Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Phase Sequence, Star and delta connection of sources and loads, relation between line and phase
quantities, Analysis of balanced and unbalanced three phase circuits, Measurement of active and reactive
power-two wattmeter method and three wattmeter method
Three Phase Systems:

In general, generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy are in three phase. Three phase
system can be viewed as the combination of three single phase systems with a phase difference of 120°
between each winding. Hence, a three phase generating system is formed by three separate windings with
120° phase difference between them. As the windings are made to rotate in a common magnetic field in a
three phase generator, three voltages of the same magnitude and frequency but 120° phase difference
between each other are produced. The convention adopted to identify each of the phase voltages is: R-red,
Y-yellow, and B-blue.
Consider three coils RR1, YY1 and BB1 placed in a magnetic field of maximum value of flux Φm
Weber is shown in figure (i). Let all the coils rotate in the anticlockwise direction at an angular velocity ω.

According to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, emfs are induced in the coils RR1, YY1 and BB1.
The induced emf in coil YY1 lags behind the induced emf in coil RR1 by 1200 and the induced emf in coil
BB1 lags behind that in coil by 2400.
All the three induced emfs have the same amplitude, same period and frequency. Thus, the above
sets of voltages are called three phase-balanced system of voltages. The waveforms of the induced voltages
are shown in figure.

Expressions for Voltage and Current in a three phase system:

ER = Em sin ωt
EY = Em sin (ωt-1200)
EB = Em sin (ωt -2400)

IR = Im sin ωt
IY = Im sin (ωt-1200)
IB = Im sin (ωt -2400)

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Necessity of Three Phase system:

For resistive loads (Lamps and Heater etc.,) single phase supply works satisfactorily. However, when a.c
motors were developed, it was found that the single phase a.c supply did not work properly as it was not
able to produce the starting torque. Hence three phase system is necessary to power large motors and other
heavy loads. A three-phase system is usually more economical than an equivalent single-phase at the same
line to ground voltage because it uses less conductor material to transmit three phase electrical power.
Advantages of three phase system:
The three phase system has the following advantages compared to a single phase system:
i) The amount of copper or aluminium wires required to transfer the given amount of power is minimum in
a three phase system than that is required in a single phase system.
ii) A 3 phase machine gives more output compared to a single phase machine of the same size.
iii) Three phase motors have uniform torque whereas most of the single phase motors have pulsating torque.
iv) A three phase motor produces more torque as compared to a single phase motor.
v) Domestic power and industrial or commercial power can be supplied from the same source.
vi) Three phase motors are self-starting whereas single phase induction motors are not.

vii) In three phase system has better voltage regulation.

viii) Three phase machines have better power factor and efficiency.
ix) Generation, transmission and utilisation of power is more economical in three phase systems compared
to single phase system.
x) In a three phase system power never falls to zero.
Terms and Definition:
Phasor Representation:
Let the emf induced in R phase, ER be taken as reference. EY lags ER by 1200 and EB lags ER by 2400. The
three phasors are represented in figure (iii).

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Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Phase sequence:
In three phase system the order in which the three phase emfs or currents attain their maximum value is
called Phase Sequence. The three phases are generally represented as R (Red), Y (Yellow) and B (Blue).
Positive sequence:
If the phase sequence is given as RYB then the convention is R phase reaches its maximum value first, Y
phase follows ‘R’ and ‘B’ phase follows Y in reaching the maximum value. The RYB sequence in the
anticlockwise direction defines the positive sequence.

Negative sequence:
A three-phase system in which the voltages and currents in each of the three phases reach their maximum
values in the reverse order to conventional phase sequence, ie R,B Y as opposed to R, Y,B is called as
negative sequence.

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Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Phase voltage:
The voltage between one of the phase terminals and the neutral terminal is known as phase voltage and is
represented by Vph.

VRN, VYN and VBN are the phase voltages.

Line voltage:
A line voltage is the phasor difference between the appropriate pair of phase voltage. Thus VRY is the phasor
difference between VRN and VYN.
(or)
The voltage between any two phase terminals of a three phase system is known as line voltage and is
represented by VL.

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Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Phase current:
The current flowing through any one of the phase windings of the system is called phase current and is
denoted by Iph
Line current:
Line current means the current flowing through the AC supply lines and it is denoted by IL

Concept of balanced and unbalanced load:

Balanced load:
The balanced load is a load in which each phase have identical impedances. i.e each impedance has the
same magnitude and phase angle. Hence each impedances draws equal current and power factor.
Unbalanced load:
The unbalanced load is a load in which each phase have unequal impedances. i.e each impedance has the
different magnitude and phase angle. Hence each impedances draws unequal current and power factor.
Methods of three phase connection:
In a three phase alternator, there are three independent phase windings or coils. Each phase or coil has two
terminals, viz start and finish. The coil ends are interconnected to form a star (Y) or delta (Δ) connected
three phase system.

