ILLUMINATION CONTROL AND CONTROL CIRCUITS Tene Purpose of Lighting Control Dimmer and cote cand their veesf2) Electronic Dimmer .4/ Enhancing Lighting Forirol 5 Control Circuits for Lamps : ON/OFF Control and illumination Control 3.1 INTRODUCTION - PURPOSE OF LIGHTING CONTROL + (For different areas to be illuminated, different lighting systems are employed and different lamps are used (lighting sources are selected) ‘+ For different areas like buildings, workshops, commercial places, streets, yards, sport grounds, proper light source is selected as listed in the table in chapter two. ‘© Refer table in chapter two regarding selection of light sources, + Though proper lighting source is selected yet for various reasons, the light controling methods are needed for the control of brightness and colours for the purposes. + Basic principle of ight control, mirror, reflection, diffused reflection is introduce in the following sub- section 3.2 ‘© Incontrolling the sources, different dimmers like (i) Resistance-type dimmer (i) Salt water dir (iii) Electronic dimmer. are used. These are explained with circuit arrangements in the preceding sub-sections of this chapter. + Also lamp connections and their controls by switches are explained with suitable circuit diagrams. Lighting control is an integral part of illumination engineering. The lighting control is used as per the aesthetic requirements and can change moods of human beings. The lighting control has to perform these functions in an efficient way. The lighting control is broadly classified into two categories. Lighting control JL. Dimming control ON/OFF control Di imming control : Dimming means smooth control of the light. The intensity of light is gradually increased or decreased as per the requirements by using different types of devices. I/OFF control : The simplest form of ON/OFF control is one lamp controlled by one switch. The lamp is tufned ON when required and it gives 100 % output and when it is turned OFF it gives 0% output. The lamp can be controlled from one switch or two switches or more than that. These circuits are discussed in detail in last part of this topic. ? ea)Mlumination Engineering (Sem. V) 32 Mlumination Control and Control Circuits The ON/OFF control is also possible by using sensors and relays. For example, occupancy sensors are used to detect the presence of a person in a room. If there is occupancy of a person the lights are tured ON by using relay and if person occupancy is not there, the lights are turned OFF. In the similar way LDR (light dependant resistance) sensors are used for street light control. The LDR senses light or illumination level. If the natural light or sunlight is below the prescribed value of illumination, the LDR circuit operated the relay and street lights are turned ON. And if the natural light or ‘sunlight is above the prescribed value of illumination, the LDR circuit is operated the relay and street lights are turned OFF. 3.1.1 Basic Principles of Light Control We have already defined the term reflection factor which is the ratio of reflected light energy to the incident light energy. When the light falls on the surface due to the nature of the surface, some light is, reflected, some is transmitted through medium or surface and the rest is absorbed. The reflections are of two types 1. Mirror or Specular reflection 2. Diffuse reflection rror or Specular reflection In this type as shown in Fig. 3.1 the light beam from the lamp is reflected but it is not scattered. The observer only sees the light when eye is in the path of reflected beam, otherwise he is not able to see it. He sees the light source. This type of surface is silvered mirrors or highly polished surfaces of metals. 1. Fig. 3.1 : Specular/Mirror Reflection 2. Diffuse reflection In this case, the reflected light is scattered in all Light source directions. The viewer sees the illuminated surface DE but not the light source. Such surfaces are of the paper, frosted glass, dry earth, chalk, plaster etc. sa0en—ogh If the surface that is uniformly illuminated by a Incident ray beam of light appears to be equally bright when viewed from possible angles, the deflections are said to be perfectly diffused. Perfectly diffused or perfect mirror surfaces are not possible in nature, but actual surface is partly mirror and partly diffused. The surface free from mirror is a mat surface, 3.1.2 Different Illumination Levels for Different Locations| Refer Table 2.7 of Chapter 2. Efficiency of an electrical installation depends on the following factors : aL Type of lamp. XL bccessories. 3/ Cleanliness of bulbs. 4 eflection factors of walls ceiling, furniture. 