Section A :

Ans.1) Need of IOT

IoT wants to connect all potential objects to interact each other on the internet to provide secure,
comfort life for human.

1. Environmental Monitoring

Simple example is: You surly noticed by now that you surf the net and suddenly when open
your gmail you see some intersing thing which are near to your favorit. Or in facebook when you
like page, on the right section similar content page will be appered. These are common and
tangible but image when we can monitor all embede computing system to improve our life. such
as -

1.1. with the aid of water or soil or air measurment device can say us how are well for which
plant.

1.2. with the aid of earthquake or tsunami warning systems we can prevent less damages and
victims.

1.3. we can monitor wild life habit and by this tracking prepare them their desire condition and
prevent their extinction.

2. Infrastructure Management

Infrastructure Management is usefull for monitoring and tracking if there is any problem in urban
or rural Infrastructure such as bridge, railway or etc to diminish and reduce risk of dangeour and
any failure in strength would be tested and alarm as soon as possible to repair it.

3. Industrial Applications

Industrial Applications investigate the quality of product in order to realtime optimizing to have
a good marketing such as who are most intersed to which product and how this product can find
marketing with which tiny changes.

4. Energy Management
Energy Management are categorized with systems which are connected to internet and with
some sensor to reduce power consumption such as cloud based, remote control for oven, lamp
and etc.

5. Medical and Healthcare Systems

Healthcare Systems helps to improve patient state better by monitoring and controling their heart
rate or blood pressure or even for their diet. Smart tablet which show us how much dows with
which gradient can helps patient to get better.

6. Building and Home Automation

It is related to everything in home which have the potential to monitor and remote control such
as air condition, security lock lightening, heating, ventilation, telephonsyatem, tv to make a
comfort , secure, with low energy consumption.

7. Transport Systems

Transport Systems makes regular city and environment without less employeer for police
or station such as automatic configuration in traffic lights, smart arking , traffic camera to detect
which road has heavy traffic and offer automatically less crowd road, or smart camera which fine
driver in high speed.

Ans 2)
a) Ans 3) Smart Appliances
 Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerators, music systems
etc.
 Smart thermostats allow controlling the temperature remotely and can learn the user
preferences.
 Smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored and send updates to the users when
an item is low on stock.
 Smart TVs allows users to search and stream videos and movies from the Internet on a
local storage drive, search TV channel schedules and fetch news, weather updates and
other content from the Internet.
a) Smart Roads
 Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions, travel
time estimates and alerts in case of poor driving conditions, traffic congestions and
accidents.
 Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in making the roads safer
and help in reducing traffic jams. Information sensed from the roads can be
communicated via the Internet to cloud based applications and social media and
disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such applications.

Ans.4)

a) Health and Fitness Monitoring

 Wearable IoT devices that allow non-invasive and continuous monitoring of
physiological parameters can help in continuous health and fitness monitoring.
 The wearable devices form a type of wireless sensor networks called body area networks
in which the measurements from a number of wearable devices are continuous sent to a
master node such as smart phone which then sends the data to a server or a cloud based
back end for analysis and archiving.
 Health care providers can analyze the collected health care data to determine any health
conditions or anomalies. Commonly uses body sensors include body temperature, heart
rate, pulse oximeter oxygen.

SECTION B

Ans 5)
Major Components of IoT (Internet of Things)

There are 5 major components of IoT (Internet of Things) - Devices or Sensors, Gateway, Cloud,
Analytics and User Interface:

1. Sensors or Devices
Sensors or Devices are basically used to collect and transmit the data and also perform actions
based on those data. For example, the sensors can be used for measuring temperature and
humidity. There are different types of sensors; here are as follows: Temperature Sensors,
Humidity Sensors, Proximity Sensors, Motion Sensors, Light Sensors, Pressure Sensors, Gas
Sensors, and GPS Sensors

2. Gateway
Gateway is also a device component that basically acts as an intermediate between the sensors
and the central cloud. Gateway is one of the essential components of IoT that offers
communication, management, and data processing. Here are some of the functions of Gateway in
IoT: Data Aggregation, Communication, Security, Protocol Translation, Load Balancing, and
Latency Reduction.