Star or Why (Y) connection:

In star connection, similar ends of the three phase windings are jointed together within the alternator and
three lines are run from the other free ends as shown in fig. The common terminal so farmed is referred as
Neutral point (N) or Neutral terminal. The terminals R, Y and B are called the line terminals. The voltage
between any line and neutral point is called the phase voltage (VRN, VYN and VBN), while the voltage

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Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

between any two lines is called line voltage (VRY, VYB and VBR). The current flowing through the phases are
called the phase currents, while those flowing in the lines are called the line currents.

Delta (Δ) connection:

If the start end of one winding is connected to the finish end of the next, and so on until all three windings
are interconnected, the result is the delta or mesh connection. Hence in delta connection, dissimilar ends of
the phases are jointed to each other to form a closed mesh. Here there is no common terminal. Hence only
three line voltages (VRY, VYB and VBR) are available.

Relationship between line current and phase current, line voltage and phase voltage in a star
connected system.
In star connection, the three phases are joined together to form a common junction N. N is the star point or
neutral point. When three phases supply feeds a balanced load, the current in three phase conductors will be
equal in magnitude and displaced 1200 from each other.

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Phasor diagram

Line Voltage and Phase Voltage:

The potential difference between any two line terminals is the phasor difference between the potentials of
these terminals w.r.t neutral point. VRN = VYN = VBN = VPh ; Phase Voltage VRY = VYB = VBR = VL ; Line
Voltage
P.D between lines R and Y: VRY = VRN+ VNY = VRN − VYN

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

P.D between lines Y and B: VYB = VYN+ VNB = VYN − VBN

P.D between lines B and R: VBR = VBN+ VNR = VBN − VRN
From Phasor Diagram: VRY = VRN − VYN

VRY = 2 x Vph x Cos 30°

VRY = 2 x Vph x √3/2

VRY = √3 x Vph
Similarly VYB = VYN − VBN= √3 x Vph

VBR = VBN − VRN= √3 x Vph

VRY = VYB= VBR= VL ;Line Voltage

𝐇𝐇𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐧𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐞 𝐢𝐢𝐧𝐧 𝐬𝐬𝐭𝐭𝐚𝐚𝐫𝐫 𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐢𝐨𝐨𝐧𝐧,𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 = √𝟑𝟑 𝐱𝐱 𝐕𝐕𝐩𝐩𝐡𝐡

Line Current Vs Phase Current:

It is seen from Fig. the line current in each line is the same as the current in the phase winding to which the
line is connected.
Current in line 1 = IR
Current in line 2 = IY
Current in line 3 = IB
Since IR = IY = IB = Iph ; Phase Current
Line Current = Phase Current
IL = Iph
Power:
Total Power = Sum of three phase powers
Total power = 3 x Phase Power
P = 3 x Vph Iph Cos φ/
Vph = VL/√3 and VL= √3 x Vph
Vph = VL/√3 and IL = Iph
Total Power = P = 3 x (VL/√3) x IL x Cos φ

𝐏𝐏 = √𝟑𝟑 𝐱𝐱 𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 𝐱𝐱 𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 𝐱𝐱 𝐂𝐂𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝛗𝛗

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Relationship between line current and phase current, line voltage and phase voltage in a delta
connected system.
In delta connection, the three windings are joined in series to form a closed mesh as shown in fig. If the
system is balanced then sum of the three voltages around the closed mesh is zero. It has no common point.
Line Voltage and Phase Voltage:
In delta connection, Line voltage is equal to phase voltage.