5, Aighting system (Direct, Indirect, Semi). space to height ratio.thon Engineering (Sem. V) 33 IMlumnination Control and Control Circuits ight control is necessary for the following purposes iniformity of illumination : «If not uniform, then use the controlling circuit and adjust more or less luminaries, * This can be adjusted by general lighting in addition to localized lighting. + The modem trend is towards “localized lighting plus general lighting” and towards the adoption of “general lighting oriented towards the working surface” especially in mass production factory, office, drawing office, shops etc. 2/ Colour of light: * The appearance of the body colour entirely depends upon the colour of the incident light. * Generally, the composition of the light should be such that the colour appears ‘natural’ + In other words, its appearance by artificial light is not appreciably different from the day light. * Use of day-light fluorescent tubes is now @ days increasing which economically illuminates large areas. For street light, discharge lamps are suitably used. Shadows and glare are the hurdles in lighting : TYese can be avoided (Refer Chapter 2) for details 4, Mounting height : «This plays an important part + Itis different for different types of lighting schemes. + For large floor areas of rooms the luminaries are mounted close to ceilings. Lower heights will not give uniform illumination on the floor area, moreover a trouble of shadows and glare will be invited, * In case of indirect/semi-indirect lighting systems, the luminaries shall be suspended far enough down from the ceiling to give uniform illumination. 5. Spacings of luminaries : * Correct spacing has a great importance for uniform illumination. Space to height ratio is to be correctly selected. 6. Walls/Fencing walls/Ceilings : + The colours of these are equally important factors in illumination as reflections from these play important part. Dull colour - inferior reflection, White colour - good reflection * The above different points are to be considered which are also the parts of illumination/liaht control in addition to the different methods of light control like dimmers. veal 4 3.2 DIMMER AND DIMMER TRANSFORMERS AND THEIR TYPES 3.2.1 Working Principle and Operation of Dimmer Different Types : (1) Resistance type, (2) Salt water type, (3) Transformer dimmer, (4) Auto transformer dimmer, (5) Two winding transformer dimmer (6) Thyristor operated dimmer, (7) TRIAC operated dimmer. It is a device used to control the brightness of luminary by controlling electric power fed to the luminary. It is generally used in theatres, photo studios where special light effects are required. .2.2, Resistance Type Dimmer| The resistance dimmers were most popular and were extensively used till 1980. The main advantage is simplicity of the circuit. The resistance dimmer consists of a rheostat connected in the lamp or luminary “ircuit, By varying the resistance, the current is controlled and thus brightness of the lamp can be controlled.‘Illumination Engineering (Sem. V) 34 Ilumination Control and Control Circuits Fig, 3.3 shows the details of resistance dimmer. A variable resistance is arranged on a former as shown. The sliding contact is made by means of carbon brushes. The lamp is connected in series with this resistance. Variable kno Input electric supply . . (b) Photograph of resistance (a) Resistance dimmer circuit vermner Fig. 3.3 /antage: * Simple operation * Maintenance required is less. Disadvantages: * Considerable amount of power is wasted in the resistance. + Byper heat dissipation arrangement is necessary for the resistance Salt Water Dimmer! It makes use of salt water for controlling the brightness of luminary/lamp. Fig. 34 shows the arrangement of salt water dimmer. LuminaryrLamp Ve diocwode Input oecte ‘container —e] = i = supply A Fixed electrode —__ k= } | Fig. 3.4 : Salt water dimmer Salt water dimmers rely on salinity and distance between metal contacts to control the brightness of the \efinary/lamp. It consists of a container in which salt water is poured. There is one electrode fixed at the bottom and the other electrode can move up and down. The electric supply is connected across these electrodes. Movable electrode is connected in series with the lamp. The electric power fed to the lamp can be controlled by the movement of this electrode ie. by increasing and decreasing its distance from the fixed electrode. As the movable electrode moves upwards, the distance between the two electrodes increases. The resistance between these electrodes increases, therefore voltage applied to the luminary increases, hence