3. Cloud
Cloud in IoT refers to the service that provides the management, storage, and processing of the
data that is generated by IoT (Internet of Things) devices. Here are some key aspects of Cloud in
IoT: Data Storage, Data Collection, Security, Connectivity, Integration, and Cost Efficiency.

4. Analytics

After receiving the data in the cloud, that data is processed. Data is analyzed here with the help
of various algorithms like machine learning and all.
Analytics is the conversion of analog information via connected sensors and devices into
actionable insights that can be processed, interpreted, and analyzed in depth. Analysis of raw
data or information for further processing is a prerequisite for the monitoring and enhancement
of the Internet of things (IoT).
Here are some of the applications of analytics in IoT: Anomaly Detection, Environmental
Monitoring, Energy Management, Smart Cities, and Agriculture.

5. User Interface

User Interface, also known as UI in the Internet of Things (IoT) and provides an interface by
which the users can interact with the applications and systems. The user interface (UI) is the
visible, tangible portion of the IoT device that people can interact with. Developers must provide
a well-designed user interface that requires the least amount of effort from users and promotes
additional interactions.

B) # Logical Design of IoT

The logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of entities and processes
without going into the low-level specifies of implementation. it uses Functional Blocks,
Communication Models, and Communication APIs to implement a system.

1. IoT functional blocks

The functional blocks of IoT systems provide sensing, identification, actuation, management,
and communication capabilities to the IoT ecosystem. The devices of the functional blocks
handle the communication between the server and the host. This enables monitoring of control
functions, managing the data transfer, securing the IoT system using authentication, and
providing an interface for controlling and monitoring various functions. It is the most crucial part
of the logical and physical designs of IoT.

The Functional blocks of IoT are:

 Device

Devices provide sensing, actuation, monitoring, and control functions to the IoT ecosystem.
  Communication

Manages communication for the IoT system.

 Services

Services perform the functions of device monitoring, device control, data publishing, and device
discovery.

 Management

gives functions to govern the IoT system.

 Security

provides security to the IoT system. It performs authentication, authorization, message and
content integrity, and data security functions.

 Application

An interface where the users can control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. It allows
the users to view the system status and analyze the processed data.

2. IoT Communication Models

The communication models of IoT are used for communicating between the system and the
server. The types of IoT communication models are

a) Request-Response Model

In this communication model, the client sends requests to the server and the server responds to
their requests. After receiving a request, the server decides how to respond by fetching the data,
retrieving resource representation, preparing the response, and then sending the response to the
client. The request-response protocol between a client and a server is HTTP.

b) Publisher-Subscriber Model

This model is made up of three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.

 Publishers- it is the source of data that sends the data to the topic.
 Consumers- they subscribe to the topics.
 Brokers- they accept data from publishers and send it to the consumers.
c) Push-Pull Model

This model is made up of data publishers, data consumers, and data queues.

 Publishers- they publish the message and push it into the queue.
  Consumers- they present on the other side and they pull the data out of the queue.
 Queues- it helps in decoupling the messages between the producer and consumer.
d) Exclusive Pair

It is a bi-directional model that includes full-duplex communication between client and server.
The client sends a request and the server keeps the record of all the connections. In this model,
only WebSocket-based communication API is based.

3. IoT communication API

There are two types of communication APIs –

 REST-based communication APIs

REST stands for Representational State Transfer. It is a set of architectural protocols by which
you can design web services and web APIs. These web services and APIs focus on a system’s
resources and how resource states are addressed and transferred. It has a request-response
communication model. Its architectural constraints are components, connectors, and data
elements. All of them are included within a distributed hypermedia system.

 Web Socket-Based Communication APIs

Web Socket API is the bi-directional, full-duplex communication model between clients and
servers. It does not require a new connection to set up for each message between clients and
servers. After the connection is set the messages can be sent and received continuously without
any interruption. It is best for IoT Applications with low latency or high throughput
requirements.
 Ans 6 a)

