposed drainage system will be critical in Figures 13 to 16. The figure shows the detailed line
managing stormwater runoff and protecting the of the drainage canal and its removable cover.
community from flood-relatedrelated problems. It is
essential to prioritize implementing sustainable and
effective drainage systems to minimize the potential
damages of flooding and water stagnant. The
computed values for peak discharge, time
concentration, and runoff coefficient are a basis for
determining the appropriate infrastructure and

Road Segment Size (m x m) Area Runoff Coefficient

(m^2)
Line 1 408 x 3 1224 0.75

Line 2 59 x 3 174 0.75

Line 3 41 x 3 13. Location

Figure 123plan 0.75
Source: Google Earth Pro
Line 4 53 x 3 165 0.75

Line 5 35 x 3 105 0.75

Line 6 50 x 3 150 0.75

Line 7 32 x 3 102 0.75

Line 8 20 x 3 60 0.75

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2. The maximum discharge calculated using the
rational method serves as the basis for the
formula used to calculate the normal
n depth of
flow. The most effective cross section should be
considered to determine the ideal geometry.
Because it is large enough and common in
DPWH drainage design, the rectangular canal
was the sole shape taken into consideration. The
base was set att 0.6 meters with a 0.2 canal
cover, and the depth was 0.3 meters. The river
should receive the flow of water.
Figure 14. Location plan from right to left
3. The proposed drainage design was intended to

Figure 16. Design of the drainage

IV. DISCUSSION
4.1 Summary

Following a thorough investigation of the conform to the slopes' natural drainage in order
study's data, the conclusions were summed up as to maintain gravitational flow. It was
follows: anticipated that the storm runoff would
discharge
ischarge naturally in the northeast.
1. The characteristics of the site with respect to the
following: 4.2 Conclusion

Topography The following findings were derived from

the study:
1.1 The site's peak elevation is 3 m, while
its lowest elevation is 1 m. For the
extended use of our suggested drainage The topography map, estimated population,
system, we have selected a 15-year
15 expected rainfall intensity, and expected rain and
return time using an approximation of water are key variables in the design
de of the drainage
the method for predicting stormwater system.
runoff.
0.3 x 0.6 m is the most significant determined
Residential Area of Purok
rok 1,2, and 3 of drainage dimension that was utilized for the whole
StaTereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga project.
1.2 The area of Purok 1, 2, and 3 of According to the findings of the drainage
nd
StaTereza 2 is 700 m length x 3 m width x 1 m system design, the drainage system's dimensions are
height. enough to handle the typical
al rainfall. The drainage
system would be able to manage even if there were

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constant wet weather. But this only considers 5. And future researchers would consider
rainfall data. When all other factors are added up, it further approaches to eliminate the element of
may not be able to accommodate all the water flooding generated by the river, as well as
inflow. present a cost-analysis to figure out the cost of
the project and to benefit the community in the
The researchers proposed a rectangular drainage future.
since it is easier to make, maintain, and
accommodates water easier. The researchers ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
suggested a rectangular drainage system as well
since it has a bigger area as compared to a circular The researchers would like to express our
drainage system thus, it can accommodate more deepest gratitude and dedication to the Lord for
water. Then again, this data will be changed when keeping them mentally awake and morally straight
we consider all other factors of water inflow aside despite of obstacles that they have encountered
from rainfall. throughout this study. Thank you so much.

4.3 Recommendation Engr. Darwin Naguit, DPWH Region 3, for

The following suggestions are offered after giving us significant information on how to design
a thorough review of the outcomes, revelations, a drainage channel.
and conclusions. Engr. Ma. VannerieIssa S. Eusebio, our
adviser, for her valuable supervision and support
1. The 0.30 m x 0.60 m rectangular channel for the accomplishment of this study.
dimensions should be adopted throughout the Engr. Raul O. Duya, our dear thesis
whole length of the Purok 1, 2 and 3 of coordinator, for being on our side through our
Barangay StaTereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga. research.
Engr. John Vincent G. Tongol, Engr. Ma.
2. Since the solution was been established, the Angelu S. Castro, and Engr. Aldrin R. Calilungfor
source of the barangay is now the main concern. their support, intelligent remarks, and ideas for the
Barangay StaTereza 2nd, Lubao, Pampanga who most effective outcome of this study work.
are concerned for better facilities of the Engr. Irene R. Roque, our Chairperson of
barangay should allocate the appropriate Civil Engineering Department, for making it
budget. possible for us to conduct our research and for
making useful ideas for the study's improvement.
3. When the project is implemented, the To our friends, who always motivate us that
beneficiaries of the proposed drainage system we can do it and for always cheering us up every
should undertake the proper maintenance of the time we felt tired.
said drainage. The undertaking would include And lastly,to our families, with their
cleaning and monitoring the drainage that will continuous understanding, moral support, and
ensure that the structure would last according to financial support, the success of this study was
its design period and well serve its intended made possible. They gave them the motivation to
purpose. pursue and finish this study.

4. Because the research only used existing REFERENCES

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