the brightness of the lamp decreases. As the movable electrode moves upwards, the distance between the two electrodes ingsbases. The resistance between these electrodes increases, therefore voltage applied to the luminary decfeases, hence the brightness of the lamp decreases. The closer the contacts are to each other, the brighter the luminary. The effectiveness of the control depends on the smoothness of the movement of raising and lowering the movable electrode.Ilumination Engineering (Sem. V) Fig. 35 shows salt water dimmer used in old days. It consists of number of wheels arranged on a common shaft. The wheels can be rotated by moving the control rod. As the control rod is moved, the motion of wheel is transferred to the belt. The moving electrode is connected to the belt, thus moving rod also moves. The motion of the moving rod can Ilumination Control and Control Circuits | contro rod +— Rotating wheels +—Common shaft +— Belt connected to the movable electrode }—Movable electrode ‘Operation is not safe. Leakage current can be present. The current can produce toxic chlorine gas or flammable hydrogen and oxygen due to chemical reaction in salt water. * Considerable attention is required to keep the water level constant. * Operating mechanism has to be designed for precise movement to get better control. 3.2.4 Dimmer Transformer| The illumination control or dimming can be obtained by varying the voltage applied to the luminary. The variable voltage can be obtained from transformers which are known as dimmer transformers. These are used in theatre lighting, The dimmer transformers are of two types: + Autotransformer dimmer © Two winding transformer dimmer .2.5 Autotransformer Dimmer| Autotransformer is a single winding Variable knob transformer. The luminaries/lamps (La, Lz, Ls, Ly) are connected to the secondary side of the autotransformer. Fig. 3.6 shows the arrangement. If the illumination level is to be increased, the voltage Yue 3 3 34k applied to the luminaries should be more, the variable knob of the autotransformer is moved upwards and the voltage applied to the luminaries ‘utowransformer increases, thus brightness will be more. Fig. 3.6 : Autotransformer dimmer These are widely used in theatres for light control, The autotransformer rating should be carefully selected, ‘The advantage is that single device can control number of luminaries. 3.2.6 Two - Winding Transformer Dimmer, Qu. List different dimmers used in illumination control. Explain the operation of any one type. The two winding transformer dimmer is of two types: + Normal two wi + Coil-rotation transformer dimmer eepihation Engineering (Sem. V) 36 Ilumination Control and Control Circuits insists of number of tapings. So a variable voltage is available across the secondary depending lection of tappings. The luminaries are connected across the secondary, the dimming can be by applying variable voltage. Coil-Rotation Transformer Dimmer -rotation transformer dimmer are shown in Fig. 3.7. It consists of two coils or windings hich are kept close to each other. The AC supply is connected to the primary winding, The primary coil is connected to motorized system. The primary coil can be rotated. Due to rotation, the flux linkage between primary and secondary changes. When Flexible connections the coil axis are parallel to each other, the flux linkage is maximum. Thus maximum emf, is induced in the secondary coil. The luminaries receive maximum voltage and glow bright. If the primary coil is rotated such that its Vac Kv BL, Ble 3L, Bla Fixed secondary coll axis is 90° to the secondary coil, the flux linkage is minimum, Thus minimum emf. is induced in the secondary coil, The luminaries receive minimum voltage ind glow dim. For the angular positions between 0* to Rotating primary col 10, the brightness increases gradually. The motorized set Fig. 3.7 : Coil-rotation transformer dimmer ‘can be operated through remote control 3.3 ELECTRONIC DIMMER These make use of solid state devices such as SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), TRIAC, DIAC to control the intensity of lamp. The power loss is reduced to great extent. These are also compact. Some circuits using state devices are discussed below. Thyristor Operated Dimmer] @® (@) Thyristor operated (b) Waveforms of controlled voltage dimmer circuit applied to the dimmer Fig. 3.8 These make use of thyristor or SCR. The thyristor controls phase angle ie. voltage applied to the luminary. In case of resistance dimmers, considerable power loss takes place but in this type of dimmer the power loss is minimized. The circuit consists of diodes D2, Ds, Ds, Ds forming bridge