# Domain Specific IoTs

1. Home
2. Smart City
3. Environment
4. Energy
5. Retail
6. Logistics
7. Agriculture
8. Industry
9. health and Lifestyle

1. IoT Applications for Smart home includes

b) Smart Lighting
 Smart Lightning for homes helps in saving energy.
 Smart lighting includes LED lights and IP enabled lights.
 Wireless enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT
applications such as a mobile or web application.
 Smart lights with sensors for occupancy, temperature, etc.., can be configured to adapt
the lighting based on the ambient conditions sensed in order to provide a good ambience.
c) Smart Appliances
 Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerators, music systems
etc.
 Smart thermostats allow controlling the temperature remotely and can learn the user
preferences.
 Smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored and send updates to the users when
an item is low on stock.
 Smart TVs allows users to search and stream videos and movies from the Internet on a
local storage drive, search TV channel schedules and fetch news, weather updates and
other content from the Internet.
d) Intrusion detection
 Home Intrusion detection system uses a security cameras and sensors such as PIR sensors
and door sensors to detect intrusions and raise alerts.
 Alerts can be in the form of an SMS or an email sent to the user.
 Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image grab or a short video
clip sent as an email attachment.
 A cloud controlled intrusion detection system uses location aware services, where the geo
location of each node of a home automation system is independently detected and stored
in the cloud.
e) Smoke detectors
 Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is typically an
early sign of fire.
 Smoke detectors use optical detection, ionization or sampling techniques to detect smoke.
 Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system.
 Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO),
liquid petroleum is and send an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety
department and provide feedback on its status.

2. IoT Applications for Smart cities includes:

b) Smart Parking
 Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.
 Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the number of empty parking slots
and send the information over the internet
 These applications can be accessed by the drivers from smart phones, tablets and in car
navigation systems.
 In smart parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is
empty or occupied. This information is aggregated by a local controller and then sent
over the internet to the database.
c) Smart Lighting
 Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adaptive to the
ambient conditions.
 Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled remotely to configure lighting
schedules and lighting intensity.
 Custom lighting configurations can be set for different situations such as foggy day, a
festival etc. smart lights equipped with sensors can communicate with other lights and
exchange information on the sensed ambient conditions to adapt the lighting.
d) Smart Roads
 Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions, travel
time estimates and alerts in case of poor driving conditions, traffic congestions and
accidents.
 Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in making the roads safer
and help in reducing traffic jams. Information sensed from the roads can be
communicated via the Internet to cloud based applications and social media and
disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such applications.

3. IoT Applications for Environment includes:

a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and send the
data to cloud based applications and storage back ends. The data collected in cloud can
then be analyzed and visualized by cloud based applications.
 b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO,
NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors.
The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control
approaches.

c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise levels in cities
have increased and even become alarmingly high in some cities. IoT based noise
pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring systems that are deployed at
different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station is collected on servers
or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps.

d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources, property and
human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in minimizing damage. IoT based forest
fire detection systems use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at different locations
in forest. Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient conditions including
temperature, humidity, light levels etc.

e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to natural and human resources
and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water level and
flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a no. of sensor nodes that
monitor the water level and flow ratesensors.

4. IoT Applications for Retail includes:

a) Inventory Management
 Inventory management for retail has become increasingly important
 over stocking of products can result in additional storage expenses and risk, under
stocking can lead to loss of revenue.
 IoT systems using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can help in inventory
management and maintaining the right inventory levels.
 RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real time so that the
inventory levels can be determined accurately and products which are low on stock can
be replenished.
b) Smart Payments
 Smart payment solutions such as contact less payments powered by technologies such as
Near field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth. Near field communication (NFC) is a
set of standards for smart phones and other devices to communicate with each other by
bringing the smart phones near the point of sale terminals, these can be used in
combination with Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending machine
 Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow remote monitoring of inventory
levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions, and contact less payments using NFC.
 Smart phone applications that communicate with smart vending machines allow user
preferences to be remembered and learned with time.
  When a user moves from one vending machine to the other and pairs the smart phone the
vending machine, a user specific interface is presented. Users can save their preferences
and favorite products. Sensors in a smart vending machine monitor its operations and
send data to the cloud which can be used for predictive maintenance.

SECTION C)

Ans 7) # IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

IoT Level-1

• A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores
data, performs analysis and hosts the application

• It is suitable for modeling low- cost and low-complexity solutions where the data involved is
not big and the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.An e.g. of IoT Level1 is
Home Automation.

IoT Level-2
• It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local analysis (IoT Device and
collected data).

• In this IoT Level Database and application establish in Cloud.

