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Parts of the skeletal system

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10 views15 pages

Parts of the skeletal system

Uploaded by

Yesha Nae Silva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Skeletal System

● Parts of the skeletal system


- Bones (skeleton)
- Joints
- Cartilages
- Ligaments
● Divided into two divisions
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton

Function of Bones

● Support of the body Classification of Bones


● Protection of soft organs
● Movement due to attached skeletal ● Long bones
muscles ➔ Typically longer than wide
● Storage of minerals and fats ➔ Have a shaft with heads at
● both ends
● Blood cell formation ➔ Contain mostly compact
bone
- Ex: Femur,
Bones of the Human Body
humerus

● The adult skeleton has 206 bones ● Short bones


● Two basic types of bone tissue ➔ Generally cube-shape
❖ Compact bone ➔ Contain mostly spongy
- Homogeneous bone
❖ Spongy bone - Ex: Carpals, tarsals
- Small needle-like pieces of
bone ● Flat bones
- Many open spaces ➔ Thin and flattened
➔ Usually curved
➔ Thin layers of compact
bone around a layer of
spongy bone
- Ex: Skull, ribs,
sternum
The Skeletal System

● Irregular bones
Structures of a Long Bone
➔ Irregular shape
➔ Do not fit into other bone ● Periosteum
classification categories ➔ Outside covering of the
- Ex: Vertebrae & hip diaphysis
➔ Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
● Diaphysis ● Sharpey’s fibers
➔ Shaft ➔ Secure periosteum to
➔ Composed of compact underlying bone
bone
● Epiphysis ● Arteries
➔ Ends of the bone ➔ Supply bone cells with
➔ Composed mostly of nutrients
spongy bone

● Articular cartilage
➔ Covers the external surface
of the epiphyses
➔ Made of hyaline cartilage
➔ Decreases friction at joint
surfaces

● Medullary cavity
➔ Cavity of the shaft
The Skeletal System

➔ Contains yellow marrow


(mostly fat) in adults
➔ Contains red marrow (for
blood cell formation) in
infants

Bone Markings
● Surface features of bones
● Sites of attachments for muscles,
tendons, and ligaments
● Passages for nerves and blood
vessels Microscopic Anatomy of the Bone
● Categories of bone markings ● Lacunae
❖ Projections and processes ➔ Cavities containing bone
– grow out from the bone cells (osteocytes)
surface ➔ Arranged in concentric
❖ Depressions or cavities – rings
indentations
● Lamellae
➔ Rings around the central
canal
Microscopic Anatomy of the Bone
➔ Sites of lacunae
● Osteon (Haversian System)
➔ A unit of bone ● Canaliculi
➔ Tiny canals
● Central (Haversian) canal ➔ Radiate from the central
➔ Opening in the center of an canal to lacunae
osteon ➔ Form a transport system
➔ Carries blood vessels and
nerves

● Perforating (Volkman’s) canal


➔ Canal perpendicular to the
central canal
➔ Carries blood vessels and Changes in Human Skeleton
nerves
The Skeletal System

● In embryos, the skeleton is


primarily hyaline cartilage
● During development, much of this
cartilage is replaced by bone
● Cartilage remains in isolated areas
➔ Bridge of the nose
➔ Parts of ribs
➔ Joints

Bone Growth
● Epiphyseal plates allow for growth
of long bone during childhood
➔ New cartilage is
continuously formed
➔ Older cartilage becomes
ossified
- Cartilage is broken
down
- Bone replaces
cartilage

● Bones are remodelled and


lengthened until growth stops
➔ Bones change shape
somewhat
➔ Bones grow in width

Types of Bone Cell


● Osteocytes
➔ Mature bone cells
The Skeletal System

● Osteoblasts ● Break is splinted by fibrocartilage


➔ Bone-forming cells to form a callus
● Osteoclasts ● Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by
➔ Bone-destroying cells a bony callus
➔ Break down bone matrix for ● Bony callus is remodeled to form a
remodeling and release of permanent patch
calcium
● Bone remodeling is a process by
both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bone Fractures
● A break in a bone
● Types of bone fractures
➔ Closed (simple) fracture –
break that does not
penetrate the skin
➔ Open (compound) fracture The Axial Skeleton
– broken bone penetrates ● Forms the longitudinal part of the
through the skin body
● Bone fractures are treated by ● Divided into three parts
reduction and immobilization 1. Skull
➔ Realignment of the bone 2. Vertebral column
3. Bony thorax

The Skull
Repair of Bone Fractures ● Two sets of bones
● Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is 1. Cranium
formed 2. Facial bones
The Skeletal System

