Gas

• One of the three fundamental states of matter, with distinctly different properties from
the liquid and solid states.
Properties of Gas
• No definite shape
• No definite volume
• Compressible
• Gases are compressible
• Volume of a gas refers to the free space available fro compression.
• Change in temperature changes gas volume even pressure is unchanged.
• Densities of gases are much lower than densities of the same substance in s or l.
• Gases are miscible
• Gases are less viscous than liquids.
Pressure of Gas
• Pressure
o the measure of force applied on an object relative to a certain unit area.
• Atmosphere
o is the column of air from the outer edge to the surface of the Earth.
• Atmospheric pressure
o The force exerted by the atmosphere on a certain area at the
Common units for Pressure
UNIT EQUIVALENT VALUE IN OTHER EQUIVALENT VELUA
UNITS IN PASCAL

1 Pa 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 1 𝑁/𝑚2 (the SI unit)

1 Psi 1 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2 (English unit) 6,891 pa
1 bar 105 𝑁/𝑚2 100 kPa = 1 atm
1 torr 1 mmHg 133.3 Pa = kPa
1 atm 760 mmHg = 29.92 inHg = 14.70 psi 101.3 kPa

Pascal conversion
Normal atmosphere = 14.7 psi
1 atm = 14. 6957 psi
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
1 atm = 760 mmHg
1 bar = 750.062 torr
1 bar = 0.9869 atm
1 bar = 100,000 Pa

Prepared by: Melissa Lanipao

Robert Boyle
(1627-1691) from Ireland. The 14th child of Earn of Cork. He was an Anglo-Irish natural
philosopher, chemist, physicist alchemist and inventor. His first work is entitled “New
Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air and It’s Effects”.
His second work described the quantitative relationship that Boyle from experimental values,
presently known as “Boyle’s Law”. That the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.

Boyle’s Law
• a relation concerning the compression and expansion of a gas at constant temperature.
• states that the pressure (p) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume
(v) at constant temperature; i.e., in equation form:
𝑘 = 𝑝𝑣
• When temperature is constant, this equation is used to compare different conditions on
the same solution
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2

Example
• A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a pressure of 40.0 mmHg. What is the volume when the
pressure is increased to 60.0 mmHg?
Given:
𝑉1 = 12.4 𝐿
𝑃1 = 40 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑃2 = 60 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
(40 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)(12.4 𝐿) = (60 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)𝑉2
(40𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)(12.4𝐿)
𝑉2 =
(60 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)
𝑉2 = 8.2667 𝐿

Prepared by: Melissa Lanipao

JACQUES CHARLES
(1746-1823) was proponent of Charles’ law. Charles was a French-born balloonist who flew the
first hydrogen balloon in 1783. Charles did an experiment where he filled five different balloon
with the same volume of different gases.

Depends on the temperature of the system remaining constant. In this law, it states that the
volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant pressure directly proportional to the
absolute temperature of the gas.

Charles’ Law
 Also known as the law of volume
 An experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heating.
𝑣1
𝑘=
𝑇1
𝑣1 𝑣2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Example
 A 452 mL sample of Fluorine gas is heated from 220 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 1870 𝐶 at constant pressure.
What is its final volume?
Given:
𝑉1 = 452 𝑚𝐿
𝑇1 = 22𝑜 𝐶 *remember that you must convert temperature kelvin
𝑇2 = 1870 𝐶 before solving

𝑣1 𝑣2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
452 𝑚𝐿 𝑣2
=
22 + 273.15 187 + 273.15
452 𝑚𝐿 (187 + 273.15 𝑘)
𝑣2 =
22 + 272.15 𝑘
452 𝑚𝐿 (460.15 𝑘)
𝑣2 =
295.15 𝑘
𝑣2 = 704.6851 𝑚𝐿

Prepared by: Melissa Lanipao

JOSEPH GAY-LUSSAC
French chemist and physicist who pioneered investigations into the behaviour of gases,
established new techniques for analysis, and made notable advances in applied chemistry.

GAY LUSSAC’S LAW

 states that the pressure exerted by a gas varies directly with the absolute temperature
of the gas.
 In other words, the pressure exerted by a gas is proportional to the temperature of the
gas when the mass is fixed and the volume is constant.
𝑃1
=𝐾
𝑇1
Example
 Determine the pressure change when a constant volume of gas at 1.00 atm is heated
from 20.0 °C to 30.0 °C.
Given:
𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑇1 = 200 𝐶
𝑇2 = 300 𝐶
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃2
=
20 + 273.15 𝑘 30 + 273.15 𝑘
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (30 + 273.15 𝑘)
𝑃2 =
20 + 273.15 𝑘
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (303.15𝑘)
𝑃2 =
293.15 𝑘
𝑃2 = 1.0341 𝑎𝑡𝑚

AMEDEO AVOGADRO
Italian mathematical physicist who showed in what became known as Avogadro’s law that,
under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain an
equal number of molecules.

AVOGADRO’S LAW
 under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of
different gases contain an equal number of molecules.
 At standard temperature (273.15k) and pressure (1atm), one mole of any ideal gas will
occupy 22.413 L and contains 6.02x10^23 molecules.
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
P = pressure
V = volume
n = mole
R = universal gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm/mol.k

Prepared by: Melissa Lanipao

Example
 Calculate the volume of 22.0g of CO2 gas at 40C and 2 atm.
Given:
𝑤𝑡 = 22𝑔
𝑇 = 40 + 273.15 = 313.15 𝑘
𝑃 = 2 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑣 =?
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Calculate the MW of CO2
C = 12.01
O = 15.99 x 2 = 31.98
MW of CO2 = 43.99 g/mol
Calculate mole of CO2
𝑤𝑡
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
𝑀𝑊
22 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
43.98 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 0.5002 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Go to the formula of Avogadro’s law

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (𝑉) = (0.5002 𝑚𝑜𝑙)(6.22𝑥1023 )(313.15𝑘)
𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.5002 𝑚𝑜𝑙)(0.0821 𝐿. . 𝑘)(313.15𝑘)
𝑣= 𝑚𝑜𝑙
2 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑣 = 6.43 𝐿

Prepared by: Melissa Lanipao