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词汇学简答题整理

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9 views5 pages

词汇学简答题整理

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congcong9890
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© © All Rights Reserved
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第四部分 简答题整理（3 题*5=15 分）不能丢分喔！

一定会考到的！

3.Enumerate the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms


after World War II.
Give four examples for each cause.

1) marked progress of science and technology .


Example: to blast off（炸掉，炸毁),to
countdown ,capsule,launching pad
2）social-economic（社会经济），political and cultural changes.
Example: roller-Hockey，skydiving, （跳伞运动）,designated hitter
3）the influence from other cultures and languages
Example:cosmonaut,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman 调查
官员舞弊情况的政府官员）,apartheid（种族隔离）

4.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock


of the English vocabulary?

1) National character( 全 民 通 用 性 ） ： Words of the basic word stock


belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.
2) Stability （ 稳 定 性 ） ： As words in the basic word stock denote the
commonest
things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged.
However, a certain number of Old English words have dropped out
of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of
basic words, following social and technological changes.
3) Word-forming ability( 构 词 ) ： Basic words are very active in
forming new words.
4) Ability to form collocations （ 搭 配 能 力 ） ： Basic words combine
readily with other words to form habitual expressions and
phrases.
Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words
, they are naturaly the ones used most frequently in everyday
speech and writing.

5.Why do we say that native words are the core of the


English vocabulary?

First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic
word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the
foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.
Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful part of the
English vocabulary. So we say that native words are the core of the
English vocabulary for its importance.

6.What are the differences between inflectional and


derivational affixes?

Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）are related to grammar only.


Derivational affixes（派生词缀）are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,
which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes 前缀
and suffixes 后缀 are the building blocks with which words are formed.
The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger
than that of inflectional affixes.

7. What are the major characteristics of vocabularies in the


three periods of development？

The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one


another. Old English has (1) a small vocabulary, (2) a small number
of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words
full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large
vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French
and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a
huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings
and (3) words with lost endings
9.In what two ways are derivational affixes classified? Give
three examples for each.
Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes :supermarket pre- ex- de- suffixes: friendship -less -dim

10.Analyse the word denationalized into root, base, and


stem.
Denationalized
①root：nation ② stem：denationalize ③ base：nationalized

11.What is the difference between prefixation and


suffixation?

Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to based while


suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to bases.

12.How are the major living prefixes classified?

1. negative prefixes
2. reversative or privative prefixes
3. pejorative prefixes
4. prefixes of degree or size
5. prefixes of attitude
6. locative prefixes
7. prefixes of time and order
8. number prefixes

13.What is the difference between conversion and


suffixation? Give examples to illustrate.

Although both are called derivation suffixation is the derivation of


new
words by adding suffixes to bases such as simple (adj )→ simplify ( v
.) whereas conversion is the derivation of new words by adding zero
affixes , such single ( adj .)+ single ( v .).

14.Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most


productive process of conversion?

First in contemporary English there is a tendency of “a


preponderance of nouns aver verb”
Second there are only a few verb -forming affixes in English They
are be -, en -, ify , - ize and - en .
16.How are the sound and meaning of most words related?
Give examples to illustrate your point.

Most English words are conventional,arbitrary symbols;


Consequently,there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-
symbol and its sense.
E.g. house(English)aison (french)Fangzi (Chinese)Dom (Russian)Casa
(Spanish).
A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary
nature of the connection between sound-symbol and meaning can
also be illustrated by a set of homophones( 同音异义词 ） ：write,right and
rite.They are pronounced the same but convey different meanings.

17.What is the difference between grammatical meaning and


lexical meaning?

Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows


grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural
forms of nouns ,tense of verbs, etc. and lexical meaning includes all
the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the grammatical
meaning, i. e. conceptual meaning and associative meaning.

18.Why should we give primary importance to


conceptual/denotative meaning of words?

Denotative meaning is the central factor in linguistic


communication.
One of the functions of words is to designate or describe something,
such as an object, a property or a process. Users of a language
cannot talk about their knowledge of a physical object or a natural
phenomenon, unless this knowledge is expressed in words which
have the same meaning for all speakers of a given community. This
is the denotative meaning of a word.
Denotative meaning is used when the emphasis is on the
relationship between language, on the one hand, and the
things,events, or processes, which are external to the speaker and
his language, on the other.

20.What are the three types of homonyms? Define each type


with examples.

Homonyms fall into three types: (1) perfect homonyms, (2)


homographs and (3) homophones.
①Homonyms of type (1) are words with the same spelling and
pronunciation, e. g. bank (银行)- -bank (岸);
②words of type (2) are bow(n.弓)--bow(v.鞠躬);
③those of type (3) are found (v. )--found (past form of find), ad- -add
and so on.

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