rectifier. When rectified output voltage of bridge rectifier increases, capacitor C; is charged. The voltage across the capacitor increases till it causes zener diode Ds to conduct. When zener diode conducts, the SCR is turned ON. The capacitor C; now discharges through SCR. The SCR is turned OFF when this current comes to zero. TheIMumination Engineering (Sem. V) 37 combination of R: and C; decides the conduction current of SCR. Thus voltage applied to the lamp is varied, hence the lamp intensity can be controlled. In Fig. 38 (b) the sample waveforms of voltage applied to the lamp are shown. For first case the brightness will be maximum and for third case it will be mini jpplied to the lamp is very less. (3.2 TRIAC Operated Dimmer] OD sea Qu. Explain TRIAC operated dimmer for light comtrok Mlumination Control and Control Circuits xX TRIAC operated dimmer circuit is shown in Fig. 39. The lamp intensity is controlled using TRIAC and DIA The resistance Ri and capacitor C; 9 are connected in set controlled, s. The capacitor is made to charge through the R: resistance. When the voltage across reaches above the breakover voltage of DIAG, it starts conducting, The voltage across the capacitor now gets VE applied to TRIAC gate and the TRIAC js tumed ON. The charging of the capacitor can be controlled by the variable resistor Ri, which indirectly controls the firing delay of TRIAC. Thus the intensity of the lamp can be Tamp G DIAC TRIAC Refer Sections 3.1.1 and 31 44.1 Methods Used for Light Control 3.9: TRIAC operated dimmer Lb B. 3 {ii Starter, (i improvement. These methods are required for different types of discharge lamps. The methods are used for () Ballast, Igniter, (iv) Holding devices, (v) Starter for low pressure lamps, (vi) Capacitors for power factor switch, (@ One lamp controlled by one switch: iH O., Wiring diagram Single line diagram Schematic diagram Fig. 3.10: (a) Qi. Explain with neat sketch the following lighting contro! circuits. () Single lamp controlled by single ” TTMlumination Engineering (Sem. V) 38 Ilumination Control and Control Circuits i) Two lamps controlled by two switches (one lamp controlled by one switch separately): > i I u u ——} uy O u { SB. | ie I SP. switch — S.P. switch 'S.P. switch: N | | Wiring diagram Single Line diagram Schematic diagram Fig, 3.10: (b) | Git) Control of two lights and one fan by their individual switches, show control on one board: PTS Fan regulator a / witch booed B La " LLE Wiring diagram —_ Single line diagram Schematic diagram 3.10: (c) (iv) |Control of one lamp and one plug point (three pin socket) on one board and one bell from nother board, each point controlled separately by its switch: Dew p PB. switch 3 pin socket Wiring diagram Schematic diagramcap? n Engine (Sem. Vv) 39 Ilumination Control and Control Circuits Mt} i ‘ LZ © [+3 pin socket 3B, Bell push—>] © “| s8 fine diagram Fig. 3.10: (d) [3-51 Single Lamp Contr Four Point Method led by Two Point Method, Three Point Method and Q1. Explain with neat sketch the following lighting control circuits : “ Single lamp controlled by single switch. (ii) Single lamp controlled by two point method. (ii) Single lamp controlled by three point method. (iv) Auto transformer dimmer. w With two-way and off switch: In this type of connection in one position of switch, one lamp will get full voltage, hence it is fully bright. In the second position, the switch is in off position, hence, no lamp is lighted. While in the third position both lamps are connected in series across the supply, hence voltage is divided across them and they are dim, i) With one S.P. switch and one two way and off switch: In this case, in position one lamp Li is full bright, in position 3 of switch contact lamp Ly is full bright, while in position 2 both lamps are connected in series, and are dim. In all cases, S.P. switch is assumed to be in on position. Series parallel circuit: Such type of connections are obtained by the following ways. 4 L | —; 2-way and ‘off switch Fig. 3.10: (e- ‘lf wien Fig. 3.10: (e-ii)Mlumination Engineering (Sem. V) 3.10 Mlumination Control and Control Circuits (f) One lamp controlled by two-way switches or stair-case wiring: Lamp can be made ‘on’ or ‘off’ from two different places where two-way switches are fitted ie. on ground floor and on first floor, Lamp ‘Two-way switches: Fig. 3.10: (f) (G) Corridor lighting: In this system, every lamp is having two controlling switches, one will be in corridor and the other inside the bungalow. 