VRY = VYB = VBR = VL = Line Voltage

VRN = VYN = VBN = Vph = Phase Voltage
Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
VL = Vph

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Line Current and Phase Current:

The current in any line is equal to the phasor difference between the potentials of currents in the two phases
attached to that lines.
Current in line 1: IR = IRY − IBR
Current in line 2: IY = IYB − IRY
Current in line 3: IB = IBR − IYR

From Phasor Diagram: IR = IRY − IBR

IR = 2 x Iph x Cos 30°

IR = 2 x Iph x (√3/2)

IR = √3 x Iph

Similarly IY = IYB − IRY = √3 x Iph

IB = IBR − IYR = √3 x Iph
IR = IY = IB = IL ;Line Current
𝐇𝐇𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐧𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐞 𝐢𝐢𝐧𝐧 𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐭𝐭𝐚𝐚 𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐢𝐨𝐨𝐧𝐧,𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 = √𝟑𝟑 𝐱𝐱 𝐈𝐈𝐩𝐩𝐡𝐡
Power:
Total Power = Sum of three phase powers
Total power = 3 x Phase Power
P=3 x Vph Iph Cos φ
Substitute Iph = IL/√3 and Vph= VL
Total Power = P = 3 x VL x IL√3 x Cos φ

𝐏𝐏 = √𝟑𝟑 𝐱𝐱 𝐕𝐕𝐋𝐋 𝐱𝐱 𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 𝐱𝐱 𝐂𝐂𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝛗𝛗

Advantages of star connection:

i) In star connection, phase voltage Vph=VL/√3. Hence a star connected alternator will require less number
of turns than a Δ - connected alternator for the same line voltage.

ii) For the same line voltage, a star connected alternator requires less insulation than a delta connected
alternator

iii) In star connection, we can get 3-phase 4-wire system. This permits to use two voltages viz., phase
voltages as well as line voltages.

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

iv) Single phase loads can be connected between any one line and neutral wire while the 3-phase loads can
be put across the three lines. Such flexibility is not available in Δ - connection.

v) In star connection, the neutral point can be earthed.

Advantages of delta connection:

1. Most of 3- phase induction motors are delta connected.

2. Delta connection is most suitable for rotary convertors.

3. High Reliability

Power Measurement by two wattmeter method:

The connection diagram (a) and phasor diagram (b) for a three phase balanced load is shown in figure. The
three phase voltages VRN, VYN and VBN displaced by an angle of 120̊ are shown in phasor diagram. The
phase currents lags behind their respective phase voltage by an angle Φ.

Reading of Wattmeter W1 :
Current through current coil of W1 = IR

P.D across potential coil of W1 = VRY

VRY = VRN - VYN
From phasor diagram, phase angle between VRY and IR is (30˚ +Φ)
W1 = VRY . IR . Cos (30˚ +Φ) ……. (1)
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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Reading of Wattmeter W2 :
Current through current coil of W2 = IB
P.D across potential coil of W2 = VBY
VBY = VBN - VYN
From phasor diagram, phase angle between VBY and IB is (30˚ - Φ)
W2 = VBY . IB . Cos (30˚ - Φ) ……. (2)
Since the load is balanced
VRY = VBY = Line Voltage (VL) and
IR = IB = Line Current (IL)
From equ. (1) and (2)
W1 = VL . IL . Cos (30˚ +Φ)
W2 = VL . IL . Cos (30˚ - Φ)
W1 + W2 = VL . IL . Cos (30˚ +Φ) + VL . IL . Cos (30˚ - Φ)
W1 + W2 = VL . IL . (2 Cos 30˚ + Cos Φ )
W1 + W2 = VL . IL . (2 x √32 x Cos Φ )
W1 + W2 = √3 VL . IL . Cos Φ
W1 + W2 = Total Power in the 3 phase load.
Now
W2 - W1 = [VL . IL Cos (30˚ - Φ) - VL . IL Cos (30˚ +Φ)]

W2 - W1 = VL . IL [Cos 30˚ Cos Φ + Sin 30˚ Sin Φ) – (Cos 30˚ Cos Φ – Sin 30˚ Sin Φ)]
W2 - W1 = VL . IL . ( 2 . Sin 30˚ Sin Φ)
W2 - W1 = VL . IL . Sin Φ
Power Factor:
W2 + W1 = √3 VL . IL . Cos Φ
W2 - W1 = VL . IL . Sin Φ

{W2− W1}/{W2+ W1}= {VL IL Sin ∅} /{√3 VL IL Cos ∅}

{W2− W1/W2+ W1}= tan ∅/ √3

tan ∅ = √3 { W2− W1}/{W2+ W1}

∅ =tan−1 √3 { W2− W1}/{W2+ W1}

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

Advantages of two wattmeter method:

i) Access to the star point is not necessary

ii) The power dissipated in both balanced and unbalanced load is obtained, without any modification to the
connections.

iii) For balanced loads, the power factor can be determined.

Effects of Load P.F on Wattmeter Readings:

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR
Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

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Unit-I: Analysis of three phase balanced and unbalanced circuits

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Dr.S.MUNISEKHAR , Dept. of EEE, PROFESSOR SVPCET,PUTTUR