Parts of the skeletal system
Parts of the skeletal system
Function of Bones
● Irregular bones
Structures of a Long Bone
➔ Irregular shape
➔ Do not fit into other bone ● Periosteum
classification categories ➔ Outside covering of the
- Ex: Vertebrae & hip diaphysis
➔ Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
● Diaphysis ● Sharpey’s fibers
➔ Shaft ➔ Secure periosteum to
➔ Composed of compact underlying bone
bone
● Epiphysis ● Arteries
➔ Ends of the bone ➔ Supply bone cells with
➔ Composed mostly of nutrients
spongy bone
● Articular cartilage
➔ Covers the external surface
of the epiphyses
➔ Made of hyaline cartilage
➔ Decreases friction at joint
surfaces
● Medullary cavity
➔ Cavity of the shaft
The Skeletal System
Bone Markings
● Surface features of bones
● Sites of attachments for muscles,
tendons, and ligaments
● Passages for nerves and blood
vessels Microscopic Anatomy of the Bone
● Categories of bone markings ● Lacunae
❖ Projections and processes ➔ Cavities containing bone
– grow out from the bone cells (osteocytes)
surface ➔ Arranged in concentric
❖ Depressions or cavities – rings
indentations
● Lamellae
➔ Rings around the central
canal
Microscopic Anatomy of the Bone
➔ Sites of lacunae
● Osteon (Haversian System)
➔ A unit of bone ● Canaliculi
➔ Tiny canals
● Central (Haversian) canal ➔ Radiate from the central
➔ Opening in the center of an canal to lacunae
osteon ➔ Form a transport system
➔ Carries blood vessels and
nerves
Bone Growth
● Epiphyseal plates allow for growth
of long bone during childhood
➔ New cartilage is
continuously formed
➔ Older cartilage becomes
ossified
- Cartilage is broken
down
- Bone replaces
cartilage
Bone Fractures
● A break in a bone
● Types of bone fractures
➔ Closed (simple) fracture –
break that does not
penetrate the skin
➔ Open (compound) fracture The Axial Skeleton
– broken bone penetrates ● Forms the longitudinal part of the
through the skin body
● Bone fractures are treated by ● Divided into three parts
reduction and immobilization 1. Skull
➔ Realignment of the bone 2. Vertebral column
3. Bony thorax
The Skull
Repair of Bone Fractures ● Two sets of bones
● Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is 1. Cranium
formed 2. Facial bones
The Skeletal System
Paranasal Sinuses
● Functions of paranasal sinuses
➔ Lighten the skull
➔ Give resonance and
amplification to voice
The Skeletal System
➔ Ribs
➔ Thoracic vertebrae
● The hand
➔ Carpals – wrist
➔ Metacarpals – palm
➔ Phalanges – fingers
● The foot
➔ Tarsus – ankle Joints
➔ Metatarsals – sole ● Articulations of bones
➔ Phalanges – toes ● Functions of joints
➔ Hold bones together
➔ Allow for mobility
● Ways joints are classified
➔ Functionally
➔ Structurally
The Skeletal System
Fibrous Joints
● Bones united by fibrous tissue
● Examples
➔ Sutures
➔ Syndesmoses
- Allows more movement
than sutures
- Example: distal end of tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous Joints
● Bones connected by cartilage
● Examples
➔ Pubic symphysis
➔ Intervertebra
The Skeletal System
● Arthritis – inflammatory or
degenerative diseases of joints
➔ Over 100 different types
➔ The most widespread
crippling disease in the
United States
● Rheumatoid arthritis
➔ An autoimmune disease –
the immune system attacks
the joints
➔ Symptoms begin with
bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
➔ Often leads to deformities
● Gouty Arthritis
➔ Inflammation of joints is
caused by a deposition of
urate crystals from the blood
➔ Can usually be controlled with
diet