● Bones are joined by sutures


● Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

Paranasal Sinuses
● Functions of paranasal sinuses
➔ Lighten the skull
➔ Give resonance and
amplification to voice
The Skeletal System

The Hyoid Bone


● The only bone that does not
articulate with another bone
● Serves as a moveable base for the
tongue

The Vertebral Column


● Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
● The spine has a normal curvature
● Each vertebrae is given a name
according to its location

The Fetal Skull

● The fetal skull is large compared to


the infants total body length
● Fontanelles – fibrous membranes
connecting the cranial bones
➔ Allow the brain to grow
➔ Convert to bone within 24
months after birth

Structure of a Typical Vertebrae


The Skeletal System

➔ Ribs
➔ Thoracic vertebrae

The Appendicular Skeleton


● Limbs (appendages)
● Pectoral girdle
● Pelvic girdle

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle


● Composed of two bones
➔ Clavicle – collarbone
➔ Scapula – shoulder blade
● These bones allow the upper limb
to have exceptionally free
movement

The Bony Thorax

● Forms a cage to protect major


organs
● Made-up of three parts
➔ Sternum
The Skeletal System

● The hand
➔ Carpals – wrist
➔ Metacarpals – palm
➔ Phalanges – fingers

Bones of Upper Limb


● The arm is formed by a single
bone
➔ Humerus

● The forearm has two bones Bones of Pelvic Girdle


➔ Ulna ● Hip bones
➔ Radius ● Composed of three pair of fused
bones
➔ Ilium
➔ Ischium
➔ Pubic bone
The Skeletal System

● The total weight of the upper body


rests on the pelvis
● Protects several organs
➔ Reproductive organs
➔ Urinary bladder
➔ Part of the large intestine

Bones of the Lower Limbs


● The thigh has one bone
➔ Femur – thigh bone
The Skeletal System

● The leg has two bones


➔ Tibia
Arches of the Foot
➔ Fibula
● Bones of the foot are arranged to
form three strong arches
➔ Two longitudinal
➔ One transverse

● The foot
➔ Tarsus – ankle Joints
➔ Metatarsals – sole ● Articulations of bones
➔ Phalanges – toes ● Functions of joints
➔ Hold bones together
➔ Allow for mobility
● Ways joints are classified
➔ Functionally
➔ Structurally
The Skeletal System

Functional Classification of Joints


● Synarthroses – immovable joints
● Amphiarthroses – slightly
moveable joints
● Diarthroses – freely moveable
joints

Structural Classification of Joints


● Fibrous joints
➔ Generally immovable
● Cartilaginous joints
➔ Immovable or slightly
moveable
● Synovial joints
➔ Freely moveable

Fibrous Joints
● Bones united by fibrous tissue
● Examples
➔ Sutures
➔ Syndesmoses
- Allows more movement
than sutures
- Example: distal end of tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous Joints
● Bones connected by cartilage
● Examples
➔ Pubic symphysis
➔ Intervertebra
The Skeletal System

Features of Synovial Joints


● Articular cartilage (hyaline
cartilage) covers the ends of
bones
● Joint surfaces are enclosed by a
fibrous articular capsule
Synovial Joints ● Have a joint cavity filled with
synovial fluid
● Articulating bones are separated
● Ligaments reinforce the joint
by a joint cavity
● Synovial fluid is found in the joint
cavity Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joints
● ●Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
➔ Lined with synovial
membranes
➔ Filled with synovial fluid
➔ Not actually part of the joint
● Tendon sheath
➔ Elongated bursa that wraps
around a tendon
The Skeletal System

● Arthritis – inflammatory or
degenerative diseases of joints
➔ Over 100 different types
➔ The most widespread
crippling disease in the
United States

Clinical Forms of Arthritis


● Osteoarthritis
➔ Most common chronic
arthritis
➔ Probably related to normal
aging processes

● Rheumatoid arthritis
➔ An autoimmune disease –
the immune system attacks
the joints
➔ Symptoms begin with
bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
➔ Often leads to deformities

● Gouty Arthritis
➔ Inflammation of joints is
caused by a deposition of
urate crystals from the blood
➔ Can usually be controlled with
diet

Inflammatory Conditions Associated Developmental Aspects of the


with Joints Skeletal System
● Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa ● At birth, the skull bones are
usually caused by a blow or friction incomplete
● Tendonitis – inflammation of
● Bones are joined by fibrous
tendon sheaths
membranes – fontanelles
The Skeletal System

● Fontanelles are completely


replaced with bone within two
years after birth

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