4 n— r— 3 8 Two-way switches’ Fig. 3.10: (g) (h) Lamps in series and parallel: In upper position of switch, the lamps Li L: are in series VA) and in down position, L; and Lz are in parallel. ig Fig. 3.10: (h) Both the lamps are in series or both the lamps are in parallelIlumination Engineering (Sem. V) 31 Mlumination Control and Control Circuits 3.5.2 Control Circuits for Lamps| (@ — Godown wiring: 5; is ‘on’ position, Ls is lighted. Then S, is changed, Lz is lighted, L; becomes ‘off. Then Sz is operated, L2 is off and La is lighted. Then S: is ‘off’ and all lamps ‘off. SPewteh Twoway switches: Fig. 3.20: () @ Master on control: By master ‘on’ switch, all lamps are lighted and No ‘off’ by other switches Su Sa So. (kK) Master off circuit: ‘SPS. master contol 5 Fig. 3.10: (k) By master ‘off’ switch No - On by Sy, S: or S (0 Arrangement of single-phase supply at the premises of consumer: Shown below EM ~ Energy meter, F ~ Fuse, ICDPMlumination Engineering (Sem. V) 342 Ilumination Control and Control Circuits Fig. 3.10: (0) Supply at consumer's premises (m) Wiring diagram showing connection of supplier's main board, consumer's main board with D.P. MCB and single pole MCB showing sub-circuits. 4] te] {| 98 My wee Supplier's} oars eM $ waa ee (@) ws, a J TWs, ims. Inone throw parallel connections (b) (1-2 and 3-4) 4 pa In second throw ross connections (e) cf four terminals oe (1-4 and 2-3) ‘TWS,, TWS; =Two-way switches, IMS = Intermediate switch, L= Lamp Fig. 3.11Ilumination Engineering (Sem. V) 33 Ilumination Control and Control Cireuits Fig. 3.11 (a) shows that lamp 'L'is ‘ON’ This can be made OFF by changing the throw of any of the three switches SW, SW2 or IMS. Similarly, it can be made ‘ON’ by any of the three switches. Control from 4 points (places) : This is also possible by using 2 numbers of two-way switches and two imbers of intermediate switches (Students can develop above diagram for this operation), }.5.3 Differences between Dimmer Control and ON/OFF Control Qi. Explain differences between dimmer control and ON/OFF control in lighting control. imming control ON/OFF control Light control very smooth and uniform. 1._Control is by steps, so not so uniform. 2._ Cost is very high. 2._Chear in cost. 3. Dimmer transformer and electronic circuit |3. Only switching ON and OFF of series and needed. parallel combination of lamps. 4. Applications - Stage, drama, theatre, decorative | 4. Its use is very limited. places, exhibition halls, ete Zee 1. Explain how uniformity in illumination is obtained. 2, State the importance of mounting heights and spacing between the lamps for illumination control What different types of dimmers are used for light control ? Explain resistance type dimmer with neat diagram, State its advantages. How salt water dimmer control the light ? Explain its working in brief. Explain autotransformer as a dimmer. Can two winding transformer be used as a dimmer ? Explain in brief. State the types of electronic dimmer. Draw the circuit of thyristor type dimmer and explain its working, Explain TRIAC operated dimmer for light control. Draw the circuit for controlling one lamp by single switch, Draw the circuit for controlling single lamp from two places. Explain the sequence of operation. 13. Draw the circuit to control a single lamp from three places. Which switches are used for the 14. Can a single lamp be controlled from four places? If yes, then draw the circuit arrangement and explain the control. Which type of switches are needed for this ? Eee eee 1. List different methods of lighting control. ‘Ans. Different Types : (1) Resistance type, (2) Salt water type, (3) Transformer dimmer, (4) Auto transformer dimmer, (5) Two winding transformer dimmer (6) Thyristor operated dimmer, (7) TRIAC uit? operated dimmer. It is a device used to control the brightness of luminary by controlling electric power fed to the luminary. It is generally used in theatres, photo studios where special light effects are required.Illumination Engineering (Sem. V) 3.14 Mumination Control and Control Circuits 2. Explain separation of auto-transformer dimmer with the help of diagram, Ans. Autotransformer is a single winding transformer. Veatiable knob The luminaries/lamps (L:, La, La, La) are connected to the secondary side of the autotransformer. Fig. 3.6 shows the arrangement. If the illumination level is to - Veo L 3 SL, L, be increased, the voltage applied to the luminaries 1 ol 3 Ok should be more, the variable knob of the | autotransformer is moved upwards and the voltage aso applied to the luminaries increases, thus brightness Fig. 3.12: Autotransformer dimmer will be more. These are widely used in theatres for light control, The autotransformer rating should be carefully selected The advantage is that single device can control number of luminaries. aan