• It is useful for solutions where the data involved is big, however, the primary analysis
requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself.An e,g. of Level2 IoT
system for Smart Irrigation.

IoT Level-3

• It has has a single node. Database and application establish in the cloud.

• It is suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive. An example of IoT level3 system for tracking package handling.
IoT Level-4

• It has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. It has Cloud based application and database.
These IoT System contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which can subscribe to and
receive information collected in the cloud from IoT node devices.

• It is suitable for solutions where we are using multiple nodes, the data involved is big and the
analysis requirements are computationally intensive.An example of a Level4 IoT system for
Noise Monitoring.
IoT Level-5

• It has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The end nodes use for sensing and/or
actuation.

• In this model Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and transfer to the cloud. In
this model we used Cloud-based Database for store and Analyze data.

• It is suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in which the data involved is big
and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.An example of Level5 system for
Forest Fire Detection
IoT Level-6
• It has multiple independent end nodes that used for sensing and/or actuation and transfer data to
the cloud. We used Cloud-based database.

• The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the cloud database and
results are visualized with the cloud-based application.

• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes. An example of a Level6 IoT system for Weather Monitoring System.
7 (b) # Advantages of IoT
1 Easy accessibility. IoT provides easy access to information from anywhere at any time
on any device. For example, IoT enhances the accessibility of information by providing
real-time data and insights, intuitive interfaces and proactive alerts.

2 Improves communication. IoT improves communication between connected electronic

devices. It achieves this by enabling efficient data exchange, extending network reach,
 conserving energy and prioritizing critical communications. For example, if a motion
sensor in a smart home ecosystem detects activity at the front door, it triggers a
communication alert with the smart lighting system to turn on the outdoor lights.

3 Saves time and money. IoT enables the transfer of data packets over a connected
network, which can save time and money. Predictive maintenance in industrial settings is
another good example of this. IoT sensors installed on machinery continuously monitor
parameters such as temperature, vibration and operating conditions in real-time. Data
gathered from these sensors is analyzed using machine learning algorithms to detect
patterns that show potential flaws or degradation in performance which helps in saving
both time and money.

4 Optimizes supply chain. IoT data can be used to optimize supply chain and inventory
management processes, enabling manufacturers to reduce costs and enhance customer
satisfaction. By tracking goods and materials in real-time, manufacturers can keep track
of low stock, reduce excess inventory and streamline logistics operations.

5 Improves efficiency. IoT analyzes data at the edge, reducing the amount of data that
needs to be sent to the cloud. Edge computing enables physical devices to communicate
more efficiently by processing data locally and exchanging only relevant information
with other devices or cloud services.

6 Provides automation. IoT automates tasks to improve the quality of a business's services
and reduces the need for human intervention. For example, in agriculture, IoT-enabled
irrigation systems can automatically adjust watering schedules based on soil moisture
levels, weather forecasts and crop requirements.

7 Improves customer experience. IoT enables the development of personalized products

and services tailored to individual preferences and needs. Smart home devices, wearable
technology and personalized recommendations in retail are examples of how IoT
enhances the customer experience.

8 Provides flexibility. IoT options can be scaled according to changing needs of a

business. Whether it's adding new devices, expanding operations or integrating with
existing systems, IoT provides the flexibility to scale and evolve with business
requirements.

9 Enables better business decisions. IoT generates vast amounts of data that can be
analyzed to gain valuable insights into operations, consumer behavior and market trends.
By harnessing and analyzing big data, businesses can make data-driven decisions,
optimize processes and identify new revenue opportunities.

10 Offers environmental sustainability. IoT enables efficient use of resources and reduces
the negative environmental effects through initiatives such as smart energy management,
 waste reduction and sustainable agriculture practices. By optimizing resource utilization
and minimizing waste, IoT contributes to environmental sustainability.

# Disadvantages of IOT
1 Security concerns. IoT increases the attack surface as the number of connected devices
grows. As more information is shared between devices, the potential for a hacker to steal
confidential information increases.
2 Complex management. Device management becomes more challenging as the number
of IoT devices increases. Organizations might eventually have to deal with a massive
number of IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices
could be difficult.
3 Corruption of connected devices. IoT has the potential to corrupt other devices
connected to the internet if there's a bug in the system.
4 Compatibility issues. IoT increases compatibility issues between devices, as there's no
international standard of compatibility for IoT, which causes platform fragmentation.
Platform fragmentation refers to the proliferation of diverse and incompatible IoT
platforms, protocols and standards, which can hinder interoperability and integration
between different devices and systems. For example, many IoT vendors develop
proprietary platforms and protocols that are tailored to their specific products and
ecosystems. This results in a lack of standardization and interoperability, as devices from
different manufacturers use incompatible technologies.
5 Job displacements. Due to decreased human intervention in various tasks, IoT can result
in job displacement for low-skilled workers. For example, automated inventory tasks and
the use of ATMs have reduced the need for manual labor, leading to job losses and job
insecurity for those currently employed in such roles.
6 Regulatory and legal hurdles. With the proliferation of IoT devices, legal hurdles are
also increasing. Businesses must adhere to diverse data protection, privacy and
cybersecurity regulations, which can differ from one country to another.
Ans. 8) # M2M
 M2M stands for Machine to Machine communication. It is a direct communication
system between the devices using wired or wireless communications channels without
any human interaction. It collects the data and shares it with other connected devices. It is
a technology that allows devices without the use of the internet to connect between
devices. Various applications, such as defense, monitoring and tracking, production and
facility management, are provided by M2M communications.
 M2M technology may be present in offices, shopping malls, houses, and many other
places. A common example of a machine to machine is controlling electrical devices like
fans and bulbs using Bluetooth from the smart phone. Here, the smart phone and
electrical devices are the two interacting devices with each other.
 Term which is often synonymous with IoT is Machine-to-Machine (M2M). IoT and
M2M are often used interchangeably.
 The following fig. shows the end-to-end architecture of M2M systems comprises of M2M
area networks, communication networks and application domain.

Fig. End-to-End Architecture of M2M

 An M2M area network comprises of machines ( or M2M nodes) which have embedded
network modules for sensing, actuation and communicating various communication
protocols can be used for M2M LAN such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, M-bus, Wireless M-Bus
etc., These protocols provide connectivity between M2M nodes within an M2M area
network. The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area
networks.
 The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area network. The
communication network can use either wired or wireless network (IP based). While the
M2M are networks use either proprietorary or non-IP based communication protocols,
the communication network uses IP-based network. Since non-IP based protocols are
used within M2M area network, the M2M nodes within one network cannot
communicate with nodes in an external network.
 To enable the communication between remote M2M are network, M2M gateways are
used.
  Fig. Shows a block diagram of an M2M gateway. The communication between M2M
nodes and the M2M gateway is based on the communication protocols which are naive to
the M2M are network. M2M gateway performs protocol translations to enable Ip-
connectivity for M2M are networks. M2M gateway acts as a proxy performing
translations from/to native protocols to/from Internet Protocol (IP). With an M2M
gateway, each mode in an M2M area network appears as a virtualized node for external
M2M area networks.

# IoT Vs M2M

 Although some use these terms interchangeably, M2M and IoT have distinct differences.
Think of IoT as a bigger concept, while M2M is a part of it.
 Often, machines communicate directly, either on their own or via M2M. The IoT, on the
other hand, is a network of different systems that work together.
 Moreover, M2M connects or interacts with devices directly, while IoT uses the internet to
link them and establish a connection.
 In simple terms, machine-to-machine helps manage processes, while IoT goes beyond
that, enhancing businesses and user experiences.
 For instance, M2M might help a vending machine alert someone that it’s low on snacks.
On the other hand, with IoT, the vending machine could even predict your favourite
snacks and offer them to you. Remember, IoT expands on M2M, making it even more
powerful.

# Few Key features of M2M

 Efficient Energy Use for Enhanced M2M: The M2M system conserves energy, leading to
improved performance in M2M applications.

 Seamless Data Exchange in M2M: Network operators utilize organized data packets to
ensure smooth information sharing among machines in M2M communication.

 Rapid Event Detection: Through monitoring, the system swiftly identifies events.

 Flexible Data Timing: Data transfers can tolerate minor delays.

 Scheduled Information Sharing: Data is transmitted or received at specific, pre-defined

times.

 Location-Based Device Notifications: Devices receive alerts when entering specific areas.

 Steady and Small-Scale Data Transfer: The system maintains a consistent flow of small
data packets.